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lisaasuomeakiitos · 2 years

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Limitations on Consonant Gradation (uusikielemme)

(Verbtype 1)

1. Consonant type limitations

If a certain consonant combination is not included in the list above, they’re not subject to consonant gradation. For example: -ss- is not on the list, so you will never consonant gradate -ss- to -s-, such as for the verb tanssia (minä tanssin, hän tanssii).

It’s also important to understand that the consonant gradation of verbtype 1 will always have a strong infinitive.

2. Syllable limitations

Consonant gradation can only take place at the border between the last and the last but one (second-to-last) syllable. This means that certain longer verbs won’t be subject to consonant gradation.

For example, the verb vääntäytyä has -nt-, but we won’t have a weak minä-form because the -nt- isn’t situated at the penultimate (second-to-last) syllable. The -t- at the latter part of this word will undergo consonant gradation of course.

3. Consonant clusters

Generally, consonant gradation does not happen when there is an -s-, -h- or a -t- next to the consonants that normally change. This is the case for example with the verb maksaa. Because there is an -s- next to the -k-, you don’t get consonant gradation. Other verbs in this category: etsiä, katsoa, itkeä, kytkeä, leuhkia.

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(Verbtype 3)

1. Consonant type limitations

If a certain consonant combination is not included in the list above, they ‘re not subject to consonant gradation. For example: -ss- is not on the list, so you will never consonant gradate -ss- to -s-.

2. Syllable limitations

Consonant gradation can only take place near the end of a verb, ie. in the syllables right before the -ella. This means that certain longer verbs won’t be subject to consonant gradation, because their consonants are closer to the beginning of the verb. Some examples: aivastella (aivastelen, not aipastelen), ammuskella (ammuskelen, not ampuskelen) and anniskella (anniskelen, not antiskelen)

3. Consonant clusters

Generally, consonant gradation does not happen when there is an -s- or a -t- next to the consonants that normally change. This is the case for example with the verb annostella. Because there is an -s- next to the -t-, you don’t get consonant gradation (minä annostelen, not annosttelen). This is a very common exception! There are many verbtype 3 verbs that end in either -skella or -stella.

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Verbtype 4

1. Consonant type limitations

Certain consonant combinations are not subject to consonant gradation. For example: -ss- is not on the list, so you will never consonant gradate -ss- to -s-. This is true for nouns as well as verbs.

2. Syllable limitations

Consonant gradation can only take place at the border between the last and the one-but-last syllable. This means that certain longer verbs won’t be subject to consonant gradation.

For example, the verb hantteerata has -tt-, but we won’t have a weak infinitive because the -tt- isn’t situated at the penultimate (second-to-last) syllable. This creates the difference between minä hant–tee-raan (→ hantteerata) and minä mit–taan (→ mitata).

3. Consonant clusters

There are some consonant clusters which – by rule – don’t get consonant gradation. When you get the consonant combination -st-, -sp-, -tk- or -hk-, you can be sure that there won’t be any consonant gradation.

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Verbtype 6

1. Consonant type limitations

If a certain consonant combination is not included in the list above, they’re not subject to consonant gradation. For example: –ss– is not on the list, so you will never consonant gradate –ss– to –s-.

#for my own reference

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lisaasuomeakiitos · 2 years

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Future tense + passive

To say something will happen in the future in the passive (without a "doer" of the thing), we can use the normal passive form of the verb "tulla" + mihin-form of the verb (maan/määän). For example:

Nämä rakennukset tullaan rakentamaan vuonna 2030.

These buildings will be built in 2030.

-> tullaan = passive form of the verb "tulla"

-> rakentamaan = the "mihin" form of the verb "rakentaa" (to build)

Some other examples:

Keväällä tullaan olemaan videoyhteydessä meidän ryhmiin sekä muihin suunnittelijoihin.

In the spring there will be a video call with our group as well other planners.

Note: you don't have to use the "tulla olemaan" form to make future tense in Finnish, because the present tense can also be used, see this post about future tense.

#grammar

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lisaasuomeakiitos · 2 years

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-sta/stä verbs in Finnish

While these -sta/stä verbs are not all that common in Finnish they are used quite commonly for sounds. (Although they are not always sound related...)

As a general rule these verbs are "intransitive", meaning they describe something happening as appose [someone] doing something. For example: se haisee ("it smells"), rather than "I can smell it".

Although they can also be transitive, such as "piestä" / "pestä"

These -sta/stä verbs are slightly interesting in that they conjugate to being "-see" (the tä/tä disappears completely).

Here is a fairly comprehensive list of these verbs [please comment if I missed any obvious ones!]:

haista -> haisee (to smell)

halkaista -> halkaisee (to split in half)

helistä -> helisee (to jingle)

ilmaista -> ilmaisee (to indicate, to express)

jorista -> jorisee (to chitchat)

järistä -> järisee (to shake, to tremble violently)

kahista -> kahisee (to rustle / to swish)

karkaista -> karkaisee (to harden)

katkaista -> katkaisee (to break, to cut)

kilistä -> kilisee (to clink, to jingle [sound])

kolista -> kolisee (to clatter, sound)

korista -> korisee (to wheeze, to rattle [sound])

kumista -> kumisee (to boom [sound])

kurista -> kurisee (to rumble, i.e. stomach rumbles)

kutista -> kutisee (to itch)

laukaista -> laukaisee (to launch, to trigger)

lorista -> lorisee (to gurgle, [sound of water or other liquid draining])

marista -> marisee (to moan, whine)

murista -> murisee (to growl, to snarl)

mutista -> mutisee (to mutter)

mölistä -> mölisee (to speak unclearly)

narista -> narisee (to creak, to squeak)

nousta -> nousee (to rise)

nurista -> nurisee (to groan, moan, complain)

pestä -> pesee (to clean, wash)

piestä -> pieksee (to thrash)

piristä -> pirisee (to ring [sound])

pölistä -> pölisee (to get dusty)

pöristä -> pörisee (to drone, to whirr [sound])

pulista -> pulisee (to bubble (of water), to chatter, mumble, hum, whisper (of person))

ramaista -> ramaisee (to feel tired)

rapista -> rapisee (to rustle, [sound])

repäistä -> repäisee (to suddenly rip) röyhtäistä -> röyhtäisee (to burp)

täristä -> tärisee (to tremble)

valaista -> valaisee (to light up, illuminate)

vapista -> vapisee (to shiver)

#verbs #grammar

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