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Ciencia

Precursores mexicanos

Aportaciones

06/12/2018

Luis Miramontes

Luis Ernesto Miramontes nació el 16 de marzo de 1925 en Tepic, Nayarit, México; estudio la licenciatura en ingeniería química de la UNAM. y en esta misma institución fue investigador de química orgánica.

Después de esto fue maestro la Universidad Iberoamericana y subdirector del Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo.

Ingreso a la Sociedad Química de México, la New York Academy of Sciences y la American Chemical Society, entre otras para poder trabajar en sus proyectos en 1951. Falleció el 13 de septiembre de 2004 en la Cuidad de México.

Gabriela León

Estudio Ingeniería Bioquímica Industrial y hoy es la directora general de Gresmex, esta empresa la fundo el 1999 junto a su hermano Sergio León Gutiérrez, hoy director comercial de la empresa especializada en la fabricación de antisépticos, esterilizantes y sanitizantes dirigidos al sector salud y para uso personal

Gabriela es importante para lka humanidad en general ya que ella desarrollo la nanobiomolecula denominada NBELYAX, capaz de inactivar por completo cualquier tipo de virus, bacteria, hongos, esporas, tripanosomas y microbaterias. Esto la hace destacar y general a las mujeres porque en esta área de la hay poca participación del parel femenina. Esto hizo que la ONU incluyera a Gresmex dentro de las 100 empresas que salvaran a la humanidad.

Tessy María López Goerne

Nació el 22 de octubre de 1961, en Guanajuato, México, es una fisicoquímica, catedrática, investigadora, académica y divulgadora mexicana.

Realizo sus estudios de licenciatura en Fisicoquímica, maestría en Estado Solido y Doctorado en Ciencia de Materiales en la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana plantel Iztapalapa. Desde 1982 ha sido profesora investigadora en su alma mater

Se ha desempeñado como investigadora en los campos de: fotodinámica molecular, fotocatálisis y bionanomateriales, materiales y reservorios nanoestructurados para liberación controlada de fármacos, y es pionera en nanomedicina catalítica.

Actualmente es profesora investigadora en la UAM y titular en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía. Ha recibido varios premios.

Manuel Sandoval Vallarta

Nació e 11 de febrero de 1899 en la Ciudad de México. Fue un físico mexicano, pionero de la física mexicana y latinoamericana. Realizó numerosas contribuciones a la física teórica especialmente a la física de los rayos cósmicos. En 1921 obtuvo del Instituto Tecnológico de Massachusetts (MIT) el grado de Ingeniero Eléctrico y en 1924 el grado de doctor en Ciencias en la especialidad de Física Matemática, con la tesis “El modelo atómico de Bohr desde el punto de vista de la Relatividad General y el cálculo de perturbaciones”. En 1927, ganó la beca Guggenheim que le permitió ir a la Universidad de Berlín. Fue en Alemania donde tuvo como profesores a Albert Einstein, Max Planck, Erwin Schrödinger y Max von Laue. Al final de 1932 regresó al MIT, donde trabajó con Georges Lemaître elaborando una teoría cuantitativa del movimiento de una partícula cargada de electricidad en el campo magnético terrestre. Falleció el 18 de abril de 1977.

Mario Molina

Nació en la Ciudad de México el 19 de Marzo de 1943. Cursó sus primeros años de educación en México y a los 11 años fue enviado a estudiar a Suiza por considerar el idioma alemán como de gran importancia en el desarrollo tecnológico. A su regreso estudia en la UNAM y se gradúa como Ingeniero Químico.

En 1972 obtiene el Doctorado en Química Física por la Universidad de Berkeley. El 28 de Junio de 1974 publica en la revista Nature un artículo, junto a Sherry Rowland, sobre la descomposición generada por CFCs en la Capa de Ozono. Durante casi 20 años trataron de desacreditar su teoría, pero al final, los resultados evidentes arrojaron que estaba en lo cierto, por lo cual, el 11 de Octubre de 1995 es galardonado con el Premio Nobel de Química junto a Rowland y Paul Crutzen.

Evangelina Villegas

Nació el 24 de octubre de 1924 en la Cuidad de México

Estudió química y biología en el Instituto Politécnico Nacional, en una época en que la educación superior para las mujeres era algo inusual.

En 1950, empezó su carrera como química e investigadora en el Instituto Nacional de Nutrición y en la Oficina de Estudios Especiales, un programa bilateral de la Fundación Rockefeller y la Secretaría de Agricultura (hoy SAGARPA) que años después daría origen al Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT). Regresó al CIMMYT en 1967 tras haber concluido su maestría en ciencias con especialidad en tecnología de cereales en la Universidad Estatal de Kansas y un doctorado en química de cereales y fitotecnia en la Universidad Estatal de Dakota del Norte.

Fernando Altamirano

En Querétaro llevó sus estudios en el colegio de San Francisco Javier para finales de 1861 se volvió huérfano de madre y padre pero mantuvo su educación gracias a su abuelo.En 1868 se mudó a la Ciudad de México donde estudió en la escuela nacional de medicina y en 1873 ingresó a la academia de medicinas y se unió a la sociedad mexicana de historia natural. En 1878 obtuvo el grado catedrático de la Escuela Nacional de medicina un año después publicó varios artículos en la gaceta médica de México y en la revista de naturaleza.En 1888 fue designado como el primer director del Instituto médico nacional mantuvo este cargo hasta su muerte ahí se instaló el primer laboratorio de fisiología de México durante este periodo realizó abundantes excursiones de botánica médica por varias regiones del país y participó en diversos congresos internacionales, en 1898 estableció nexos en Madrid con importantes instituciones científicas. Murió el 7 de octubre de 1908 en la villa en D.F México.

José Iriarte Guzmán

Nació en 1921 Morelia, Michoacán. Huérfano desde pequeño, tuvo acceso a la enseñanza media y superior a través del Sistema de Escuelas Superiores para los Hijos de los Trabajadores, fundada por el presidente Lázaro Cárdenas. Fue acogido en los internados de esas escuelas en 1938.

Salió de su ciudad natal para estudiar la carrera de Químico en la Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Químicas. Se tituló con la tesis Contribución al estudio de la esencia de trementina de algunas especies de pinos de México. Esta tesis la realizó bajo la dirección de los doctores Madinaveitia y Orozco.

Posteriormente se incorporó como investigador del IQ desde 1947 hasta 1954.

Fue parte de los investigadores del IQ que participó en el Programa de Cooperación IQ de la UNAM y los Laboratorios de investigación Syntex, en 1949.

Iriarte fue uno de los primeros investigadores que empezó el proceso de formación de estudiantes mexicanos en Syntex través de la dirección de tesis de licenciatura. También colaboró en la planta docente del doctorado en Química de la Escuela de Graduados de la UNAM en la asignatura de Fisicoquímica. El Dr. José Iriarte Guzmán falleció en 2004.

Octavio Mancera Echeverría

Nació en 1919. Estudió la carrera de Químico en la Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Químicas. Mancera fue el segundo estudiante en incorporarse al Instituto de Química por medio de la preparación de su tesis de licenciatura con los doctores Madinaveitia y Orozco. Octavio Mancera fue el primer estudiante del Instituto de Química en viajar al extranjero por iniciativa de su director, Fernando Orozco. Mancera fue al Magdalen College de la Universidad de Oxford), donde estudió el doctorado en filosofía con especialidad en química. Su investigación versó en la síntesis de la penicilina, siendo dirigido por el profesor Sir Robert Robinson (Premio Nobel en 1947). Su tesis doctoral adoptó el tema: Experimentos sobre la síntesis de la penicilina y sus análogos. A su regreso a México se incorporó como investigador del Instituto de Química. Más tarde, en 1949, también se sumarían Octavio Mancera y José Iriarte para colaborar en el proyecto empresarial de Syntex. El Dr. Octavio Mancera Echeverría falleció en el 2004.

Alberto Sandoval Landázuri

Nació en Tacubaya, en la Ciudad de México, el 10 de noviembre de 1918. Cursó la carrera de químico en la Escuela de Ciencias Químicas de la UNAM de 1937 a 1940 y al concluir la carrera entró a trabajar al Ingenio Azucarero de Atencingo, en Puebla. Al poco tiempo cambió de trabajo para el de químico en el Ingenio de Mante, en San Luis Potosí. En abril de 1941 el doctor Fernando Orozco, director de la Escuela de Ciencias Químicas le ofreció trabajar en investigación en el recién creado Instituto de Quimica. Sandoval inició sus actividades como ayudante de investigador bajo la dirección de Antonio Madinaveitia. En agosto de 1944 Alberto obtuvo una beca del Institute for International Education para realizar estudios en el Instituto Tecnológico de California Caltech bajo la dirección del doctor Lazlo Zechmeister. Concluyó sus estudios de doctorado titulándose con el “Estudio de polienos por medio de la cromatografía y del análisis espectrofotométricos”. Regresó a México en octubre de 1946. En 1953 el Dr. Sandoval asumió la dirección del Instituto de Química, cargo que ocupó por 18 años. De 1951 a 1970 el Dr. Sandoval editó el Boletín del Instituto de Química de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México El Dr. Sandoval falleció el 20 de diciembre del 2002.

Ciencias básicas y sus ramas

30/11/2018

Ciencia

La ciencia es el conjunto de conocimientos que se organizan de forma sistemática que estudia, investiga e interpreta los fenómenos naturales, sociales y artificiales. Dichos conocimientos son obtenidos a partir de la observación, experimentaciones y razonamientos dentro de áreas específicas. Es por medio de esta acumulación de conocimientos que se generan hipótesis, cuestionamientos, esquemas, leyes y principios organizados por medio del método científico.

La ciencia se ramifica en lo que se conoce como distintos campos o áreas de conocimiento, donde los distintos especialistas llevan a cabo estudios y observaciones, haciendo uso de los métodos científicos, para alcanzar nuevos conocimientos válidos, certeros, irrefutables y objetivos.

Ciencias básicas

1. Ciencias terrestres: Se enfoca en investigaciones sobre el sistema terrestre, incluyendo la historia y evolución de la biosfera, litosfera, hidrosfera y atmósfera, sus interacciones, así como su estado actual y posible evolución futura. Área muy interdisciplinar en tanto que integra diversas disciplinas básicas para el estudio de los problemas complejos, tanto fundamentales como aplicados, que presenta la Tierra a distintas escalas espaciales y temporales.

Subáreas:

Mineralogía: estudia las propiedades físicas y químicas de los minerales que se encuentran en el planeta en sus diferentes estados de agregación.

Petrología: estudia las rocas, sus propiedades físicas, químicas, mineralógicas, espaciales y cronológicas, las asociaciones rocosas y los procesos responsables de su formación.

Paleobiología: estudia los organismos del pasado que conocemos por los fósiles, así como las relaciones que hubiera habido entre ellos y con su entorno, la distribución espacial y las relaciones filogenéticas que los vinculan.

Tafonomía: estudia los procesos de fosilización y la formación de los yacimientos de fósiles.

Geomorfología: estudia las formas de la superficie terrestre, enfocado a describir y entender su génesis y su actual comportamiento.

Hidrología: estudia el agua, su ocurrencia, distribución, circulación, y propiedades físicas, químicas y mecánicas en los océanos, atmósfera y superficie terrestre.

Geofísica: estudia la Tierra desde el punto de vista de la física, los fenómenos relacionados con la estructura, condiciones físicas e historia evolutiva de la Tierra.

Estratigrafía: estudia e interpreta las rocas sedimentarias, metamórficas y volcánicas estratificadas, y la identificación, descripción, secuencia, tanto vertical como horizontal, cartografía y correlación de las unidades estratificadas de rocas.

Sedimentología: estudia los procesos de formación, transporte y deposición de material que se acumula como sedimento en ambientes continentales y marinos y que eventualmente forman rocas sedimentarias.

Climatología: estudia el clima y sus variaciones a lo largo del tiempo cronológico.

Geoquímica: estudia la composición y dinámica de los elementos químicos en la Tierra, determinando la abundancia absoluta y relativa, y su distribución así como la migración de dichos elementos entre las diferentes geósferas que conforman la Tierra.

2. física y ciencias del espacio

Son campos de la ciencia que se centran en el estudio del espacio exterior. Junto con las áreas de conocimiento propias de la física moderna, como la Física Cuántica, Relatividad especial y general y sus diferentes aplicaciones a la estructura de la materia y del universo.

Subáreas:

Biofísica: estudia la biología con los principios y métodos de la física. Le aporta conocimientos a la biología, pero no a la física, sin embargo, le ofrece a la física evidencia experimental que permite corroborar teorías.

Óptica: estudia el comportamiento y las propiedades de la luz, incluidas sus interacciones con la materia, así como la construcción de instrumentos que se sirven de ella o la detectan.

Física de altas energías: estudia los componentes elementales de la materia y las interacciones entre ellos.

Astrofísica: estudia la física aplicada a la astronomía. La astrofísica emplea la física para explicar las propiedades y fenómenos de los cuerpos estelares a través de sus leyes, fórmulas y magnitudes.

Astronomía: estudia los cuerpos celestes del universo, incluidos los planetas y sus satélites, los cometas y meteoroides, las estrellas y la materia interestelar, los sistemas de materia oscura, gas y polvo llamados galaxiasy los cúmulos de galaxias; por lo que estudia sus movimientos y los fenómenos ligados a ellos.

3. Matemáticas

Es una ciencia formal que, partiendo de axiomas y siguiendo el razonamiento lógico, estudia las propiedades y relaciones entre entidades abstractas como números, figuras geométricas o símbolos matemáticos.

Subáreas:

Geometría: las propiedades de las figuras en el plano o el espacio, incluyendo: puntos, rectas, planos, politopos (que incluye paralelas, perpendicula-

res, curvas, superficies, polígonos, poliedros, etc).

Topología: estudia aquellas propiedades de los cuerpos geométricos que permanecen inalteradas por transformaciones continuas, las propiedades de los espacios topológicos y las funciones continuas.

Análisis numérico: diseña algoritmos para, a través de números y reglas matemáticas simples, simular procesos matemáticos más complejos aplicados a procesos del mundo real.

Matemática aplicada: aquellos métodos y herramientas matemáticas que pueden ser utilizados en el análisis o resolución de problemas pertenecientes al área de las ciencias básicas o aplicadas como el cálculo, el álgebra lineal, las ecuaciones diferenciales, entre otras.

Algebra: estudia la combinación de elementos de estructuras abstractas acorde a ciertas reglas.

Estadística: estudia usos y análisis provenientes de una muestra representativa de datos, que busca explicar las correlaciones y dependencias de un fenómeno físico o natural, de ocurrencia en forma aleatoria o condicional.

4. Química

Abarca desde el nivel molecular al macroscópico, la investigación sobre la composición, estructura, preparación y propiedades de las substancias naturales y sintéticas o muestras que las contienen, las interacciones y transformaciones que experimentan, el mecanismo de las mismas, la instrumentación para su análisis y la metodología experimental y/o teórica requerida para su estudio.

Subáreas:

Química Inorgánica:

Química Organometálica:

Catálisis:

Química Supramolecular:

Materiales Moleculares:

Nanoquímica:

Química Biológica:

Química Biotecnológica:

Química Física:

Química Analítica:

Química Ambiental:

Química Orgánica Catálisis Enantioselectiva

Ciencias de la vida y la salud y sus ramas

03/12/2018

Ciencia

Ciencias de la vida y de la salud

1. Biología Fundamental y de Sistemas:

Investiga sobre los fundamentos de la función biológica, estructura y sus interrelaciones, desde el nivel molecular al del organismo, y sin distinción del modelo biológico de estudio, a excepción de aquélla cuyo propósito principal sea mejorar la salud humana.

Subáreas

Neurobiología: estudia las células del sistema nervioso y la organización de estas células dentro de circuitos funcionales que procesan la información y median en el comportamiento.

Biología Estructural: estudia la estructura de macromoléculas biológicas.

Bioinformática: es la aplicación de tecnologías computacionales y la estadística a la gestión y análisis de datos biológicos.

Biología Celular: estudia las células en lo que respecta a las propiedades, estructura, funciones, orgánulos que contienen, su interacción con el ambiente y su ciclo vital.

Microbiología: estudia y analiza los microorganismos, seres vivos pequeños no visibles al ojo humano.

Biotecnología: se refiere a toda aplicación tecnológica que utilice sistemas biológicos y organismos vivos o sus derivados para la creación o modificación de productos o procesos para usos específicos.

Botánica: estudia las plantas, en todos sus aspectos.

Inmunología: estudia el sistema inmunitario que, en los vertebrados, tienen como función reconocer elementos ajenos dando una respuesta.

Genómica: disciplina científica enfocada en el mapeo genético, la secuenciación de ADN, y el análisis del genoma completo de un organismo, incluyendo organizar los resultados en bases de datos.

Genética de Poblaciones: su objetivo es describir la variación y distribución de la frecuencia alélica para explicar los fenómenos evolutivos.

Virología: estudia los virus en todos sus aspectos.

2. Biomedicina

Investiga sobre modelos y mecanismos básicos de enfermedades, diagnóstico molecular o celular y en estrategias terapéuticas, así como en farmacología molecular y de sistemas, y en identificación y descubrimiento de moléculas bioactivas.

Subáreas

Biología Celular y Molecular: estudio de los procesos que se desarrollan en los seres vivos desde un punto de vista molecular o celular.

Cardiovascular: toda relación con el aparato circulatorio.

Neurociencias: estudia el sistema nervioso y todos sus aspectos.

Anatomía: estudia la estructura de los seres vivos, es decir, la forma, topografía, la ubicación, la disposición y la relación entre sí de los órganos que las componen.

Hepatología: es una rama de la gastroenterología que se ocupa del estudio del hígado y sus enfermedades.

Muerte Celular: estudia la muerte de las células y sus causas, incluye los tipos de muerte: la apoptosis, la autofagia y la necrosis.

Genética: busca comprender y explicar cómo se transmite la herencia biológica de generación en generación.

Cáncer: conjunto de enfermedades relacionadas en las que se observa un proceso descontrolado en la división de las células del cuerpo.

Endocrinología: estudia el sistema endocrino (sistema de glándulas de secreción interna) y las enfermedades provocadas por un funcionamiento inadecuado del mismo.

Enfermedades Metabólicas: son un conjunto de enfermedades hereditarias que implican alteraciones del metabolismo.

Microbiología: estudia y analiza los microorganismos, seres vivos pequeños no visibles al ojo humano.

Farmacología: estudia la historia, el origen, las propiedades físicas y químicas, la presentación, los efectos bioquímicos y fisiológicos, los mecanismos de acción, la absorción, la distribución, la biotransformación y la excreción así como el uso terapéutico de las sustancias químicas que interactúan con los organismos vivos.

Fisiología Celular y de Sistemas: las funciones y mecanismos que funcionan dentro de un sistema vivo, como lo son las células.

3. Medicina Clínica y Epidemiología

Engloba todos los estudios que tienen como objetivo un mejor conocimiento de la enfermedad, de sus mecanismos o de sus posibles tratamientos, cuando una parte significativa de los estudios se realiza en seres humanos.

Subáreas:

Cirugía: manipulación mecánica de las estructuras anatómicas con un fin médico.

Epidemiología: estudia la distribución, frecuencia, factores determinantes, predicciones y control de los factores relacionados con la salud y las enfermedades existentes en poblaciones definidas de seres vivos.

Servicios de Salud: son uno de los sectores fundamentales de la sociedad y la economía.

Enfermedades Metabólicas, cardiovasculares e infecciosas: se trata de tratamientos y prevención de este tipo de enfermedades.

Neurología: especialidad médica que trata los trastornos del sistema nervioso.

Psiquiatría: estudia los trastornos mentales con el objetivo de prevenir, evaluar, diagnosticar, tratar y rehabilitar a las personas con trastornos mentales y asegurar la autonomía y la adaptación del individuo a las condiciones de su existencia.

4. Biología Vegetal, Animal y Ecología

Investiga sobre la diversidad de los organismos vivos y cómo estos evolucionan e interaccionan en el marco de la biosfera. Se consideran los aspectos estructurales, funcionales y dinámicos a distintas escalas espacio-temporales de la biología de organismos y ecosistemas.

Subáreas

Ecología Marina: estudia las relaciones de los seres vivos que habitan la mar entre sí y con su entorno.

Microbiología: estudia y analiza los microorganismos, seres vivos pequeños no visibles al ojo humano.

Evolución Sistemática: es un área de la biología encargada de clasificar a las especies a partir de su evolución.

Genética: busca comprender y explicar cómo se transmite la herencia biológica de generación en generación.

Conservación de Plantas: comprende un conjunto de acciones tendientes a un manejo, uso y cuidado responsable de la flora asegure el mantenimiento de la especie.

Ecología Terrestre: estudia las relaciones de los seres vivos que habitan la superficie terrestre entre sí y con su entorno.

Fisiología: las funciones y mecanismos que funcionan dentro de un sistema vivo.

Biotecnología Vegetal: técnicas que utilizan organismos vivos o partes de ellos para obtener productos o modificarlos, para mejorar plantas.

Sistemática de Animales: es un área de la biología encargada de clasificar a las especies animales a partir de su evolución (taxonomía).

La clasificación de la ciencia

30-11-2018

Ciencia

Clasificación de las ciencias

Aristotélica

Aristóteles fue el primero en clasificar la ciencia, el las considero de la siguiente manera:

Teoría, que busca la verdad de las ideas, como formas y como sustancias. (matemáticas, física, metafísica, etc.)

Praxis encaminada al logro de un saber para guiar la conducta hacia una acción propiamente humana en cuanto racional. (ética, política, economía, etc.)

Poiesis basado en la transformación técnica. (creación artística)

La clasificación aristotélica sirvió de fundamento para todas las clasificaciones que se hicieron en la Edad Media hasta el Renacimiento, cuando las grandes transformaciones promovidas por los grandes adelantos técnicos plantearon la necesidad de nuevas ciencias y sobre todo nuevos métodos de investigación que culminarán en la ciencia moderna del siglo XVII.

Systema Naturae

En la edad moderna, Carlos Linneo publica El Systema Naturae (1735) en donde el estableció los criterios de clasificación que más influencia han tenido en el complejo sistema clasificatorio de las ciencias naturales. Con su sistema Linneo creía que estaba clasificando la creación de Dios. En él expone sus ideas para la clasificación jerárquica del mundo natural, dividiéndolo en el reino animal (Regnum animale), el reino vegetal (Regnum vegetabile) y el "reino mineral" (Regnum lapideum).

Interdisciplinariedad

A partir del siglo XIX y con el importante crecimiento experimentado por el conocimiento científico surgieron numerosas disciplinas científicas nuevas establecidas por ciencias anteriores:

bioquímica: estudia los elementos que forman parte de la naturaleza de los seres vivos.

biogeoquímica: estudia la interacción entre los compuestos geoquímicos y los organismos vivos.

sociolingüística: estudia las relaciones entre los fenómenos lingüísticos y los fenómenos socioculturales.

bioética: Estudia de los aspectos ��ticos de las ciencias de la vida (medicina y biología, principalmente), así como de las relaciones del hombre con los restantes seres vivos.

Etc…

Clasificación de Comte

En el siglo XIX Auguste Comte hizo una clasificación. Comte basó su clasificación jerárquica en el orden en que las ciencias habían entrado, según su percepción, en estado positivo, así como en su complejidad creciente y generalización decreciente. De esta forma ordenó a las ciencias:

Matemáticas

Astronomía

Física:

Química

Biología

Sociología

Clasificaciones fundamentales

Una clasificación general ampliamente usada es el esquema planteado por el epistemólogo alemán Rudolf Carnap que agrupa las disciplinas científicas en tres grandes grupos:

Ciencias formales

Estudian las formas válidas de inferencia: lógica - matemática. No tienen contenido concreto; es un contenido formal, en contraposición al resto de las ciencias fácticas o empíricas.

Ciencias naturales

Son aquellas disciplinas científicas que tienen por objeto el estudio de la naturaleza: astronomía, biología, física, geología, química, geografía física y otras.

Ciencias sociales

Son aquellas disciplinas que se ocupan de los aspectos del ser humano: administración, antropología, ciencia política, demografía, economía, derecho,

historia, psicología, sociología, geografía humana y otras.

Sin embargo, dicha clasificación ha sido discutida desde su publicación siendo así material de debate.

Esquema de Bunge

Mario Bunge (1972) postuló la existencia de una ciencia factual y una ciencia formal; es decir, por un lado, el estudio de los procesos naturales o sociales (el estudio de los hechos) y, por el otro, el estudio de procesos puramente lógicos (el estudio de las formas generales del pensar humano racional).

La ciencia factual se encarga de estudiar hechos auxiliándose de la observación y la experimentación. Ciencia que se refieren a hechos que se supone ocurren en la realidad y, por consiguiente, tienen que apelar al examen de pruebas empíricas como la física, la psicología o la sociología.

La ciencia experimental se ocupa del estudio del mundo natural. En su trabajo de investigación, los científicos se ajustan a un cierto método, un método científico general y un método específico al campo concreto y a los medios de investigación.

La ciencia aplicada consiste en la aplicación del conocimiento científico teórico a las necesidades humanas y al desarrollo tecnológico.

Las ciencias formales, en cambio, crean su propio objeto de estudio; su método de trabajo es puro juego de la lógica, en cuanto formas del pensar racional humano, en sus variantes: la lógica y las matemáticas.

Gracias a todas las clasificaciones realizadas a lo largo del tiempo, grandes rasgos, en la actualidad las ciencias pueden ser clasificadas de la siguiente manera:

CIENCIAS NATURALES: Estas ciencias, en cambio, se especializan en el estudio de la naturaleza, como lo hacen por ejemplo la astronomía, la geología, la biología o la física.

CIENCIAS FORMALES: Las ciencias de este tipo, en cambio, se orientan a las formas válidas de inferencia y cuentan con un contenido formal, no concreto, a diferencia de las ciencias empíricas. Aquí se ubican las matemáticas y la lógica.

CIENCIAS SOCIALES: Incluye a las disciplinas orientadas a cuestiones humanas como lo son la cultura y la sociedad. Aquí se pueden incluir la sociología, la historia, la psicología, la antropología o la política, entre otras. A continuación, ampliaremos el concepto.

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telavivdelhi2 · 3 years

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Slow light - Wikipedia

In 1998, Danish physicist Lene Vestergaard Hau led a combined team from Harvard University and the Rowland Institute for Science which succeeded in slowing a beam of light to about 17 meters per second

#slow light

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warninggraphiccontent · 3 years

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5 March 2021

Data linkage

Data dichotomies Culture Secretary Oliver Dowden wrote for the FT about the UK's new approach to data outside the EU this week - which managed not to say what this new approach would actually be (especially for GDPR), and prompted comments that the narratives that privacy had dominated discussion and pitted innovation and privacy against one another weren't quite right... ICO baby Though perhaps the next Information Commissioner does need to make a distinction between innovation and privacy, as medConfidential and others have pointed out. Dowden's article kicked off the appointment process for the next Commissioner. (I interviewed the current one in 2019.) Doing so in an article behind a paywall and with no version on GOV.UK isn't a particularly great example of open government...

Open season But then it's not been the best of weeks for open government in the UK, with the news it's been censured by the Open Government Partnership, prompting a letter coordinated by the UK's Open Government Network (on whose steering group I sit). Though there remain some good examples of open government in the UK, and... Open day Tomorrow is Open Data Day, with lots of events planned. Speaking of events... Data Bites We held our seventeenth Data Bites this week, with some rugby-related fun to kick off and some very important budget analysis (which may have contributed to this), before four brilliant presentations. One of those was about better data visualisation, which was also the subject of...

Chart hits and misses This Computer Weekly article looking at good and bad #dataviz during Covid features a quote from me. Speaking of bad #dataviz... Mistake and fail pie My wonderful IfG colleagues are holding me somehow responsible for this particularly bad BBC Wales pie chart, which left me shocked. Another shocking fail which came to mind this week was... Johnson's new department The time when the UK government briefly renamed the business department to something quite unfortunate (though it turned out to be a flop). It wasn't quite the job Alan Johnson expected, but then you don't really get to apply for Cabinet roles...

Odd job Whereas you can apply to work in the Cabinet Office's new Information and Data Exchange, another new unit which there doesn't appear to be much information about. Like a number of recent developments (the Central Digital and Data Office, the integrated data platform) we have to comb press releases, minutes and job ads to find out what's going on (#opengovernment). There's also a deafening silence on... Certifiable The government's (welcome) review into vaccine passports. I wrote something about that for the IfG this week. And if you've not had enough of me... Strategic thinking I'm speaking at a Westminster Forum event next week, on the National Data Strategy. Something that was announced a few months ago, by Oliver Dowden.

Have a good weekend

Gavin

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Graphic content

Vax the way, uh-huh uh-huh, I like it

New data show that leading covid-19 vaccines have similarly high efficacy* (The Economist)

What Do Vaccine Efficacy Numbers Actually Mean?* (New York Times)

Speed and trust (Reuters)

Oregon, Vermont Lead the Way in Equitable Vaccine Rollout: Covid-19 Tracker* (Bloomberg)

Tempers fray over France’s vaccine strategy* (FT - thread)

COVID-19: Major cities falling well behind in UK's bid to vaccinate its way out of lockdown (Sky News)

COVID-19: Is your area one in England and Scotland where half of adults have received a vaccine? (Sky News)

My, corona

Why Opening Windows Is a Key to Reopening Schools* (New York Times)

Should Your School Be Fully Open? Here’s What the C.D.C. Says* (New York Times)

BATS and the ORIGIN of OUTBREAKS (Reuters)

500,000 LIVES LOST (Reuters)

Boris Johnson defends UK border regime amid hunt for Covid patient* (FT)

Inside ultra-Orthodox Jews’ battle with the virus and the Israeli state* (FT)

NHS faces questions over Covid infections contracted in hospital (The Guardian)

Europe struggles and saves in pandemic as Sweden keeps calm and carries on (Reuters)

Animated data visualisation of covid-19 data in G20 countries, with a focus on USA (Jamie Whyte)

Money, money, money

Economic and fiscal outlook – March 2021 (OBR)

UK Budget: the long road to levelling up* (FT - thread)

Sunak goes big and bold in bid to repair UK public finances* (FT)

Six things we learned from budget 2021 (IfG)

Budget 2021: a preview in charts (IfG)

Spending fast, taxing slow (Resolution Foundation)

Some unprotected departments had their budgets cut by half in the decade from 2009-10, as health spending has growth by almost 20 per cent (Resolution Foundation)

Budget 2021 (IFS)

Rishi Sunak’s Budget has not prevented a surge in unemployment – it just delayed it* (New Statesman)

Mo money, mo problems

How Much Minimum Wage Changed in Each State (Flowing Data)

Remote workers spend more on housing than those who commute* (The Economist)

Costco CEO, Who Pays Median Worker $39,585, Enters Wage Debate* (Bloomberg)

Funding devolution: The Barnett formula in theory and practice (IfG)

More people think benefits are too low* (The Times)

Earth song

The messy business of sand mining explained (Reuters)

In the Atlantic Ocean, Subtle Shifts Hint at Dramatic Dangers* (New York Times)

The Five Hotspots Where Food Prices Are Getting People Worried* (Bloomberg)

In data: what are Britain’s fisheries gaining from Brexit?* (Prospect)

Climate graphic of the week: shipping routes behind Mediterranean oil spill* (FT)

More United Than You’d Think: Public Opinion on the Environment in Towns and Cities in the UK (Centre for Towns)

More than 25m drink from the worst US water systems, with Latinos most exposed (The Guardian)

Politik

So wählten die Gemeinden bei Bundestagswahlen (Berliner Morgenpost)

How Keir Starmer has fallen out of favour with voters* (New Statesman)

How Much Longer Can This Era Of Political Gridlock Last? (FiveThirtyEight)

How Marjorie Taylor Greene Won, And Why Someone Like Her Can Win Again (FiveThirtyEight)

Which senators have been voting against Biden Cabinet nominees?* (Washington Post)

Myanmar records its deadliest day of pro-democracy protests* (The Economist)

Myanmar’s new wave of detainees (Reuters)

Everything else

Another name change for the business department in the offing? (IfG)

Is the lot of female executives improving?* (The Economist)

Constituency data: broadband coverage and speeds (Commons Library)

And yet... (Giuseppe)

How governments use evidence to make transport policy (IfG)

#dataviz

Covid-19 and the art and science of data visualisation (Computer Weekly)

Trump’s literacy, KPIs and Citizen Data: final lessons from covid-19 charts (Andy Cotgreave)

Presenting data: 5 tips for making your data understandable (Data in government)

a list of my favorite #dataviz tools (Jon Schwabish for @iamscicomm)

How to draw your audience's focus in visuals (Alvin Wendt, Jon Schwabish)

Meta data

Certification uncertainty

Government needs to beware the easy promise of Covid certification (me for IfG)

Establish if vaccination passports will work before tackling ethical issues* (FT - more here)

Some thoughts on the legal and ethical implications of ‘vaccine passports’ (Adam Wagner)

No jab, no job – the moral minefield confronting the UK government (The Guardian)

Is there a way to make vaccine passports ethically acceptable? (The Guardian)

Vaccine passports could save British theatres – why won’t they embrace them?* (Telegraph)

Vaccine passports: Ticket to freedom? (whynow)

Covid-19: How would an NHS vaccine passport app work? (BBC News)

Israel’s “green pass” is an early vision of how we leave lockdown (MIT Technology Review)

Viral content

COVID-19: Test and Trace barely used check-in data from pubs and restaurants - with thousands not warned of infection risk (Sky News)

COVID-19 VACCINE TRANSPARENCY (Transparency International)

The New Necessary: How We Future-Proof for the Next Pandemic (Tony Blair Institute for Global Change)

AI got 'rithm

Ensuring statistical models command public confidence: Learning lessons from the approach to developing models for awarding grades in the UK in 2020 (OSR)

What is an “algorithm”? It depends whom you ask* (MIT Technology Review)

Turing Lecture: How to talk to robots - The road to a people powered, AI-enabled future (Tabitha Goldstaub)

Government response to the House of Lords Select Committee on Artificial Intelligence (DCMS/BEIS)

How UCL’s groundbreaking AI research became entangled in Facebook’s net* (New Statesman)

Building trust in AI systems is essential* (FT)

Final Report (National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence)

Taking on the tech giants: the lawyer fighting the power of algorithmic systems (The Observer)

Big tech

Microsoft's Dream of Decentralized IDs Enters the Real World* (Wired)

New York Times Columnist David Brooks Blogged For Facebook's Corporate Site (BuzzFeed)

Section 230: Big Tech’s favourite law is running out of time* (New Statesman)

Palantir, part 2 (Rowland)

Charting a course towards a more privacy-first web (Google)

Google is done with cookies, but that doesn’t mean it’s done tracking you (Recode)

‘This is bigger than just Timnit’: How Google tried to silence a critic and ignited a movement (Fast Company)

CMA investigates Apple over suspected anti-competitive behaviour (Competition and Markets Authority)

US removes stumbling block to global deal on digital tax* (FT)

Alan Rusbridger says Oversight Board will ask to see Facebook's algorithm (The Guardian)

UK government

New approach to data is a great opportunity for the UK post-Brexit* (FT)

The UK needs an independent privacy regulator (Open Rights Group)

Dr Nicola Byrne has been named as the government’s preferred candidate for the post of National Data Guardian (NDG) for Health and Care (Cabinet Office)

‘Digital big bang’ needed if UK fintech to compete, says review* (FT)

UK taxpayer to take more stakes in tech start-ups* (FT)

Data in the line of duty; PSGA data keeping us safe. (Geospatial Commission)

Goldacre Review

EU too

EU must overhaul flagship data protection laws, says a ‘father’ of policy* (FT)

Data protection: European Commission launches process on personal data flows to UK (European Commission)

ARIA ready?

Bill introduced to create high risk, high reward research agency ARIA (BEIS)

Bill

Explanatory notes

I see the ARIA press release frames FOI as bureaucratic (Peter Wells)

Few thoughts (Alex Parsons)

How government can help make Aria sing (Civil Service World)

Social media

India imposes sweeping new social media rules* (FT)

Far-Right Platform Gab Has Been Hacked—Including Private Data* (Wired)

Open for the best but expecting the worst

UK government censured for a lack of transparency and accountability (Sky News)

UK GOVERNMENT ‘UNDER REVIEW’ SAYS OPEN GOVERNMENT PARTNERSHIP (UK Open Government Network)

Data: sharing is caring (mySociety)

Why Transparency Won’t Save Us (CIGI)

News real and fake

MAPPING CIVIL SOCIETY RESPONSES TO DISINFORMATION: AN INTERNATIONAL FORUM WORKING PAPER (National Endowment for Democracy)

The Unknowable News Audience (Slate)

A Better Way to Think About Conspiracies* (New York Times)

The History of Misinformation (The Full Fact Podcast)

Databases

ICE investigators used a private utility database covering millions to pursue immigration violations* (Washington Post)

A Theranos Database Is Useless. What Happened?* (Wall Street Journal)

Data

Data Bites #17 - watch as live (IfG, edited version will appear here)

Exploring legal mechanisms for data stewardship (Ada Lovelace Institute, AI Council)

Data Is the New Sand* (The Information)

Data's Future: 2020 highlights (ODI)

Supporting ‘levelling up’: the case for more and better data on Post-16 Education and Training (Centre for Cities)

Yuval Noah Harari: Lessons from a year of Covid (FT)

Remote learning

Out of office: what the homeworking revolution means for our cities (The Observer)

Stanford researchers identify four causes for ‘Zoom fatigue’ and their simple fixes (Stanford)

Face your fears

MyHeritage offers 'creepy' deepfake tool to reanimate dead (BBC News)

The Shoddy Science Behind Emotional Recognition Tech (OneZero)

Everything else

Launch of Rules as Code forum for government officials (OPSI, OECD)

Soft power and technological sovereignty in the 21st century (Matthew Clifford)

How Adam Curtis gets into your head* (Prospect)

How a 10-second video clip sold for $6.6 million (Reuters)

Life & Times of: Audrey Tang (Digital Minister @ Taiwan) (The Taiwan Take - my interview from June 2020)

On the block: Could blockchain aid policing? (Tech Monitor)

Nesta's Strategy to 2030 (Nesta)

The Conundrum of Information Scarcity in a Time of Information Overload (Slate)

Opportunities

EVENT: ADR UK three years in: Harnessing the power of administrative data in the age of Covid-19 (ADR UK)

EVENT: Procurement after Brexit: a keynote speech by Cabinet Office minister Lord Agnew (IfG)

JOB: Information Commissioner (DCMS)

JOB: Head of Data Science, INDEX (Cabinet Office)

More (via Owen)

FELLOWSHIP: Future policy for a future internet (Tony Blair Institute for Global Change)

And finally...

Charts, maps and dashboards

One way road to beer

The many chart crimes of *that* Citi bitcoin report* (FT - thread)

Hey Citi, your bitcoin report is embarrassingly bad* (FT)

What language am I reading? (Max Fras, Oystein H. Brekke, Dominik K. Cagara, Aron)

Music Borders (The Pudding)

Everything else

The Australien Government has made an ad about the new media legislation it just passed, and it's surprisingly honest and informative! (theJuiceMedia)

Data... (Dan Hon, via Giuseppe)

Unlocking history through automated virtual unfolding of sealed documents imaged by X-ray microtomography (Nature Communications)

The Agile Theme Park. Scream when you have to sprint faster. (DESIGN THINKING! Comic)

The best image of Mars was made in 1965 (Thomas van Ryzewyk)

What will it be like when we go back to the office? (Reuters)

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orbemnews · 3 years

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Paul Crutzen, Nobel Laureate Who Fought Climate Change, Dies at 87 Paul J. Crutzen, a Dutch scientist who earned a Nobel Prize for work that warned the world about the threat of certain chemicals to the planet’s ozone layer, and who went on to push for action against global warming, died on Jan. 28 in Mainz, Germany. He was 87. The Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz announced the death, in a hospital, but did not state the cause. Susanne Benner, a spokeswoman for the institute, said Dr. Crutzen had suffered from Parkinson’s disease. “Paul Crutzen was a pioneer in many ways,” Martin Stratmann, the president of the Max Planck Society, said in a statement. Dr. Crutzen’s work, he noted, led to the ban on ozone-depleting chemicals, “a hitherto unique example of how Nobel Prize-winning basic research can directly lead to a global political decision.” The term “continues to teach us that our collective human activities are now the most powerful geological force on Earth,” Al Gore, the climate activist and former vice president, said by email, “and his life’s work continues to inspire us to take responsibility for how that force affects our planet’s ecological integrity.” Dr. Crutzen shared the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with F. Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina. He had found in 1970 that certain chemicals could break down ozone, a molecule that, high up in the stratosphere, absorbs dangerous ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Four years later, Dr. Rowland and Dr. Molina were able to show that gases known as chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, could break down in the upper atmosphere and attack the ozone layer. After years of skepticism and pushback from industry, British scientists in 1985 discovered a hole in the ozone layer, leading to the landmark international treaty known as the 1987 Montreal Protocol and a ban on production of CFCs. (As a bonus, those chemicals would later be shown to contribute powerfully to global warming, and the ban kept climate change from being even worse than it is today.) The 1995 Nobel citation said the three scientists “have contributed to our salvation from a global environmental problem that could have catastrophic consequences.” A 1995 article in The New York Times said Dr. Crutzen was “known among his colleagues as a nonconformist who shows up in an open shirt and sandals at conferences where everyone else is in formal attire.” “Instead of delivering formal papers at scientific meetings,” the article continued, “he fumbles a few handwritten notes, then ends up mesmerizing his audiences.” Paul Jozef Crutzen was born on Dec. 3, 1933, in Amsterdam to Jozef and Anna (Gurk) Crutzen. His father was a waiter, and his mother worked in the kitchen of a hospital. In an autobiographical essay on the Nobel website, Dr. Crutzen recalled profound privation during the Nazi occupation and the “hongerwinter,” or winter of famine, in 1944-45. “Many died of hunger and disease,” he wrote, “including several of my schoolmates.” Dr. Crutzen’s path to atmospheric chemistry was indirect; he first set out, in 1951, to train as a civil engineer in a three-year program at a technical school so he could save his parents the expense of college programs that might take four years or more. His father, he said, was frequently unemployed. From 1954 until 1958, in addition to serving in the military, he worked in Amsterdam’s bridge construction bureau. During that time, as he recalled, he also met “a sweet girl,” Terttu Soininen. “A few years later I was able to entice her to marry me,” he wrote. “What a great choice I made!” His wife survives him, as do their two daughters, Sylvia and Ilona Crutzen, and three grandchildren. In 1958, he saw an advertisement in a Swedish newspaper for a job programming computers in the department of meteorology at what is now Stockholm University. “Although I had not the slightest experience in this subject,” he wrote, “I applied for the job and had the great luck to be chosen from among many candidates.” At the meteorology institute, he began studies that would lead to his receiving, in 1963, the equivalent of a Master of Science degree from the university that combined mathematics, statistics and meteorology, followed by a Ph.D. in meteorology in 1968 and a doctorate of philosophy, the most advanced degree in the Swedish system, in 1973. In choosing a specific topic of research, he said, “I picked stratospheric ozone as my subject, without the slightest anticipation of what lay ahead.” He would later serve as director of research at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colo., from 1977 to 1980, and at the Max Planck Institute from 1980 until 2000. In a 2002 article in the journal Nature, Dr. Crutzen wrote of the increasing threat of climate change. A “daunting task,” he said, “lies ahead for scientists and engineers to guide society towards environmentally sustainable management during the era of the Anthropocene.” In that essay and elsewhere, he raised the prospect of employing geoengineering, the field that looks for ways to combat climate change through interventions like spreading sulfur in the atmosphere to help cool the planet. The idea of geoengineering remains controversial, not only because of potential unanticipated side effects but also because of the suspicion that the technologies could be used to postpone action on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Later, in an interview for a 2014 virtual exhibition on the Anthropocene, Dr. Crutzen said, “I share that fear,” adding that using the technology to avoid acting on emissions “would be totally wrong,” and that he doubted it would ever be used. In that same interview, the journalist Christian Schwägerl asked, “Have you remained an optimist?” Dr. Crutzen replied, “Did I say I am an optimist?” Mr. Schwägerl then asked what made him feel optimistic, and the reply was less curt. There were the “beautiful things around us like arts and literature,” Dr. Crutzen said. “There are so many beautiful things humankind is creating that I wonder when we will make Earth more beautiful again instead of depleting everything.” Source link Orbem News #Change #Climate #Crutzen #Dies #Fought #Laureate #Nobel #Paul

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mmalphotos · 3 years

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John Chervinsky

“John Chervinsky is a self-taught photographer and an engineer working in the field of applied physics. Since it first opened at the Griffin Museum of Photography in 2005, his Experiment in Perspective series has been traveling the country including solo exhibits at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Art Gallery, Batavia IL, Michael Mazzeo Gallery, NYC and Blue Sky Gallery, Portland OR. His work is held in numerous public and private collections including the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston; Museum of Art, Portland OR; and Fidelity Investments Collection. Chervinsky spent eighteen years running a particle accelerator at Harvard University and has collaborated with museums, using accelerator technology in the analysis of art. He currently works for Harvard’s Rowland Institute for Science, originally founded by Polaroid’s Edwin H. Land.”

https://www.lightwork.org/archive/john-chervinsky/

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guardiannews24 · 3 years

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Ultrasensitive Microwave Detector Developed – Enabling Technology for Next-Generation Quantum Computers

Microwave bolometer based on graphene Josephson junction. Credit: Graham Rowlands, Raytheon BBN Technologies A joint international research team from POSTECH of South Korea, Raytheon BBN Technologies, Harvard University, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the U.S., Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology in Spain, and the National Institute for Materials Science in Japan have…

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diaspora9ja · 3 years

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Mario J. Molina (1943–2020) | Science

Mario J. Molina, an environmental chemist who devoted his life to explaining and fixing key societal challenges, died on 7 October. He was 77 years previous. Molina confirmed how chloro fluorocarbons (CFCs) have been destroying Earth’s protecting ozone layer over Antarctica and labored to ban them. He additionally spearheaded efforts to enhance air high quality in Mexico, america, and Asia. He was one of many first to sound the alarm that persevering with enterprise as traditional would seemingly result in a local weather disaster. Together with his passing, the world has misplaced a tireless advocate for the environment.

Born in Mexico Metropolis on 19 March 1943, Molina liked science at an early age, changing a rest room in his household house into his personal private chemistry laboratory. He acquired his bachelor’s diploma in chemical engineering on the Nationwide Autonomous College of Mexico in 1965, his grasp’s diploma from the Albert Ludwig College of Freiburg, Germany, in 1967, and his Ph.D. in bodily chemistry from the College of California, Berkeley, in 1972. In 1973, Molina turned a postdoctoral fellow on the College of California, Irvine (UCI), within the lab of chemist F. Sherwood Rowland, who would develop into his lifelong pal and collaborator. Molina spent the subsequent 30 years instructing and researching at UCI, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the Massachusetts Institute of Expertise, and the College of California, San Diego (UCSD). In 2005, he established the Molina Heart for Strategic Research in Vitality and the Setting in Mexico Metropolis.

As a part of their Nobel Prize–successful efforts on the environmental destiny of the extensively used refrigerants and propellants often known as CFCs, Molina and Rowland have been the primary to suggest that when CFCs made their means into the stratosphere, they might be damaged down by photo voltaic radiation into chlorine atoms that would destroy the ozone layer. They revealed their predictions in 1974, however their calls to cease all manufacturing of CFCs fell on deaf ears as a result of there was no proof but of ozone degradation. By 1985, proof of a gap within the ozone was constructing. Molina revealed his laboratory findings in 1987, displaying that secure chlorine-containing gases may catalytically break down and result in ozone loss, bolstering a key connection between lab research and international observations of the ozone gap.

All through his profession, Molina advocated for scientists to use scientific analysis instantly to resolve societal issues. With Rowland, he helped implement the Montreal Protocol, which is taken into account probably the most profitable and efficient environmental international treaty ever negotiated and applied. It offers an inspirational success story of how elementary chemistry can be utilized to deal with international environmental issues. In 1995, Molina turned the primary Mexican-born scientist to obtain a Nobel Prize in Chemistry, which he shared with F. Sherwood Rowland and Paul J. Crutzen for “contributing to our salvation from a possible international environmental disaster.”

PHOTO: LOUIS MONIER/GAMMA-RAPHO VIA GETTY IMAGES

I met Molina within the late Nineties at a convention. He was gracious, soft-spoken, and beneficiant from the second I nervously launched myself. Through the years, Molina turned my mentor, scientific collaborator, colleague, and shut pal. Whereas engaged on local weather and air high quality coverage points at his heart in Mexico Metropolis, he joined forces with scientists at UCSD on elementary chemistry points associated to atmospheric chemistry and local weather and helped set up the Nationwide Science Basis Heart for Aerosol Impacts on Chemistry of the Setting (CAICE), headquartered at UCSD. As director of CAICE, I used to be honored to have Molina as my science adviser, offering steering and assist as our group strove to breed lifelike tropospheric aerosol surfaces consultant of the marine environment. Molina typically marveled at how his lab research on chemistry occurring on stratospheric surfaces have been far simpler than our efforts to breed extra chemically complicated tropospheric marine aerosol surfaces. This represents Molina’s character completely—at all times downplaying his personal (Nobel Prize–successful) accomplishments.

Molina devoted substantial time to speaking the pressing must enact insurance policies grounded in science. He inspired scientists to keep away from getting caught up in determining each closing element earlier than working to implement fixes. He utilized this philosophy to the ozone gap, air high quality, local weather change, and in the end COVID-19. This yr, he spent in depth time speaking the best way to shield towards airborne transmission of extreme acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). His efforts, and people of most of the scientists he skilled and mentored, myself included, at the moment are resulting in better public consciousness of the essential want for sporting masks to save lots of lives.

Molina was an elected member of the Nationwide Academy of Sciences, the Nationwide Academy of Drugs, the Vatican’s Pontifical Academy of Sciences, El Colegio Nacional de México, the Mexican Academy of Sciences, and the Mexican Academy of Engineering. He additionally served on the U.S. President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Expertise below former presidents Invoice Clinton and Barack Obama. He has been acknowledged with 29 honorary levels and plenty of awards, together with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2013.

I first realized that I used to be not alone in contemplating Molina a hero after we labored collectively in Mexico Metropolis (the place he launched me to the easiest of our shared favourite meals, molé). Throngs of individuals surrounded him wherever we went. I had by no means seen a scientist handled like a rock star earlier than, and I’ll at all times keep in mind how gracious he was—smiling, answering questions, and taking footage together with his “fan membership.”

Molina’s inspirational mixture of excellent science and international impression has formed my very own profession and the lives of many others. By setting an instance, he confirmed the significance of speaking science to implement constructive change. He liked instructing and interacting with college students and served as a job mannequin for generations of scientists. The world has misplaced an distinctive scientist and a fair higher human being in Mario Molina. I’m positive that, like so many people, Mom Earth has shed tears of her personal over the lack of considered one of her best champions.

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obsessedbyneon · 5 months

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Interior landscape in the Rowland Institute for Science, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Scan

#scan #interior green #interior landscape #Rowland Institute for Science #cambridge #massachusetts #aesthetic

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arcticdementor · 4 years

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In 1924, the British scientist J. B. S. Haldane coined the term “ectogenesis” to describe how human pregnancy would one day give way to artificial wombs. “It was in 1951 that Dupont and Schwarz produced the first ectogenetic child,” Haldane wrote, imagining how an earnest college student of the future would describe the phenomenon. “Now that the technique is fully developed, we can take an ovary from a woman, and keep it growing in a suitable fluid for as long as twenty years, producing a fresh ovum each month, of which 90 percent can be fertilized, and the embryos grown successfully for nine months, and then brought out into the air.” By the year 2074, Haldane imagined, ectogenesis had become a popular technique — with “less than 30 percent of children... now born of woman.” Writing at a time when debates over contraception and eugenics raged on both sides of the Atlantic, his prediction was an understandable outgrowth of these new efforts to control fertility. “Had it not been for ectogenesis,” Haldane prophesied, “there can be little doubt that civilization would have collapsed within a measurable time owing to the greater fertility of the less desirable members of the population in almost all countries.”

Today, we have inched slightly — but only slightly — closer to perfecting the technology that would realize Haldane’s vision, albeit for reasons other than the eugenic improvement of the race. A small knot of scientists in the United States and Japan are experimenting with both live animals and human cells to mimic the functioning of the womb. And while their work is in its early stages, it is worth exploring the scientific prospects and ethical implications of research on artificial wombs.

Haldane’s chosen title — Daedalus — is perhaps telling. In Greek mythology, Daedalus, “the cunning worker,” was an ingenious practitioner of the mechanical arts, a figure whose inventions proved, at best, ambiguous contributions to humanity. His most famous invention — wings crafted from bird feathers, wax, and string, built to escape with his son Icarus from the clutches of King Minos — became the tool of his son’s destruction, when “the boy, exulting in his career, began to leave the guidance of his companion and soar upward as if to reach heaven.” The hot sun promptly melted the wax wings, Icarus plunged to his death, and Daedalus was left “bitterly lamenting his own arts.”

…

The question is whether these different avenues of research — at the beginning of pregnancy and the end of pregnancy — will one day converge. “I’ve talked to researchers who are doing research on partial ectogenesis — interventions for premature births, mainly — and I’ve talked to in vitro fertilization researchers who are trying to extend the period of time an embryo can live outside the womb,” says Scott Gelfand, Director of the Ethics Center at the University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, who organized a conference on artificial wombs in 2002. “Put the two together and eventually we’re going to be able to do this.” Of course, many scientific and biological hurdles remain, and physicians who work with assisted reproductive technologies are hesitant to predict the future. “The uterus is a complex organism,” says Dr. David Adamson, Director of Fertility Physicians of Northern California and past president of the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology. “There are still issues related to immunology and cardiovascular development that are extremely complicated and not very well understood. In terms of putting together all of these and having a clinically successful artificial womb,” he says, “my personal perspective is that it is decades away.”

…

Artificial wombs are just the kind of technological prospect that radical ethicists love to celebrate. In 1985, philosopher Peter Singer gave them a ringing endorsement: “I think women will be helped, rather than harmed, by the development of a technology that makes it possible for them to have children without being pregnant,” he said. Singer’s vision echoed that of feminist theorist Shulamith Firestone, who made a similar argument in 1970 in The Dialectic of Sex. Once the “freeing of women from the tyranny of their reproductive biology” occurred, she said, they could finally reach full equality with men. Viewed this way, artificial wombs are merely another step in the ongoing advance of human reproductive technologies and women’s social equality. They would both expand the range of reproductive choices and make the differences between men and women matters of technological convention rather than biological nature.

…

But many ethicists are not so sure. “I think artificial wombs could lead to a commodification of the whole process of pregnancy,” says Rosemarie Tong, a professor at the University of North Carolina, Charlotte, and a leading scholar in feminist bioethics. “To the extent that we externalize an experience like pregnancy, it may lead to a view of the growing child as a ‘thing.’” The further we erode the mystery of the development of human life, the more appealing it becomes to think about improving upon it, or demanding greater control over it. Even given developments in fetal surgery, the human womb still insists that we not breach its protections too often. But with artificial wombs, the transparency of the technology itself would invite greater intervention.

At stake in this debate is the very meaning of human pregnancy: the meaning of the mother-child relationship, the nature of the female body, and the significance of being born, not “made.” Let’s say, for example, that scientists perfect the artificial womb to the point where it becomes a “healthier” environment than the old-fashioned human version. Artificial wombs, after all, wouldn’t be threatened by irresponsible introductions of alcohol or illegal drugs. They could have precisely regulated sources of temperature and nutrition and ongoing monitoring by expert technicians in incubation clinics. Like genetic testing of unborn fetuses, which is fast becoming a medical norm rather than a choice, people might begin to ask: Why take the risk of gestating my child in an old-fashioned womb? With an eye to avoiding costs and complications, insurance companies might begin to insist that we don’t. (Imagine “expectant mothers” stopping by the incubation clinic once a week to check up on their “unborn” child.)

In the near term, most women would almost certainly gestate their children the old-fashioned way, even if they had the choice. “Relatively few people, with tons of money, who are unusual, would use artificial wombs,” says Tong. But even the option of artificial wombs might change the way we view pregnancy, and perhaps the way we view women. Feminist critics of science, particularly those who embrace an “essentialist” view of women, have long claimed that artificial reproductive technologies threaten women’s social status. Australian sociologist Robyn Rowland has argued that the creation of artificial wombs would spell the end of women’s innate power. “We may find ourselves without a product of any kind with which to bargain,” she writes. “We have to ask, if that last power is taken and controlled by men, what role is envisaged for women in the new world? Will women become obsolete?” Rowland and other feminist critics are hardly shrinking violets; they called their 1984 conference on the subject “The Death of the Female.” They view the medical establishment as irredeemably male — a monolithic, misogynistic institution that views women who are not pregnant as, literally, idle machines.

More thoughtful feminist critics note that even without the possibility of manipulation by the medical establishment, artificial wombs would create serious disruptions in our relationships with our children. “It would weaken the mother-child bond,” says Tong. “Indeed, I think it would weaken the bonds between parents and children in general. On the whole, I think the physicality and embodied nature of pregnancy is a real and material way for one generation to connect to the next... Without that rootedness in the body, relationships between the generations become more abstract, less feeling-filled.”

…

There has always been an incalculable mystery surrounding the womb, as religion and folk wisdom attest. “As thou knowest not what is the way of the spirit, nor how the bones do grow in the womb of her that is with child: even so thou knowest not the works of God who maketh all,” says Ecclesiastes. In the Hebrew Bible, interventions in the womb were considered to be solely the province of God, not man. In the story of Rachel and Jacob, when the barren Rachel says, “Give me children, or else I die,” Jacob responds in anger, saying “Am I in God’s stead, who hath withheld from thee the fruit of the womb?” For centuries, folk tales warned pregnant women against walking in graveyards, looking at deformed people, witnessing a solar eclipse, or even strolling around after dark, lest they damage the developing child.

Our feelings of awe and curiosity about the womb are a reaction both to its physiological function and its potent status as a symbol of fertility, procreation, and the continuation of the species. It is not quite an organ, although it can be donated and transplanted; and it is more mysterious than the heart or the lungs, which both men and women share. It is freighted with meaning because it is the site, or the potential site, of such a fundamental and in many ways still deeply mysterious thing — the emergence and development of a new human life.

In an essay written just before he died, the philosopher Hans Jonas observed that “natality,” as he called it, “is as essential an attribute of the human condition as is mortality. It denotes the fact that we all have been born, which means that each of us had a beginning when others already had long been there, and it ensures that there will always be such that see the world for the first time, see things with new eyes, wonder where others are dulled by habit, start out from where they had arrived.” In the end, artificial wombs are different from current technologies like IVF and modern arrangements like surrogacy, because they represent the final severing of reproduction from the human body. There is something about being born of a human being — rather than a cow or an incubator — that fundamentally makes us human. Whether it is the sound of a human voice, the beating of a human heart, the temperature and rhythms of the human body, or some combination of all of these things that makes it so, it is difficult to imagine that science will ever find a way to truly mimic them. We should remember this truth as we expand the reach of our powers over the very origins of human life, lest we give birth to a technology we will live to regret.

#christine rosen #the new atlantis #artificial wombs #feminism #bioethics

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where-is-carmen-sandiego · 4 years

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Statement of Teaching Philosophy

During my pre-service teaching experience, I have been introduced to a diverse range of inspiring and challenging ideas as well as theories surrounding my teaching profession. My graduate studies at Australian Catholic University’s (ACU) Strathfield Campus have prepared me to be an informed, deliberate, critical and an empathetic teacher. My pre-service teaching experience has allowed me to observe and liaise with teachers from various schools. This provided the opportunity to gain ideas and strategies for teaching, learning and having effective classroom management (Schussler, Rowland, Distel, Bauman, Keppler, Kawarasaki & Salem, 2011). Throughout this time I have had the opportunity to foster positive relationships with colleagues, students and members of the community.

As a teacher in the digital age, I recognise that Information Communication Technology (ICT) is now a basic tool to use in the classroom. Compared to ten years ago when I was in high school, the standard classrooms now have Interactive Whiteboards, iPads, and laptops. This ever-evolving technology will play a core role in the student’s education, their day-to-day lives, and eventually their careers (Martinovic & Zhang, 2012). Of course, students need to become competent and confident in the safe and effective use of ICT. I will promote the safe, responsible and ethical use of ICT in learning and teaching (Ben-David Kolikant, 2012).

Through my practicum experiences and my knowledge gained at ACU, I have adopted a teaching approach so I may maximise my student’s growth academically by instructional design and delivery procedures. From observations explicit instruction is a foundation for scaffolding student learning, but not the only way (Ylonen & Norwich, 2012). As a future educator, I plan to hone my skills, strategies, concepts and rules so as to empower my students for their future. I will guide students through learning processes with clear statements about the purpose and rationale for learning new skills. Finally, I will provide student’s with supported practice and feedback until independent mastery has been achieved (Lapan, Kardash, & Turner, 2002).

Through my experience these far, I have developed a set of skills which has provided me with the required knowledge to begin my journey as a Secondary School graduate educator. I have shown commitment to, and understanding of, the Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership Professional Standards for Teachers (AITSL, 2011). I have designed academically challenging, engaging lessons that value diversity which is shown in the three provided artefacts. I am also committed to developing my whole reflective practices and continuing my own learning to improve my skills (Ingvarson, 2010). My abilities as a teacher will grow as I build on these standards.

All students are individuals, and everyone learns in their own unique way. I have learnt to incorporate Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Theory and the Aboriginal 8 Ways of Learning into my lessons. If I want to help students develop their cognitive skills in a way that meets their strengths then I must to include diverse abilities such as musical, social and nature-based tasks (Leshkovska & Spaseva, 2016). Using instructional strategies that involve a variety of intelligences such as bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal or logical-mathematical ensures the student has an opportunity to learn in the way that best suits them. Examples of tasks which can be used for words as a way of thinking and solving problems can be writing stories or completing crossword puzzles. Students with fine visual receptive and excellent motor skills may like to use mind maps or photographs.

The classroom is a living community and everyone from the principal to the students to the parents must contribute in order to maintain a positive atmosphere. During my placements, I did not have the opportunity to communicate with parents. COVID-19 had essentially suspended parent-teacher conferences from taking place at the school and all meetings were held online via Zoom. I understand that establishing partnerships with parents in order to support student learning in key. Moving from pre-service teacher to graduate, I must continue to develop and expand my skills in communicating with parents (Graham-Clay, 2005).

Finally, my future classroom will be a safe place where students are recognised by their unique qualities. I will aim to foster resilient learners with skills in order to enable them to adapt and transform, and to overcome risk and adversity. I will provide my students with the skills to conquer obstacles and acquire a tolerance for mistakes, to inspire them to engage in their education with confidence, energy and persistence. I will continue to create explicit learning experiences that will engage students, require them to think critically and creatively while implementing high standards and expectations for learning (Vuckovic, Floyd, & Riley, 2019).

(774 words)

References:

Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership (AITSL). (2011). Australian Professional Standards for Teachers. Retrieved 19 July, 2020 from https://www.aitsl.edu.au/docs/default-source/apst-resources/australian_professional_standard_for_teachers_final.pdf.

Ben-David Kolikant, Y. (2012). Using ICT for school purposes: Is there a student-school disconnect? Computers & Education, 59(3), 907-914.

Graham-Clay, S. (2005). Communicating with Parents: Strategies for Teachers. The School Community Journal, 15(1), 117-129.

Ingvarson, L. (2010). Recognising accomplished teachers in Australia: Where have we been? Where are we heading? Australian Journal of Education, 54(1), 46-71.

Lapan, R., Kardash, C., & Turner, S. (2002). Empowering students to become self-regulated learners. Professional School Counseling, 5(4), 257.

Leshkovska, E., & Spaseva, S. (2016). JOHN DEWEY’S EDUCATIONAL THEORY AND EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF HOWARD GARDNER’S MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES THEORY. International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education, 4(2), 57-66.

Martinovic, D., & Zhang, Z. (2012). Situating ICT in the teacher education program: Overcoming challenges, fulfilling expectations. Teaching and Teacher Education, 28(3), 461-469.

Schussler, E., Rowland, F., Distel, C., Bauman, J., Keppler, M., Kawarasaki, Y., . . . Salem, H. (2011). Promoting the Development of Graduate Students' Teaching Philosophy Statements. Journal of College Science Teaching, 40(3), 32-35.

Ylonen, A., & Norwich, B. (2012). Using Lesson Study to develop teaching approaches for secondary school pupils with moderate learning difficulties: Teachers' concepts, attitudes and pedagogic strategies. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 27(3), 301-317.

Vuckovic, M., Floyd, B., & Riley, J. (2019). The First Year Colloquium: Creating a Safe Space for Students to Flourish. The Journal of Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 19(2), 172.

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anisanews · 4 years

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Coronavirus: Why do more people keep dying in the UK?

London, United Kingdom - Less than two weeks ago, Britons were still going to pubs and restaurants, even as they stockpiled essential items. Now, this seems a distant memory as streets are deserted and all non-essential businesses remain closed. But despite a nationwide lockdown introduced on March 24, coronavirus-related deaths have sharply risen. More: Queen Elizabeth to address public as Johnson remains in isolation British Muslim nurse, doctor latest medical staff to die of virus Nearly 1m Britons sign up for welfare benefits in two weeks The UK's death toll from the virus rose by 20 percent to 4,313 by Friday afternoon, with 708 new fatalities recorded, the health ministry said. While the increase in the number of deaths each day appears to be slowing in Italy, the number in the UK is still doubling every two to three days. Most virus-related deaths have been among people aged 65 years and above, with almost half - 45 percent - of these occurring in the over-85 age group, according to an analysis of England and Wales cases by the Office of National Statistics. But some of those who succumbed to COVID-19 were young with no underlying health issues. With 4,313 deaths from 41,903 registered cases as of April 3, the crude case fatality rate is 9 percent in the UK. The rate in Italy is 12 percent, and in Germany 1 percent. Experts say the reality is not reflected in these numbers. "The problem is we don't know the total number of cases. If that figure is considerably underestimated, then the case fatality will appear higher, which is likely to be happening," said Rosalind Smyth, director of University College London's Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health. Meanwhile, said Keith Neil, emeritus professor of the Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases at the University of Nottingham, "there are certainly people who have died in the UK who have not been included in these death figures". The UK's recent coronavirus-related death toll reflects what happened "approximately two to three, possibly four, weeks ago", says Neil. "There's a lag in the deaths compared to the cases. Very few people are dying in the first week of becoming infected," he adds. Italy recorded its lowest death rate in more than a week on April 1, 25 days after announcing its nationwide lockdown, indicating that social restrictions are yielding results.

From 'herd immunity' to lockdown

A few weeks ago, as countries around the world began to shut down, the UK diverged in its approach. Acknowledging on March 12 that the most dangerous period was "some weeks away", Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced a "delay" phase to increase the ability of the emergency services and society more widely to cope. At the time, the UK had the 10th-highest number of coronavirus infections in Europe and was in line with the growth curves already observed in other countries, including Italy, Spain, France and Germany. The government's initial strategy was an attempt to build "herd immunity" and suppress the virus through gradual restrictions. Schools remained open and anyone with symptoms was told to stay at home for seven days. After new simulations of the outbreak from Imperial College London showed how that scenario could lead to high rates of hospitalisation and need for critical care, straining the health service capacity, the UK changed course. By March 24, Johnson had introduced strict social restrictions, instructing people to stay at home except for essential travel.

Signs thanking NHS workers appeared in streets, on billboards, in graffiti, and in the windows of people's homes in London and beyond "There's no question that what we are seeing is a very, very serious situation which will put a lot of stress on our healthcare service," says Professor Rowland Kao, the chair of Veterinary Epidemiology and Data Science at the University of Edinburgh. "Whether or not we go to the extent of Italy's situation will depend whether social restriction measures are followed, the ability of our health services to cope - everything from emergency responders all the way through to the intensive care units."

Strain on NHS

Significant challenges lie ahead for the UK's National Health Service (NHS), which after nearly 10 years of austerity has been left with fewer beds, doctors, and nurses per head of population than the European Union average. Doctors say there are severe shortages of essential equipment to fight the coronavirus. Chris Hopkins, chief executive of NHS Providers, said a shortage of ventilators was a "real issue" for hospitals in London - the epicentre of the UK's outbreak. The NHS currently has access to 8,175 ventilators, which deliver oxygen to patients with acute respiratory difficulties. The government says it is working to source 30,000 ventilators. Dr Ron Daniels, an intensive care consultant at University Hospitals Birmingham explained there was "more at stake" than ventilators. "We'll need drugs that are commonly used in intensive care, oxygen, pumps, skilled staff." Staff absence due to illness is another growing concern. The Scottish government reported on April 3 that more than 14 percent of its NHS staff were off work, 41 percent of which were cases related to coronavirus. In response, more than 65,000 retired NHS staff have been asked to return to work to strengthen front-line services. Additionally, a number of temporary hospitals are being set up across the country which will treat patients in makeshift critical care units. Daniels says doctors are also taking on more senior roles to help in an increasingly pressured environment. "People really are rolling up their sleeves. They're going to be operating outside their comfort zones. Medical workers are going to be fearful for their lives and their families' lives, and they're going to be watching people die who normally they'd be able to save."

Ramping up testing

Experts say testing must be ramped up. The government has faced criticism over a shortage of tests and for failing to test NHS staff who have symptoms but were unsure if they had the virus. More: Coronavirus: All you need to know about symptoms and risks Coronavirus: Travel restrictions, border shutdowns by country Coronavirus terminology explained: Your COVID-19 glossary For the first time since the start of the crisis, tests have passed 10,000 a day, with 10,215 carried out on April 2. More than 3,500 NHS front-line staff in England and Wales have been tested since the outbreak began; the NHS employs more than a million people. The government has set a new target of 100,000 tests a day by the end of April, a jump from the previous target of 25,000 per day by mid-April (including both antibody and antigen tests). Johnson said antibody tests would be a "game-changer". Neil at the University of Nottingham added: "I'm not sure he realises just how much it will be a game-changer. It's a supplement to getting key workers back to work and making sure they work safely in their environment. Tests can also allow coronavirus-infected patients to be separated from non-infected patients, which will stop cross infections happening in hospitals." A month ago - when the UK was only testing patients who were critically ill in hospitals - the World Health Organization (WHO) advised countries to "test, test, test" for the virus. Daniels, currently self-isolating, said: "We should have started testing sooner. We're having problems upscaling it, but we would have encountered that several weeks ago rather than now. "There's a whole lot of health professionals self-isolating with relatively minor symptoms like mine, who normally outside this crisis would work through symptoms, but have been told to stay at home. If I know I haven't got it, I can go back to work." Smyth, at the Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, said: "Testing is critically important for us to understand the size of the problem, now, and take specific mitigation, to continually assess the impact of prevention measures such as social distancing." Meanwhile, some experts say the solution to the crisis lies in social distancing. "A test, however good, will have false positives and false negatives. Within a broad population setting, it can cause more harm than good having a test that has false positives," said Professor Arpana Verma, head of the division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care at the University of Nottingham. "The vast majority of people will be what stops this disease from claiming more deaths. The measures of isolation, social distancing, and then shielding the vulnerable groups are going to be the game-changer for reversing the terrible statistics that we're now seeing." But for Kao, at the University of Edinburgh, the UK's recent death toll is "not a sign that the lockdown has been poorly implemented or ineffective". In a news briefing on Thursday, NHS England's medical director Stephen Powis offered some hope that the spread of coronavirus in the UK may be slowing due to social distancing measures. Powis said: "If there are no social distancing measures in place, one person probably infects on average nearly three people." New government figures show that the rate may now have dropped to below one. Looking ahead, many expect the crackdown on movement to be extended later in April, when the government is set to review the current measures. "We hope will have an impact within two weeks," said Smyth. "The bottom line is that the trend is likely to get worse before it gets better." Read More : Source Read the full article

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ryanellisphoto · 5 years

Photo

#152 — Saturday, March 2nd, 2019 — Ryan Ellis Photography - Detroit Street Photography Session #152 — Nikkor 24mm f/2.8 (ca. 1971) - Nikkor 55mm f/1.2 (ca. 1971) - Tokina 60-300mm SZ-X f/4-5.6 (ca. 19??)

Hart Plaza Shredded Flags - Bogeyed and Bug-Eyed - Street Preacher - Sunn Studio Detroit - Cameroonian Vacationers - Hart Plaza Flags - Harper Florist - Detroit Public Library - Detroit Institute of the Arts - Wayne State University Sign - Orange Yarn Mop - Roy R. Rowlands

Arrived @ 8 AM

Departed @ 5 PM

527 photos (and also 7 videos) taken in 9 hours with but 48 “keepers” among them, rendering a self-accepted 9.10% “success” rate at a leadenly 58.56 shots per hour (what I desire to achieve, at the least, as I cover the streets is a 10% “success” rate paired with a pace of 100 shots per hour).

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PREFACE:

A week ago (last Saturday), after my Detroit Street Session ended, I went to meet with my friend, Mr. E.P., to be a guest as he photographed folks in Highland Park at an old stamping factory. Before I knew it, I was informally assisting his efforts at his request by moving things around during the shoot, which was my humble honor. The next morning (last Sunday), at 4 AM, I awoke with the worst pain I have ever felt in my life. My neck (on the right side) felt as secure as a spiderweb thread strung above and across an inferno (my head holder was in the hands of an angry throb). I cried, though I did not cry well (crying is essentially impossible for me nowadays), and I wept like this without any comfort in sight. Ibuprofen helped somewhat in the coming days, and I healed a good bit (though noticeably not fully). I took time off work to heal, and I now face the prospect of quitting my day job on account of this horrific turn in my wellbeing. There was melancholy in imagining how I would hang a camera strap around my neck all day to do as I have done before. Today was my test. Could I keep coming back to seek my passion through the pentaprism? I thanked the Lord that it was Winter still. I thought that the cold might “ice” my wound. I wrapped two scarves tightly around my neck like a neck brace, and I took 400 mg of ibuprofen when I arrived (I could have taken more; I should have taken more; I wanted to see if I could face the pain). I made it nine-hours despite the pain, and I hope my “top ten” shots from the day are not just a point of pride for myself; I hope I still have it in me to make things others might like too.

S.D.G.

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PATH TAKEN:

Greektown - Over the past several weeks, at this juncture, I would have changed into my Carhart bib. It was around 25° F outside with 10 MPH winds in the morning, but yet it did not quite feel cold-enough to justify the extra layer. It ended up reaching around 33° F in the afternoon with the same winds. It was a beautifully live-with-able, climate-wise, day in the city I do not love (but am learning, ever so sluggishly, to appreciate).

Campus Martius Park

The Esplanade on Woodward Avenue - I experimented with my Tokina SZ-X 60-300mm f/4-5.6 lens, using the zoom in video mode to trace the light up signs on one side of Woodward Avenue reflecting on the windows of the building on the other side of the avenue. I also spied a scene with a Detroit firetruck and police cruiser with glorious steam behind them coming up from the manholes. Attempting to satisfactorily-frame a video clip with a 300mm zoom lens forces me to disdain my $20 miniature tripod and wish for a nicer alternative. There is an overpriced camera store an hour from my home that I treat like the last branch I reach for as I fall down a cliff. I suppose I will have to visit that shop soon if I am going to be able to rely on my gear to do more of what I want it to do.

Spirit of Detroit Plaza

Hart Plaza - The other day, I fell asleep with my iPhone plugged into a charger. When I woke up the next morning, both cameras on the phone (as well as the LED light) were no longer functional. As a photographer, this was a left-handed sword stuck into the gut for me, and I yearned to be able to post on my Instagram the continuation of the shredding of the American flags in Hart Plaza. I may email mayor Mike Duggan (Detroit’s seventy-fifth mayor) and a local news organization about this tattered American standard debacle.

Campus Martius Park - Last Saturday, in Highland Park, I met two men that were in the “Art Deco Society” for Detroit. Being a lover of Art Deco myself, I asked them an obvious question: “What is the greatest building in all of Detroit?” They were torn between the Guardian Building (my #1) and the Fisher Building (my #2). I walk by the Guardian Building just about every week, because it is in the heart of Downtown Detroit. The Fisher Building is a number of miles away in what is known as City Center (beyond downtown and even midtown). I decided then to hunt for the Fisher.

Fox Theatre

The LCA (Little Caesars Arena)

MOCAD

The DIA (Detroit Institute of the Arts)

The Detroit Public Library - There was an older gentleman waiting near Woodward Avenue for the library to open up for the day. He and I chatted for a minute, and I shared with him my antipathy regarding the otherwise breathtaking Italian Renaissance-style building that housed the Detroit Public Library. There were names etched into the Vermont marble near the top of the building, visible from Woodward Avenue. They were, from left to right: Aeschylus; Archimedes; Socrates; Plato; Cicero; Caesar; Aristotle; Epictetus. :—:— I was perplexed at the choices as well as the order in which the choices appeared. I do not know much about half of the named men. I do know that Socrates taught Plato, who taught Aristotle, who taught Alexander the Great. I was curious why Cicero and Caesar appeared between Plato and Aristotle. I was also curious why Alexander the Great was omitted from the listing. Certainly, Cicero was one of the greatest minds of the last twenty centuries. It is because of Cicero that I adore Latin (well, Augustine’s adoration of Cicero’s Latin writing is what made me start teaching myself Latin [it is said that to read Cicero in Latin is the closest one can get to hearing music through language]). The ultimate irony is that above the front door to the Detroit Public Library, these words are inscribed: “Knowledge is Power” :—:— I laughed with the man I met outside the library regarding what I thought was a silly disparity. How much did that building cost to erect only to have such a blunder (in my layman’s opinion)? I hope to go inside the library and seek the answer to this one day soon (I fully expect [or at least hope] to hear a sensible explanation to correct my unsatisfactory opinion of the selections and ordering of the names on the front of the library).

The Department of Mortuary Science (for Wayne State University) - It did not smell like anything outside of this building, but then again, it was a 24° F morning! Hahaha. This is as close to the Fisher as I could get. It was then 10 AM, and I had an 11 AM appointment to make with my pal, Roy. I took a photo of the yet-distant Fisher Building with my 300mm lens before releasing it from my sights. I will catch the Fisher another day!

University of Michigan Detroit Center

Mack Avenue

Milano Bakery - Arriving fifteen-minutes early, my security guard pal that looks after the bakery commiserated with me. I told him of my insane week that included the neck injury (much more craziness than what I recounted in this write-up happened, as happens sometimes). He had similar and crazier tales to trade with mine, and he left me with much encouragement. I always feel imbued with apotheosis (pretty good word) by such outright kindness; I dare say such treatment makes me a merry man (and to that, I say, “Let it be!”). Truth be told, Roy did not show much of a tan at all for having spent the previous two-weeks in Florida. He took his truck-mounted camper and Harley to a campsite in the panhandle part of the state. He met with a realtor and scoped a $150K fixer-upper in a $250K “working-class” neighborhood six-miles from the ocean. The area in which he hopes to soon reside is in the middle of several nature preserves and is largely devoid of tourists—for now (it is slowly being converted into a course of tourist traps). He plans to list his Michigan home in April and be gone not long after. I will miss him, and I told him as much a few times. He reverberated in kind in each instant.

Bert’s Market Place Jazz - I hopped in Roy’s red Mercedes, and we parked at Bert’s (I think of Bert, the owner, as the black Willy Wonka of Detroit [he is a man of wonder and universal kindness]). Peckish but picky, the two of us were; we skipped Bert’s and headed to get tea leaves at Rocky’s instead.

Rocky’s Nuts

Dearborn Fresh Supermarket - Roy took me to a favorite supermarket of his in Dearborn after complaining Rocky’s sold their loose leaf black tea for $20 a pound. It was $6 a pound at this place.

Urban Bean Co. - Roy and I had our regular beverages (he had an espresso [double shot]). I had an overpriced ginger drink.

Avalon Cafe and Bakery - I ran into a group of Cameroonian (central-African) vacationers here that were trying to locate B-Dubs. I volunteered to be their temporary tour guide to help them find the Victorian-Era (ca. 1840’s-1870’s) building that housed the largest Buffalo Wild Wings restaurant in America.

Buffalo Wild Wings - I photographed the vacationers here before heading back toward my car with the things I bought at Rocky’s. They had spent the day tracing black history through the city of Detroit. I hope their day continued with as much charm and glee as had been described to me by their chaperone.

Greektown - I had loose leaf teas from Rocky’s in a grocery bag clipped to my camera bag that I wanted to drop off at my car before making one last pass through the city. On my path back, a homeless man put a pair of brand new (still in its packaging) winter gloves in my face, offering to sell me them (I was wearing gloves at the time myself). I was disgusted. Someone likely had given those new gloves to him to keep him warm, and he preferred, rather, to make quick cash (possibly for his next score) off them. I had not seen any homeless folks yet in the day. Earlier in the week, to redirect my pain into a noble cause, I bought ten pairs of size 9-12 men’s long black socks from the dollar store that I filled with gospel tracts. “This man would have sold the socks,” I reasoned, and I walked away in sadness and bitterness having not given him anything but a brief scolding for crying wolf, as it were.

Donald “Sunn” Anderson’s art stand - For the first time in 2019, I saw my good friend, Mr. Anderson, with his art stand set up in Greektown. He told me about his brick and mortar studio space / store front and said I should check it out (it was nearby).

Monroe Street - I saw a man walking a bike down the sidewalk, which to me says “bad day” or “flat tire.” He looked familiar—like a homeless man I met last summer on a bridge in Eastern Market (also walking a [different] bike then). I asked him if his bike had a flat. He said no and added that he found the bike left under a bridge for three days and decided to take it as his own. I told him it was not his and that he should return it immediately. He said that a “known drug dealer” he knew claimed it, though the man refused to acquiesce it, since the dealer was mean. I figured the bike was stolen and that the “known” dealer was his dealer. I recalled how this homeless man told me last summer how he had just been released from a long prison sentence for a crime committed in his youth. The world had entered the Digital Age while he was locked up, and, by Providence, he had connected with a homeless service, called “Southpoint,” that provided training in computers, which resulted in his working for Dan Gilbert’s loan company. I hinted at our previous conversation from this past summer. The man claimed no knowledge of “Southpoint” and said he was never given such a job, though he admitted he was the man from last summer. He lied to me before as well as now! Feeling pity for the man, I gave him a pair of the socks I had on me. He snatched them from my hand and forcefully stuffed them into one of his front coat pockets. We parted ways, and my mind split under the weight of my naivety. I have told innumerable homeless folks since that summer meeting about this “Southpoint” resource that was nothing but a druggy’s deception.

Campus Martius Park - A faithful street preacher, named Reuben, was with his little boy plying his professed faith to the people passing his portable P.A. system. I walked up to him and told him I had great pictures of him if he would just send me a message. I handed him one of my business cards, and he smiled and apologized for not getting in touch before. I wanted to capture the man on camera before I left, so I started super close with my Nikkor 24mm f/2.8 lens and finished with my Tokina SZ-X 60-300mm f/4-5.6 lens (as zoomed in as I could muster). :—:— In my passage out I ran into a third “homeless” man with freshly-laundered folded blankets and a large smart phone and plenty of food atop a state-of-the-art walker. Judging by the quality and condition of the items he lugged, he seemed to have a home. Determined not to be fooled again, I rejected his pleas for monetary help and walked on by (albeit with a heavy heart at my coldness toward him).

Capitol Park

David Klein Gallery - I asked the kind folks at the gallery about the latest MetroTimes cover picture. It looked just like the Low Rider style of a recent showing at the gallery. They said they were not in cahoots with the magazine and lamented that fact, since it could have been excellent publicity for their recent Low Rider-themed gallery showing.

Campus Martius Park - I again photographed the street preacher and his young son. I wanted to get a shot of the two near one another with the son imitating his father. The shot in my “top ten” is as close to that goal as I could attain in the time I spent shooting there. I caved and gave the (”third”) homeless man a pair of socks, though when I tossed them at his hand, they fell short and hit the sidewalk, making him pick them up. This was an absolute accident, and I again felt bad (I am all too apologetic; am I becoming Canadian? The Windsor Hum must have buzzed my brains bonkers!).

The Hudson Site

The YMCA - Photographer, though I am, I do not look at everyone around me always. As I was on the lookout for Mr. Anderson’s brick-and-mortar studio space/storefront, a fourth homeless man passing against me in the sidewalk exclaimed at me, “Eastern MarkeT” (emphasizing the final letter in the word “market”). I looked up, startled, and I asked if he worked at Eastern Market too. He glared at me with the wildest eyes a mentally-drained man could manage, and I looked him up and down. He had on a coat that unzipped into a blanket that seems to be the universal winter uniform of Detroit’s homeless. Preoccupied with my goal of finding Mr. Anderson’s spot, I walked away without giving him another word.

Donald “Sunn” Anderson’s brick-and-mortar studio/storefront - I was amazed by Mr. Anderson’s storefront. His window art skills are fantastic.

Greektown - I saw the “fourth” homeless man (from just before) ahead of my planned path back to my car, so I ran up to meet his pace on the sidewalk and asked him what his outburst from before was about. He said I had told him there was work to be found in Eastern Market and that he had sought a job there to no avail. I apologized for his wasted efforts and told him he had done a great thing to get on with finding work for himself. I gave him a pair of socks, and he pocketed them with grace in his front coat pocket. I asked him where he was staying. He said he lived under a certain bridge. Our conversation continued through different topics. He said he had girl problems. Trying to peer-ify him, I joked back (referencing the famous Jay-Z song), “I feel bad for you, son!” The joke was lost on him; he blankly looked forward and kept walking. At right about that time, I reached Mr. Anderson’s stand and broke off to chat with him instead.

Donald “Sunn” Anderson’s art stand - I told Mr. Anderson that every self-respecting business in Detroit needs “Sunn” to shine upon its windows. He laughed. I was serious. There should be a campaign to get his art all over Detroit in this medium.

Greektown - Parting with Mr. Anderson, I caught up again with the “fourth” homeless man. I brought up his girl problems and asked what happened. He replied that a lady he had gotten with “bogeyed” him. Unfamiliar with what this meant, I asked for clarification. He loudly shouted some gibberish at me, at which point I locked eyes with a beat cop that happened at that moment in our walk to be to our right. I gave the policeman a bug-eyed look of pitying confusion about the homeless man’s outburst and walked onward. When out of earshot of the policeman, I told the homeless man that such an explosive response to a level-headed question was not socially proper and added that we were done for the time with our conversation.

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WHAT WENT ON ON THIS DAY OUT IN DETROIT?

I sought to find if I could shoot street photography despite my pain from an injury incurred exactly a week ago. I think I succeeded, though my mobility was limited. :—:— The torn American flags in Hart Plaza were still (and further) torn. Unable to post about them online at the time, I think I should email the mayor and a news organization about this embarrassment. :—:— I fell into four odd interactions with some of the homeless in Detroit today. I want to learn the best advice to pass onto them.

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⋰B⋰U⋰Z⋰Z⋰W⋰O⋰R⋰D⋰S⋰

“Inside baseball” concepts talked about in this Detroit Street Photography Session —

● Carhart Bib - I used to have to seek shelter from the winds and the cold more often when it got “bone-chilling” cold (~15° F) before I started wearing Carhart overalls on colder outings. This “bib” also lets you get low without dirtying your regular clothes underneath (as a tall fellow, I find extra goodness in lower angles).

● Mini Tripod - Get one. Get a good one that stays put when you set it. Learn from my mistake, and buy yourself a steady, sturdy mini tripod. I swear by mine any other time. You will get too much camera shake if you try to steady (by hand) a drooping (cheap, like mine) tripod.

● Art Deco - There are almost a dozen Art Deco buildings / structures in Detroit (The Guardian Building; The Fisher Building; The Penobscot Building; The Livingston Lighthouse; The Rackham Building; The David Scott Tower; The Federal Building; The Detroit Free Press Building; The Macabees Building; The Water Board Building). Art Deco as a style is marked by modernistic aesthetics made with luxurious materials and executed with precise and complex designs. The 1920′s may well be my favorite decade of all time, and so, I am head over heels that Detroit has so many glorious Art Deco remnants yet extant. For any photographer, I would assert, such pretty pieces make for great pictures. :—:— Wherever you find yourself shooting shots, know what is around you and why it is there and why it is important (if at all). To borrow a phrase found atop a not-Art Deco building in Detroit: “Knowledge is Power!”

● Digital Age - We are in the Digital Age (a name for the present era that our offspring may change in a lifetime [or in eight]). To be in the present means you have the past to play off of. The sixteenth-century super-genius, Martin Luther, thought he was beyond spoiled to have press-printed books to use for study (this was a vast improvement in convenience over enormously-expensive and rare hand-copied scrolls and books). We have computers (and who knows what else in coming years?). A great photographer that sells his (and his father’s) prints in Eastern Market gave me great advice when I asked for his best wisdom for pursuing photography. He asked me, “is that a digital camera you are using?” I answered affirmatively. He said, “you basically have unlimited shots, given the memory card’s capacity over and above any film camera roll, so shoot everything you want to shoot, and take multiple shots each time.” We are in the Digital Age. Be retroactive if you like, but know that there are liminal conveniences that may teach you as much or more than dated, sometimes less-convenient approaches.

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