#quercetin bivirkninger

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HVA ER QUERCETIN – ET BRA KOSTTILSKUDD?

Quercetin is a plant flavanol from the flavonoid gathering of polyphenols. It is tracked down in many natural products, vegetables, leaves, seeds, and grains; tricks,

From Wikipedia, the free reference book

UV apparent range of quercetin, with lambda max at 369 nm

Quercetin is a plant flavanol from the flavonoid gathering of polyphenols. It is tracked down in many natural products, vegetables, leaves, seeds, and grains; tricks, red onions, and kale are normal food sources containing obvious measures of it.[2][3] It tastes unpleasant and is utilized as a fixing in dietary enhancements, refreshments, and food varieties.

Quercetin is a flavonoid broadly conveyed in nature.[2] The name has been utilized beginning around 1857, and is gotten from quercetum (oak woodland), after the oak class Quercus.[4][5] It is a normally happening polar auxin transport inhibitor.[6]

Quercetin is one of the most plentiful dietary flavonoids,[2][3] with a typical everyday utilization of 25-50 milligrams.[7]

In red onions, higher convergences of quercetin happen in the peripheral rings and in the part nearest to the root, the last option being the piece of the plant with the most noteworthy concentration.[8] One investigation discovered that naturally developed tomatoes had 79% more quercetin than non-naturally developed fruit.[9] Quercetin is available in different sorts of honey from various plant sources.[10]

In plants, phenylalanine is switched over completely to 4-coumaroyl-CoA in a progression of steps known as the general phenylpropanoid pathway utilizing phenylalanine smelling salts lyase, cinnamate-4-hydroxylase, and 4-coumaroyl-CoA-ligase.[11] One particle of 4-coumaroyl-CoA is added to three particles of malonyl-CoA to frame tetrahydroxychalcone utilizing 7,2′-dihydroxy-4′-methoxyisoflavanol synthase. Tetrahydroxychalcone is then changed over into naringenin utilizing chalcone isomerase.

Naringenin is changed over into eriodictyol utilizing flavanoid 3′-hydroxylase. Eriodictyol is then changed over into dihydroquercetin with flavanone 3-hydroxylase, which is then changed over into quercetin utilizing flavonol synthase.[11]

3-O-Glycosides of quercetin

Quercetin is the aglycone type of various other flavonoid glycosides, for example, rutin (otherwise called quercetin-3-O-rutinoside) and quercitrin, found in citrus natural product, buckwheat and onions.[2] Quercetin structures the glycosides quercitrin and rutin along with rhamnose and rutinose, separately. Similarly guaijaverin is the 3-O-arabinoside, hyperoside is the 3-O-galactoside, isoquercitin is the 3-O-glucoside and spiraeoside is the 4′-O-glucoside. CTN-986 is a quercetin subordinate found in cottonseeds and cottonseed oil. Miquelianin is the quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside.[12]

Various taxifolin (otherwise called dihydroquercetin) glycosides additionally exists.

Isoquercetin is the 3-O-glucoside of quercetin.

The protein quercitrinase can be found in Aspergillus flavus.[13] This chemical hydrolyzes the glycoside quercitrin to deliver quercetin and L-rhamnose. It is a catalyst in the rutin catabolic pathway.[14]

The bioavailability of quercetin in people after oral admission is exceptionally low, with one review closing it should be under 1%.[15] Intravenous infusion of quercetin shows a quick rot in focus portrayed by a two-compartment model (starting half-existence of 8.8 minutes, terminal half-existence of 2.4 hours).[15] In light of the fact that it goes through fast and broad digestion, the organic impacts assumed from in vitro examinations are probably not going to apply in vivo.[2][16][17][18] Quercetin supplements in the aglycone structure are less bioavailable than the quercetin glycoside frequently found in food varieties, particularly red onions.[2][19] Ingestion with high-fat food sources might increment bioavailability contrasted with ingestion with low-fat foods,[19] and carb rich food varieties might expand retention of quercetin by invigorating gastrointestinal motility and colonic fermentation.[2]

Quercetin is quickly processed (by means of glucuronidation) after the ingestion of quercetin food varieties or supplements.[20] Five metabolites (quercetin glucuronides) have been tracked down in human plasma after quercetin ingestion.[21][20] Taken together, the quercetin glucuronides have a half-life around 11-12 hours.[20]

In rodents, quercetin went through no huge stage I metabolism.[22] conversely, quercetin went through broad stage II (formation) to create metabolites that are more polar than the parent substance and consequently are all the more quickly discharged from the body. In vitro, the meta-hydroxyl gathering of catechol is methylated by catechol-O-methyltransferase. Four of the five hydroxyl gatherings of quercetin are glucuronidated by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase. The special case is the 5-hydroxyl gathering of the flavonoid ring which by and large doesn't go through glucuronidation. The significant metabolites of orally retained quercetin will be quercetin-3-glucuronide, 3'- methylquercetin-3-glucuronide, and quercetin-3'- sulfate.[22] A methyl metabolite of quercetin has been demonstrated in vitro to be more compelling than quercetin at restraining lipopolysaccharide-enacted macrophages.[18]

Contrasted with different flavonoids quercetin is one of the best inducers of the stage II detoxification enzymes.[23]

In-vitro examinations show that quercetin is areas of strength for an of the cytochrome P450 proteins CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 and a moderate inhibitor of CYP2D6.[24][25] Medications that are used by these pathways might make expanded difference. An in-vivo investigation discovered that quercetin supplementation eases back the digestion of caffeine to a genuinely critical degree in a specific hereditary sub-populace, yet in outright terms the impact was nearly negligible.[26]

Quercetin has been accounted for to hinder the oxidation of different particles and subsequently is delegated a cell reinforcement in vitro.[16] It contains a polyphenolic synthetic base that stops oxidation in vitro by going about as a scrounger of free revolutionaries. Quercetin has been displayed to restrain the PI3K/AKT pathway prompting downregulation of the counter apoptotic protein Bcl-w.[27][28] Quercetin enacts or hinders the exercises of various proteins in vitro. For instance, it is a vague protein kinase catalyst inhibitor.[16]

In 2010, the FDA recognized high-immaculateness quercetin as GRAS for use as a fixing in different determined food classes at levels up to 500 milligrams for each serving.[29]

Quercetin has been concentrated on in fundamental exploration and little clinical trials.[2][30][31][32] While supplements have been advanced for the therapy of malignant growth and different other diseases,[2][33] there is no great proof that quercetin (by means of enhancements or in food) is helpful to treat cancer [34] or some other disease.[2][35]

The US Food and Medication Organization has given cautioning letters to a few makers promoting on their item marks and sites that quercetin product(s) can be utilized to treat diseases.[36][37] The FDA respects such quercetin publicizing and items as unapproved - with unapproved wellbeing claims concerning the counter infection items - as characterized by "segments 201(g)(1)(B) or potentially 201 (g)(1)(C) of the Demonstration [21 U.S.C. § 321(g)(1)(B) and additionally 21 U.S.C. § 321(g)(1)(C)] in light of the fact that they are planned for use in the conclusion, fix, moderation, treatment, or anticipation of disease",[36][37] conditions not met by the producers.

There has been little examination into the wellbeing of quercetin supplementation in people, and the outcomes are lacking to give certainty that the training is protected. Specifically, there is an absence of security data on the impact of quercetin supplementation for pregnant ladies, breastfeeding ladies, kids, and teenagers. The hormonal impacts of quercetin found in creature concentrates on raise the doubt of an equal impact in people, especially in regard of estrogen-subordinate tumors.[38]

Quercetin supplementation can impede the impacts of meds. The exact idea of this association is known for a few normal meds, yet for some, it is not.[38]

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