Tips For Choosing Hopper Trailers For Sale In Fargo And Grand Forks, ND
People in the agriculture industry often find a grain hopper or hopper bottom trailer indispensable. Such a piece of equipment is commonly used for hauling agricultural products such as grain or seeds as well as powdered fertilizer. The first-time transporter would be well advised to accompany an experienced person to the concerned trailer to pick and choose from the variety of hopper trailers for sale in Fargo and Grand Forks, ND, that have been neatly lined up.
It is not a good idea to go for the trailer that looks perfect, though. Instead, checking every aspect and noting the mechanics before handing over the sum is essential. Some of the features that warrant careful consideration to ensure a good buy are:-
Safety Features
Handling tiny-sized grains and ensuring no spill or damage is a tall order. Unfortunately, the agriculturist must confirm the safety of the grains and seeds transported or loaded. The trailer must be fitted with modern advanced features that are a must for safety. One must check the following and be assured of a safe transit regardless of the distance and purpose of carrying grain:
· Sidewall windows
· Antilock brake system (ABS)
· Multiple lights
· Electric tarp
· Safety ropes
Safety is a crucial point to ascertain when buying this type of trailer.
Long Term Maintenance
The purchaser is sure to have a budget to adhere to. It is essential to factor in the maintenance expense right away. Buying a used trailer may save money initially, but repairing and replacing parts may soon make one exceed the budget. It is, therefore, prudent to inspect the trailer thoroughly and note the worn-out components, if any, before making the final decision.
Suspension Type
A hopper trailer that is likely to be used daily must have the right type of suspension. The leaf spring suspension is an old system that is average but will not provide improved suspension. It is better to go for the air suspension system that is modern and capable of serving the trailer owner well. The gains that are sure to be observed by using the current, advanced system of suspension include the following:-
· Easy driving at highway speeds
· Smoother ride in the field
· A built-in gauge that allows one to quickly note the weight the trailer is carrying
· Increased resale value
Axles
One must be well informed about the number of axles needed before going in to look at the trailers for sale. One may opt for a single-axle trailer or two-axle trailer, even going up to three if needed. The requirement depends on the type of weight that one needs to haul. One must thus select a trailer with the right number of axles required to carry the maximum weight that one is going to haul.
Meeting the EPA standards is a must, as any kind of violation results in penalties. Thus, The investor must ensure that the included tarp meets the EPA standards when selecting the hopper trailers for sale in Fargo and Grand Forks, ND.
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2015 Wilson Triple Axle Grain Trailer Check out this amazing 2015 Wilson Triple Axle Grain Trailer! With a 50 x 102 size and double hopper, it's perfect for any hauling needs. The electric tarp adds convenience and ease. This trailer was bought...
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Veeer 605j pressure
Trailers & ATV Tuffy GN stock trlr*6x16 w/new torsion axles* *’72 2 horse trlr*Bullmobile 6x16 stock trlr*4-whl lawnmower trlr-6’4”x9’*18’ steel car trlr w/winch*WW 6x16 bump. welder-gin poles-winch-tool boxes*’ trk-new steel bed-tool boxes-5th wheel-on propane*’89 Chevy Kodiak trk w/Cat diesel engine*’79 Chevy C70 bucket trk-boom approx 42’-120K miles*’93 Ford F150 ext cab pkup-162K-towbar-lockout drive line-5th wheel hitch-new tires & muffler system*’71 C750 trk w/13’ grain bed-hoist-L-P-airbrakes*’80 GMC Brigadeer-Cummings 6spd-SA-sliding 5th wheel-good tires* 8600 trk-165” wheel base-Cummings motor*’ w/port. cab pkup-dually w/flatbed-4WD-diesel-44K miles*40’ furniture van-low to ground-side doors*’98 Ford F150 pkup-2WD-160K miles*’73 Chevy C60 trk-18’ grain bed w/tarp & hydr fill aug*’79 Kenworth W900-20’ grain bed w/tarp-13 spd trans.*’05 Intl. Vehicles & Trucks ’58 IHC dump trk*’62 Ford 1 ton trk w/flatbed-60K miles*’82 Ford trk-5 spd w/2 axle tran-1600 gal steel tank-vacuum pump & gear pump*’79 Ford trk-4 spd w/2 spd axle-flatbed-rolling tailboard-gin poles & Tulsa winch*’95 Chevy ¾ ton pkup*’75 Ford 880 trk-twin screw-22’ bed w/tarp*’04 Ford F350 ext. 1020 hdr-30’*JD 4 row corn hd*JD 216R hdr w/polyskids*’79 JD 7720 turbo combine-diesel-power rear axle-air foil chaffer-aprox 5K hrs on engine*IH 1083 corn hd w/hyd deck plates*JD 220 flex hdr-20’*JD 24’ pkup reel*’90 Case IH 1680 combine w/25’ 1020 flex hd-diesel-specialty rotor-5K hrs-engine overhaul at 3500 hrs*Gleaner M combine w/ 18’ flex hd-diesel-straw chopper-non-hydrostat*Case IH 863 corn hd*JD 853a rowhead-8row*Hume reel*2-35’ header trlrs*2-30’ header trlrs*JD 925 flex hdr* Tractors & Skid Loader 875 Versatile 4WD*IH 1206 tractor*IH 3688 tractor w/Westendorf ldr-highlift w/spear*JD 4630 tractor w/GB 1000 ldr*Oliver 88 tractor w/ldr*AC 7050 tractor-caba/c-aprox 8K hrs-3pt*JD4630 tractor-duals-good rubber-aprox7500 hrs*1981 Ford 1300 tractor-4WD-front-end ldr-922 hrs-new paint*JD 7410 tractor w/741 ldr-good rubber-5160 hrs-all new front end-120hp*JD 7800 tractor-150hp-8087 hrs-quick hitch-decent rubber*David Brown 850 tractor-diesel-3pt-hyd*Ford 8N tractor w/flathead-4 cyl*Intl 966 tractor-no TA*Case 1370 tractor-good rear tires*JD 250 skid loader-attachments sold separately-bale spike-Bobcat posthole digger w/ 6-8” bits-brush bucket-fork lift attach.*Ford 9N tractor-gas*JD G tractor*JD 4230 w/ldr-good rubber-slick*Ĭombines & Headers ‘87 JD 7720 combine w/RWA & 922 flex hdr*JD 20F flex hdr*Intl. 10:00-Farm Equipment 12 noon-Tractors 1:00-Combines 1:30-Trucks followed by Trailers *Note these times are approximate* Order of Sale 8:30- 4 wheelers, mowers & cattle equip. Location: 7168 US 160, Winfield, KS (2 miles West of Winfield on Hwy 160) *Lunch will be served at Sale Barn Café*
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well fuck
sister just posted a video to her instagram of a flash flood currently happening at the farm
reference: that same view of the granary and the culvert-bridge past it on a sunny day some weeks ago:
[image description: a gravel driveway in the foreground, a gray-painted barn to the right, some upright grain bins to the left. note that none of them are underwater. that is because under the narrow bit of driveway is a very small creek that is mostly a trickle this time of year, and goes through a little culvert right there.]
anyway just out of frame in the above photo, to the right of the truck, are about oh eight thousand dollars of building supplies, carefully stowed under tarps, that i’ve accumulated for the tiny house that we were supposed to start building this coming weekend, provided i could get the eight 2x8x16s I needed to start the construction process.
I’m imagining those aren’t there anymore, so the saga of the tiny house gets to be over before it begins, because I absolutely can’t afford to replace that shit.
anyway. i don’t know anything, sister stopped updating about 45 minutes ago after saying the water was almost over the circuit breaker in her basement, so i am not going to get any updates for a while i think.
i’m concerned for the chick brooders that were housed in trailers over by the river. i’m worried about the baby turkeys who likely will take a lot of lossage if the power’s out to their heat lamps. i’m worried for the staff; it was still during the workday, so likely people were still in the midst of working. i know the picking garden is underwater and it’s doubtful much can be salvaged. you can’t eat anything flood waters have touched. i don’t know if the water’s high enough to have ruined the fridges and freezers in that barn, or the freezers in the other barn.
anyway it’s all bad, and i’m sick with worry, and i just don’t know.
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Why Tarpaulin Sheets Are Being Used More Now
Tarpaulin, also known as a "tarp," is a large sheet of strong, elastic, water-resistant or waterproof polyethylene or polypropylene plastic material. Clear Tarpaulins come in a variety of sizes and are often made of HDPE or LDPE plastic. Transportation, construction, temporary shelters, agriculture, sports activities, and camping are just a few of the amazing uses for tarpaulin. Many businesses now demand the use of coverings that comprise hazardous illicit substances or mists for the protection of raw materials. You may use tarpaulin to cover industrial equipment and machinery from harsh weather such as snow, rain, and storms, as well as to keep the machinery and equipment dry. Most companies now utilize tarpaulin to protect raw materials, as well as industrial machinery and automobiles, building sites, swimming pools, food grains, cement, and a variety of other items from adverse weather. Raw Material Requirements Excellent plastic tarp covers for protection from inclement weather such as snow, heavy rain, scorching summer direct sunlight, insects, and so on. Covering raw materials, particularly coal and iron ore, is one of the most common uses for tarpaulin.
Canvas Tarpaulins are utilized for a variety of things, including protecting outdoor equipment, construction sites under construction, sports fields, automobiles, motorcycles, and other vehicles from rain, sunshine, and changes in weather conditions. A poly tarpaulin that has been covered with plastic is robust, weather-resistant, and quite useful in the garden. Kneel with them to avoid back strain when gardening or having your clothes or feet wet, and the grass will be spared as much from wear and tear as possible. Keep an extra one beside you to put weeds or tools on so you can simply clean up at the end of the day or dump trash and weeds away. This also prevents items from becoming misplaced and keeps things off the grass, which keeps it clean and clear. You can quickly pick up your garden after a few hours of gardening. If you're a homeowner, you're likely to want or have had some construction work done on your home in the past, which means you're used to having dirty construction debris around the property. Tarps will make things so much simpler and ensure that less mess is left behind at the end of a long day. To make cleanup easier, place tarps beneath working areas. To shield these parts from scratching or to guarantee that there will be less mess to clean up afterwards, put them just on the ground or grass. You can also use these to cover timber to keep it dry and prevent it from absorbing moisture. Tarps are sturdy and waterproof, making them ideal for covering items in your lawn or driveway. When the weather is harsh or for longer-term storage, use them to cover automobiles, boats, trailers, or motorcycles. Acorns, pinecones, hailstones, and tree sap will all harm your car if you leave it unprotected for a longer period of time. All of these things may harm your windscreen or paint, making them seem unkempt and requiring pricey repairs. When the weather turns colder and snow falls or becomes icy, covering your car with tarpaulin sheets is the best method to cope with the situation and means getting on your way in the mornings a lot easier than scraping off ice or snow for half an hour.
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Things to Keep in Mind When Buying Heavyweight Tarpaulins
A heavy-duty tarpaulin is an important tool for protecting against the sun's UV rays, rain, and high winds in our tough climate. As a result, it's best to look for long-lasting Waterproof tarpaulins that will meet your unique requirements. It's crucial to note, however, that there are several factors to consider, especially if you've never purchased one before. These tarps have a high tensile strength, making them ideal for use in the construction sector when fresh Ferro cement or brick work needs protection and shelter against summer drying. Cargo is protected from the sun, rain, road grit, and rain with these waterproof coverings. They're intended to help you save space by enabling you to stow things on the outside of vehicles. Heavyweight tarps are used by transportation firms to protect cargo and other human beings. During the winter and summer seasons, heavy-duty tarpaulins offer cover for live cattle. During rainy days, they are utilized to shelter the farm, poultry farm, and kennels. These UV protected waterproof sheets are required for heavy duty tarps and are common for applications where light penetration is required, as sheets cannot be seen through. Tarps are used whenever items need to be transported because they are lightweight and provide the best weather and wind protection.
These Heavy Weight tarpaulins are also utilized as side-curtains on trucks and as folding roof tarps on trailers. The side-curtain tarp must be elastic to move smoothly, allowing the load area of the truck to be exposed so that bulky products can be loaded as well as the tarp cover that acts as a roof is pushed up. This tarp saves time and allows for a faster load with much less tare for a higher weight. Aside from material differences, heavy duty tarps come in a variety of sizes and weights to meet a variety of commercial and industrial purposes. Because of the different sizes, it is strongly advised that everyone choose a custom-made tarp to ensure that it matches their needs and to avoid future unexpected expenditures if it doesn't last and needs to be replaced. Tarps are available in a variety of weight ratings to withstand adverse weather conditions in addition to varying sizes. Light-duty tarpaulins are perfect for quick repairs or temporary covers, but heavy-duty tarps have higher tensile and wing rip strength, as well as UV and chemical resistance, making them more suitable for commercial and industrial applications. Another important aspect of buying a heavy-duty tarpaulin is taking into account the weather and environmental conditions you wish to protect against. Our extreme weather conditions, such as the sun's UV rays, rain, and high gusts, must all be considered. In brief, the correct tarpaulin will help you or your valuables stay safe throughout the worst of weather. A heavy-duty tarpaulin may be used as a waterproof covering for sports fields, cars, storage equipment, boats, and huge advertising prints and banners for companies, among other things. Grain coverings, industrial separators, refuge walls, cargo curtains, yard dividers, or machinery covers are some of the other uses for tarpaulins. To locate the finest heavy-duty tarp for your unique needs, speak with an expert now.
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Matchbox Rocky The Robot Truck Review - In Your Abode The Kid In Your Corporation!
The Plan- You need to have a concept in advance on how you're in order to be load the18 wheeler. That's because you must have items to be released of your currently put in place a means by which will all of them easy to load associated with proper shop for. Don't try to "wing it" on Moving Morning.
Custom truck grilles could differ in design, style, and materials in which used produce the add-ons. Some of the usual materials in making custom grilles are stainless steel, chrome or billet (a sort of aluminum). Some truck operators or owners may a fancier powder coated, wood grain or polished finish, whichever complements the whole design on the truck good. Custom grilles can come as just one particular unit, maybe several pieces, depending to the brand, make, and type of the sports car.
Flatbed trucks may not necessarily have to have a tarp but it really does make it easier to protect load they are transporting. When securing a tarp using a flatbed truck you must first ensure the tarp is secured around around the load and then that 2 remaining flaps on both sides are secured to your truck with bungee cords.
If you are planning to move during summer or at the end of the month, reserve a booking up front to be able to save riches. Following steps when renting a moving trailer or truck is yet another crucial key to ensure that your move grow to be successful.
Ask the casino dealer about the instructions and directions for operating the trailer. Review the instructions to prevent trouble trying the truck. If the organization provides a driver, this is more convenient than self-moving.
Insurance: Truck Rental agencies often offer additional insurance which may cost up to $30.00 for each day for each day the truck is travelling. Make sure that you read agreements before scheduling. Make certain the insurance for collision, theft, additional problems that have been encountered inside moving of your own home or branch.
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Trailer Roof Repair at our trailer repair shop in Edinburg South Texas!
We have been repairing trailer roofs to absolute perfection since we opened our truck repair shop in Edinburg Texas twenty-five years ago.
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Transparent Tarpaulins
Transparent tarpaulins are lightweight and easy to handle. These are made of strong, flexible, high-quality materials. These Heavy Duty Tarpaulin covers come with brass eyelets and have a 50cm interval space on all sides, hemmed with strong webbing. When light penetration is required, these sheets are used. When light penetration is required, these sheets are used. These covers are durable, strong and UV resistant. They are useful for greenhouse construction as light can easily pass through these traps as harmful sun rays can affect plants. They provide adequate protection and help plants to grow quickly and easily. These tarps offer high resistance to rust, ripping, abrasion and ripping. They work extremely well in cold and hot weather. These sheets are very helpful for campers who also make side walls, tents, and restaurants to cover outdoor areas, and also provide safety against sunlight, wind, and rain. These covers do not shrink under any conditions or environment. These covers are used for disposing of large amounts of garden waste such as leaves or mowed grass. They also cover the grass or any vegetables in bad weather like rain. Tarps are used in the home garden to cover leaky roots, collect leaves, and to cover when decorating or performing other DIY projects. These are also used in soil solarization because heating up the soil may cause problems such as weeds, fungi, soil borne pests, and bacteria. Transparent tarpaulins are designed for all weather resistant at subzero winter temperatures and hot summers as they are used to cover roofs. These are stored for a very long time, as are life-span vinyl tarps. Some important features and uses of these tarps are given below.
Features:
Water proof
Aluminium eyelets at 50cm intervals
Clear vinyl PVC material
Rot-proof, shrink-proof and UV protected
Produced to finished size
These provide high resistance to ripping, corrosion, abrasion and rust.
It works extremely well in the hot and cold.
life span is very long.
Outstanding quality with heat-sealed seams
Does not shrink
work is excellent for covering truck cargo and loads.
Uses:
These Large tarpaulins are most commonly used for farming to cover the storage of grains from dangerous weather like hail storms, rain and sunlight, and are best capitalized as thermal covers to keep you safe during the hot and cold seasons.
These tarps are best used while moving or covering food products and good items for a long time. They are great for decks, patios, canopies, indoors and outdoors, with heat-sealed hems, washable, and light weight.
These covers provide UV-protection, mildew-resistant, and cold-resistant and are widely used for truck covers, inflatable boats, canvas, industrial covers, swimming pool covers, and heavy-duty truck covers.
These are widely used for covering scaffolding, covering cars, dustproofing, rainproofing, covering goods, ranches, campsites, fishing, tents, covers for trailers, boats, trucks, caravans, and protecting them from bad weather.
These are used where maximum light penetration is required and are widely used as market stalls and in the construction industry because they do not block the sunlight while keeping the area dry.
These are used during painting to prevent mess and during construction of buildings to contain and collect debris.
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Buy Durable Fitted Trailer Tarps at an Affordable Price
Any type of cargo or load of the merchandise being carted around by trucks require protection from the environment to preserve the quality of the load. This makes tarps vital especially when carting loads such as grain or sand.
Benefits of Having Fitted Trailer Tarps
When it comes to the loading and unloading of the truck these fitted trailer tarps prove simple in both covering and opening up a trailer. This allows for an easy unload for when the trailer tip upwards to let their merchandise come tumbling out. Tarps have been proven beneficial for trucks and trailers no matter what cargo they are delivering. Be it with stormy weather or extreme heat tarps are ideal for ensuring the safety of your load.
Edward Canvas is proud to be a company that is certified to international standards for Quality Management and Health and Safety Management. We are the tarpaulin producer you can trust and rely on us.
Our fitted trailer tarps are crafted of the highest-quality fabric. Superior craftsmanship ensures that you will get a top-quality, weatherproof trap that will cover and protect your load, no matter what you are hauling. Our tarp specializes in a large variety of tarps for any system. We manufacture standard truck tarps made with tough and quality material.
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Reasons To Purchase Used Trailers in Williston and Jamestown, ND
Hauling a substantial quantity of cargo via road must be done with a large vehicle's aid. Sure, one can hire a truck or use a van, but the humble trailer is the best way for most business operators. From hauling big furniture, home appliances, and assorted items, one cannot beat the efficacy of a trailer. Owning a container that can be attached to any vehicle is satisfactory for most businesspeople. While not too complicated in construction, there are several components to note before deciding to purchase one by checking the products included in trailer sales in Jamestown and Grand Forks, ND.
Having a clear idea about the type of trailer suitable for furthering one's business is also essential. Different tradespeople require different kinds of trailers to reduce damage and deliver their goods speedily. Some of the most common types of trailers that are in vogue at present include the following:-
· Utility- This type of trailer is highly popular as it can hold light products. It serves as a non-motorized accessory for a recreational vehicle and can be used to transport essentials when on vacation. It cannot be used to haul mud, stone, or any kind of heavy cargo. Thankfully, a utility trailer can be parked on the sidewalk for a few days. Merchants often use such a trailer to deliver seasonal produce and collect goods donated for a charitable cause.
· Hopper / Grain- This is a special type of trailer used by the agricultural industry. This container can carry agricultural commodities such as varied types of grains to the destination. The bulk items may be loaded and unloaded by using the trailer. Such containers come with a rolling tarp that can improve the loading and offer protection to the grains simultaneously. Most of the trailers are fitted with a couple of hoppers at the base to unload the products carefully without spilling them
· Livestock- The purpose of this type of trailer is evident by its name. Yes! It is meant to carry livestock from place to place without causing damage to the animals that are likely to become agitated en route to the destination. Such trailers are not meant to transport animals over long distances, however. There are different varieties of livestock trailers available today. The user is welcome to pick and choose according to the purpose. A trailer carrying sheep and pigs will differ in size from one intended to transport cattle or horses.
· Flatbed- This is a trailer that is unique in design. It consists of a flat platform with no side or top cover. Predominantly used to carry heavy equipment, it may also be used to transport odd-shaped machinery or building supplies and construction equipment. The flat design makes it easy for the user to load the items. Transporting products that will not be affected by natural elements during transit is essential.
Many small business owners prefer to buy used trailers in Williston and Jamestown, ND, that are affordable and reusable after repairs/ replacement of parts.
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2013 Wilson Grain Hopper Trailer 42 Ft Comes with Tandem Axles, Electric Tarp, Well Maintained and Ready to Haul Loads, Weight Gauges to Monitor Loads, Tires in Excellent Shape, Brakes Good. FOR MORE INFORMATION CALL 833-265-6113
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Truck Tarps _ Types, Sizes, and Accessories | cramarotarps
Choosing the simplest flip tarp systems for your particular needs won't be as clear-cut as you think that. Flatbed tarps not only are available in a good sort of size but they're made from different materials and designed very differently counting on their intended use. the simplest tarp for a dumper won’t necessarily be the simplest for covering lumber or steel.
There is nobody size fits all sort of tarp, which is a component of the rationale it’s so important to know exactly what your hauling needs are going to be.
What are the most sorts of flatbed truck tarps?
Lumber tarps. A lumber tarp is meant with flaps at the top to hide the ends of a load, protecting the lumber or other cargo from the weather.
Steel tarp. an important duty steel truck tarp is four-sided without flaps. This design is most effective for shielding steel rods, sheets, cables, etc.
Truck tarp systems Roll tarps for dump trucks are waterproof and designed not just for traditional dump trucks, but also many similar style trucks like grain trucks, grain carts, fertilizer tenders, trailers, and more.
Smoke Tarps. A smoke tarp serves one very specific purpose: covering the front of a load to guard it against soot, dirt, and particularly exhaust smoke. As another benefit, it can help stop the wind from creating an annoying and distracting whistling sound if you're hauling PVC pipes or steel pipes.
Tarp sizes
While heavy-duty lumber and steel flatbed truck tarps often are available in 16×27, 20×27, or 24×27 configurations, you’ll find those heavy-duty smoke tarps are only 10×12 in many cases. A dumper tarp looks much different from both of those configurations coming in at 9’10×41 or 10’6×42.
Tarp tie-downs
Just as with tarps, there's also an enormous sort of tie-downs and other accessories to be used with cramaro tarps. Equipment for securing a tarp is often weakened into a couple of overall categories:
Rubber tarp straps. These heavy-duty tarp tie-downs are available in both natural rubber and ethylene propylene diene monomer – M-class (EPDM) rubber. A natural rubber tarp strap is best for cold, Northern areas because the rubber won’t crack, tear, or become brittle even in freezing temps. An EPDM rubber tarp strap is best for decent climates as they get up well to extended sun exposure.
Shock cord. Also called bungee or elastic straps, shock cord maybe a stretchy rope with an important duty polyester fabric covering a rubber core. Shock cord is a superb choice if you would like to form a custom length strap for flatbed truck tarps, just by adding a coated bungee hook.
Rubber rope. sort of a shock cord tie-down, rubber rope also can be move length to form custom tie-down straps. It’s available during a hollow style for lightweight applications or a solid core for more heavy-duty jobs.
Tarpaulins, often called tarps, are frequently wont to cover and secure loads in several sorts of trucks. Truck tarps can make carrying loads in pickup trucks, flatbeds, dump trucks, and other sorts of trucks much easier. Having a truck tarp is additionally safer, with less likelihood of the load slump the truck and causing problems for the driving force or for other vehicles on the road.
flatbed tarps for pickups typically cost around $40. Truck tarps for full-size pickup beds are about $5 more. These tarps are made to hide a full load within the bed of the truck, securing it and protecting it from the weather. Good truck tarps accompany hook and straps to secure the tarp to the floor and eliminate the necessity to tie complicated knots with rope to secure the tarp.
Truck tarps also are available for flatbed trailers. Cargo like lumber and steel cables are often carried in flatbed trailers. Truck tarps covering a 48-foot long trailer with 8-foot drops are often purchased for about $400 online. Usually, two tarps are needed, bringing the entire price to around $800. These truck tarps are waterproof and have grommets through which cables can attach the tarp to the truck.
Dump trucks also got to be covered with tarps to secure their load. Roll-up tarps are usually used on dump trucks. These tarps roll up into a cylinder for storage up behind the cab of the truck, and maybe pulled out and secured to the opposite end of the bed to hide the truck's cargo. Tarps for dump trucks usually start at $300 for basic models, with bigger or more elaborate models costing more.
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Basic Topics
Food
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leopard
T-Rex
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boots
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swimming suit
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dress
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polo shirt
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muscle shirt
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cufflinks
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earring
Home
house
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mob
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dish washer
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cellar
pantry
cupboard
counter top
cabinet
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coat rack
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classroom
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saw horse
table saw
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jig saw
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drill press
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C-clamp
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Basic Topics was originally published on PinkWrite
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Habituation vs. Learned Helplessness in Horses
By Sue McDonnell, PhD, Certified AAB | TheHorse.com | 3 May, 2017
Q I saw a trainer “habituating” a mare to scary objects at a clinic last year. When he was done with the process, the mare looked as if she’d simply given up or zoned out about the tarp-flapping, etc., which to me looked a lot like the “learned helplessness” I’ve read about on TheHorse.com. Approaches that could lead to learned helplessness seem unethical. Is it possible to desensitize a horse in a welfare-friendly way?
A. Unfortunately, in the dog and horse training worlds there has been a fair amount of misunderstanding and misapplication of the scientific principles and terminology of animal learning. So your question offers an opportunity to explain these very important principles and their implications.
In learning science, habituation refers to a progressive decrease in one’s response to exposure to a stimulus over time. In the horse world, we most often think of habituation as that to nonharmful stimuli to which horses innately and almost reflexively react. With repeated exposure below the threshold for escape or panic, the horse’s response to the stimulus decreases gradually and may disappear, such that we might say the horse is “getting used to it.”
I recently observed this when watching a 24-hour video of a horse. The horse was brought to a new facility and placed in a stall, which happened to be right next to a very noisy thermostatically controlled heater. The first couple of times the heater kicked on, the horse startled and retreated to the far side of the stall, where he froze in an alert posture, staring in the direction of the fan. Over the 24 hours, his response to the heater turning on became less and less noticeable, such that after about 12 hours I could not tell from his behavior alone that the heater had kicked on. So this horse habituated to the heater motor noise and vibration.
Well-done, judiciously paced introduction to a wide selection of circumstances is the ideal goal with any horse. With a horse of a naturally mellow temperament, systematic habituation to all sorts of situations can lead to what we call a “bombproof” horse. The horse reaches a point where his initial reaction to a completely new stimulus seems muted compared to that of other horses, and habituation to each successive stimulus or situation may become much more efficient. This is especially important for kids’ horses, police horses, and therapy horses.
As we all know, repeated exposure to nonharmful stimuli does not necessarily lead to habituation. In fact, the opposite response, called sensitization—an increased rather than decreased reaction—can occur. The initial innate response to the particular stimulus could have been fairly neutral, but because of circumstances and associated events, fear and anxiety lead to an increased response. In a training context, the goal would be to introduce the stimulus or situation in a measured way, below the escape -threshold, so as to best facilitate habituation and avoid sensitization.
Should a horse become sensitized, trainers can perform a behavior modification procedure called systematic desensitization to get back to baseline innate reaction and then hopefully get going in the desired direction of habituation, reduced reaction, or no reaction.
The common horse examples of sensitization requiring systematic desensitization are the aversions horses so easily develop to procedures such as clipping, veterinary treatments, and trailer-loading. This skill or art of achieving habituation and avoiding sensitization involves instantly recognizing the subtle signs of comfort vs. fear and simultaneously adjusting the pressure and/or adding positive distractors/reinforcers so as to keep the horse below the threshold for escape behavior or panic.
Learned helplessness refers to a state of significantly reduced response resulting from the animal’s inability to affect its condition or environment. In the context of negative experiences, the -phenomenon results from repeated exposure to unavoidable, inescapable painful or fear-inducing stimuli or situations. The animal essentially shuts down behaviorally, no longer trying to escape or avoid, and enters a state of behavioral depression. Learned helplessness can be situation-specific, but most often in psychology the term learned helplessness is used to describe a generalized “shutdown” or depression and apparent inability to act.
We know a lot about this phenomenon in many animal species, as scientists have used animals as research models for studying human psychopathology (mental and/or behavioral disorders), including the testing of psychopharmacological interventions for anxiety and panic disorders, phobias, and depression. Learned helplessness is a psychopathological condition. In addition to depression, it can lead to behaviors such as unpredictable bizarre “acting out,” self-mutilation, inability to learn and work, stereotypies (repetitive behaviors that serve no function), and health effects such as gastric ulcers and suppressed immune function.
So you are right, I think most of us would agree that learned helplessness is not a good state of welfare for our horses. And although practices deliberately aimed at producing such a state still exist in certain segments of horse training, I like to think these days that fewer and fewer horses are exposed to training with learned helplessness as an intended objective. Such techniques include severely restraining the horse (hog-tying or burying in grain or sand tanks) and then presenting the overwhelming stimulus until the horse submits. In learning science, this “sink or swim” approach is called flooding and is not recommended as a humane training method. The practice known as imprint training, in which a newborn foal is restrained and forced to tolerate/submit to human handling, is essentially intended flooding.
But, unfortunately, many training practices meant to habituate or to desensitize can easily go wrong and result in varying degrees of learned helplessness. These include methods that incorporate injudicious negative reinforcement (application of pressure until the horse yields) without ample positive reinforcement (rewards when the horse does the desired behavior) to maintain motivation and/or that depend heavily on restraint or incorporate punishment.
Many classically trained behaviorists working with horses worry that some popular clinicians and equine educators promote methods that put the less-skilled horse owner or handler at risk of inducing learned helplessness. When trying to use negative reinforcement alone to gain a horse’s compliance with mildly aversive procedures, for instance, one can easily sensitize the horse, essentially teaching escape and avoidance behaviors. This happens a lot! For example, some clinicians teach negative reinforcement techniques to tolerate ear clipping, injections, oral medication administration, etc. This can be done, but it requires extraordinary skill. The timing must be perfect, and if you can’t ride out expected escape behavior, you can very quickly create a wreck. Also, breeds and individual horses within breeds, as has been shown for many species, appear to vary in their ability to handle these methods and inadvertent training mistakes. For example, a Quarter Horse or Standardbred is more likely able to handle negative reinforcement and punishment than the typically more sensitive Thoroughbred or Arabian.
Decades of scientific research document all these learning phenomena that, for the most part, have yet to be introduced to equine education. For example, there are 10 characteristics of habituation, each with very interesting and useful animal training and welfare implications. Behaviorists working with horses recognize these characteristics in their subjects. Hopefully, with increasing interest in learning science, equine educators, trainers, and veterinarians will more fully embrace and teach scientific learning principles. So again, thank you for bringing this up.
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