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farmerstrend · 1 month

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Team of Global Experts to Develop Beneficial Nematode-based Biocontrol Solution to Fall Armyworm

CABI has joined a team of international experts to develop beneficial nematode-based biocontrol solutions to fight the devastating fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in Africa. Entomopathogenic nematodes are tiny insect-killing worms, also called beneficial nematodes, and have been used for nearly a century as safer-to-use and more environmentally friendly biocontrol agents against insect…

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#devastating fall armyworm #Dr Toepfer #Fall Armyworm #Nematode #University of Neuchâtel

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agreads · 3 years

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GoMicro validates an AI app that can accurately detect the fall armyworm

Fall armyworm (FAW) is an invasive pest orignating from South American now spreading worldwide, affecting the livelihood of over 600 million farmers (source: http://www.fao.org/fall-armyworm/en/). Farmers in Africa and Asia who have never enocunterd this pest struggle to identify this pest particularly in its larval stage – to take preventative action that will stem the devastation that will soon…

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ecoamerica · 1 month

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Watch the 2024 American Climate Leadership Awards for High School Students now: https://youtu.be/5C-bb9PoRLc

The recording is now available on ecoAmerica's YouTube channel for viewers to be inspired by student climate leaders! Join Aishah-Nyeta Brown & Jerome Foster II and be inspired by student climate leaders as we recognize the High School Student finalists. Watch now to find out which student received the $25,000 grand prize and top recognition!

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nuadox · 4 years

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Early warning system detects and prevents diseases in banana

- By International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) -

New research shows how a combination of imagery from mobile phones, drones and satellites can be used to clamp down on banana threats. The images of varying resolutions are fed into a platform "trained" through machine learning to identify banana crops and analyze threats with 97% overall accuracy.

The findings were published in the ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing.

The research case studies, conducted in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Republic of Benin, have important implications for the 90 million people in East, West and Central Africa who rely on bananas and plantains as a primary food source. These mostly small-scale farmers are dependent on their cultivation for food, income and job security.

The increasing arrival and spread of serious diseases, fungal infections and viruses, due to climate change and land-use change among other factors, pose a serious food security threat. There are six major and devastating threats to banana, among them bunchy top disease (BBTD) and Xanthomonas wilt of banana (BXW).

"Threats are currently detected by experts in the field using cell phones," said Michael Gomez Selvaraj, a crop physiologist and co-author at the Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). "But to track and detect diseases across huge tracts of land at country, district or village level, you need a platform that quickly detects threats."

Using a pixel-based classification system, first the researchers trained the model to detect banana plants on mixed-farm systems, where smallholder farmers grow many things on one piece of land. After 'learning' the patterns and algorithms of banana plants, the researchers then trained the platform to analyze physical symptoms of the six diseases, and the percentage threat.

Information about the severity of the specific threat and its spread can be sent to organizations or government authorities who can take immediate measures to clamp down on them. "Otherwise potential threats multiply quickly, for example, farmers may give infected crop stems to others, and, in the case of a virus, spread it around the country or district without knowing until it's too late," said Selvaraj.

Currently, most disease surveillance systems focus on a single-sensor based solution that cannot monitor larger landscapes through mobile phones or drones. This method combines field-level information captured by farmers or extension workers in the field, with satellite data to detect crop area, and drones deployed to analyze the exact threat and its intensity.

"We can now detect six major banana threats with speed and accuracy with our Tumaini mobile phone app," said Selvaraj. The database is free for farmers, organizations and governments to use, and has been downloaded from the Google App store 2,500 times.

Image: Drone images show banana plant diseases detected using UAV-RGB-based custom model. Banana bunchy top disease (BBTD) is shown in blue boxes; Xanthomonas Wilt of Banana (BXW) in red. Credit: Selvaraj et al.

"The next step is to find financial support to bring more partners together, so we can track more data over a wider area. The hope is to cover Africa, India, Australia and Latin America where bananas are a major crop and these threats are looming," he added.

Graham Thiele, the Director of the CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas, said: "We congratulate the team on this breakthrough research. It validates the use of aerial images for disease detection, potentially transforming our ability to assess threat impact."

The platform can also be used to track other pests, diseases or viruses for other threats where symptoms are visible. For example, to track the spread of fall armyworm, an invasive crop pest which can feed on 80 different crop species including maize, and affected 83% of maize farmers in Kenya, causing losses of 33%, and costing an estimated US$3.6 to $6.2 billion across the 12 countries in the region.

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Source: International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)

Full study: “Detection of banana plants and their major diseases through aerial images and machine learning methods: A case study in DR Congo and Republic of Benin”, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2020.08.025

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Pesticide seed coatings are common yet underreported

#banana #fruits #plants #agriculture #drones #imaging #ai #machine learning #artificial intelligence

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calosoma-amitch · 6 years

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SCIENCE SATURDAY Sorry I haven’t been posting in awhile. Hoping to return to a normal schedule soon.

#virginia tech

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orbemnews · 3 years

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As Locusts Swarmed East Africa, This Tech Helped Squash Them “Saying ‘Oh, there’s locusts in northern Kenya’ doesn’t help at all,” Mr. Cressman said. “We need longitude and latitude coordinates in real time.” Rather than try to rewrite the locust-tracking software for newer tablets, Mr. Cressman thought it would be more efficient to create a simple smartphone app that would allow anyone to collect data like an expert. He reached out to Dr. Hughes, who had already created a similar mobile tool with the Food and Agriculture Organization to track a devastating crop pest, the fall armyworm, through PlantVillage, which he founded. PlantVillage’s app uses artificial intelligence and machine learning to help farmers in 60 countries, primarily in Africa, diagnose problems in their fields. Borrowing from this blueprint, Dr. Hughes and his colleagues completed the new app, eLocust3m, in just a month. Unlike the previous tablet-based program, anyone with a smartphone can use eLocust3m. The app presents photos of locusts at different stages of their life cycles, which helps users diagnose what they see in the field. GPS coordinates are automatically recorded and algorithms double check photos submitted with each entry. Garmin International also helped with another program that worked on satellite-transmitting devices. “The app is really easy to use,” said Ms. Jeptoo of PlantVillage. Last year, she recruited and trained locust trackers in four hard-hit Kenyan regions. “We had scouts who were 40- to 50-year-old elders, and even they were able to use it.” In the last year, more than 240,000 locust records have poured in from East Africa, collected by PlantVillage scouts, government-trained personnel and citizens. But that was only the first step. Countries next needed to act on the data in a systematic way to quash locusts. In the first few months, however, officials were strategizing “on the back of envelopes,” Mr. Cressman said, and the entire region had just four planes for spraying pesticides. When Batian Craig, director of 51 Degrees, a security and logistics company focused on protecting wildlife, saw Mr. Cressman quoted in a news story about locusts, he realized he could help. Source link Orbem News #Africa #East #Helped #locusts #Squash #Swarmed #Tech

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karingudino · 3 years

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Three natural enemies found to ‘beat fall armyworm’

[NAIROBI] Maize farmers throughout Africa may quickly discover aid from the devastation attributable to fall armyworm (FAW) following encouraging outcomes from using indigenous pure enemies to battle the pest.

The UN Meals and Agriculture Group (FAO) estimates that fall armyworm causes Africa to lose as much as 18 million tonnes of maize yearly, representing an financial lack of as a lot as US$4.6 billion.

Researchers on the Worldwide Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) have recognized three native parasitoids or insect species whose larvae stay as parasites that ultimately kill the hosts. The scientists noticed promising outcomes after mass releasing them into maize farms with fall armyworm in Kenya.

“The truth that the pure enemies are indigenous is advantageous as they are going to be tailored to the native environments.”

Lilian Gichuru, Alliance for a Inexperienced Revolution in Africa

“The preliminary post-release discipline assessments revealed that parasitism charges of FAW within the discipline elevated by 55 per cent, 50 per cent and 38 per cent, for Trichogramma chilonis, Telenomus remus and Cotesia icipe, respectively,” says icipe, in a press release revealed final month. “The launched parasitoids work synergistically to convey down the inhabitants of FAW by attacking totally different developmental phases (eggs and larvae) of the pest.”

Based on the assertion, over the past quarter of 2020, icipe researchers and nationwide companions in Kenya started releasing 140,000 every of T. remus and T. chilonis wasps that parasitise FAW eggs and 5,000 C. icipe wasps that parasitise early larval phases of FAW. The sector actions had been carried out between December 2020 and February 2021 in 5 counties: Taita-Taveta, Machakos, Embu, Meru and Nyeri.

Sevgan Subramanian, principal scientist and chief of the environmental well being theme at icipe, tells SciDev.Internet that following the encouraging discipline experiment in Kenya, they’re planning for mass manufacturing and launch of the parasitoids in different African nations.

“Successfully conserving environment friendly indigenous pure enemies within the agroecosystem are among the many higher choices for the administration of a pest, as they’re already tailored to outlive within the prevailing ecological circumstances and successfully management the pest,” Subramanian says.

However Subramanian provides {that a} key constraint is the dearth of technical capability for replication of pure enemy manufacturing facility in numerous nations.

The caterpillars of fall armyworms feed on the leaves, stems and reproductive components of greater than 100 plant species reminiscent of maize, rice, sorghum and sugarcane, in addition to different crops, together with cabbage, beet, peanut and soybean, pasture grasses and millet, inflicting main injury to cultivated pants.

The present FAW management strategies based mostly on using artificial pesticides is detrimental to conservation of indigenous pure enemies, and has damaging health impact for famers, customers and the environment, he tells SciDev.Internet.

He urges maize farmers and agricultural policymakers to undertake sustainable FAW administration methods reminiscent of promotion of diversified maize cropping programs.

Roger Day, programme govt for Motion on Invasives on the Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences Worldwide (CABI, the parent organisation of SciDev.Internet), says {that a} key difficulty is what number of parasitoids should be launched to regulate the pest inhabitants.

“As an illustration, in trials in Brazil, there are reviews of releasing 100,000-200,000 bugs per hectare. So, the work reported by icipe seems to be small-scale or pilot releases. This is a vital first step,” he provides.

Mass rearing, distributing and releasing parasitoids on the proper time, Day explains, is just not as straightforward as distributing pesticides, and it may be expensive. If the price of management is greater than the worth of the decreased crop loss, it’s not price doing it.

He additionally provides that it’s nonetheless removed from clear whether or not such mass releases could be cost-effective in Africa. And if three species of parasitoid are being launched without delay, that’s prone to make the method dearer.

Lilian Gichuru, affiliate programme officer on the Alliance for a Inexperienced Revolution in Africa, welcomes the encouraging findings in Kenya.

“The truth that the pure enemies are indigenous is advantageous as they are going to be tailored to the native environments to thrive and multiply and naturally management FAW,” she says.

Gichuru requires programmes to educate farming communities on these non-chemical management choices as a part of pest management actions, and present farmers that though pure enemies don’t provide fast “killing-effect”, they will suppress pest populations to manageable ranges.

This piece was produced by SciDev.Internet’s Sub-Saharan Africa English desk.

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source https://fikiss.net/three-natural-enemies-found-to-beat-fall-armyworm/ Three natural enemies found to ‘beat fall armyworm’ published first on https://fikiss.net/ from Karin Gudino https://karingudino.blogspot.com/2021/03/three-natural-enemies-found-to-beat.html

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ecoamerica · 2 months

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Watch the American Climate Leadership Awards 2024 now: https://youtu.be/bWiW4Rp8vF0?feature=shared

The American Climate Leadership Awards 2024 broadcast recording is now available on ecoAmerica's YouTube channel for viewers to be inspired by active climate leaders. Watch to find out which finalist received the $50,000 grand prize! Hosted by Vanessa Hauc and featuring Bill McKibben and Katharine Hayhoe!

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biotechworld · 3 years

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CABI study updates safer options for fall armyworm control in Africa

CABI scientists have updated the first major study of potential biological controls that could be used in the fight against the devastating fall armyworm in Africa. The research offers new insight into evidence of their efficacy in the field and increased Credit: CABI CABI scientists have updated the first major study of potential biological controls that could be used in the fight against the…

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#BIOENGINEER.ORG

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news24fresh · 4 years

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Preventing fall armyworm attack

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With farmers in Tiruchi and other neighbouring districts expected to begin maize sowing this year, the Agriculture Department has issued an advisory suggesting a set of measures to prevent fall armyworm attack, which caused extensive devastation to the crop in 2018.

Incidence of the pest attack was reported in some places last year too. Hence, it is essential that all farmers take…

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nipashe411 · 5 years

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Tough times ahead as inflation on steep rise

Inflation might hit an all-time high of 11 per cent as a result of the prolonged drought earlier in the year, the Parliamentary Budget Office has warned, signalling tough times for Kenyans already reeling under high cost of living. Last month, inflation reached a 19-month high of 6.58 per cent, eroding the purchasing power of consumers who now need an additional Sh658 to buy a basket of goods that last year cost Sh10,000. FORMAL JOBS The grim report also comes against the backdrop of the data released by the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), which indicated only 78,400 new formal jobs were created in the economy last year, compared to 114,400 in 2017. This was the slowest pace of formal job growth since 2012, when the economy churned out 75,000 official jobs. “The economic growth projection of 6.2 per cent for 2019 appears to be premised on weak fundamentals,” warns the document titled ‘Unpacking the Estimates of Revenue and Expenditure for 2019/20 and the Medium Term’. The document, prepared by the Parliamentary Budget Office, notes that the Treasury pegged the 2019 economic growth projections on stable weather despite the already “very apparent poor performance of the March-April-May long rains season”. It also hinged its 2019/2020 budget growth forecast of 6.2 per cent on a single digit inflation of 5 percent. “Given a much delayed onset of the long rains, the amount of rainfall for most parts of the country is currently below 55 per cent of what is normally experienced. According to forecasts, the rains are likely to peter out by end of May 2019 and most of the country will receive below average rainfall by end of the season,” the document reads. VIRULENT STRAIN The delayed rains adversely affected the planting season and a below-average rainfall performance is likely to result in lower food production, inadequate fodder for livestock and inadequate water and electricity supply, presenting significant challenges in terms of the food and inflation outlook. The Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organisation (Kalro) has also recently expressed fears of a worsening invasion of armyworms because of the scarcity of rains, which creates a thriving environment for the pests. The worms were responsible for the fall in maize production by about five million bags in 2017. The fall armyworm, a virulent strain that devastates acres of land in no time, has already been reported in Uasin Gishu, Trans Nzoia, Nandi, Narok, Busia, Kisumu, West Pokot and Elgeyo-Marakwet counties. “There is a likelihood of higher inflation on account of food scarcity and higher electricity prices, reduced income for the majority of rural dwellers who rely on income from agricultural activities, reduced agro-processing output and a possible widening of the current account deficit due to reduced agricultural exports. If the current trend persists, inflation is likely to reach 11 per cent by close of December 2019,” the budget office warns. The document also blames a weak global economic outlook for a possible downturn. Coffee and tea — two of Kenya’s most important experts — are already fetching lower prices in the commodity market. DIM VIEW Kenya recently inked a lucrative deal to export its avocados to China. The budget office now warns such deals maybe in jeopardy. “The ongoing trade tensions between the United States and China may not augur well for Kenyan commodity exports to China and the US, which are key inputs for either Chinese exports to US markets or US exports to China, especially if these products are targets for trade wars between the two countries,” the document reads. Despite its lower performance compared to other countries and government’s lip service to it, agriculture’s contribution to Kenya’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has continued to rise since 2013, hitting a high of 1.35 last year, which represented 21 per cent of the overall growth of the GDP. The other 10 sectors — real estate, transport and storage, construction, education, finance and insurance, manufacturing, information and communication, wholesale and retail trade, mining and quarrying as well as accommodation and food service — shared out the remaining 79. The budget office also holds a dim view of the implementation of the Big Four agenda sectors of agriculture, manufacturing, housing and health, warning the Sh450 billion allocated to them may not be sufficient. Read the full article

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raymondmccullers · 5 years

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Scientists confirm first report of egg parasitoid in Africa to fight fall armyworm

Scientists have confirmed the first report of an egg parasitoid Telenomus remus in Africa which could prove an important biological weapon in the fight against the devastating fall armyworm that threatens food security of more than 200 million people. Dr. Marc Kenis from CABI led an international team of researchers from seven countries, who suggest Telenomus remus provides a ‘great opportunity for the rapid deployment of a biological control agent’ for fall armyworm in Africa. Scientists confirm first report of egg parasitoid in Africa to fight fall armyworm syndicated from https://triviaqaweb.blogspot.com/

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pierceandbiersadorf · 5 years

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Fall Armyworm marches on as pest that devastated African crops spreads to Asia http://bit.ly/2C8uYPD #picturesoftheday

#picturesoftheday

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yahoonewsdigest-us-extra · 7 years

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Crop-killing armyworms 'threaten African harvests'

Science

Crop-killing armyworms 'threaten African harvests'

A plague of pests spreading in Africa threatens crop harvests and food supplies for millions of people, and may endanger farming worldwide, an international NGO warned Monday.Two species of crop-destroying fall armyworm caterpillars have been confirmed in Ghana and could spread across mainland Africa, according to the Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International (CABI). They could also spread beyond to Asia and the Mediterranean basin, threatening huge losses for millions of farmers, the centre said in a statement." "Urgent action will be needed to prevent devastating losses to crops and farmers' livelihoods," CABI chief scientist Matthew Cock said."

"This is the first time it has been shown that both species or strains are established on mainland Africa," he added.The UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) has called for an emergency meeting on the crisis later this month.The armyworm caterpillar is an indigenous pest to the Americas, and it has previously been reported on the African island nation of Sao Tome and Principe, according to the FAO, as well as being spotted in other southern African nations.Now that it has been confirmed in Ghana, scientists from CABI expect it to spread to other African countries "within a few years".

#yahoo news digest #Science

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rabidjakal · 7 years

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A War Is On to Destroy the Fall Armyworm in Africa:

Caterpillar of Papilio machaon Photo: Wikipedia A coalition of officials met in Zimbabwe this month to discuss a little pest that has become a big problem. The fall armyworm has spread through Africa over the course of the last year and it has had devastating effects on crops. Experts fear that globalization and climate change are setting the caterpillar up to spread into Europe as well. Native…

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phgq · 4 years

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DA outlines measures vs. fall armyworm infestation

#PHnews: DA outlines measures vs. fall armyworm infestation

DAVAO CITY – The Department of Agriculture (DA) 11 (Davao) has activated the Task Force Fall Armyworm (TF-FAW) to control the infestation in several areas in the region. In a statement on Friday, the DA-11 said the task force has also been tasked to monitor the infestation at the border areas of Soccsksargen, especially the provinces of Sarangani, North Cotabato, and South Cotabato, where the infestation has devastated corn and other crops. The task force consists of personnel of the Regional Crop Protection Center (RCPC) under the Integrated Laboratory Division (ILD), Regulatory Division, and Field Operations Divisions (FOD), in collaboration with the provincial and municipal agriculture offices in the region. Marilou Infante, RCPC chief, said they have intensified the production and distribution of biological control agents, such as Trichogramma, Metarhizium, Beauveria, and Earwigs, for farmers to effectively implement the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) to control the infestation. Infante also underscored the importance of information dissemination to raise awareness among farmers so they could properly identify the presence of FAW in their farms. "Along with the distribution of Biocon agents, we have also distributed printed and electronic copies of information materials to various local government units’ partners for them to distribute and/or reproduce," she said. Mae Flor Parcon, RCPC entomologist, said the FAW is a highly invasive worm that has already devastated some 430 hectares of corn and other cash crops in the region, including Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental, and Davao City. "These are dangerous worms since (they) can feed on 76 plant species, such as corn, rice, vegetables, cotton, sorghum, and even grasses, can lay eggs at a rate of 100 to 500 eggs per female, has a 21-day life cycle, and strong migratory flier," Parcon said. If left unattended, she said, the pest would threaten food security and the livelihood of millions of smallholder farmers. "One of the most important activities for farmers to manage the infestation is to properly identify the characteristics and early feeding damage through constant field monitoring," she said. Once they observe the presence of the FAW, the farmers must immediately report this to their local agriculture office for immediate control measures, Parcon said. The RCPC has already drawn up protocols using pesticides and biological control for the management and control of FAW based on pesticides approved by the Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority (FPA). It has also distributed pesticides to local government units and affected farmers through its buffer stock of pesticides, which was earlier, funded by the corn program. The DA-11 said it has initiated the procurement of PHP1 million worth of FPA-approved pesticides, and the release of PHP8.135 million from its quick response fund. (PNA)

***

References:

* Philippine News Agency. "DA outlines measures vs. fall armyworm infestation." Philippine News Agency. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1113666 (accessed August 28, 2020 at 09:46PM UTC+14).

* Philippine News Agency. "DA outlines measures vs. fall armyworm infestation." Archive Today. https://archive.ph/?run=1&url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1113666 (archived).

#Philippines #News #Filipino #Pinoy #Tourism #Politics #Culture #Editorial #Environment #Society #History

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kathleenseiber · 4 years

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Invasive species threaten biodiversity

Leading international experts have estimated that even moderate increases in the spread of invasive plant and animal species will cause major damage to ecosystems and biodiversity around the world.

This has important ramifications for human livelihoods too, according to the 38 scientists who published their assessment in the journal Global Change Biology.

Canadian geese are now well established in Europe, posing a serious threat to biodiversity. Credit: Tom Koerner/USFWS (CC BY 2.0)

They found the biggest drivers of invasive species across different ecological and social contexts are global transport of goods, climate change and economic development such as land use and energy consumption.

Others include tourism, recreation, population changes, migration and pollution.

Such human activities are spreading non-native species around the planet at an alarming rate. “We know from a range of recent studies that numbers and impacts of invasive species are increasing rapidly,” says first author Franz Essl, from the University of Vienna in Austria.

These ill-fated invaders can disrupt the delicate balance and stability of ecosystems, often with devastating consequences, if they thrive in their new environment.

Rabbits, for instance, pose a risk to threatened species around the world by destroying plants, competing with native animals for food, eroding soil and helping predators to thrive.

Invasive species can have major economic impacts. In Africa, for instance, the non-native fall armyworm moth decimates crops worth billions of dollars, while in Asia the common rice black bug can ruin up to a third of rice crops.

Zebra mussels cost North America more than a billion dollars each year. Credit: sdphotography / Getty Images

Freshwater zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) cost North America more than a billion dollars each year. They stick to hard surfaces including boat motors, water treatment pipes and turtle shells, their sharp shells can impact tourism and they have ecological impacts on native mollusc and fish populations.

In Australia, scientists say alien species pose a bigger threat to biodiversity than anything else, including climate change, a problem faced by islands and isolated continents that Essl and colleagues predict will proliferate to other regions in the future.

But while their current effects are well known, it’s difficult to predict their future spread and consequences, prompting Essl and colleague Bernd Lenzner to conduct the expert assessment using standardised surveys, bringing together scientists from Europe, North and South America, the Pacific Islands, Australia, Africa and Asia.

The survey aimed to establish the impacts of alien species in different environmental, climatic and socioeconomic contexts, contrasting best-case (human societies act decisively to stop invasions) and worst-case scenarios (business as usual).

Even with resolute action, they estimated that a 20% to 30% increase in newly introduced species is enough to severely impact biodiversity, although the impacts are more diverse than they would be with no action, pointing to opportunities for intervention.

If things continue without action, all drivers would have a significant impact, and most experts considered they could pass the point of no return for ecosystem biodiversity.

Impacts differed according to region; for instance, climate change favours the establishment of alien species in polar and tropical regions while tourism and increased human population density are major drivers in tropical and subtropical environments.

The authors say their study will help inform priorities for the Post-2020 Framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, underscoring the urgency for action.

“It is essential to address the causes of biological invasions,” says Essl. This includes improving legislation such as biosecurity, establishing response capacities to rapidly manage intrusions, and increasing public awareness.

Invasive species threaten biodiversity published first on https://triviaqaweb.weebly.com/

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canadianpestsolutions · 5 years

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Fall Armyworm marches on as pest that devastated African crops spreads in Asia - The Telegraph https://t.co/b5rb1vwWoy

— Canadian Pest Solutions (@PestCanadian) January 11, 2019

from Twitter https://twitter.com/PestCanadian January 11, 2019 at 07:54AM http://twitter.com/PestCanadian/status/1083784204889014273

#IFTTT #Twitter #PestCanadian

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