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illustratus · 1 month

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The Battle of Rocroi "Rocroi, the Last Tercio" by Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau

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rooster-does-art · 1 year

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Aspa de Borgoña flameando al viento

Hijos de Santiago grandes son los tercios

Escuadrón de picas, flancos a cubierto

Solo es libre el hombre que no tiene miedo

Translation:

Cross of Burgundy fluttering in the wind

Children of Saint James great are the Tercios

Pike escuadrón, flanks covered

Free is only the man who is not afraid

The tercio was a military administrative unit that contained around 3,000 troops. In the battlefield the tercio would form pike and shot formations called the escuadrón. Through the use of the tercio, Spain would dominate land warfare in the European continent from the 1500s to the 1600s.

Depicted in this piece is the Spanish tercio during the battle of Rocroi (1643). This battle is often reffered to as the begining of the downfall of the tercio. However, it should be noted that the Spanish tercios in this battle were never defeated.

At Rocroi, the Spanish cavalry was routed and the Spanish artillery was captured by the opposing French army. But the tercios stood strong. Withstanding artillery bombardment and numerous infantry and cavalry attacks, the tercios managed to hold.

Having the Spanish surrounded and outnumbered, the French asked them to surrender. In response, the Spanish said: "His Excellency seems to forget he is facing a Spanish tercio."

After more numerous failed attacks that were unable to break the tercios, the French eventually allowed an honorable surrender for the Spanish, where they could march out of the field, complete with their colors and weapons.

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Featuring:

FairChild (@temper-temper) - Stanrad Bearer carrying the Cross of Burgundy

@techbro-arts and @askpokeeosin as pikemen

Boom (@thedumbguywithaheart43) as an arquebusier

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ecoamerica · 23 days

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Watch the American Climate Leadership Awards 2024 now: https://youtu.be/bWiW4Rp8vF0?feature=shared

The American Climate Leadership Awards 2024 broadcast recording is now available on ecoAmerica's YouTube channel for viewers to be inspired by active climate leaders. Watch to find out which finalist received the $50,000 grand prize! Hosted by Vanessa Hauc and featuring Bill McKibben and Katharine Hayhoe!

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histoireettralala · 2 years

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Condé vs Mazarin: power and legitimacy.

By April 1649 Mazarin had survived the biggest challenge so far to his ministerial rule. A political revolt had briefly united popular unrest with the discontents of the bourgeoisie, the most senior judicial officers, and a large group of the court aristocracy. A combination of military threats and wide-ranging concessions had apparently calmed the situation; most significantly perhaps for Mazarin’s future calculations, it had demonstrated that his opponents would find it extremely difficult to militarize their opposition in any effective way. But relief was premature. For Mazarin’s new problem was that the military support he had drawn upon in early 1649 had cost him his previous near-monopoly over power and influence. Condé’s blockade of Paris had set him, as the defender of absolute royal authority —and thereby Mazarin’s ministry— directly against his own relatives and much of the great nobility. Hitherto idolized as the young military hero, he was now execrated by all those who had regarded the uprisings since August 1648 as a justified attempt to overthrow ministerial tyranny. Setting aside his personal ambitions, it was essential to his reputation that he should demonstrate as publicly and as vigorously as possible that he was no lackey of the first minister, and that his actions had been on behalf of the crown, not Mazarin.

Who then was Louis II de Bourbon-Condé, who was to become Mazarin’s nemesis for a decade from 1649? The duc d’Enghien, as he was titled until his father’s death in 1646, was no stranger to the realities of ministerial power. His father, Henri II, had rebuilt the material and political fortunes of the cadet branch of the Bourbon family on the basis of a close alliance with cardinal Richelieu after 1626. Henri de Condé provided Richelieu and his regime with the legitimizing support of a prince of the blood, and Condé in return benefited from a spectacular flow of political and territorial rewards. The benefits of the alliance were so great that he was ultimately cajoled into marrying his son, Louis II, to Richelieu’s niece, Claire-Clémence de Maillé-Brézé. The marriage, celebrated at the Palais Cardinal on 9 February 1641, was a spectacular mésalliance for the duc d’Enghien, wished upon him by his father’s ambitions. Enghien, who until 1638 had stood only three lives from the throne, shared with his father an authoritarian ideology of an absolute monarchy mediated only by the king’s ‘natural advisors’, the princes of the blood. But the association with Richelieu and his family brought him into a close, stakeholder’s connection with the ministerial regime. Through this channel would flow the financial opportunities, patronage, and influence that had been enjoyed by his father over and above what would have been his as a prince of the royal blood.

Enghien would have been an important figure in the politics of the 1640s, just as his father had been in the previous decade. But the decision in 1643 to grant him the overall command of the army operating on the north-eastern frontier was not just a reflection of his status and political connections, but a remarkable act of confidence in a young man of twenty-three with no previous experience of overall military command. Enghien was surrounded by experienced lieutenants —most notably Jean, comte de Gassion— yet much would still depend on his untested ability to demonstrate qualities of leadership and decision-making. The French army faced a Spanish invasion, poised to take the town of Rocroi, and previous encounters in the field with the veterans of the Spanish army of Flanders had not ended well for the French. Enghien and his lieutenants took the decision to engage the Spanish army in an all-or-nothing bid to try to save Rocroi. Around 7.30 am on 19 May 1643 Enghien led a cavalry charge from the right flank of the French army which shattered the Spanish horse opposing him and left the infantry centre of the Spanish army exposed to his well-executed flanking attack. The magnitude of the victory over the best troops in the Spanish monarchy was unprecedented. The young duc d’Enghien became a legend overnight, a status that he never lost in the eyes of contemporaries.

Enghien’s successive military achievements through the 1640s in different campaign theatres were not just about heroic, charismatic leadership and calculated risk-taking. There was real tactical skill, partly learnt and partly intuitive, in his military deployments, his assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of his own and enemy positions, and, above all, his ability to exploit surprise, shock, and speed to devastating advantage. Like his great contemporary, Henri de La Tour d’Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne, he recognized the fundamental importance of keeping his troops fed and equipped, and was free with his own resources to maintain supplies. Unlike Turenne, who had the well-regarded reputation of being thrifty with the lives of his own troops, Condé was unconcerned by heavy casualties in pursuit of his strategic objectives. Yet soldiers serving under his command recognized his remarkable talent for victory. On the eve of the battle of Bléneau in April 1652, one of Condé’s lieutenants wrote of the effect of the prince’s arrival, pulling the army together through the belief, above all among the common soldiers, that he was invincible.

The charisma of a young, brilliant general extended beyond the armies: in the 1640s contemporaries noted that he was regarded with both awe and considerable fear. Madame de Motteville wrote that, even after Mazarin had arrested him, ‘the reputation of M. le Prince imposed itself on everyone, and generated a curious veneration for his person, such that sightseers would go to visit the chamber where he had been imprisoned at Vincennes’. Numerous accounts confirmed that even powerful and well-established individuals found it difficult to stand up to Condé in any face-to-face confrontation, and his anger had an unpredictable character that few wished to test. The legend gained further weight from the fictional, centre-stage representation of Condé in Madeleine de Scudéry’s best-selling novel Le Grand Cyrus, published between 1649 and 1653.

The very particular danger Condé posed to Mazarin, or to any government which sought to control him, was the intractable nature of his own ambitions. His father had been manageable because he was rebuilding the Condé inheritance after its devastation in the sixteenth-century Wars of Religion, and was rehabilitating his own political reputation after rebellion and imprisonment. By the 1640s the Condé had become the wealthiest aristocratic family in France, and more territorial grants, positions, and financial rewards, though demanded, were no guarantee of further tractability. Moreover, a family strategy that aimed to consolidate the pre-eminence of the Condé-Bourbon over any other aristocratic family in France would lead Condé to target further desirable assets, especially lands and governorships, whose possession would challenge the hegemony of the crown in areas of the kingdom.

Yet at base the prince was more interested in power and influence at the centre of the state than in local power and quasi-monarchical status built up across the provinces. This desire for influence did not mean that he wished to take over government, to oust Mazarin or supplant the role of ministers in general. Indeed, the detailed, procedural business of government, the workings of the executive, would have been considered by Condé to be beneath his status, and appropriate to (interchangeable or dispensable) professionals of modest birth like Mazarin. What Condé wanted for himself was a decisive influence in the formulation of royal policy, the ability to oversee and, where necessary, shape decision-making without negotiation or compromise with other parties. During the regency he considered that this was his right by virtue of his blood, and by his acquired status as the military paladin of the young monarch. He would expect to maintain this privileged role of high-status advisor and intimate councillor after the king came of age, with the assumption that his voice would naturally outweigh others in royal decision-making. Despite the charges variously made against him by Mazarin and the court, all on the basis of notably scant evidence, Condé was far too deeply committed to the principle of divinely ordained absolute monarchy to wish to replace the king. Such an act of usurpation would radically challenge his own ideology, which linked his own status to a God-given hierarchy headed by the sovereign. Indeed, his hostility to both the Parisian frondeurs and to Mazarin was precisely because they sought to trespass upon what were the fundamental prerogatives of the monarchy.

In seeking to unravel Condé’s personality and his motivation, it is no less necessary to retrieve him from the condescension of posterity. Equipped with hindsight which sees the defeat of the Fronde as a triumph for ministerial government and its modernizing, state-building initiatives, Condé’s fate becomes a facile metaphor for the fate of the traditional ‘sword nobility’ as a whole. His reckless and inappropriate ambitions for political autonomy, personal glory, and immoderate reward were vanquished by the agent of state power, cardinal Mazarin. Defeated, forced into exile and into the service of Spain at the end of 1652, Condé was required to make a humiliating submission to Louis XIV in 1659 as the price of his ‘pardon’. After this he was reduced to an obedient vassal of the monarch. This supposedly parallels the traditional nobility as a whole, whose last irresponsible and doomed act of self-assertion was the Fronde. After this final defeat they were reduced to well-ordered servitude in the court and army of the Sun King, whose powerful, centralized state represented the triumph of bourgeois administrators, the heirs of Mazarin’s victory over the frondeurs. On this interpretation, Condé’s chief crime, if he is relieved of the charge of attempted usurpation, is setting up an ideal of autonomous political action and individual liberty in defiance of the ‘modern’ requirement for disciplined, collective obedience to the crown imposed by its faithful ministers. Indeed, even by the standards of the collective ideal of aristocratic liberty, it is suggested that Condé went too far in pursuit of uncompromising self-assertion, and helped to undermine the very values that he sought to uphold.

The real problem posed by Condé for Mazarin and his regime was not Condé’s uncontrolled individualism, his ‘folle liberté’, but the perception of contemporaries that he held more legitimate right to participate in the decision-making of a regency by virtue of his blood than did a ministerial appointee of the queen mother. Indeed, it is a remarkable triumph of a well-entrenched historiography that Condé’s actions are perceived as illegitimate attempts to challenge what is treated as the legitimate royal government personified in its first minister. By conflating Mazarin with the authority of the crown, the crucial dynamic of the conflict building up from 1643 and climaxing in the Fronde is misunderstood. Mazarin’s attempts to resist Condé’s claims to involvement in the political decisions of the regency did not deny the essential legitimacy of those claims. His approach most frequently relied on alarming both the queen mother and the king’s uncle, Gaston d’Orléans, that Condé would squeeze them out of the decision-making which was no less their right by family. Mazarin hardly needed to be reminded, and the mazarinades would have done the job for him, that his own position enjoyed no such legitimacy.

David Parrott- 1652- The Cardinal, the Prince, and the Crisis of the Fronde.

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liberty1776 · 3 months

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Alatriste ~Battle of Rocroi (English Subtitles)

#Military History Pike and Shot Rise of France Battle of Rocroi

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playitagin · 11 months

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1643 –Battle of Rocroi

French forces under the duc d'Enghien decisively defeat Spanish forces at the Battle of Rocroi, marking the symbolic end of Spain as a dominant land power.

#May.19.1643 #Battle of Rocroi #Thirty Years' War #history today

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where-is-tom-scott-today · 1 year

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I am here at the battle of Rocroi.

#submission

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horses-in-art-history · 7 months

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I've gotten into a 1600s matchlock mood recently and I watched a Swedish documentary that tried to dispel nationalist myths about the 2632 battle of listen (their actual words Idk I don't remember convos very well but they said nationalism and glory days myths)

Any way stupid intro to question: did sweden have any specific kind of cavalry horse or did they just grab whatever?

(A US civil war/native extermination said the US bought what horse was brown and had the right temperment)

And is there any kind of *shift* in how cavalry has been portrayed in art? Like are there certain poses lighting whatever that's been slowly removed or put in?

I think this is probably from my notice of how Cromwell (1970) and alatriste (2006). Cromwell shows the battle of edgehill and naseby as big romps in a field with pretty flags and uniforms vs alatristes siege of Breda and battle of rocroi that are more like loosely organised gang fights. Cromwell: very clean, pretty festive even. wide shots for the spectacle. Alatriste: everyone is in a shade of brown. The blood flows freely. You are up in the men's faces as they are stabbed repeatedly.

Maybe what I'm saying is if a dramatic change like that in thirty years what about 300+ years?

Or am I just seeing shapes in smoke?

To make this a little simpler I've boiled down your questions a bit so I can group my answers to them more clearly. I hope you don't mind that I focused a bit more on the first question since I felt I could give it the best answer.

What kinds of horses were used by the Swedish cavalry?

Sweden didn't have a regular cavalry until king Gustav Vasa (r. 1523-1560). In the cavalry there was a preference for stallions initially, since mares and geldings were thought to lack the strength and bravery needed in battle, but with the outbreak of war in 1700 they shifted to using geldings. Mares and stallions were instead kept at home to insure the breeding of new horses even as war was ongoing. In 1658 Sweden gained new territory further south (Skåne) that was well suited for breeding horses which greatly aided its efforts in supplying horses to the army. The average mount served for 15 years in the Carolean cavalry wich meant each year 350 newly ridden in horses were needed. These horses weren't that big by continental standards, being on average about 139 cm tall at the withers. Compare that to the requirements of the late 1900s when they had to be at least 152 cm and you get sense of the significant change that took place. By the mid 1700's each cavalry company had three stallions and twenty-odd mares to produce replacement mounts. There were some small changes in the early 1800's to this system. (Source)

King Karl XI (r. 1660-1697) instituted studs in Strömsholm, Kungsör, and Läckö to improve the quality of horse breeding. He also imported stallions from Norway, Swedish Livonia (parts of modern day Estonia and Latvia), Swedish Pomerania, and France with the same goal in mind. (Source)

Nowadays the Beriden Högvakt (mounted guards) in Stockholm use only Chestnut Swedish Warmbloods, Grey Kladrubers and a couple of draught horses as drum horses. (link to a Swedish article with more info)

How has the depiction of cavalry changed through time?

Your other question about depictions of cavalry is an interesting one, and I would just from what I have seen say that there is a movement form more composed images to dynamic and later more grounded/gritty depictions of horses in war. The pinnacle of this latter form being in WW1 in my opinion (this was probably helped by the work of war artists like Alfred James Munnnings, John Edwin Noble, etc). You can in all likelihood map this evolution on to more general societal/cultural feelings about war and as to whether it was seen as being glorious or a tragedy. Also the fact that the horse was becoming more obsolete during WW1 probably helped remove some of the glory from the art of the time. If you think about paintings from a bit earlier (the late 1800's) where there are still plenty of paintings of glorious cavalry charges it makes quite a contrast to the art of WW1.

I think you can look at this question through the lens of what is happening culturally but also in art history, especially with regard to your question about poses and lighting. For example a painting of cavalry from the Romanticism movement is going to look quite different from something done in a more realist style.

I don't feel like I've got the time to give this question the attention it deserves here so I'll leave it as it is for now, but I'll do my best to return to this question and give it a more complete answer. Also I've only written about European art in my answer which doesn't tell the whole story.

#horses in art history #the sources linked in my first answer go to pages in swedish but i thought i might have some Swedish followers who were interested #also it feels like the correct thing to do

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hzaidan · 6 months

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Rocroi shattered the myth of invincibility of the Spanish Tercios, the terrifying infantry units that had dominated European battlefields for the previous 120 years. The battle is therefore often considered to mark the end of Spanish military greatness and the beginning of French hegemony in Europe during the 17th century…

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Augusto Ferrer Dalmau,War,Rocroi,Zaidan, biography, Arthistory, Paintings, Artists, History, footnotes, fineart, war casualties,

01 Painting, The art of War, Rocroi, the last third, by Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau, with footnotes

#War #Zaidan #biography #Art #Paintings #Artists #History #footnotes #fineart #arthistory

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whatdoesshedotothem · 2 years

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Friday 25 May 1838

5

11 ¼

fine morning and F52° at 5 10 am breakfast at 6 ¼ and off from the cheval Blanc at Rocory [Rocroi] at 7 7 – rain in the night and early this morning but fair tho’ dulling at setting off drizzling rain at 7 ½ - indifferent coffee but good milk and bread and butter and very fairly comfortable – no bill but paid as agreed 17fr. pour tout compris – Rocroy [Rocroi] a nice enough – with little grande place in which the cheval blanc – strong little fortified town – 2 or 3 drawbridge and one other gate in coming out and new works going on – cool air this morning – It was the dome-like church steeple (small church) we saw in the distance last night – no trace of famous battle-field – the prince de Condé against the Spaniards – 1549 near Rocroy [Rocroi] cottage with tent-like door-porch, each side-post leaning against the house side, and thatched down in a point from the ewes - the bottom part projecting perhaps 5 or 6 feet – open country – some enclosures and thorn hedges – the picturesque of yesterday quite gone – no beauty now – wood at a little distance before us which we soon pass thro’ – at 7 50 turn left at 1 (at right angles) – at 8 20 change horses at little village of Lonny – fine open country – we feel the better for the fine fresh air – at 9 ¼ 1st peep down upon Mézières and its cathedral and the Meuse – leave Charleville, apparently a good town about ¼ mile left (had we come forwards last night we should have turned in to Charleville hotel du commerce instead of pothering to get the gates opened at Mézières – then the river? and pass gate and drawbridge into the fortified ville at 9 35 and stop at la poste at 9 37 – off again at 9 52 = ¼ hour in changing horses, in a back street near to a bridge over something the river? which bridge however we did not pass but turned the carriage and went thro’ the old narrow not good but picturesque streets – pass old gateway and the Meuse? into the suburb – then 2 more gates and drawbridges and moats, and get out of the ville – nobody asked for our passport – Mézières an old narrow streeted ill built town – rather reddish yellowish marby soil – the red is on the other side, i.e. behind us – lower down the diver which now flows between low marby current-washed bare banks – fine open good country – no particular beauty – by and by slept ½ hour – A- awoke me by calling out the hat was gone – 2 or 3 times to call to the postilion and in taking off my velvet travelling cap 2 combs flew out – George had to run back – A- laughed much and long – more wooded towards the good village of Launoy - 13 minutes inc hanging horses and off again at 11 39 – pretty well wooded about Launoy on both sides of us – all along (all today) rather hilly road – at 12 a little rain and in 5 minutes loudish peal of thunder (1st we have heard since landing) and thunder shower – Avenue (chiefly elms) from Launoy – reddish soil again – all along fine open extensive country – raining till at 12 40 (but fair before one) at la poste at Vauxelles [Vauxcelles] – off from here in 6 minutes at 12 43 – V- a neat little village la poste good house at the far end of the village - a little from which ‘on traverse la grande chaîne primitive de montagnes en passant devant un cabaret, situé au point de partage des eaux’ – looked for it – hardly observable; and the descent afterwards not so great as many preceding descents – still elm avenue (began at Launoy) as far as I can see in a long straight line before us – asleep till 1 ½ - all in the chalk descending upon Rethel (now chalck from here to Paris) and drive thro’ the old town on the Aisne river and said to have been built by the Romans in Julies Caesars’ time – pass over 3 bridges (all wood I think) and lastly the canal of the Ardennes which beings here, and then at the end of the town La poste just opposite another wood bridge largeish old town partly built on the hill side – not many good buildings – 5700 inhabitants – off in 9 minutes at 1 58 – at 2 ¼ pass 2 large waggons of coal the 1st we have seen in France – add up accounts – calculate expense etc. as we drove along now that there is no beauty of scenery to call attention – chalk hills – at Isle at 3 38 one long street village – off again in 10 minutes – there has been a great deal of rain here and all our last stage – asleep again till 4 ¾ and then 1st sight of Rheims cathedral an enormous squarry lumping looking pile enough to swallow up all the town – two towers and sharp-pointed spire sun between them – long flat approach – range of hill along the horizon backing the town and stretching in the distance right – shabby streets, or not good streets but place royale handsome and stopped au Lion d’or opposite the richly sculpture cathedral at 3 10 – the landlord came up to the carriage to say he had no rooms – he had but one chamber – I got out to see it – rez de chaussée – largeish double-bedded room – then recollected he had one small double bedded room upstairs – saw and took it – asked his price – found it useless but servants to be 4/50 per day each and our dinner 4/. each of us, mine not included – made no inquiry as to beds - he would be dear enough – thought we were not going to stay long, and it would not signify much – got ourselves stowed into the little chambre – and Oddy well placed at no great distance on the same floor and George somewhere and ordered dinner at 7 – about ¾ hour arranging our effects then A- and I went out – in the cathedral 25 minutes – interior magnificent double aisles – windows of nef and chori all of finely and very anciently painted glass – the windows of the apses behind the high altar modern painted glass with much pink and orange colour throwing a peculiarly rich warm tint against the altar - never more pleased with a church – worth coming to Rheims to see this cathedral – certainly one of the most beautiful interiors I ever saw – not so fine as York minster – but a painted glass – the blue ceiling with white fleurs de lis, the yellow painted capitals of all the pillars clustered – colours and cornices (looking like gilding) have altogether a charming effect – the marigold window over the great west door, is magnificent – no organ in sight to break the unity of the whole – put out of sight in the north transept – the transepts very small – dinner at 6 20 – and went out about 8 ¼ for ½ hour – into the Place Royale – handsome pedestrian bronze statue of Louis 15 – went to the booksellers’ Luton in the Place Royal – bought for A- letters on the histoire by M. de Thierry and an account of the cathedral for myself – fine evening and night – after the rain and thunder this afternoon (vid. line 4 from the bottom of the last p. ) – F61° at 10 pm a garçon here – the 1st house we have been at this time, where there is no femme de chambre – gave him A-‘s and my things to get washed of mine two shifts one napkin and ditto cravat dimity waist and broad hemmed muslin handkerchief –

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nightbringer24 · 2 months

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And now we arrive at the battle of Rocroi.

My only major gripe with this battle is the French curassiers firing their pistols WAY too far away from the Spanish tercio. Other than that, it's a thing to watch for sure.

#ciaran watches alatriste

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brookstonalmanac · 11 months

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Events 5.19

639 – Ashina Jiesheshuai and his tribesmen assaulted Emperor Taizong at Jiucheng Palace. 715 – Pope Gregory II is elected. 1051 – Henry I of France marries the Rus' princess, Anne of Kiev. 1445 – John II of Castile defeats the Infantes of Aragon at the First Battle of Olmedo. 1499 – Catherine of Aragon is married by proxy to Arthur, Prince of Wales. Catherine is 13 and Arthur is 12. 1535 – French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships, 110 men, and Chief Donnacona's two sons (whom Cartier had kidnapped during his first voyage). 1536 – Anne Boleyn, the second wife of Henry VIII of England, is beheaded for adultery, treason, and incest. 1542 – The Prome Kingdom falls to the Taungoo Dynasty in present-day Myanmar. 1643 – Thirty Years' War: French forces under the duc d'Enghien decisively defeat Spanish forces at the Battle of Rocroi, marking the symbolic end of Spain as a dominant land power. 1649 – An Act of Parliament declaring England a Commonwealth is passed by the Long Parliament. England would be a republic for the next eleven years. 1655 – The Invasion of Jamaica begins during the Anglo-Spanish War. 1743 – Jean-Pierre Christin developed the centigrade temperature scale. 1749 – King George II of Great Britain grants the Ohio Company a charter of land around the forks of the Ohio River. 1776 – American Revolutionary War: A Continental Army garrison surrenders in the Battle of The Cedars. 1780 – New England's Dark Day, an unusual darkening of the day sky, was observed over the New England states and parts of Canada. 1802 – Napoleon Bonaparte founds the Legion of Honour. 1828 – U.S. President John Quincy Adams signs the Tariff of 1828 into law, protecting wool manufacturers in the United States. 1845 – Captain Sir John Franklin and his ill-fated Arctic expedition depart from Greenhithe, England. 1848 – Mexican–American War: Mexico ratifies the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo thus ending the war and ceding California, Nevada, Utah and parts of four other modern-day U.S. states to the United States for US$15 million. 1883 – Buffalo Bill's first Buffalo Bill's Wild West opens in Omaha, Nebraska. 1900 – Great Britain annexes Tonga Island. 1900 – Second Boer War: British troops relieve Mafeking. 1911 – Parks Canada, the world's first national park service, is established as the Dominion Parks Branch under the Department of the Interior. 1917 – The Norwegian football club Rosenborg BK is founded. 1919 – Mustafa Kemal Atatürk lands at Samsun on the Anatolian Black Sea coast, initiating what is later termed the Turkish War of Independence. 1921 – The United States Congress passes the Emergency Quota Act establishing national quotas on immigration. 1922 – The Young Pioneer Organization of the Soviet Union is established. 1933 – Finnish cavalry general C. G. E. Mannerheim is appointed the field marshal. 1934 – Zveno and the Bulgarian Army engineer a coup d'état and install Kimon Georgiev as the new Prime Minister of Bulgaria. 1942 – World War II: In the aftermath of the Battle of the Coral Sea, Task Force 16 heads to Pearl Harbor. 1943 – Winston Churchill's second wartime address to the U.S. Congress 1945 – Syrian demonstrators in Damascus are fired upon by French troops injuring twelve, leading to the Levant Crisis. 1950 – A barge containing munitions destined for Pakistan explodes in the harbor at South Amboy, New Jersey, devastating the city. 1950 – Egypt announces that the Suez Canal is closed to Israeli ships and commerce. 1959 – The North Vietnamese Army establishes Group 559, whose responsibility is to determine how to maintain supply lines to South Vietnam; the resulting route is the Ho Chi Minh trail. 1961 – Venera program: Venera 1 becomes the first man-made object to fly by another planet by passing Venus (the probe had lost contact with Earth a month earlier and did not send back any data). 1961 – At Silchar Railway Station, Assam, 11 Bengalis die when police open fire on protesters demanding state recognition of Bengali language in the Bengali Language Movement. 1962 – A birthday salute to U.S. President John F. Kennedy takes place at Madison Square Garden, New York City. The highlight is Marilyn Monroe's rendition of "Happy Birthday". 1963 – The New York Post Sunday Magazine publishes Martin Luther King Jr.'s Letter from Birmingham Jail. 1971 – Mars probe program: Mars 2 is launched by the Soviet Union. 1986 – The Firearm Owners Protection Act is signed into law by U.S. President Ronald Reagan. 1991 – Croatians vote for independence in a referendum. 1993 – SAM Colombia Flight 501 crashes on approach to José María Córdova International Airport in Medellín, Colombia, killing 132. 1996 – Space Shuttle program: Space Shuttle Endeavour is launched on mission STS-77. 1997 – The Sierra Gorda biosphere, the most ecologically diverse region in Mexico, is established as a result of grassroots efforts. 2000 – Space Shuttle program: Space Shuttle Atlantis is launched on mission STS-101 to resupply the International Space Station. 2007 – President of Romania Traian Băsescu survives an impeachment referendum and returns to office from suspension. 2010 – The Royal Thai Armed Forces concludes its crackdown on protests by forcing the surrender of United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship leaders. 2012 – Three gas cylinder bombs explode in front of a vocational school in the Italian city of Brindisi, killing one person and injuring five others. 2012 – A car bomb explodes near a military complex in the Syrian city of Deir ez-Zor, killing nine people. 2015 – The Refugio oil spill deposited 142,800 U.S. gallons (3,400 barrels) of crude oil onto an area in California considered one of the most biologically diverse coastlines of the west coast. 2016 – EgyptAir Flight 804 crashes into the Mediterranean Sea while traveling from Paris to Cairo, killing all on board. 2018 – The wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle is held at St George's Chapel, Windsor, with an estimated global audience of 1.9 billion.

#Events

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ecoamerica · 23 days

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youtube

Watch the American Climate Leadership Awards 2024 now: https://youtu.be/bWiW4Rp8vF0?feature=shared

The American Climate Leadership Awards 2024 broadcast recording is now available on ecoAmerica's YouTube channel for viewers to be inspired by active climate leaders. Watch to find out which finalist received the $50,000 grand prize! Hosted by Vanessa Hauc and featuring Bill McKibben and Katharine Hayhoe!

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rooster-does-art · 1 year

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"Aspa de Borgoña flameando al viento

Hijos de Santiago grandes son los tercios

Escuadrón de picas, flancos a cubierto

Solo es libre el hombre que no tiene miedo"

Translation:

"Cross of Burgundy fluttering in the wind

Sons of Santiago great are the tercios

Squadron of pikes, flanks covered

Only the man who is not afraid is free"

The scene and quote is based on the battle of Rocroi, when the commander of the French Army asked the remaining Spanish tercios on the field to surrender. Undaunted, despite suffering heavy losses and without cavalry and artillery support, the Spanish commander responded with: "His Excellency seems to forget that He is facing a Spanish tercio!"

The battle and scene is recreated in the film Alatriste.

Featured in this piece are:

@thedumbguywithaheart43

@techbro-arts

#Silver Wing #thedumbguywithaheart43 #techbro-arts #Random Art #History Facts #Spanish Tercio #My Little Pony #Random Fun Fact #Did you know that a Filipino managed to reach the rank of Maestre de campo which is essentially the commander of a tercio

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histoireettralala · 2 years

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What saved Mazarin

Mazarin's own position was paradoxical. He enjoyed the kind of public and unconditional support from the queen mother in the years after 1643 that Richelieu never received from Louis XIII. In that respect the perennial problem of the perceived illegitimacy of rule by an over-powerful first minister could be confronted by the insistence that obedience to the royal will trumped any constitutional distate for the way in which the rule had chosen to delegate their authority. But of course this was not the affirmation of an adult male king, but of a queen regent. The extent that it was permissible to delegate authority at all during a regency was open to legal debate, and to an array of assumptions and opinions shaped by custom and precedent. Insofar as the queen mother took advice from those immediately around her, the consensus, echoed repeatedly during the Fronde, was that this advice should come from the princes of the blood. Such a perception of the regency left no obvious legitimate space for a first minister, a servant of someone who was herself a servant of the young king.

What saved Mazarin, at least for a time, from the emergence of further opposition was a factor that has been insufficiently stressed in most accounts, but which was certainly not lost on contemporaries. The period from the victory at Rocroi through the battle won at Lens in August 1648 was one of outstanding French military success. Rocroi was followed by the capture of Thionville in summer 1643, by further progress in consolidating a grip on Roussillon and the bolstering of the Catalan revolt, and by the capture of Trino, securing the French position in Monferrato. The 1644 campaign produced further gains in Flanders, including the siege and capture of Gravelines, and turned a tactical defeat inflicted by the Bavarian army near Freiburg-im-Breisgau into a strategic success through an adroit manoeuvre that allowed the French army to take the fortress of Philippsburg on the Rhine, quickly followed by Mainz and Landau [..]

This foreign policy success deserves emphasis: it is the most obvious explanation for the relatively muted hostility to Mazarin's regime after 1643, despite fundamental questions about its legitimacy. Moreover, its reliance, like its predecessor, on narrow factional support, control of access to the crown, and close links between involvement in government and immoderate private profiteering, were all calculated to provoke anger and resentment amongst the rest of the political class. The military success itself could bring problems [..] What was preventing the achievement of a "good peace", given that a general European congress in which French was well represented was already in progress, and that from 1645 France and her allies held the upper hand militarily ? To many the answer seemed obvious it was neither in the political nor the financial interests of Mazarin and his clientele to conclude a settlement. To make peace would bring to an end the justification for the système de l'extraordinaire on which the ministry's claim to power and legitimacy rested: without war it would be impossible to justify such narrow ministerial control of the regency. Léon de Bouthillier, comte de Chavigny -no friend of Mazarin's after his disgrace in 1643, but an intelligent and astute observer- was clear that Mazarin could have made a good settlement that would have validated the war effort at any point from 1645. He held out, in Chavigny's opinion, because he knew that once a settlement had been concluded, his services would be dispendable.

Mazarin's actions certainly give some credence to Chavigny's charge.

David Parrott- 1652- The Cardinal, the Prince, and the Crisis of the Fronde.

#xvii #david parrott #1652: the cardinal the prince and the crisis of the fronde #cardinal mazarin #anne d'autriche #cardinal de richelieu #louis xiii #battle of rocroi #battle of lens #chavigny

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cromwellrex2 · 2 years

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The Battle of Edgehill, 23rd October 1642: ‘We Have Insensibly Slid into the Beginnings of a Civil War’

Hostilities Commence in England

Pikemen at the Battle of Rocroi, 1643 by Sebastian Vrancx

THE RAISING OF THE KING’S STANDARD in Nottingham, in direct contradiction and defiance of, Parliament’s own attempts to raise an army, ostensibly to put down the Irish rebellion, through its Committee of Defence, meant war between what would soon be two rival English military forces, was all but inevitable. However, this pell mell rush to conflict should not imply England was in the remotest way prepared for the six year conflagration it was about to inflict on itself: direct experience of warfare at almost every level of society was minimal. The early years of the English Civil War was to be characterised by naivety, incompetence and lack of leadership, although it would be no less lethal for that.

Parliament handed control of their nascent army to Robert Devereux, the Earl of Essex. He was appointed Major General and seemed a perfect fit. Essex had been estranged from the Royal Court for some time: his father had been executed for leading an eccentric rebellion against Queen Elizabeth I, and James I had permitted his divorce from Frances Howard for the publicly embarrassing reason of impotence. Essex had become a fervent member of Warwick’s faction in the House of Lords and had been a loud advocate of the execution of Strafford; he also enjoyed the confidence of John Pym. In addition to his impeccable Parliamentarian political credentials, Essex also had military experience, having fought with the Dutch against the Catholic Habsburgs, and seen action in Buckingham’s failed assault on Cadiz. This combination of political and military experience made him the obvious choice to lead Parliament’s armies. Devereux’s immediate problem however was how to forge the disparate forces into a coherent army. The responders to the Militia Ordinance were all aristocrats and local landowners who led groups of retainers to the Parliamentary army, in a style little changed from that of the Wars of the Roses. The men’s loyalties therefore remained parochial rather than national and would bedevil Parliament’s early efforts to create a professional force.

The gathering Royal army was in better shape. The commander of Charles’ cavalry, who was to become the most famous of the Royalist leaders and perhaps most deserving of the scornful Puritan epithet of “Cavalier”, was the King’s nephew, Rupert of the Rhine, son of the Elector of the Palatine, whose prevention from acceding to the throne of Bohemia in 1628 had effectively commenced the Thirty Years’ War. Rupert, aged just twenty three in 1642, was already militarily experienced and would prove to be one of the best cavalry commanders of the war, and a sound strategist, if hopelessly ill disciplined on the field of battle itself. Charles was also supported by a cadre of officers, experienced in the German wars, who would give the emerging Royal army a professional spine that would serve it well in the early years of the war. By September 1642, the Royal army had risen to nearly 10,000 infantry, horse and artillery and Charles determined that his forces would march on London, retake the capital and, hopefully, intimidate Parliament into an early surrender. Anticipating this tactic, Parliament therefore ordered Essex, whose forces now numbered some 25,000 men, to intercept the Royal forces, defeat them and with luck, capture the King, rescuing him from his evil counsellors in the process, and bring an end to the war that way. However the inexperience and poor command structures of both armies soon manifested themselves. Charles’ recruitment improved but the intended strike on London did not emerge as the Royalist forces gathered in the Severn Valley as more followers and their troops rallied to the cause. Essex meanwhile, beset with logistic problems, hunkered down in the Cotswolds, seemingly unable or unwilling to go in search of the King.

Perhaps typically, the first military action of the English Civil War took place almost by accident, on 23rd September outside Worcester when an unsuspecting column of Parliamentary cavalry travelling to the city was set upon by a detachment of Royalist horse at Powick Bridge, resulting in a Parliamentary rout. Despite the affair being little more than a skirmish, the encounter left 150 men dead on the field, and cemented Rupert’s reputation as a dashing cavalry commander to be feared. The victory emboldened Charles to make for London immediately, ignoring Essex’s army which by now had retreated into Worcester. On 12th October the Royal army set off for the capital. The Parliamentarians attempted to block the King’s advance but due to poor orienteering and a lack of scouts, neither army was entirely sure of the whereabouts of the other. In the event the two sides did come into contact, but by this stage, the Royal army was closer to London than that of Parliament. If Essex was to prevent the King taking the capital, battle would have to be joined. Characteristically, it was Rupert who took the initiative. His forces had already captured a force of Parliamentarian infantry near Kineton and learned the whereabouts of Essex’s army. Rupert recommended the Royal army establish itself on an escarpment known as Edgehill, overlooking the Parliamentary camp and invite battle. On October 23rd, the Royalists arrayed on Edgehill.

Essex’s army enjoyed a slight numerical advantage over that of the King, but being in the tactically disadvantageous position, Devereux saw no reason to start the fight. Both sides believed that one battle would be sufficient to end the civil quarrel and were therefore cautious. Ultimately they faced each other in similar formations: tightly packed pikemen and musketry in the centre, artillery in forward positions and cavalry and dragoons on the flanks. After an initial ineffectual artillery duel, the battle commenced in earnest when both Royalist cavalry wings charged their opposite numbers. The Parliamentary horse employed the tactics of stationery pistol fire followed by advance and were wholly unprepared for the continental shock tactics employed by Prince Rupert, consisting of rapid sabre led charge. The Parliamentarian cavalry were swept away. If at that point, Rupert’s cavalry had pivoted and attacked Essex’s foot from both flanks as the Royalist infantry advanced, Parliament’s forces would undoubtedly have been crushed and Edgehill may have turned out to be a decisive Royalist victory and the English civil war a short lived affair. However, the King’s cavalry, filled with the exhilaration of victory, pursued their defeated foes from the field towards Kineton and did not return to Edgehill for several hours.

The Parliamentary infantry then advanced, backed up by reserve cavalry not involved in the flank fighting, and fought ferociously, disabling the Royalist guns and at one stage seizing the Royal standard after Charles had foolishly given permission to his mounted Life Guards to join Rupert’s pursuit. In the melee the Royalist general Sir Edmund Verney was killed and Charles’ sons, Charles and James, were in danger of capture. As evening fell, both armies, exhausted and shocked at their first experience of battle, began to disengage. As Rupert’s cavalry at last returned to the field, Essex’s troops withdrew. The battle ended inconclusively, but 1,500 Englishmen lay dead on the field, killed by fellow Englishmen. It was a bitterly cold night and many of the wounded died of exposure or were summarily killed by plunderers (itself a horrifying novelty). The violence of the battle and its aftermath surprised both sides. The war was no longer theoretical or a threat: blood had been spilled and Cavaliers and Roundheads no longer viewed each other as participants in a family dispute, but as enemies.

It was now clear that this war would not be ended by a single battle.

#charles i of england #english civil war #parliament #edge hill

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thefarnsworthgallery · 3 years

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Rocroi, the last third - Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau, 2011

#augusto ferrer-dalmau #hyperrealism #historical painting #battle of rocroi

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pwlanier · 3 years

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Pair Of Sevres Porcelain Ormolu Mounted Covered Vases, Late 19th Century

one depicting The Battle of Rocroi, 1643, the other The Battle of Lauffeld, 1747; each with battle name and date inscribed on underside of lid; each signed H. Desprez; height: 40 in.

Grogan and Company

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