#Treasury Reform and Progress

[bgtraveldays]

Treasury Reform and Progress

Efforts to reform the treasury bore fruit by 1679 A.D. Records from the Topkapi Palace archives demonstrate a significant advancement in organizing Ottoman register books. These books were meticulously arranged in numerical order and provided detailed descriptions of goods, marking a notable improvement compared to previous practices.

Preservation Challenges and Historical Insights

Despite progress, only a few treasury books dating before 1679 A.D. have survived in the Palace archives. These ancient records, dating back to the eras of Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror and Sultan Bayazit II, consist of inventory lists with limited descriptions. The scarcity of these documents raises questions about the preservation of historical records over the centuries (104).

Challenges during Military Campaigns

Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, the Imperial Army engaged in continuous military campaigns. During these expeditions, the treasury played a crucial role, with treasury carts accompanying the army even before the Sultan and his officials. The register books containing records of valuable items, including holy relics, were subject to wear and tear during these arduous campaigns, often leading to their deterioration or loss Private Istanbul Tours.

Historical Records and Absences

While treasury register books from the reigns of Sultan Beyazit II and Yavuz Sultan Selim are available, records from the periods of Magnificent Suleyman, Murat III, Selim II, and Murat IV are notably absent. The reasons behind this discrepancy remain unclear. It raises questions about whether such records were maintained or if they were discarded for unknown reasons. The proverb “He was so wealthy that he was not aware of his properties’ accounts” highlights the challenges of managing the vast riches flowing into the empire during these prosperous periods.

In conclusion, while efforts were made to improve treasury management and record-keeping, challenges such as preservation during military campaigns and the sheer volume of wealth entering the empire posed significant obstacles to maintaining comprehensive historical records.

#Treasury Reform and Progress

[biserarose]

Treasury Reform and Progress

Efforts to reform the treasury bore fruit by 1679 A.D. Records from the Topkapi Palace archives demonstrate a significant advancement in organizing Ottoman register books. These books were meticulously arranged in numerical order and provided detailed descriptions of goods, marking a notable improvement compared to previous practices.

Preservation Challenges and Historical Insights

Despite progress, only a few treasury books dating before 1679 A.D. have survived in the Palace archives. These ancient records, dating back to the eras of Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror and Sultan Bayazit II, consist of inventory lists with limited descriptions. The scarcity of these documents raises questions about the preservation of historical records over the centuries (104).

Challenges during Military Campaigns

Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, the Imperial Army engaged in continuous military campaigns. During these expeditions, the treasury played a crucial role, with treasury carts accompanying the army even before the Sultan and his officials. The register books containing records of valuable items, including holy relics, were subject to wear and tear during these arduous campaigns, often leading to their deterioration or loss Private Istanbul Tours.

Historical Records and Absences

While treasury register books from the reigns of Sultan Beyazit II and Yavuz Sultan Selim are available, records from the periods of Magnificent Suleyman, Murat III, Selim II, and Murat IV are notably absent. The reasons behind this discrepancy remain unclear. It raises questions about whether such records were maintained or if they were discarded for unknown reasons. The proverb “He was so wealthy that he was not aware of his properties’ accounts” highlights the challenges of managing the vast riches flowing into the empire during these prosperous periods.

In conclusion, while efforts were made to improve treasury management and record-keeping, challenges such as preservation during military campaigns and the sheer volume of wealth entering the empire posed significant obstacles to maintaining comprehensive historical records.

#Treasury Reform and Progress

[socialmgame]

Treasury Reform and Progress

Efforts to reform the treasury bore fruit by 1679 A.D. Records from the Topkapi Palace archives demonstrate a significant advancement in organizing Ottoman register books. These books were meticulously arranged in numerical order and provided detailed descriptions of goods, marking a notable improvement compared to previous practices.

Preservation Challenges and Historical Insights

Despite progress, only a few treasury books dating before 1679 A.D. have survived in the Palace archives. These ancient records, dating back to the eras of Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror and Sultan Bayazit II, consist of inventory lists with limited descriptions. The scarcity of these documents raises questions about the preservation of historical records over the centuries (104).

Challenges during Military Campaigns

Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, the Imperial Army engaged in continuous military campaigns. During these expeditions, the treasury played a crucial role, with treasury carts accompanying the army even before the Sultan and his officials. The register books containing records of valuable items, including holy relics, were subject to wear and tear during these arduous campaigns, often leading to their deterioration or loss Private Istanbul Tours.

Historical Records and Absences

While treasury register books from the reigns of Sultan Beyazit II and Yavuz Sultan Selim are available, records from the periods of Magnificent Suleyman, Murat III, Selim II, and Murat IV are notably absent. The reasons behind this discrepancy remain unclear. It raises questions about whether such records were maintained or if they were discarded for unknown reasons. The proverb “He was so wealthy that he was not aware of his properties’ accounts” highlights the challenges of managing the vast riches flowing into the empire during these prosperous periods.

In conclusion, while efforts were made to improve treasury management and record-keeping, challenges such as preservation during military campaigns and the sheer volume of wealth entering the empire posed significant obstacles to maintaining comprehensive historical records.

#Treasury Reform and Progress

[vasilkalazarova]

Treasury Reform and Progress

Efforts to reform the treasury bore fruit by 1679 A.D. Records from the Topkapi Palace archives demonstrate a significant advancement in organizing Ottoman register books. These books were meticulously arranged in numerical order and provided detailed descriptions of goods, marking a notable improvement compared to previous practices.

Preservation Challenges and Historical Insights

Despite progress, only a few treasury books dating before 1679 A.D. have survived in the Palace archives. These ancient records, dating back to the eras of Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror and Sultan Bayazit II, consist of inventory lists with limited descriptions. The scarcity of these documents raises questions about the preservation of historical records over the centuries (104).

Challenges during Military Campaigns

Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, the Imperial Army engaged in continuous military campaigns. During these expeditions, the treasury played a crucial role, with treasury carts accompanying the army even before the Sultan and his officials. The register books containing records of valuable items, including holy relics, were subject to wear and tear during these arduous campaigns, often leading to their deterioration or loss Private Istanbul Tours.

Historical Records and Absences

While treasury register books from the reigns of Sultan Beyazit II and Yavuz Sultan Selim are available, records from the periods of Magnificent Suleyman, Murat III, Selim II, and Murat IV are notably absent. The reasons behind this discrepancy remain unclear. It raises questions about whether such records were maintained or if they were discarded for unknown reasons. The proverb “He was so wealthy that he was not aware of his properties’ accounts” highlights the challenges of managing the vast riches flowing into the empire during these prosperous periods.

In conclusion, while efforts were made to improve treasury management and record-keeping, challenges such as preservation during military campaigns and the sheer volume of wealth entering the empire posed significant obstacles to maintaining comprehensive historical records.

#Treasury Reform and Progress

[lovelybiljina]

Treasury Reform and Progress

Efforts to reform the treasury bore fruit by 1679 A.D. Records from the Topkapi Palace archives demonstrate a significant advancement in organizing Ottoman register books. These books were meticulously arranged in numerical order and provided detailed descriptions of goods, marking a notable improvement compared to previous practices.

Preservation Challenges and Historical Insights

Despite progress, only a few treasury books dating before 1679 A.D. have survived in the Palace archives. These ancient records, dating back to the eras of Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror and Sultan Bayazit II, consist of inventory lists with limited descriptions. The scarcity of these documents raises questions about the preservation of historical records over the centuries (104).

Challenges during Military Campaigns

Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, the Imperial Army engaged in continuous military campaigns. During these expeditions, the treasury played a crucial role, with treasury carts accompanying the army even before the Sultan and his officials. The register books containing records of valuable items, including holy relics, were subject to wear and tear during these arduous campaigns, often leading to their deterioration or loss Private Istanbul Tours.

Historical Records and Absences

While treasury register books from the reigns of Sultan Beyazit II and Yavuz Sultan Selim are available, records from the periods of Magnificent Suleyman, Murat III, Selim II, and Murat IV are notably absent. The reasons behind this discrepancy remain unclear. It raises questions about whether such records were maintained or if they were discarded for unknown reasons. The proverb “He was so wealthy that he was not aware of his properties’ accounts” highlights the challenges of managing the vast riches flowing into the empire during these prosperous periods.

In conclusion, while efforts were made to improve treasury management and record-keeping, challenges such as preservation during military campaigns and the sheer volume of wealth entering the empire posed significant obstacles to maintaining comprehensive historical records.

#Treasury Reform and Progress

[livelifesofia]

Treasury Reform and Progress

Efforts to reform the treasury bore fruit by 1679 A.D. Records from the Topkapi Palace archives demonstrate a significant advancement in organizing Ottoman register books. These books were meticulously arranged in numerical order and provided detailed descriptions of goods, marking a notable improvement compared to previous practices.

Preservation Challenges and Historical Insights

Despite progress, only a few treasury books dating before 1679 A.D. have survived in the Palace archives. These ancient records, dating back to the eras of Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror and Sultan Bayazit II, consist of inventory lists with limited descriptions. The scarcity of these documents raises questions about the preservation of historical records over the centuries (104).

Challenges during Military Campaigns

Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, the Imperial Army engaged in continuous military campaigns. During these expeditions, the treasury played a crucial role, with treasury carts accompanying the army even before the Sultan and his officials. The register books containing records of valuable items, including holy relics, were subject to wear and tear during these arduous campaigns, often leading to their deterioration or loss Private Istanbul Tours.

Historical Records and Absences

While treasury register books from the reigns of Sultan Beyazit II and Yavuz Sultan Selim are available, records from the periods of Magnificent Suleyman, Murat III, Selim II, and Murat IV are notably absent. The reasons behind this discrepancy remain unclear. It raises questions about whether such records were maintained or if they were discarded for unknown reasons. The proverb “He was so wealthy that he was not aware of his properties’ accounts” highlights the challenges of managing the vast riches flowing into the empire during these prosperous periods.

In conclusion, while efforts were made to improve treasury management and record-keeping, challenges such as preservation during military campaigns and the sheer volume of wealth entering the empire posed significant obstacles to maintaining comprehensive historical records.

#Treasury Reform and Progress

[nightsofia]

Treasury Reform and Progress

Efforts to reform the treasury bore fruit by 1679 A.D. Records from the Topkapi Palace archives demonstrate a significant advancement in organizing Ottoman register books. These books were meticulously arranged in numerical order and provided detailed descriptions of goods, marking a notable improvement compared to previous practices.

Preservation Challenges and Historical Insights

Despite progress, only a few treasury books dating before 1679 A.D. have survived in the Palace archives. These ancient records, dating back to the eras of Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror and Sultan Bayazit II, consist of inventory lists with limited descriptions. The scarcity of these documents raises questions about the preservation of historical records over the centuries (104).

Challenges during Military Campaigns

Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, the Imperial Army engaged in continuous military campaigns. During these expeditions, the treasury played a crucial role, with treasury carts accompanying the army even before the Sultan and his officials. The register books containing records of valuable items, including holy relics, were subject to wear and tear during these arduous campaigns, often leading to their deterioration or loss Private Istanbul Tours.

Historical Records and Absences

While treasury register books from the reigns of Sultan Beyazit II and Yavuz Sultan Selim are available, records from the periods of Magnificent Suleyman, Murat III, Selim II, and Murat IV are notably absent. The reasons behind this discrepancy remain unclear. It raises questions about whether such records were maintained or if they were discarded for unknown reasons. The proverb “He was so wealthy that he was not aware of his properties’ accounts” highlights the challenges of managing the vast riches flowing into the empire during these prosperous periods.

In conclusion, while efforts were made to improve treasury management and record-keeping, challenges such as preservation during military campaigns and the sheer volume of wealth entering the empire posed significant obstacles to maintaining comprehensive historical records.

#Treasury Reform and Progress

[everyworlds]

Treasury Reform and Progress

Efforts to reform the treasury bore fruit by 1679 A.D. Records from the Topkapi Palace archives demonstrate a significant advancement in organizing Ottoman register books. These books were meticulously arranged in numerical order and provided detailed descriptions of goods, marking a notable improvement compared to previous practices.

Preservation Challenges and Historical Insights

Despite progress, only a few treasury books dating before 1679 A.D. have survived in the Palace archives. These ancient records, dating back to the eras of Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror and Sultan Bayazit II, consist of inventory lists with limited descriptions. The scarcity of these documents raises questions about the preservation of historical records over the centuries (104).

Challenges during Military Campaigns

Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, the Imperial Army engaged in continuous military campaigns. During these expeditions, the treasury played a crucial role, with treasury carts accompanying the army even before the Sultan and his officials. The register books containing records of valuable items, including holy relics, were subject to wear and tear during these arduous campaigns, often leading to their deterioration or loss Private Istanbul Tours.

Historical Records and Absences

While treasury register books from the reigns of Sultan Beyazit II and Yavuz Sultan Selim are available, records from the periods of Magnificent Suleyman, Murat III, Selim II, and Murat IV are notably absent. The reasons behind this discrepancy remain unclear. It raises questions about whether such records were maintained or if they were discarded for unknown reasons. The proverb “He was so wealthy that he was not aware of his properties’ accounts” highlights the challenges of managing the vast riches flowing into the empire during these prosperous periods.

In conclusion, while efforts were made to improve treasury management and record-keeping, challenges such as preservation during military campaigns and the sheer volume of wealth entering the empire posed significant obstacles to maintaining comprehensive historical records.

#Treasury Reform and Progress

[delicioutravel]

Treasury Reform and Progress

Efforts to reform the treasury bore fruit by 1679 A.D. Records from the Topkapi Palace archives demonstrate a significant advancement in organizing Ottoman register books. These books were meticulously arranged in numerical order and provided detailed descriptions of goods, marking a notable improvement compared to previous practices.

Preservation Challenges and Historical Insights

Despite progress, only a few treasury books dating before 1679 A.D. have survived in the Palace archives. These ancient records, dating back to the eras of Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror and Sultan Bayazit II, consist of inventory lists with limited descriptions. The scarcity of these documents raises questions about the preservation of historical records over the centuries (104).

Challenges during Military Campaigns

Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, the Imperial Army engaged in continuous military campaigns. During these expeditions, the treasury played a crucial role, with treasury carts accompanying the army even before the Sultan and his officials. The register books containing records of valuable items, including holy relics, were subject to wear and tear during these arduous campaigns, often leading to their deterioration or loss Private Istanbul Tours.

Historical Records and Absences

While treasury register books from the reigns of Sultan Beyazit II and Yavuz Sultan Selim are available, records from the periods of Magnificent Suleyman, Murat III, Selim II, and Murat IV are notably absent. The reasons behind this discrepancy remain unclear. It raises questions about whether such records were maintained or if they were discarded for unknown reasons. The proverb “He was so wealthy that he was not aware of his properties’ accounts” highlights the challenges of managing the vast riches flowing into the empire during these prosperous periods.

In conclusion, while efforts were made to improve treasury management and record-keeping, challenges such as preservation during military campaigns and the sheer volume of wealth entering the empire posed significant obstacles to maintaining comprehensive historical records.

#Treasury Reform and Progress

[foodandwinebg]

Treasury Reform and Progress

Efforts to reform the treasury bore fruit by 1679 A.D. Records from the Topkapi Palace archives demonstrate a significant advancement in organizing Ottoman register books. These books were meticulously arranged in numerical order and provided detailed descriptions of goods, marking a notable improvement compared to previous practices.

Preservation Challenges and Historical Insights

Despite progress, only a few treasury books dating before 1679 A.D. have survived in the Palace archives. These ancient records, dating back to the eras of Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror and Sultan Bayazit II, consist of inventory lists with limited descriptions. The scarcity of these documents raises questions about the preservation of historical records over the centuries (104).

Challenges during Military Campaigns

Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, the Imperial Army engaged in continuous military campaigns. During these expeditions, the treasury played a crucial role, with treasury carts accompanying the army even before the Sultan and his officials. The register books containing records of valuable items, including holy relics, were subject to wear and tear during these arduous campaigns, often leading to their deterioration or loss Private Istanbul Tours.

Historical Records and Absences

While treasury register books from the reigns of Sultan Beyazit II and Yavuz Sultan Selim are available, records from the periods of Magnificent Suleyman, Murat III, Selim II, and Murat IV are notably absent. The reasons behind this discrepancy remain unclear. It raises questions about whether such records were maintained or if they were discarded for unknown reasons. The proverb “He was so wealthy that he was not aware of his properties’ accounts” highlights the challenges of managing the vast riches flowing into the empire during these prosperous periods.

In conclusion, while efforts were made to improve treasury management and record-keeping, challenges such as preservation during military campaigns and the sheer volume of wealth entering the empire posed significant obstacles to maintaining comprehensive historical records.

#Treasury Reform and Progress

[mirelasite]

Treasury Reform and Progress

Efforts to reform the treasury bore fruit by 1679 A.D. Records from the Topkapi Palace archives demonstrate a significant advancement in organizing Ottoman register books. These books were meticulously arranged in numerical order and provided detailed descriptions of goods, marking a notable improvement compared to previous practices.

Preservation Challenges and Historical Insights

Despite progress, only a few treasury books dating before 1679 A.D. have survived in the Palace archives. These ancient records, dating back to the eras of Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror and Sultan Bayazit II, consist of inventory lists with limited descriptions. The scarcity of these documents raises questions about the preservation of historical records over the centuries (104).

Challenges during Military Campaigns

Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, the Imperial Army engaged in continuous military campaigns. During these expeditions, the treasury played a crucial role, with treasury carts accompanying the army even before the Sultan and his officials. The register books containing records of valuable items, including holy relics, were subject to wear and tear during these arduous campaigns, often leading to their deterioration or loss Private Istanbul Tours.

Historical Records and Absences

While treasury register books from the reigns of Sultan Beyazit II and Yavuz Sultan Selim are available, records from the periods of Magnificent Suleyman, Murat III, Selim II, and Murat IV are notably absent. The reasons behind this discrepancy remain unclear. It raises questions about whether such records were maintained or if they were discarded for unknown reasons. The proverb “He was so wealthy that he was not aware of his properties’ accounts” highlights the challenges of managing the vast riches flowing into the empire during these prosperous periods.

In conclusion, while efforts were made to improve treasury management and record-keeping, challenges such as preservation during military campaigns and the sheer volume of wealth entering the empire posed significant obstacles to maintaining comprehensive historical records.

#Treasury Reform and Progress

[treelifestyle]

Treasury Reform and Progress

Efforts to reform the treasury bore fruit by 1679 A.D. Records from the Topkapi Palace archives demonstrate a significant advancement in organizing Ottoman register books. These books were meticulously arranged in numerical order and provided detailed descriptions of goods, marking a notable improvement compared to previous practices.

Preservation Challenges and Historical Insights

Despite progress, only a few treasury books dating before 1679 A.D. have survived in the Palace archives. These ancient records, dating back to the eras of Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror and Sultan Bayazit II, consist of inventory lists with limited descriptions. The scarcity of these documents raises questions about the preservation of historical records over the centuries (104).

Challenges during Military Campaigns

Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, the Imperial Army engaged in continuous military campaigns. During these expeditions, the treasury played a crucial role, with treasury carts accompanying the army even before the Sultan and his officials. The register books containing records of valuable items, including holy relics, were subject to wear and tear during these arduous campaigns, often leading to their deterioration or loss Private Istanbul Tours.

Historical Records and Absences

While treasury register books from the reigns of Sultan Beyazit II and Yavuz Sultan Selim are available, records from the periods of Magnificent Suleyman, Murat III, Selim II, and Murat IV are notably absent. The reasons behind this discrepancy remain unclear. It raises questions about whether such records were maintained or if they were discarded for unknown reasons. The proverb “He was so wealthy that he was not aware of his properties’ accounts” highlights the challenges of managing the vast riches flowing into the empire during these prosperous periods.

In conclusion, while efforts were made to improve treasury management and record-keeping, challenges such as preservation during military campaigns and the sheer volume of wealth entering the empire posed significant obstacles to maintaining comprehensive historical records.

#Treasury Reform and Progress

[bulgariaturkey]

Treasury Reform and Progress

Efforts to reform the treasury bore fruit by 1679 A.D. Records from the Topkapi Palace archives demonstrate a significant advancement in organizing Ottoman register books. These books were meticulously arranged in numerical order and provided detailed descriptions of goods, marking a notable improvement compared to previous practices.

Preservation Challenges and Historical Insights

Despite progress, only a few treasury books dating before 1679 A.D. have survived in the Palace archives. These ancient records, dating back to the eras of Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror and Sultan Bayazit II, consist of inventory lists with limited descriptions. The scarcity of these documents raises questions about the preservation of historical records over the centuries (104).

Challenges during Military Campaigns

Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, the Imperial Army engaged in continuous military campaigns. During these expeditions, the treasury played a crucial role, with treasury carts accompanying the army even before the Sultan and his officials. The register books containing records of valuable items, including holy relics, were subject to wear and tear during these arduous campaigns, often leading to their deterioration or loss Private Istanbul Tours.

Historical Records and Absences

While treasury register books from the reigns of Sultan Beyazit II and Yavuz Sultan Selim are available, records from the periods of Magnificent Suleyman, Murat III, Selim II, and Murat IV are notably absent. The reasons behind this discrepancy remain unclear. It raises questions about whether such records were maintained or if they were discarded for unknown reasons. The proverb “He was so wealthy that he was not aware of his properties’ accounts” highlights the challenges of managing the vast riches flowing into the empire during these prosperous periods.

In conclusion, while efforts were made to improve treasury management and record-keeping, challenges such as preservation during military campaigns and the sheer volume of wealth entering the empire posed significant obstacles to maintaining comprehensive historical records.

#Treasury Reform and Progress

[bluebisera]

Treasury Reform and Progress

Efforts to reform the treasury bore fruit by 1679 A.D. Records from the Topkapi Palace archives demonstrate a significant advancement in organizing Ottoman register books. These books were meticulously arranged in numerical order and provided detailed descriptions of goods, marking a notable improvement compared to previous practices.

Preservation Challenges and Historical Insights

Despite progress, only a few treasury books dating before 1679 A.D. have survived in the Palace archives. These ancient records, dating back to the eras of Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror and Sultan Bayazit II, consist of inventory lists with limited descriptions. The scarcity of these documents raises questions about the preservation of historical records over the centuries (104).

Challenges during Military Campaigns

Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, the Imperial Army engaged in continuous military campaigns. During these expeditions, the treasury played a crucial role, with treasury carts accompanying the army even before the Sultan and his officials. The register books containing records of valuable items, including holy relics, were subject to wear and tear during these arduous campaigns, often leading to their deterioration or loss Private Istanbul Tours.

Historical Records and Absences

While treasury register books from the reigns of Sultan Beyazit II and Yavuz Sultan Selim are available, records from the periods of Magnificent Suleyman, Murat III, Selim II, and Murat IV are notably absent. The reasons behind this discrepancy remain unclear. It raises questions about whether such records were maintained or if they were discarded for unknown reasons. The proverb “He was so wealthy that he was not aware of his properties’ accounts” highlights the challenges of managing the vast riches flowing into the empire during these prosperous periods.

In conclusion, while efforts were made to improve treasury management and record-keeping, challenges such as preservation during military campaigns and the sheer volume of wealth entering the empire posed significant obstacles to maintaining comprehensive historical records.

#Treasury Reform and Progress

[presidentialchampionstournment]

Buren: Martin Van Buren, the eighth President of the United States, served from 1837 to 1841. His presidency was marked by economic challenges, particularly the Panic of 1837, a severe financial crisis with widespread consequences, including bank failures and unemployment. Van Buren's response to the economic downturn faced criticism, and his policies, such as the Independent Treasury System, aimed at addressing financial instability, were met with mixed success. Additionally, Van Buren grappled with the complex issue of slavery in the territories, attempting to maintain a delicate balance between northern and southern interests.

Roosevelt: Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th President of the United States, served from 1901 to 1909. His presidency was characterized by a bold and progressive approach to governance, often referred to as the "Square Deal." Roosevelt advocated for government intervention in business to curb monopolistic practices and ensure fair competition. He initiated antitrust suits against major corporations, earning a reputation as a "trustbuster." Roosevelt also championed conservation efforts, establishing national parks, monuments, and wildlife reserves. His foreign policy was marked by the construction of the Panama Canal and his mediation in the Russo-Japanese War, earning him the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906. Roosevelt's dynamic leadership style, known as the "bully pulpit," shaped the presidency as a powerful force for positive change. He left an enduring legacy as a progressive reformer, environmentalist, and advocate for social justice.

#I'm gonna keep it real this is gonna be a teddy sweep #polls #random polls #tumblr polls #tumblr poll #my polls #hyperspecific poll #poll time #random poll #us history #usa #america #politics #american history #us politics #usa politics #american politics #history

[ukrfeminism]

5 minute read

The UK’s controversial two-child benefit limit, which restricts welfare payments to larger families in an attempt to force parents to find work, has failed to increase employment levels – but it has left hundreds of thousands of households in poverty, according to the first study of its kind.

The government introduced the two-child limit in 2017, arguing that removing eligibility for benefits worth £3,000 a year per child for a family’s third and subsequent children would “incentivise” parents to move into work, or work more hours to make up the difference.

However, the study says the policy’s impoverishment of larger low-income households has helped few parents get a job – instead, its “main function” has been to push families further into poverty and damage their mental health.

“We found that, rather than increasing employment, the two-child limit increases poverty and hardship – and that this can actually make it harder for parents to take up work,” said Kitty Stewart, a co-author of the study and an associate professor of social policy at the London School of Economics.

The policy – called the “worst social security policy ever” by one academic expert shortly after its introduction – is now estimated to affect about 1.5 million children, with more than a million of them growing up in poverty. More than half the households affected are working families.

The study says the two-child policy fails to understand how and why parents in larger low-income families prioritise caring roles over work. It underplays many of the costs and complications of moving into work while bringing up young children, such as finding accessible and affordable childcare.

It is scathing about the design of the policy, suggesting it relies on theoretical economic models that assume reductions in benefits would automatically increase labour supply through an “income effect” incentive – an effect evidence shows to be weak or non-existent.

In practice, many parents hit by the limit said they found it harder to enter paid work, because they could no longer afford skills training or to buy equipment for fledgling businesses. Financial difficulties caused by the policy also led to a deterioration in their mental health.

A key lesson, the study says, is that “policymakers need to understand the everyday lives of those in receipt of social security before designing and predicting the effects of welfare reforms. A failure to do so can, in cases like this, preclude the main aims of the policy from being realised, while creating significant harms to affected families.”

The architect of the policy, one of many austerity-era benefit reforms, is the former chancellor George Osborne. He announced it in 2015 amid media hysteria surrounding “benefits broods” – large families supposedly having several children to exploit an allegedly overgenerous welfare system.

The policy was later savaged by Tory former welfare reform minister David Freud, who called it “vicious” and an “excrescence”, and said it should be scrapped. He claimed the policy was forced on a reluctant Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) by the Treasury as the price of introducing universal credit.

Research published last year found the two-child limit – hailed by one minister as a way of teaching low-income families that “children cost money” – has had little impact on restricting family size. Since the policy’s introduction, the fertility rate for third and subsequent children born to poorer families has barely fallen.

A DWP spokesperson said: “We want to help more parents to re-enter and progress in work, and encourage them to consider our childcare offers, which we are boosting to help low-income families.

“The two-child policy asks families on benefits to make the same financial decisions as families supporting themselves solely through work, and there continues to be careful exemptions and safeguards in place within the policy to protect people in the most vulnerable circumstances.”