#PRINCE OF FREDERICK JOSEPH OF NAPLES AND SPAIN
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PRINCE FREDERICK JOSEPH OF NAPLES AND SPAIN
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PRINCE FREDERICK JOSEPH AND PRINCESS JEANINE OF NAPLES AND SPAIN
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PRINCE FREDERICK JOSEPH, AND PRINCESS JEANINE OF NAPLES AND SPAIN
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PRINCE FREDERICK JOSEPH OF NAPLES AND SPAIN , FOLIES BERGERE PARIS
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PRINCE FREDERICK JOSEPH OF NAPLES AND SPAIN , WITH VETERAN FILM AND TELEVISION STAR CESAR ROMERO “CIRCUS OF THE STARS“
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World War I (Part 4): The Hapsburgs
The first known Hapsburg was Guntram the Rich, a member of the noble Etichonid family. He lived during the 900's, and was a count in Breisgau (SW Germany).
In 1273, one of Guntram's descendants became the first Hapsburg monarch – King Rudolf I of Germany. His eldest son, Albert I, succeeded him on the German throne in 1298. His second son, Rudolf II, ruled Austria as the Duke of Austria from 1282-83. He shared this title with Albert I, who succeeded him.
After this, the Hapsburgs were always royal, and always ruled various countries. Their kingships included Austria, Germany, Bohemia, Hungary and Spain. They would be emperors for over 4.5 centuries (with short interruptions). They would reach their peak in the 1500's, dominating Europe and the New World.
The rulers of Germany had fancied the idea of being successors to the Ancient Roman Emperors ever since 800. This was when Charlemagne (Karl der Grosse to the Germans), the barbarian chief of the Franks (a Germanic tribe) went to Rome and had himself crowned Emperor Charles.
Before that, in the 300's & 400's, the Franks had overrun the Roman Empire, and gained control of most of what is now Italy. They continued to control this territory even through into modern times.
The greatest honour for a German was to be named Holy Roman Emperor. This title made him overall head of all the fragmented German states, even though it didn't allow him to control Rome.
Frederick III (1415-1493) was the last German Emperor to be crowned in Rome, in 1440, and the second-last Emperor to be crowned by the Pope. He was a member of the Hapsburg family's Austrian branch. The German throne was “elective” – only the hereditary rulers of major German states (including Austria) could vote. The Hapsburgs held the German throne until 1711.
Frederick III was also crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1452 – the first Hapsburg to become the HRE.
And he was also the first Hapsburg to have the famous “Hapsburg lip”, which he apparently inherited from his mother. This protruberance of the lower lip and jaw, sometimes an extremely large one, was from inbreeding. The Hapsburgs were having trouble finding spouses who were “worthy” of them, so they married each other more & more often.
The Hapsburgs tended to gain wealth and territory through marriage rather than war – the Latin saying Bella gerant alii, tu felix Austria nube means “Let others wage wars; you, happy Austria, marry.”
Frederick III was extremely successful at this practice. He married his second son Maximilian I (the eldest, Christoph, had died as a baby) to Mary of Burgundy, who was the heiress of the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Artois & Burgundy regions of modern France. (Maximilian I's second wife was Bianca Maria Sforza, daughter of the duke of Milan.)
Then, Frederick married Maximilian's son Philip I (also called Philip the Handsome) to Isabella I & Ferdinand II's eldest daughter & heir, Joanna of Castile (also called Joanna the Mad). Joanna became Queen of Castile from 1504, and of Aragon from 1516. With this marriage, the Hapsburgs gained Spain, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, and all of Spain's possessions in the New World.
Their eldest son, Emperor Charles V, inherited all of this, and also gained Portugal and Milan. He ruled more of the world than any man had done before then, but it was too much to deal with. So he divided it up.
His eldest son Philip II (1527-98) became King of Spain. His second wife (of four) was Mary I. Charles V's brother, the Emperor Ferdinand I, became the Holy Roman Emperor, and controlled the eastern, German region.
But after that, things started going downhill. The Spanish line died out a few generations later due to inbreeding (which also weakened the German line, but didn't end it). “Insanity” also came into the family, inherited from Joanna of Castile. Charles II (1630-1685) was the last Hapsburg King of Spain, and he married three times but had no children.
The Austrian line did much better, but still had a lot of problems. Louis XIV took all the Hapsburg possessions west of the Rhine, including the provinces of Alsace & Lorraine. The Ottomans invaded Europe and conquered most of the Balkans; they actually reached the gates of Vienna twice before being turned back.
Then the Reformation happened, and Catholic Austria became the enemy of newly-Protestant northern Germany. This was great for Prussia (the leading Protestant state in Europe), which seized important pieces of Hapsburg territory.
During the Napoléonic Wars (1803-15), Napoléon occupied Vienna twice, and seized many of the Hapsburgs' southern possessions. He also took a Hapsburg princess, a grand-niece of Marie Antoinette, as his bride.
Napoléon's successes ended the “fiction” of the Holy Roman Empire. From then on, the Hapsburg monarchs were just Emperors of Austria. After Napoléon's fall, the Congress of Vienna (1814-15) attempted to restore the old order of Europe, and some of the Hapsburgs' most important southern possessions were returned to them, including northern Italy. For the next 30yrs, things went relatively peacefully.
But then in 1848, revolutions erupted across Europe, with the people demanding reform. Most of the major cities in the Hapsburg empire revolted, and for a while it was uncertain if the dynasty would survive. The Emperor Ferdinand I abdicated. His younger brother, the Archduke Franz Karl, was next in line, but the throne went instead to his son, Franz Joseph I, who was 18yrs old. The royalists hoped that he could win the loyalty of their subjects, and he succeeded in this.
Franz Joseph married Elizabeth of Bavaria, and they had four children. However, he contracted gonorrhea on one of his Italian campaigns, and passed it onto her. This was basically the end of their marriage (although unofficially).
In 1859, Italian nationalists drove Austria out of Lombardy. Not long afterwards, Austria lost Tuscany and Modena, too.
In 1866, Austria lost the Austro-Prussian War, and were forced to abandon their ancient claim to ruling Germany.
In 1867, Franz Joseph negotiated with Hungary, and Austria-Hungary was created. In this new state, Hungary wasn't just one of Austria's possessions, but its equal partner in a new dual monarchy. The ruler of Austria-Hungary would be Emperor of Austria and the “apostolic king” of Hungary. The two countries would have their own separate prime ministers & parliaments, but the finance, foreign affairs and war ministries would be centralized in Vienna.
This was a step up for the Magyars (who dominated Hungary), and it gave them a reason to want the empire to survive. But it also caused complications. All important policy decisions had to be approved in Vienna and Budapest. Also, Hungary didn't want anything to weaken their position, and thus they resisted the dual monarchy being turned into a triple one with the Slavs, even though by 1914, 3/5 of the empire's subjects were Slavs (including Serbs, Slovaks, Czechs, Poles and Ukrainians).
Also in 1867, Maximilian I (Franz Joseph's younger brother) was shot dead by a firing squad in Mexico. Three years earlier, he'd accepted an invitation to go there and become its emperor.
In 1870, Prussia led the German states to victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War. This led the unification of the states and the creation of the German Empire. The King of Prussia became the Kaiser, and Austria was excluded from the rulership. Germany had replaced Austria as the leader of the European powers, and Austria would henceforth be the lesser one in their partnership.
The Archduke Rudolf was Franz Joseph's only son, and the Crown Prince to the throne. He was a drug addict and deeply troubled, and he had also contracted syphilis and infected his wife with it, making her sterile. In 1889, he and his teenage mistress committed suicide together. He left no male heir.
In 1898, Empress Elisabeth was stabbed to death by an Italian anarchist. He had wanted to kill King Umberto I of Italy, but failed to raise the train fare to Rome, so decided to kill her instead. Then two years later, the Archduke Franz Ferdinand insisted on marrying Sophie Chotek. Their marriage was morganatic, with their children being excluded from the succession.
In 1914, Franz Joseph was 84yrs old, one of the longest-reigning monarchs in history. He rose before dawn, said his morning prayers, and began working at 5am every day. He was devoted to preserving his ancestors' traditions: they were his heritage, and there was no-one else to do so. Sometimes he spoke of wishing to die: once he said to Conrad that “all are dying, only I can't die.” Conrad replied that he was grateful for the emperor's long life, but Franz Joseph replied, “Yes, yes, but one is so alone then.”
#book: a world undone#history#military history#ww1#napoléonic wars#revolutions of 1848#1848 austrian revolution#austro-prussian war#franco-prussian war#germany#franks#italy#austria#spain#hungary#austria-hungary#prussia#hapsburg dynasty#suicide tw
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January 13 in Music History
1683 Birth of German composer Johann Christoph Graupner in Kirchberg.
1690 Birth of German composer Gottfried Heinrich Stolzel in Grünstadtl.
1726 FP of J. S. Bach's Sacred Cantata No. 32 Liebster Jesu, mein Verlangenon the 1st Sunday following Epiphany in Bach's third annual Sacred Cantata cycle in Leipzig 1725-27.
1727 Birth of German composer Johann Christoph Schmugel in Pritzier.
1734 Birth of Croatian composer Luka Sorkocevic in Dubrovnik.
1762 Death of composer Leonhard Trautsch, at 68.
1775 FP of W. A. Mozart's opera La finta giardiniera 'The Feigned Gardener', at the Opernhaus St. Salvator in Munich.
1778 Birth of composer Anton Fischer.
1780 FP of Mozart's "Die verstellte Gärtnerin" singspiel, Augsburg.
1788 Birth of composer Carl Ludwig Cornelius Westenholz.
1795 Death of composer Francois-Joseph Krafft, at 73.
1811 FP of Beethoven's Fifth Piano Concerto, Carl Czerny in Vienna.
1815 Birth of mezzo-soprano Rosine Stoltz in Paris.
1822 Birth of mezzo-soprano Elise Polko in Leipzig.
1824 Birth of Polish cellist and composer Ignacy Marceli Komorowski in Warsaw.
1828 Death of English composer Elizabeth Anspach in Naples, Italy.
1828 Death of French composer Alexandre-Auguste Robineau, at age 80.
1838 Death of German composer Ferdinand Reis, at age 53, in Frankfurt.
1842 Birth of German pianist and composer Heinrich Hoffmann in Berlin.
1850 Birth of Australian composer Leon Francis Victor Caron.
1864 Death of American composer Stephen Collins Foster in NYC.
1870 Birth of Polish composer and conductor Henryk Opienski.
1873 FP of Rimsky-Korsakov's opera The Maid of Pskov.
1882 German composer Richard Wagner completes his opera Parsifal.
1883 FP of George Chadwick's Thalia Overture. Boston Symphony.
1893 Birth of Czech composer and organist Jan Evangelista Zelinka in Prague.
1893 Death of soprano Melita Otto.
1895 Birth of Spanish opera singer Fortunio Bonanova, in Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
1895 Birth of Austrian composer Abraham Wolfe Binder.
1896 Birth of tenor Nikolay Pechkovsky in Moscow.
1898 Birth of Italian baritone Carlo Tagliabue in Mariano Comense.
1899 Birth of British-American composer and conductor Laurence Powell.
1900 Birth of composer Yasuji Kiyose.
1901 Death of composer Carlo Angeloni, at 66.
1903 Birth of American tenor Charles Kullman in New Haven Connecticut.
1904 Birth of English composer Richard Addinsell in Oxford.
1904 FP of Bela Bartók's tone-poem Kossuth, with parody of the German national hymn causing outrage, in Budapest.
1906 Birth of composer Maxime Jacob.
1910 First experimental live broadcast of opera. In NYC, from the MET Opera stage, Mascagni's Cavalleria Rusticana and part of Pagliacci, with Enrico Caruso and Emmy Destinn.
1914 Death of Spanish composer Valentin de Zubiaurre y Unionbarrenechea, at age 76, in Madrid.
1917 Birth of Mexican composer Felix Guerrero Diaz.
1917 Death of tenor Albert Niemann.
1923 Birth of Russian cellist Daniel Shifrin.
1931 Birth of tenor Erwin Wohlfahrt in Nurnberg.
1933 Birth of soprano Christiane Sorell in Vienna.
1935 FP of Roy Harris's overture When Johnny Comes Marching Home the final version, by the Minneapolis Symphony and chorus under Eugene Ormandy.
1936 Birth of Italian baritone Renato Bruson near Padua.
1936 Birth of composer Ami Maayani.
1938 Birth of Finnish composer Paavo Heininen in Helsinki.
1938 American debut of pianist Rudolf Firkusny.
1943 Birth of composer William Duckworth.
1944 FP of Igor Stravinsky's Circus Polka for orchestra and Four Norwegian Moods at the Garden Theatre. Boston Symphony conducted by the composer in Cambridge, MA.
1945 Death of baritone Alfred Kase.
1945 FP of Sergei Prokofiev's 5th Symphony.
1951 Birth of English composer Gary Carpenter in Hackney, London.
1954 Birth of English composer Richard Blackford in London.
1954 Death of composer Roland Diggle, at 69.
1961 Birth of English organist, pianist and conductor Wayne Marshall.
1971 Birth of tenor Domonic Natoli.
1971 Death of French composer Henri Tomasi, at age 69, in Paris.
1971 Death of English composer Robert Still, at age 60.
1973 Birth of tenor Juan Diego Flores in Lima,Peru.
1974 Death of Canadian tenor Raoul Jobin in Quebec, age 67.
1976 Death of soprano Lily Pons.
1976 American conductor Sarah Caldwell is 1st woman to conduct at NY's Metropolitan Opera. She led the MET orchestra and singers in a performance of La Traviata.
1980 Birth of England based, Polish conductor and organist Krzysztof Czerwinski.
1980 Death of conductor Andre Kostelanetz, at 78 in Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
1992 Death of soprano Rachaeli Mori.
1993 Death of Brazilian composer Camargo Guarnieri in São Paulo.
1994 Death of English musicologist Frederick William Sternfeld, at 79.
2000 FP of Richard Danielpour's Voices of Remembrance for string quartet and orchestra. Guarneri String Quartet and the National Symphony, Leonard Slatkin conducting in Washington, D.C.
2002 FP of Robert Kapilow's Louisiana Purchase by Louisiana Philharmonic, Baton Rouge, LA.
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