#Open Acess journals

[juniperpublishers-nutrition]

Obesity in Obstetrics

Mini review

The people in industrialized countries have experienced a dramatic increase in obesity in recent times. Prevalence of obesity has doubled in the last 25 years. In the United States, 17-th on the list of most obese places in the world - average BMI 28.8 Kg/m2, more than 60% of reproductive-age women are overweight and 35% are obese, representing a 70% increase in pre-pregnancy obesity. In Romania, 75th on the list- average BMI is 22.2 Kg/m2, the lowest average BMI in the European Union (9.4% obesity in 2016). [1] One of three Romanians is overweight, and one of four is obese. There are over 3.5 million obese in Romania. The highest obesity rate is recorded in Moldova, where the percentage is 23.8%. Only 10% of them see a doctor. Only one percent are included in a national obesity education program [2].

Not all ethnic groups are at equal risk. Of particular concern is the rapid increase in adolescent overweight and obesity. Concordantly, pregnancy obesity rates are also increasing. Obesity is associated with increased morbidity and 6- to 12-fold increase in mortality. Obesity is highly complex in terms of etiology and prevalence. Genetic predisposition, race, socioeconomic status, built environment (e.g., the presence of sidewalks or community design), accessibility of healthy and affordable foods, sleep habits, and geographic region all play a role. Lifestyle changes, which include consuming foods and beverages with a high glycemic index, increased food portion sizes, decreased structured physical activity, and increased screen-based sedentary behavior, have influenced the prevalence of obesity.

Antenatal Monitoring

An evaluation of dietary intake and exercise habits can provide insight into women at risk. All pregnant women without contraindications should participate in regular exercise. During prenatal visits women should be questioned and advised about their diet and exercise habits. Where available, nutritional counselling can be a helpful adjunct for women not meeting the weight gain recommendations.

The sonographer’s ability to evaluate fetal structures is largely dependent on maternal size. Approximately 15% of normally visible structures will be sub optimally seen in women with a BMI above the 90th percentile. In women with a BMI above the 97.5th percentile, only 63% of structures are well visualized. Obstetric care providers should take BMI into consideration when arranging for fetal anatomic assessment in the second trimester. Anatomic assessment at 20 to 22 weeks may be a better choice for the obese pregnant patient.

Use all available technical tools improving image quality in obesity: lower transducer emission frequencies; harmonic imaging; compound imaging; speckle reduction filters. Consider approaching the fetus through the four major abdominal areas with least subcutaneous fat: periumbilical area, suprapubic area, right and left iliac fossae. Consider using the transvaginal approach for the assessment of the central nervous system (CNS) in fetuses in vertex presentation.

Gently inform the patient and her partner that obesity will reduce the diagnostic accuracy of the scan. Consider including the BMI value among the demographic data in the report to document the presence or absence of maternal obesity. Report other cofactors of limited acoustic window, such as previous cesarean section (for the scar), twinning and myomata.

Pregnancy Complications

The risk of spontaneous abortion is increased in obese women. Lashen et al. identified an odds ratio for spontaneous abortion of 1.2 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.46) for obese women (BMI > 30 kg/m2). The authors also identified an increased risk of recurrent early miscarriages (more than 3 successive miscarriages < 12 weeks’ gestation) in the obese population, odds ratio 3.5 (95% CI 1.03to 12.01).[8] Similar risks have been identified in obese women undergoing in vitro fertilization treatment [3].

Pre-gestational diabetes is more prevalent in obese women. Therefore, testing during early in pregnancy for women with risk factors is recommended. Obese women are also at increased risk of developing gestational diabetes (GDM). Not surprisingly, obese women are also at increased risk of having a macrosomic child. Physical activity is inexpensive and can significantly reduce the risk of gestational diabetes. More relevant to the obese population, they also reported a 34% reduction in the development of gestational diabetes in women who did not participate in vigorous exercise but who did participate in brisk walking compared with those who participated in easy pace walking. Women with GDM have a 30% chance of developing type 2 diabetes later in life [4].

Intrapartum Complications and Management

Macrosomia and shoulder dystocia

The use of antenatal ultrasound to detect fetal macrosomia is associated with such obstetric interventions as labor induction and cesarean section. The rate of cesarean section is affected. Higher cesarean section is more frequent when ultrasound examination indicates a macrosomic fetus.

Fetal monitoring

The obese abdominal wall may make monitoring more difficult than in other cases, and of course, the positive predictive value of antenatal testing (e.g. cardiotocography, nonstress testing, biophysical profile assessment) is limited. There is no evidence to support the routine use of internal fetal monitoring in this population, but it may be more effective in some women. Monitoring contractions and ensuring adequate labor in obese women poses a special challenge. Obese women require more oxytocin in labor. Consider allowing longer first stage of labor before performing a cesarean for labor arrest. Although most obstetric care providers rely on manual palpation and/or external tocometry, the use of an intrauterine pressure catheter may be advantageous in some cases.

Cesarean section

The risk of cesarean section is increased in the obese parturient. The increase in cesarean section rate may be partly due to the fact that overweight and obese nulliparous women have a slower progression of the first stage of labor. When faced with lack of descent in the second stage of labor, some practitioners may opt for cesarean section rather than operative vaginal delivery because of concerns about fetal macrosomia and shoulder dystocia. This may explain the low rate of operative vaginal delivery in some series [5]. Obese women undergoing caesarean section experience more complications, including blood loss > 1000 mL, increased operative time, increased postoperative wound infection and endometritis, and need for vertical skin incision. The obese diabetic women who undergo cesarean section have an odds ratio for postoperative wound infection of 9.3 (95% CI 4.5 to 19.2), and those who require a vertical skin incision have a 12% rate of wound complication serious enough to require opening the incision [6].

For morbidly obese patients, two standard 50-cm-width operating tables secured together may be necessary. Specially constructed wider operating tables would be ideal. Weighing scales suited for obese patients are necessary not only to measure weight and evaluate weight gain during pregnancy, but also for calculating medication dosages. A wider delivery bed that is easy to move around and that may be used at all stages of delivery, including cesarean section, without the need to move the patient into another bed is most useful. Nursing care of obese patients requires ergonomic adaptation and knowledge about the special risks involved in caring for these patients. More trained nurses are necessary to care for morbidly obese patients.

The decision-to-delivery interval may be longer when an emergent or urgent cesarean section is required in obese parturient. Causes for this delay may include patient transport and bed transfer, the time to establish adequate anesthesia, and the operative time from incision to delivery. The 30-minute rule of emergency cesarean section is an arbitrary threshold rather than an evidence-based standard.

Vaginal birth after cesarean section

In the absence of contraindications, women who have had their first child by cesarean section are asked to consider vaginal birth in subsequent pregnancies. The success of vaginal birth after cesarean section is commonly quoted at 80% [7]. Obese women are less likely than their lean peers to be successful in delivering vaginally after previous cesarean section (VBAC). In women with a BMI > 29 kg/m2 the success rate is 54% to 68% [8]. The success rate is further reduced in even heavier women. Chauhan et al. found a 13% VBAC success rate in women >300 lbs (136 kg) [9].

Thromboembolism

The risk of thromboembolism is high in obese parturients. Edwards et al. reported 683 obese women (BMI > 29 kg/m2) who were matched to 660 normal weight women (BMI 19.8 to 26.0 kg/m2). The incidence of thromboembolism was 2.5% in the obese women, and only 0.6% in the controls.[29] BMI >30 plus one additional risk factor qualify for seven days of postpartum Clexane; BMI >30 plus two additional risk factors require Clexane antenatally and for 6 weeks postpartum; BMI>40 should be regarded as already having two risk factors. Clexane dosage should be calculated by weight:

Early mobilization and T.E.D. anti-embolism stockings are clinically proven to reduce the incidence of deep vein thrombosis by up to 50% and to promote increased blood flow velocity in the legs 138% of baseline by compression of the deep venous system.

Perinatal outcomes

Maternal obesity is also an established risk factor for stillbirth. The reported risk of stillbirth is 2-5 times higher in obese compared with normal-weight women. The risk of stillbirth associated with obesity increases with gestational age. Infant mortality rates increase from 2.4/1000 among normal weight women (BMI 18.5-24.9) to 5.8/1000 among women with grade 3 obesity (BMI ≥ 40.0). Maternal overweight and obesity are associated with increased risks of infant mortality due to increased mortality risk in term births and an increased prevalence of preterm births. Maternal obesity may increase the risk for intellectual disability or cognitive deficits in offspring from 1.3- to 3.6-fold. Maternal prepregnancy obesity and high gestational weight gain of > 18 kg was associated with a 3-fold increase in offspring IQ deficit (mean of 6.5 points lower) [10]. The majority of studies that have examined a link between high maternal BMI and childhood diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders have found a significant positive association. This risk may be further augmented by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), preterm birth, high gestational weight gain, gestational or pre-gestational diabetes, and preeclampsia [11].

Conclusion

A national information campaign is required to exploit women’s interest in having as healthy a pregnancy as possible by giving them the information they need to become fit and have a normal BMI before they consider pregnancy. Periodic health check-ups and other appointments for gynecologic care prior to pregnancy offer ideal opportunities to raise the issue of weight loss before conception. Women should be encouraged to enter pregnancy with a BMI < 30 kg/m2, and ideally < 25 kg/m2. Although obesity is not an indication for the transfer of routine obstetric care, consultation with or referral to physicians with expertise in obesity may be appropriate if the obstetrician cannot safely and effectively care for the patient because of the lack of the specialized training, experience or institutional resources.

To Know More About Nutrition and Food Science International Journal 

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#food toxicology #health claims #food safety #food microbiology #Juniper Publishers #open acess journals

[juniperpublishersna]

A Cross-Sectional Study of Cephalosporin Prescriptions for the Treatment of Respiratory and Urinary Tract Infections in Two Sudanese Hospitals

Abstract

Cephalosporins representing a wide variety of β-lactam antibiotics. Cephalosporins have some desirable features, including a convenience of administration, a reasonably broad spectrum of efficacy and a low incidence of toxicity. A descriptive cross-sectional study on the usage of cephalosporin for the treatment of respiratory tract infections (RTI) and urinary tract infections (UTI) was conducted at Ibnsinaa and Alshaab Hospitals in Khartoum state. The data were acquired via questionnaires sent to doctors and community pharmacists, as well as 48 patient files with UTI and RTI diagnoses. SPSS was used to examine the data. The study’s findings indicated that 90% of physicians and pharmacists do not follow cephalosporin prescription and dispensing recommendations. 73% of cephalosporins (3rd generation) are used to treat UTI, whereas 54% of cephalosporins (2nd generation) are used to treat RTI. At conclusion, the findings of this research reveal that the use of cephalosporin in these hospitals is often inconsistent with accepted therapeutic principles. To prevent the emergence of cephalosporin-resistant pathogens, healthcare providers should be cautious when prescribing antibiotics and remain current on recommended antibiotic practices and dosages.

Keywords: Antibiotics; Cephalosporin; UTI; RTI; Infections; Sudan

Introduction

Infectious diseases were a major cause of morbidity and death before to the turn of the twentieth century. Even in the industrialized world, the average life expectancy at birth for men and women was 46 and 48 years, respectively. Plaque, diphtheria, smallpox, pneumonia, cholera, typhoid fever, syphilis, tuberculosis, typhus, and other contagious illnesses were common [1]. Alexander Flemming’s discovery of the first antibiotic (penicillin) in 1928 revolutionized medicine and saved millions of lives [2]. Following the end of Second World War, the golden era of antibiotic discovery began. From the 1950s until the 1970s, dozens new antibiotics were discovered each year, and they revolutionized medicine. Without antibiotics, routine treatments such as open-heart surgery, chemotherapy for cancer patients with compromised immune systems, and organ transplantation would be impossible [3-5]. However, bacteria quickly evolved resistance to antibiotics, and the frequency of infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria is growing globally. Since the turn of the twenty-first century, the threat of untreatable diseases has loomed [6,7].

Cephalosporins were not discovered by chance. World War II needs pushed the quest for antibiotics generated by microorganisms [8]. Cephalosporins are antibiotics with a beta-lactam ring that are derived from the Acremonium fungus, commonly known as cephalosporium, this important antibiotic is widely used against bacteria in a variety of serious diseases, including respiratory tract infection (RTI), skin infection, and urinary tract infection (UTI) [9]. Cephalosporins currently come in five generations. With the development of fifth generation cephalosporins, infection management has become even more difficult. However, their use must be strictly limited because if bacteria develop resistance to the fifth generation cephalosporins, infection management will become very difficult [10] Over the last few decades, the rise and spread of beta-lactam resistance in nosocomial Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, has become a major global concern. Particularly concerning is the rising resistance to third- and fourth generation cephalosporins [11].

Antibiotics are widely utilized in Sudan, and the majority of hospitals in the country rely heavily on cephalosporin antibiotics, especially in surgical departments, as the preferred option for prophylaxis [12]. Accordingly, the current study aimed to evaluate use of cephalosporin in the treatment of respiratory and urinary tract infections in two Sudanese hospitals (Ibnsinaa and Alshaab Hospitals).

Methodology

Study design

This study used a descriptive cross-sectional survey to confirm and/or refute assumptions about the attitudes of health professionals in two hospitals in Khartoum that treat patients with UTI and RTI with cephalosporins, as well as to evaluate the results in order to comprehend and resolve the study’s issue.

Study area

The study took place in two hospitals in Khartoum, Sudan’s capital: Ibnsinaa and Alshaab Hospitals in the state of Khartoum.

Study duration

Two months, between May and July 2018, the surveys were performed utilizing a questionnaire to gather data.

Data collection

The sample size was chosen to be 96 prior to completing the survey. The questionnaire was anonymous. It elicited data on cephalosporins administered for UTI and RTI under treatment recommendations, the Protocol for Dispensing Cephalosporin, the Mode of Prescription, the Common Cephalosporin Used to Manage UTI and RTI, and Counseling Patients About Drugs.

Ethical approval statement

The research used a cross-sectional design. The study protocol was authorized by the ethical committee at Alneelain University’s Faculty of Pharmacy in Khartoum, Sudan, in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration for the conduct of human experimentation. Each participant completed an informed permission form after receiving a thorough verbal summary of the process.

Statistical analysis

The statistical analyses were performed, classified, and analyzed using SPSS. The descriptive data and results were presented using tables and figures. To compare and correlate variables, the chi-square test was utilized.

Results and Discussion

Cross-sectional studies often enable researchers to gather a large amount of data fast. Self-report questionnaires are often used to acquire data affordably. However, causal correlations might be difficult to deduce from cross-sectional data [13].

According to our current study, numerous significant facts were discovered throughout the present cross-sectional investigation. As seen in (Table 1), the protocol for treating RTI and UTI infections at the respective institutions which should be followed by healthcare providers. Clinical guidelines are gaining popularity as a tool for clinicians to use to influence their practice. No guideline, however, can be sufficiently detailed to apply to all clinical circumstances [14].

Additionally, 90 % of healthcare personnel (physicians and pharmacists) at these two hospitals do not adhere to cephalosporin prescription and dispensing guidelines (Table 2). These intriguing results highlight a global concern, especially in developing countries where antibiotic stewardship is poor. Regretfully, the irrational use of antibiotics in Sudan is well-documented [15,16]. According to previously published data, even developing countries with a better health situation than Sudan, a significant amount of antibiotics is provided without a prescription, and a large percentage of antibiotics supplied are unsuitable for the illnesses being treated [17]. The WHO acknowledged irrational antibiotic usage as a significant role in the development of antimicrobial resistance in its two publications, ‘Global Strategy for Antimicrobial Resistance Containment’ and ‘The Pursuit of Responsible Medicines’ and therefore, health authorities in developing countries should tackle this concern [18].

In our study, as shown in (Figure 1-3), 90 % of healthcare providers at these hospitals did not follow specific manner in prescription of cephalosporins for UTI and RTI patients. 4% of participants prescribed first generation cephalosporins, 17% prescribed second generation, 73% prescribed third generation, and 6% prescribed other antibiotics, as shown in Figure 2 & 3. As a result, the third-generation cephalosporin is the most often used antibiotic to treat urinary tract infections. Additionally, our survey found that 6% of respondents prescribed the first generation of cephalosporins to control RTI infections, 54% used the second generation, 31% used the third generation, and 8% used others, as shown in Figure 2 & 3. As a result, we discovered that second generation cephalosporins are effective in treating RTI infections in our investigation.

Numerous clinics worldwide give cephalosporins to patients in excess of what is necessary and with an excess of extravagance that borders on abuse, necessitating medical monitoring and control to prevent the establishment of anti-cephalosporin infections [19,20]. Fortunately, several institutions have recognized the negative repercussions and created control procedures aimed at possibly limiting antibiotic usage and abuse [21]. These control strategies must be implemented as soon as possible in developing countries such as Sudan, since some countries have reported infections and the rise of cephalosporin-resistant pathogens. For instance, Acinetobacter baumannii strains was detected highly resistant to cephalosporins and β-lactamases in Syria [22], In the United Kingdom, Enterobacter cloacae reported resistant to third generation cephalosporins [23], and Klebsiella infection which was found resistant to late-generation cephalosporins in a nosocomial outbreak in the United States [24]. Finally, Effective antibiotic resistance prevention strategies are available and should be adopted aggressively in critical care units. These strategies fall into three categories: nonpharmacologic infection control, antibiotic management and increasing existing efforts to avoid antibacterial resistance, particularly given the expected future scarcity of novel antibacterial medication classes [25].

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#antibiotic discovery #beta-lactam resistance #cephalosporin-resistant pathogens #chemotherapy #juniper publishers #open acess journals #drug development

[laceyspencer]

Behaviour-Education-Technology-Juniper Publishers

Education can really benefit from the many opportunities, although not always immediate and explicit, that technology makes available. Let’s consider the following example. The use of the Internet has determined, among others, the redefinition of the methods of creation and access to teaching and learning resources, of the physical spaces in which the education takes place, of the frequency and type of interaction between learners and teachers.

It is a phase of the education’s lifecycle that is neither stoppable nor preventable. We could consider that as a phase of renewal that can further enhance the whole educational process. In other words, new and interesting opportunities are opening for redefinition of educational models. Although the path of “educational evolution” has already begun, there is a lot of potential yet to be explored. As it’s well known, technology offers a wide range of opportunities but, ultimately, Universities and Schools are responsible for organizing themselves to manage and coordinate this educational evolution path.

In the managerial discipline the adoption of educational models that make use of experiments and, more generally, experiential learning models do not represent a novelty per se. Technology today has increased the value of these models for educational purposes. Leveraging on continuous feedback on their behaviors, students can verify their learning progress. The integration of behavioral analysis in economic disciplines is also consistent with the concept of “evidence-based economics” recently proposed by Nobel laureate Richard Thaler, according to which the use of descriptive models, through which to analyze the behavior of human beings, would help to increase the value of economic models.

https://juniperpublishers.com/asm/ASM.MS.ID.555580.php

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#Juniper Publishers #open acess journals #Education #Behaviour #sociology

[academypediaen]

Must-Read SWOT Analysis of Open Access Journals That Technology Watch Specialists Shouldn't Ignore

Introduction   Open access journals are becoming increasingly popular as an alternative to traditional publishing methods .   But, with new technologies come new risks and potential threats that must be taken into consideration. In this article, we'll explore five emerging threats [...] https://is.gd/D5GaWH

#business #communication #data #education #ict #information #intelligence #technology - Created by David Donisa from Academypedia.info

#are open access journals bad #bronze open access #delayed open access journal #diamond open access #directory of open access books #doab #doaj directory of open access journal #examples of threats in a swot analysis #gold open access #green open access #hybrid open access #open access database #open access examples #open access models #open access resources #open acess disadvantages #peer review process of open access journal #peer review process steps #platinum open access #post-publication peer review #pre-publication peer review #predatory journals and publishers #scienceopen #self-publication peer review #stop predatory journals #swot analysis of open access journal #swot analysis opportunities examples for students #swot analysis strength #swot analysis target #types of open access

[crimson-biotechnology]

DFT, Quantum Chemical Study and Biological Effects of a Heterocyclic Molecular

Abstract In this paper, the title compound 5-chloro-1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)indoline-2,3-dione (TZP) has been prepared by N-alkylation method with a good yield. The structure of the compound was further confirmed from the 1H NMR and 13C NMR Spectral data and It has been screened for its antibacterial activity. The results revealed that the compound exhibited good to moderate antibacterial activity. Through computational study based on density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) using basis set 6-31G (d,p) a number of chemical Quantum descriptors were computed to predict the reactivity and the reactive sites on the molecules. The molecular geometry and the electronic properties such as frontier molecular orbital were investigated to get a better insight of the molecular properties. The Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) for the compound was determined to check their electrophilic or nucleophilic reactivity. Read More About This Article: https://crimsonpublishers.com/jbb/fulltext/JBB.000519.php 

Read More Crimson Publishers Google Scholar Article: https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=7ghZqYoAAAAJ&citation_for_view=7ghZqYoAAAAJ:R3hNpaxXUhUC

#Crimson Publishers Google Scholar #Biotechnology Open Acess Journal #Journal of Biotechnology & Bioresearch

[little-red-fool]

No problem, thank you so much Red! I really dont mind longer posts, but does take a bit longer for me to write up my reply in turn.

I was also the same until quite recently! I didnt know it wasnt an alias for a long time! Iirc it might be confirmed in dlc content, and I haven't yet read all of the journals that were added then.

I felt a little weird about that post, as I don't like harshly criticizing what others do in their fics (the only way I might step in is if a fic is written by an openly cis/straight person writing a trans character in an obviously transphobic way and was open to criticism too. I know I'm unfortunately not going to get through to bigots/dont want to waste my time tbh)

I'm not super strongly opionated on it either. I generally hc higgs as trans masc, but Im open to trans fem and other headcanon/interpretations too ( less so of cis higgs, its just not as interesting to me)

With that in mind, higgs would likely not have been named something as masculine as "peter" and in that case would have a different name thats likely his deadname. If we're talking transfem higgs, then "peter" could be considered a deadname for sure.

Higgs and peter both being names/aliases that he readily uses feels more in line with kojimas previous games like mgs, where he does this a bit. A character will have several names that they will go by, depending on the circumstances and time period, but to close loved ones they share a true name with, usually a first name. I usually use Higgs more frequently too, partly to not spoil newcommers to fandom on the suprise twist, if they havent played the game yet. Both feel like equally his name to me. The only uncertainty i have is that he may not in fact use "englert", because it has far more baggage depending on who from his family he got it from.

The majority of fic writers ive seen that use peter englert for higgs are either doing an au where the events that make him higgs haven't/didn't happen yet, or its a post DS au where he is rehabilitated, and using it so the UCA/regular people don't recognize that its him, so that. He can live in relative anonymity then after his crimes, and without the burden of them affecting new connections he might make.

(Personally I havent finished the book yet, but it does makes some strange divergences from the game? Like cutting out entire cutscenes that happen and making higgs really irationally angry all the time? Its very off for a novelization of a modern videogame where major parts of the story are far more acessible than like 60+ year old novels of tv and movies. I'm taking anything it with a heavy grain of salt, and just letting it add to the story if there's something that interests me and doesnt entirely contradict the game)

It’s alright! Honestly I’m in a similar boat to you, generally I prefer to HC Higgs as trans too because it feels quite fitting to me, although I’ll also swing between that and him being cis so yeah the deadnaming thing again depends on how the writer views him, but I wasn’t aware that Kojima sometimes gives characters several names in that manner as well, so thank you for that! It definitely solidifies my interpretation of the usage of his names a bit more, but the redemption fics/AUs that call him Peter make a lot of sense and I quite like those interpretations too.

#asks #death stranding #higgs monaghan #lgbtq #trans #transmasc #transfem

[internationaljournal12]

Enhancing Academic Discourse: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research & Reviews

International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research & Reviews (ISSN: 2945-3135) is a Peer Reviewed, Referred, Multidisciplinary, Open Acess, ScientificJournal . IJMRR brings out quarterly publication i.e. four issues in a year. The journal adheres ethical guidelines recommended by Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and University Grant Commission (UGC).

#peerreviewedjournal #multidisciplinaryjournal

[danadriel]

"In our last stop to restock on our journey to cross the so called Fertile Lands, we found ourselves in the very capital of the grasslands, the bustling city of Taba'kah, one of the largest static settlements in the known world, with a astounding population of around 350,000 inhabitants, which gives a grim perspective of how little the world recovered from the Great Shattering, considering the capital of the beletian realms in the old world had around 230 million inhabitants…

But still refreshing to see civilization prospering in this arguably dead world, upon gazing the city one can clearly notice how much had to be adapted for this new environment, ancient beletian architecture was known for very wide single floor houses, while now they are forced to build thinking almost exclusively vertically, since all cities are forced to be built on solid rock steep hills to maximize defenses against landships,this creates a very layered city , where every space available is filled with decks upon decks covered in colorful canopies,gorgeous in my opinion.

Due the ideological nature of these neo-beletians, visitors and traders like us are not allowed very deep in to the city, trading is only allowed on the port and only with traders approved by the matriarchal counsel that controls the city, judging by what our first mate told us, they aren't very fond of free commerce here, trading is done exclusively in goods and raw material,But we found ourselves in a very unique situation, Danadriel, our deck witch, is an acquaintance of Great mother Anika the very ruler of the city, and as consequence we were invited to go to the royal tower, we the rest of the crew were not allowed entrance in the counsel chamber only Danadriel, but we still had the opportunity to see a lot more than the regular visitor, and not just that I had the opportunity to speak directly to a high scrybe of the council, she was a lovely woman, mother of 7 children and married to 2 husbands and a wife, she was very open about her personal life, but in the moment I touched in the subject of her work she became very secretive and a little passive agressive so I stopped pushing my luck, but yet still she allowed me to take a picture of her for my adventure journal, not just this portrait ended with perfect light conditions but the whole circumstance behind this photo makes it even more precious, this is a high standing figure of a very closed political regime, from a city that very few people have acess, eternized in film naked and happy posing on a balcony!" (Professor Kalgory)

#furry #anthro #pregnancy #pregnant #art #post apocalyptic

[crimsonpublisherscancerstudy]

Awareness about Liver Cancer in Biotechnology Students_Crimson Publishers

Awareness about Liver Cancer in Biotechnology Students by Muhammad Imran Qadir in Novel Approaches in Cancer Study 

Liver cancer is a major disease caused by sudden mutation occurred in the genes. To cure this disease gemcitabine seems to be affective. Gemcitabine is anticancer agent that has profile containing mild toxicity. It seems to be affective in solid tumors. To check its effectiveness, a questionnaire was developed and the awareness about liver cancer is checked in the post graduate students. All the students were fully aware of this disease.

#Crimson Publishers #open acess journals #liver cancer #oncology #Mutation #Gemcitabine #Treatment

[crimsonpublishers]

Consideration of the Light and Dark Sides of Medicines: The Thalidomide Example_Crimson Publishers

Consideration of the Light and Dark Sides of Medicines: The Thalidomide Example by Fumihiko Hinoshita* in Advancements in Case Studies

It is easy to imagine that the use of medicines, even though primitive, started with the history of human beings. There seems to have been numerous medicines in ancient Egypt [1] thousands of years ago and also in ancient China where there were many kinds of herbal medicines [2,3]. Traces of herbal or medicinal plants, which might have been utilized, were discovered in ancient ruins in various places throughout the world. Similarly, all of the people living in the world with advanced medical and pharmaceutical sciences cannot live without the medicines of today, even though the current medicines are markedly progressed compared with those of the ancient times. In fact, we receive great benefits from a variety of extremely effective drugs.

For more articles in AICS, follow the URL: https://crimsonpublishers.com/aics/ For more articles in Crimson Publishers, follow the URL: https://crimsonpublishers.com/

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[juniperpublishers-nutrition]

Comparative study on some in vitro biological activities of freeze-dried leaves extracts of six advanced accessions of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam

Abstract

Sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L.) are an excellent source of bio-active phytochemicals. In recent years, polyphenols and other naturally occurring compounds have become essential research targets for non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Precisely, substances and plant extracts that occur readily have been checked for α-glucosidase (AGH) enzyme inhibition. This study investigated the anti-diabetic, antimutagenicity, and antioxidant activity from sweet potato leaves in vitro. The anti-diabetic activities were tested using the enzyme –α-glucosidase obtained from the rat intestine using the p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (PNP-G) substrate for inhibitory activities. The α-glucosidase inhibition assay evaluated the anti-diabetic activity, and the extract showed a considerable α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Among the genotypes, AN-6 exhibited the highest a-glucoside inhibitory activity, followed by AN-4, and AN-2. The leaf extract showed the inhibitory activity ranging from 22.33% to 74.98 on a-glucosidase from 10 to 1000 mg/ml, which was increased steadily with increasing sample concentrations. The antimutagenicity in the leaves explored using the Salmonella typhimurium TA 98. The Ipomoea batatas genotypes effectively decreased the reverse mutation induced by Trp-P-1, and the mutagenic activities were dose-dependent. Furthermore, the extract also capable of reducing the reverse mutation persuaded by Trp-P-2, IQ, and DEGB extract of grilled beef. The AN-6 showed higher antimutagenicity followed by AN-5 at 100 μL concentrations. The fallouts demonstrate that antioxidant capacity (4.42 to 10.98 μmole Trolox g-1 DW) and total phenolic contents (7.68 to 16.96 μmole TA. g-1 DW) broadly fluctuate among the genotypes. Our data demonstrate that all the genotypes have the physiological functions studied, and AN-6 and AN-4 exhibited the highest activities. The sweet potato leaves extract showed a more potent inhibitory activity for all the physiological functions studied, which might have values in anticipation of certain human health conditions.

Keywords: Antioxidant; Polyphenol; Anti-diabetic activity; Antimutagenicity; Sweet potato tops

Introduction

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam) is the sixth most important food crop in the world, and new uses for this crop have been identified [1]. It is one of the diversified crops supplying vitamins and minerals such as vitamin A, B, C, beta-carotene, iron, calcium, zinc, protein and has high energy [2]. Fresh leaves contain vitamin A on an average of 1600 IU 100g-1 [3]. Leaves are very nutritious compared to leaves of cassava, amaranth, mushrooms, taro and pumpkin [4]. It is also one of the plants selected by the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration to be grown in a controlled ecological life support system as a primary food source [5]. Recent studies show that it contains bio-active compounds as polyphenols, anthocyanins, flavonoids, dietary fiber, etc., which are essential for human health. Sweet poato storage roots are a source of carbohydrates, while its leaves and green stems contain nutritional compounds in higher than many commercial vegetables [6-8]. Sweet potato leaves are cooked as vegetables in different locations of the world. The eating of Ipomoea batatas L. leaves as a vegetable in many parts of the world indicates that they are acceptable as edible like other traditional leafy vegetables. They are rich in phytonutrients and are further tolerant of diseases and pests than many other green plants [9-12]. Phytonutrients act as bioactive composites and a diverse group of secondary metabolites commonly present in higher plants [7,13-19]. They play important roles and contribute to the structure of the plants and complicated by a significant number of metabolic pathways [20,21]. Thus, the phenolic plant complexes, because of their diversity and widespread distribution, are the most exceptional talented group of natural antioxidants and add to the organoleptic and nutritional qualities of fruit and vegetables.

Diabetes mellitus is a common disease with many complications, such as atherosclerosis, cardiac dysfunction, retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy [22]. α-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) catalyzes the final step in the digestive process of carbohydrates. Its inhibitors can retard the uptake of dietary carbohydrates and suppress postprandial hyperglycemia and could be useful for treating diabetic and obese patients [23]. α-Glucosidase inhibitors such as acarbose, miglitol, and voglibose are known to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia primarily by interfering with the carbohydrate digestive enzymes and by delaying glucose absorption. Free radicals can lead to a variety of physiological and biochemical lesions [24] and induce degenerative diseases such as coronary disease, diabetes, stroke, and cancer [25]. The new expansion of screening approaches for environmental carcinogens by determining their mutagenicity has allowed detecting numerous types of mutagens and carcinogens in foods [2,24-27]. On the other hand, it is now recognized that several types of inhibitors act against mutagens and carcinogens in food. They show a substantial part in plummeting the dangers of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis [28]. Several authors described that the nutritive constituents of sweet potato tops are comparable to those of commercial leafy vegetables [2,6,14-18,26,29-30]. However, the physiological function of sweet potato leaves has not yet been deliberate synthetically. In the current article, the effects of the extracts of the selected sweet potato accessions with the diverse polyphenolic levels on the antidiabetic activity, mutagenicity, and antioxidant capacity are explored.

Materials and Methods

The leaves from six Ipomoea batatas L. (sweet potato) advanced accessions, namely AN-1, AN-2, AN-3., AN-3, AN-4, AN- 5, and AN-6, were used for this study. Sweet potato roots were planted 2 inches deep and about 2 inches apart (density of 5 cm x 5 cm) in a greenhouse and field conditions in late February (greenhouse) to March/April in the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff’s Agricultural Research Farm, Pine Bluff, AR. After two months, tips were harvested every 10-15 days. Chemical fertilizer (N: P: K = 8: 8: 8) was used at a rate of 500 lbs/acre, and compost was used at a rate of 8000lbs/acre in volume. After each harvest, 150 lbs/acre of ammonium sulfate was applied as additional fertilizer. After harvest, the leaves were washed softly, moved into pre-labeled separate vinyl bags, and directly frozen at -85 ℃. The next day all the frozen samples were freeze-dried for 48 h in a freeze dryer. The freeze-dried samples were ground in a blender and used for laboratory analysis. The extract was prepared from the lyophilized flour (1g) using 20 mL of ice-cold water for 1h. The suspension was centrifuged at 18000 x g for 20 min, and the resultant precipitate was re-extracted under the same conditions. The collected supernatant was lyophilized and used for analysis.

α-Glucosidase inhibitory assay

The α-Glucosidase inhibitory assay was performed according to a slightly modified method described by Islam [31]. One hundred microliters of 3 mM pNPG in 0.2 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) was added as a substrate to the mixture of 50 μl of α-glucosidase (0.15 unit/ml) and 50 μl of sample to start the reaction. The reaction was conducted at 37 ℃ for 15 min and stopped by the addition of 750 μl of 0.1 M Na2CO3. The α-Glucosidase activity assessed by measuring the release of p-nitrophenol from pNPG at 405 nm. Acarbose used as a positive control. All tests were performed in independent triplicate (n=3), and data were expressed as mean ± SD.

Extraction and Measurement of Total Phenolic

The total phenolic contents of the extracts were measured according to a slightly modified method described by Islam et al. [18]. The lyophilized sweet potato leaf extract was forcefully mixed with ten times its equivalent volume of 80% ethanol. The mixture was boiled for 5 min and centrifuged at 5000g for 10 min, and the supernatant was composed. The residue was mixed with an additional 80% ethanol and boiled for 10 min to re-extract the phenolic and centrifuged under similar conditions. The extracts were pooled and made up to 10 mL and used for to quantity of total phenolic. The alcohol extract was diluted to achieve an absorbance reading at the range of the standard tannic acid (TE). The results were stated as μmol TE g-1 DW (dry weight).

Antioxidant capacity in the DPPH assay

The radical-scavenging activity of the extracts was measured according to a slightly modified method described by Islam et al. [17]. A stock solution of DPPH (6 mM) was prepared by dissolving 0.0263g in 10 ml of ethanol (or methanol). The stock solution is diluted to develop a 60 μM working solution. Again, a ten mM stock solution of Trolox was ready for every sample tested. Dilutions were made for each sample tested. Dilution strength was dependent upon each extract’s relative antioxidant capacity. For each dilution, 20 μL were added to 2.5ml of DPPH solution and incubated in a dry bath at 37 ˚C for 30 min. Absorbances were measured at 520 nm on an ASYS UVM 340 plate reader. TEAC values were measured by comparing the slope of sample plots to the slope of Trolox. Antioxidant activity was reported as μmoles Trolox equivalent per gram dry weight sample (μmol TE/g DW).

Assay of antimutagenicity

The antimutagenicity assay was performed as described in earlier papers [27]. The antimutagenic activity was assessed for Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 using a mutagen, Trp-P-1. These mutagens need metabolic activation to induce mutation in TA 98. The s-9 mix containing 50 μmol of sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), 4 μmol of MgCl2, 16.5 μmol of KCl, 2.5 μmol of glucose-6- phosphate, two μmole of NADH, 2 μmol of NADPH, and 50 μL of the S-9 fraction in a total volume of 0.5 mL. For the inhibition test, 0.1 mL of mutagen, 0.1 mL DMSO-dissolved polyphenolics solution, and 0.5 mL of S-9 mix or phosphate buffer were concurrently incubated with 0.1 mL of a bacterial suspension at 37 ℃ for 20 min and then dispensed into minimal-glucose-agar plates with 2 mL of soft agar. The colony number of each dish was accounted after 48 h cultivation at 37 ℃.

Statistical analysis

A randomized complete block design with three replications was adopted. Data for the different parameters were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedure, and the level of significance was calculated from the F value of ANOVA.

Results and Discussion

α-Glucosidase inhibitory effect

The α-glucosidase inhibition assay evaluated the antidiabetic activity, and the extract showed a considerable α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (Table 1). The leaf extract demonstrated a moderate to high inhibitory activity on α-glucosidase, among the genotypes, AN-6 (80% inhibition at 1000 μg/ml) exhibited the highest a-glucoside inhibitory activity, followed by AN-4 (75% inhibition at 1000 μg/ml) and AN-2 (80% inhibition at 1000 μg/ml). The results also suggested that the α-Glucosidase inhibitory effect in the sweet potato tops is dose-dependent (Table 1), and increasing the doses resulted in a higher rate of inhibition percentage. The leaf extract showed the inhibitory activity ranging from 22.33% to 74.98% on a-glucosidase from 10 to 1000 mg/ml, which was increased steadily with increasing sample concentrations. On the other hand, the control treatment (Acarbose) showed 98.01% inhibitory activity at the strength of 0.1 μg/ml.

One therapeutic approach for treating diabetes is to increase postprandial hyperglycemia. This is done by retarding the absorption of glucose through the inhibition of the carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzyme α-glucosidase in the digestive tract. Inhibitors of these enzymes delay carbohydrate digestion, causing a reduction in the rate of glucose absorption and consequently blunting the postprandial plasma glucose rise (Rhabasa and Chiasson, 2004) [32]. The results suggest that the Ipomoea batatas leaf extracts have the potentiality for treating diabetes by inhibiting α-glucosidase activity.

Total polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity

The antioxidant capacity (μmole Trolox/mg dry leaf powder) and total polyphenol (μmol TE g-1 DW) in the leaves of three genotypes are presented in Table 2. The genotypes fluctuated extensively in their total polyphenolic contents. The highest total phenolic found was 16.98 μmol TE g-1 DW, and the lowest was 7.68 μmol TE g-1 DW. The accessions AN-6 had higher content (16.98 μmol Trolox.g-1 DW) flowed by AN-4 (16.52 μmol Trolox.g-1 DW), and AN-5 (15.63 μmol Trolox.g-1 DW). The results showed that sweetpotato leaves had higher or similar content of total polyphenolics than other vegetables [12,17-18,21,29]. The data also suggested that there was a positive correlation between polyphenol contents and antioxidant activity. Because the accessions higher in total phenol contents also exhibited higher antioxidant activity. The above results also agree with the observations of Islam [6], where he added that sweet potato leaves, could serve as a new leafy vegetable. Acceptable tops should be tender, glabrous, and purplish. Those eating tops prefer the top 10 cm of tips, including both stem and leaves. Heads with the most significant number of leaves with petioles less than 4/10 of 1cm long are considered desirable because they are tender and suitable for vegetables. Petiole length varies widely with genotype and may range from approximately 10 to 40 cm [33]. (Table 2)

The antioxidant capacity of the genotypes ranges from 4.42 to 10.98 μmol Trolox g-1 DW. The accessions AN-4 (10.98 μmol Trolox.g-1 DW) had the highest contents of phenolic, followed by AN-6 (10.69 μmol Trolox.g-1 DW). The accessions AN-1 showed the lowest (4.42 μmol Trolox.g-1 DW) antioxidant activity followed by AN-2 (5.75 μmol Trolox.g-1 DW). The phenolic is pervasive bioactive compounds found in plant foods and beverages. The polyphenolic compounds show numerous biological functions, sweet potato leaves might also be expected to have physiologically active possessions because they comprise higher contents phytonutrients. The antioxidative substances contained in plant parts have attracted much consideration all over the world. Several researchers [17,27,34] have reported the radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of sweet potato leaves. The polyphenolics contents and antioxidant activity in sweet potato leaves, other different plants and foods showed a high correlation [6,16,17,26]. Usually, the antioxidant capacity of various plants is influenced by the genetic factor. Therefore, the extent of the antioxidant capacity may be a critical tool for use in plant breeding programs intended to improve antioxidant components available for human consumption. This result will be valuable for some chemical breeding programs to develop needed organoleptic and nutritional quality characteristics of crop plants.

Effects of water extract of leaves on the mutagenicity

The antimutagenic impact of the water extracts from sweet potato leaves of three genotypes were determined by antimutagenicity assays using Trp-P-1 at a dose of 0.075 μg/plate, and using three different doses of the sweet potato leaves extracts such as 100, 50 and 10 μg/plate (Table 3).

The results found that inhibitory activity was higher at higher doses in all genotypes studies. The inhibitory activity (%) ranged from 69 to 94 at 100μg/plate, 68 to 84 at 50μg/plate, and 61 to 73 at ten μg/plate doses. The highest activity found in the accessions AN-6 (90% inhibition at 100 μL) followed by AN-5 (92% inhibition at 100 μL) while AN-2 (80% inhibition at 100 μL) had the lowest. Therefore, the results propose a wide disparity of antimutagenicity among the genotypes, and the extracts showed dose-dependent inhibitory activities. Similar trends were also found by several researchers [6,17,35,36]. The antimutagenic effect of the extract at low doses is relatively minor compared with the one from higher doses. (Table 4)

We also evaluated the antimutagenic activity of the extract using several mutagens, such as Trp-P-2, IQ, B[a] P, and DEGB (Table 4). The DEGB was utilized at a dose of 100 μL/plate without dilution. The s-9 mix was added for the assay using Trp-P-1, Trp-P-2, IQ, B[a] P, and DEGB to cause mutations in TA 98. The extract used in doses of 50, 10, and 5 μL/plate. The extract inhibited Trp-P-2 induced mutation by 14%, IQ by 88%, b[a] P by 27%, and Trp-P-1 by 71%, respectively, at the concentration of 10 μL/plate. Thus, the sweet potato leaf extract effectively decreased the reverse mutations induced by all purified mutagens tested. This study exhibited that Ipomoea batatas L. tops could be an outstanding source of natural active compounds with numerous biological functions with the aptitude to defend in contradiction of certain sorts of human illnesses. We tested several physiological functions of the leaves extracts in six advanced accessions. All the accessions tested accumulated higher physiological functions. The high biological activity in the leaves extracts, which might have values in the prevention of specific human conditions. Therefore, sweet potato leaves can be considered as a potential source of functional food and a pharmaceutical agent. Furthermore, the leaves with high phytonutrient content may be used as herb, tea, food ingredient, and a nutritional supplement that could be demanded to have a positive impact on human health.

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A Cashless Society for all - Surge of Mobile Payments in India-Juniper Publishers

Introduction

Past decade has witnessed rapid adoption of mobile phones across the globe and their role in professional activities [1]. This has led to heightened attention by merchants, financial institutions and telecommunication operators on increasing the mobile enabled services offered to consumers [2]. The mobile enabled services have eased the way communication, interactions and transactions are handled by the consumers. On financial transactions front mobile payment services are at the forefront of providing financial services to consumers and digitizing the payment transactions. The Indian digital payment industry was poised to grow by 10 times to $500 billion by 2020 contributing 15 percent to the GDP [3]. The global reach of internet will reach to almost three billion people covering a staggering 65 percent of world’s population by 2020 [4]. Indian consumers and industries have adopted mobile payment services in the form of mobile banking, mobile wallets and Unified Payment Interface (UPI), etc. Unified Payment Interface also popularly known as UPI in India is a system that empowers consumers to link multiple bank accounts into a single mobile application of any participating bank, in turn merging several banking features with fund routing and merchant payments. UPI transactions in India have seen stupendous growth in terms of volumes of transaction and value of transactions. The Figure 1 represents volume in terms of usage in million and value in Indian Rupees (Rs.) billion for a period from November 2016 to February 2018. As seen in the figure 1, there is been a rise in the number of transactions done since November 2016 after the demonetization of Indian currency by Government of India. The total value transacted has also grown and in the month of February 2018 it was pegged at INR 191 billion [5]. The acceptance and adoption of unified payment interface has been able to percolate across geographies, population and sectors of India with leading the digital payment insurgence from forefront. Three years since demonetization, digital payments in India have seen consistent growth at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 12.7%, while the mobile wallet market is expected to continuously grow at a CAGR of 52.2% by volume between 2019-23, according to a recent report by KPMG [6]. Unprecedented increase in digital transactions/payments coupled with accelerating rise in downloads and use of electronic wallets by Indian consumers have driven this sector.

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The Concern

Digitizing the complete economy, moving towards cashless society is the end-goal, the regulators need to understand the present security and fraud control frameworks in India. Overstressing these systems and frameworks may lead to severing the connections and trust of consumers in case of malpractices. At present the digital and mobile payment scenario in India is at a nascent stage with new innovations entering the commercial market on a regular basis. Maturity of this sector will depend on the acceptance and adoption of this technology by the regulators, finance professionals and the consumers. Threats over internet in case of financial transactions may expose the cyber security framework of the banking system resulting in online fraud, information theft, and malware or virus attacks. Digital payment frauds account for about half of all bank frauds in India. The increasing number of frauds was also recently highlighted in the Rajya Sabha, where it was said that 1,367 frauds in FY 2016-17, 2,127 in FY 2017-18, and 1,477 frauds in FY 2018-19 were reported with regard to ATM/debit card, credit card and internet banking transactions of more than Indian Rupees 100,000 [6]. To tackle this rising concern a robust regulatory framework, an effective customer redressal framework, foolproof security measures to enable confidence and trust, incentives for larger participation and benefits similar to cash transactions are some measures that can help ensure long-term success for digital payments.

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Conclusion

Financial transaction instruments such as debit/credit cards are becoming popular in India among the young generation despite the security concerns leading the way as the primary growth drivers. According to Reserve Bank of India [7], UPI/IMPS payment systems are likely to register an average annualized growth of over 100 percent. With shared responsibility shouldered by the regulators, government, financial institutions and consumers, digital payment ecosystem can be strengthened reducing the risk of frauds. Also, RBI has forecast a 50% increase in mobile-based payment transactions. Payment systems such as UPI/IMPS are likely to register average annualized growth of over 100%, according to RBI’s 2021 vision document. Though cyber security and digital payment fraud cases pose a great risk, the digital payment ecosystem can surely be strengthened, with organizations, users, and the government sharing the responsibility of securing the digital payments. NXP, being the market leader in credit cards, makes it a top priority to secure the digital payment infrastructure and maintain the privacy of its customers.

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Special Design of Heavy Mass Base Foundations Methods in Rocks and Clay Soil Sub-Surfaces Techniques

Abstract

These paper constitute consists of parts of foundations design of under and sub structural plans. First of all, foundations are the lowest artificially prepared parts of the structures which are in direct contact with ground surfaces are known as Foundations. But its different categories for the zones of ground ability. Most of the foundations are normal status and load distribution neutralizations in normal bearing values of depends upon the soils. But rocks and clay soil zones areas not suited for normal sub structural design methods. Its followed by high precious design sections and execute the better results. And followed design methods is used for high precious focus in mountain and steep constructions, Water-bearing area, it's also better suitable in heavy constructions mass base foundation methods of high rise buildings system.

Keywords:   Rock boring; Grout hole; Anchorage bolting systems; Mass base trapezoidal foundations designs

    Introduction

The soil ground on which the foundation's rest is that foundation bed or foundation soil and it ultimate bearing of loads and interact with the foundations of structure [1]. Case study and objective of foundations to distribute the total load coming on the structure on a large area as well as great supported on the structure and required enough stability of the structures against various disturbing forces such eradicated climatic barriers. And to prepare the level of surfaces for concreting and masonry work. Inspections of sites its desirable to recognize the site of works and inspect them carefully from the viewpoints of foundation details [2]. And to analyse the nature and thickness of strata of soil may be estimated by studying the excavation detail of nearby constructionor by examining the open side of a nearby well etc. the general inspection of site of works serves of a good guide for determining the type of foundation to be adopted for the proposed work and in addition, it helps in getting the data with respects to used for design purposes. That following data is used for items. The behaviour of ground due to variation in depth of water table, Capacity of percolation of storm water at the site, nature of the soil and visual analyzation, movement of ground due to any reason [3]. Examinations of grounds, The load of the structure is ultimately transferred to the soil it becomes, therefore, essential to know the quality and thickness of soil undergrounds and such as a study would assist in selecting an economical but safe design for the foundation of the structure [4].

    Methods

That Figure 1& 2 represents the special form of trapezoidal foundation mass basements and deep grout anchorage systems. Its, essentially high interlock grip effect with substructures to superstructures. Its typically handled in 50mm deep boreholes and required depth essentially carrying out of deep boring for big important engineering structure [5]. Its methods anchor bolts rock concrete grout such as the addition to the of the ability of superstructure, importance is to be given to various other factors such as the same application in dams. Boring is followed by the 2-methods, Percussions boring machines and core rotary equipment.

In this process, the heavy cutting tool is dropped into the ground by means of a series of blows. That method used to prefer in a semi layer hard rock soil and rock layer zones areas. The broken rock material is brought to the ground by adding water into the core and then the paste is lifted to the ground. The material thus obtained is made dry and it is then examined. The percolations of boring machines is very much use of hard rock zones areas [6], And another condition it is very old method better results values and created a large number of vibrations in heavy blowing. Some problems cracking in nearest structures.

Core and rotary drilling machines

In this process, a hollow tube is driven by rotary motion which cuts a solid core. Water is used to facilitate the cutting process [7], That machines can be used either for soft or hard rocks materials. If the tube passes through a hard material, the core is retained and this has to be cut at the bottom and lifted up [8], This is done by pouring sand at the inner side between the core and inner surface of the tube and then the tube is slightly rotated [9], The core is then broken and caught in the tube along with sand and it is lifted up.

Anchorage bolts and concrete systems assembly

After the 25 to 50mm boreholes and provided the bolting anchorage rods used in the rock in required foundations depths [10], And its mostly used in peikko anchorage systems in better in rock foundation methods. At one head of fixed bolt head into the provided in required depth of rock. And after pouring the settling concrete. And setting properly and to tighten the top of the bolting rod. Its better frictions joints of the basement and foundations to substructures levels [10]. Referred the design approach of followed in ASTM, A36, A307 (Grade B), A325, A449 and A687 [11]. Used in concrete. The Bolt threads at the surrounded closing stages of apiece threaded steel bar are stake at top and bottom places below the grave curse nut. That concrete is placed in well-hardened status in 14- days after to tightening to bolt rotation.

Rock grouting

Boreholes in sufficient number are driven in the ground. The concrete grout is then forced under pressure through these bore holes [12]. These any of crack fissures of the rock are thus filled up, resulting in the increased of bearing power of rock. Its process aided to some other chemical treatment certain chemicals are used in place of cement grout to solidify the but this process is adopted by small-scale construction is costly it is only in case of important building.

Figure 3 & 4 Represents the Mass Trapezoidal basement foundations on clay and clayey soils. Clay and clayey soil is a partial work in cohesive and cohesive less in seasonal climatic conditions [13]. It is highly preferred in irrigations systems and not preferred in shallow foundations. That foundation is broadly shallow spread over the construction site area. Its possibly to constructed foundations are termed trapezoidal basement foundation. In such spread case of overall in a raft. And to assemble the assembly structural column sections. Its high economical evaluation in compared to other pile foundations better load transparent in cohesive soils.

Design criteria of special mass basement footing

The total load to be transmitted by the walls or columns to the foundation beds. The results of foundation pits and the corresponding bearing capacity of each stratum of soil [14]. It respects to 2 aspects.

Width of foundations

A width of the special footing basement is decided by adopting the following rules:

If no footing is to be provided to the constructional site area, it will provide the assumption columns should be provided in required depth and equal areas as shown in Figure 1. The total load including dead load and wind load coming on the columns per meter length at are in case of heavy construction the load aspects in the centre of the basement, it worked out. Then the width of the foundation is obtained from the following relation.

a. For column,

The width of foundation basement = {Total load per meter length /allowable bearing capacity of the soil}

b. For piers,

The width of foundations basement = {Total load on the pier/allowable bearing capacity of the soil}

Usually, the wall, columns, piers are given with of basements connects to plinth level. By adding the width of offset of concrete, the total width of foundation can be obtained. And this width of increased bearing pressure is vice versa to increase Table 1.

Depth of foundations

As a general rule, all the heavy mass base foundation should be taken to a minimum depth of 80 cm below natural ground level unless the hard soil is available within 80 cm. the total load is transferred to the soil per square meter can be worked out and after the study of the results of the trial pits, the foundation should be taken to such a depth at which the soil has an allowable bearing capacity greater than the value. The depth of foundations can also be obtained by drawing the lines of angles 450 and 600 as shown in Table 2. Rafting methods are increased the bearing power of soil becomes very useful when the load coming on the soil is practically uniform while soil yielding nature.

    Conclusion

It is a final conclusion of the paper is special mass base heavy foundation technique is followed by critical soil and Rock category suitable preferred of the important structure. Such structure has to be designed for heavy loads and ordinary methods of providing foundations may not be suitable for structure. In that such case, methods handling in special heavy basement footings is resisted to heavy loads and increased the bearing capacity pressure of soil. That concept of a method of increasing the bearing power of clayey soil becomes useful, especially when there is used in a ground floor structure.

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Information Theoretic Framework for MRI Preprocessing, Multiclass Feature Selection and Segmentation of Brain Tumors-Juniper Publishers

Abstract

Multiresolution texture features such as fractal dimension (FD) and multi fractional Brownian motion (mBm) have shown to offer robust tumor and non-tumor tissue segmentation in brain MRI. Multiclass Kullback Leibler Divergence (KLD) for feature selection can effectively select features for tumor, cyst and non-tumor tissues in multimodal MRI. In this work, we propose an information theoretic framework for improved brain tumor segmentation. Our proposed method combines all necessary steps such as MRI in homogeneity correction, feature extraction, multiclass feature selection and tumor, cyst and non-tumor tissue segmentation respectively in an integrated framework. Our integrated framework allows one to observe effect of each step in the end tumor segmentation results. Finally, we evaluate our method using 12 patients in T1, T2 and FLARI modalities.

Keywords:  Brain tumor; Feature selection, MRI, Expectation-maximization, Fractal features; Multiforme; Glioblastoma

Abbrevations: MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging; GBM: Glioblastoma Multiforme; KLD: Kullback Leibler Divergence  

    Introduction

In the last decades, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has been established as an important imaging modality in the diagnosis of brain tumors. Brain tumors such as Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) are a leading cause of solid tumor related cancer in adults, with less than 5% of the patients surviving five years after diagnosis [1]. GBM tumors are characterized by abnormal and uncontrolled cell proliferation, necrosis and vascular proliferation [2].

Researchers have focused on robust techniques for detection of tumors in MRI based on feature extraction and segmentation. However, two important confounding factors complicate the detection of tumors. First, intensity in homogeneity can cause a variation in intensity of a particular tissue across the field of view [3], and second, the intensity of a single voxel may be composed of signal from more than one distinct tissue type [4]. The most basic tissue-segmentation method is global intensity thresholding. This assumes a voxel intensity can be identified which assigns each voxel into a background class (voxels less intense than the threshold) or a foreground class (voxels more intense than the threshold). It may be possible to correct such intensity variation prior to segmentation. An alternative approach is to use local (adaptive) thresholding where the intensity threshold is variable and is computed over sub images or over a region of interest around each voxel. Feature extraction segmentation involves extracting of characteristic parameters based on correlation, contrast, homogeneity, isotropy, shape around neighboring pixels. Among texture feature, fractal analysis has been successful capturing the intricate and complex tumor pattern [5]. Further, multifractional Brownian motion (mBm) feature effectively models spatial varying heterogeneous tumor texture at different scale [6,7].

Automatic algorithms combines MRI in homogeneity correction for anatomical structure, registration and segmentation using atlas-based approach. These works mostly use EM method to obtain appropriate parameters for intensity correction, feature selection and registration transformation between atlas and MR images with lesions. Pohl et al. [8] have combined registration, intensity correction and segmentation of thalamus region in EM framework [8]. Well et al. [9] present methods to correct MRI intensity in homogeneity and segment MR images [9]. Gooya et al. [10] investigate brain tumor growth modeling, atlas registration and segmentation of brain tumors in EM framework [10] and considers tumor growth and deformable registration while registering a normal brain atlas with images of brain tumor patients for tumor segmentation [11]. Leemput et al. [12] developed fully automatic segmentation of brain MR images by statistical classification using an atlas prior both for initialization of probability density functions and also for geometric constraints, solved as an EM algorithm [12]. The method has been shown to be very robust and highly reproducible for normal brain images but fails in the presence of large pathology  

In this work, we propose an integrated EM framework for feature-based brain tumor segmentation without the need for atlas-based image registration. Furthermore, we investigate improved tumor segmentation by delineating cyst tissue from tumor clusters in the same framework. The tumors may contain sphere like structures filled with fluid called cysts in addition to their solid components. When tumor has an associated cyst, there is generally a mass, or at least a thickening of the rim, visible on CT or MRI scans [13]. The segmentation of these surrounding tissues such as cyst and necrosis are very difficult due to the surrounding changes and distortion on MRI, location and size. We obtain in homogeneity correction, multiclass feature selection for tumor, cyst and non-tumor tissues and tumor segmentation exploiting a single EM framework. We validate our tumor and cyst segmentation results at pixel using different similarity metrics. Such an integrated information theoretic model can help in detection and robust segmentation of brain tumors.

    Methods and Materials Participants

A data set of 12 patients was collected from the publicly available Cancer Imaging Archive (http:// www. cancerimagingarchive.net\) database for our study. The patients underwent T1- contrast, T2 and FLAIR acquisitions. The acquisition parameters were: Magnetic field strength = 3T, Flip angle = 90-degree, slice thickness = 5mm. The scan parameters for T1- weighted image are: TR = 168ms, TE = 8ms; the scan parameters for T2-weighted image are: Turbo Spin Echo, TR = 6430, TE = 114ms, 14 echoes/TR; scan parameters for FLAIR images are: TR = 9500ms, TE = 133ms.

Mathematical computation

The overall flow diagram of the method is shown in Figure 1. We use a Bayesian approach to estimate the bias field in MR intensity image. The method assumes a Gaussian distribution for the different tissues or classes. The bias field estimate is determined by applying a linear operator to the mean residual field. The parameter for linear operator is determined by the mean covariance of the tissue class intensities and the covariance of the bias field [9]. Once the bias field is corrected, we apply low pass Gaussian filter for correcting the in homogeneity in MR images. After in homogeneity correction we obtain multi resolution fractal (texture) features such as FD and mBm from the normalized images in T1, T2 and Flair modality. The best feature was selected based on the largest distance obtained by Kullback Leibler Divergence (KLD) for tumor, cyst and non-tumor regions, for specific features [14]. Finally, support map or probability map is constructed containing the mean and variance associated with a pixel for the best features. The labeling of map for each cluster offers the segmentation for the associated classes which in turn is represented by the best features. The detail steps of our model are discussed next.

Information theoretic modeling for in homogeneity correction, feature selection and segmentation

In this work, we obtain an EM framework for computing the in homogeneities B and feature selection FS for MR images I. It is difficult to compute these two parameters without considering any hidden variable. We assume segmentation G as a hidden variable. When properly defined, the EM framework gives two important guarantees. First, each iteration yields an improved estimate of (B, FS) as measured by Eqn. (1). Second, the algorithm converges to local maxima of the objective function. The conditional probability distribution function describing I is given as P(I, B, FS,G) . We want to estimate B and FS from this framework which is given as,  

Both in homogeneity and feature selection can jointly affect the segmentation in MRI. However, in this work, we assume B and FS as separate parameters for simplicity of modeling. The optimization procedure decomposes Eqn. (1) based on the following independence assumptions. First, we assume the independence of I with respect to FS conditioned on T and B. We can therefore characterize each anatomical structure with an intensity distribution based on the tissues or classes which is not influenced by the mapping between the atlas and image space. Secondly, we assume FS independent of B conditioned on T. Finally, we assume independence of B with respect to T as the image in homogeneities are caused by the radio frequency coil of the scanner. Thus, it simplifies to the following,  

The hidden variables  G = {G1, G2,...., Gn} are the number of segments for each pixel ‘x’ denoted by Gx and take values from the set of k-dimensional unit vectors e = {e1, e2,...., ek} where x k G = e , meaning that x pixels belong to tissue k or cluster k . The E step is equivalent to calculating the probability map in the presence of hidden variable G and given the estimates of (Bx ', FS ') for a particular tissue k using Baye’s rule as follows,  

The M-step maximizes the estimates parameters B′ and FS′ on probability maps Wx(k) and are given as, and

Estimating the intensity in homogeneities: Consider Eqn. (2) to define in homogeneities as follows,

 where k γ , k μ are the mean and variances for a particular tissue, numbers of pixels for each class to Bayes classifier and obtain Ix is value of intensity feature at pixel x, x β is the bias field at the pixel x for particular tissue or class.

      Estimating the Feature Selection

Feature selection using KLD is given as

Where,  σm , σk ,  μm ,  μk are the mean and variance of different tissues or classes. The segmentation G depends on the best feature selected using KLD. The KLD represents the conditional probability for two classes or tissues which are tumor/non-tumor, tumor/cyst and cyst/non-tumor. The KLD considers the mean and variance for the two classes or tissues for a particular texture feature and these means and variances are updated during M step. The segmentation for different tissues is related with the updating of probability maps which are updated for in homogeneity and feature selection.

Estimating segmentation accuracy

The selected best features are utilized for finding the number of pixels for tumor, cyst and non- tumor tissues. These pixels are used as the input to Bayes classifier to obtain the posterior probabilities for respective tissues. We then find segmentation accuracy based on posterior probabilities. Note we have two major types of features in this study such as intensity and texture (mBm or FD) that can be selected as the best to represent any given tissue. Therefore, we show the segmentation accuracy computation for these two features below.

Segmentation accuracy using intensity feature: The segmentation accuracy using intensity feature can be obtained by computing the number of pixels correctly classified using a Bayes Classifier. We compute the number of pixels for every class such as tumor, cyst and non-tumor. We input total number of pixels for each class to Bayes classifier and obtain the posterior distribution for each class. We then calculate the number of pixels correctly classified based on posterior value, and hence, the tumor segmentation accuracy.

Segmentation Accuracy using mBm Feature: Texture features such as FD and mBm are non-linear feature extraction process. Therefore, there does not exist one-one relationship between texture features and the final tumor pixels. In order to compute pixel level accuracy for tumor segments using texture features, we consider sub images which cover the tumor region. We then obtain a suitable threshold values for locating interior pixels and exterior pixels in those sub-images. Following our prior work (12), to obtain number of tumor pixels for mBm feature case, we obtain covariance image and decompose the variance image using multi resolution wavelet theory. The resulting decomposed image is divided into sub images of size 8x8. We then compute the wavelet coefficients for all the pixels in the subimages. We obtain the histogram for each sub images given as,

The histogram offers variation in wavelet coefficients for the sub images. We then obtain a suitable threshold for interior pixels and exterior pixels for selecting T, or C sub images. We finally compute the correctly classified pixels based on posterior value.

    Results and Discussion

Segmentation results using our integrated model

Figure 2 shows the in homogeneity correction results at different iterations using integrated EM- based framework for MR image of patient with tumor in T1 modality. The integrated EM model in this work offers mBm and intensity as the best features for tumor vs. non-tumor and cyst vs. non-tumor segmentation respectively. Note in our prior work, mBm is identified as the best feature for segmenting tumor from non-tumor tissues using two classes KLD [7]. In a recent work, we extend two-class KLD to multiclass KLD for best feature selection among tumor, cyst and non-tumor tissue types and find that the best feature for tumor vs. non- tumor segmentation is mBm while that for cyst vs. nontumor is intensity [14]. Figures 2 shows the corresponding tumor segmentation results for mBm feature using our integrated model. We observe that good tumor segmentation is obtained at 60th iteration with cluster 5. Further, Figure 2 shows the cyst segmentation and the best result is obtained in cluster 4 also at 60th iteration.

Segmentation validation

 Table 1 shows the similarity overlap coefficients of the tumor segments obtained using our model and the radiologists’ ground truth for all 12 patients. Table 1 suggests that tumor segmentation accuracy varies between 91% - 94% using all four differ overlap metrics while that for cyst varies between 90% - 93% respectively. Note for our integrated model proposed in this work, we can perform in homogeneity correction, and feature selection; and observe the effect of these steps on tumor segmentation simultaneously.

    Conclusion

In this work we propose an integrated EM model to combine three steps such as in homogeneity correction, feature extraction and feature selection for brain tumor segmentation. To achieve segmentation validation, we obtain pixel counts for segmented tumor or cyst tissues and use different similarity coefficients to measure overlap between the segmented tissues with those of the radiologists’ ground truth at the pixel level. The overlap measures show about or above 90% segmentation validation performance for both cyst and tumor tissues. To the best of our knowledge, an integrated model for MRI preprocessing, feature extraction, and feature selection for tumor and cyst segmentation has not been studied until now. Such an integrated framework can be useful for brain tumor detection and adjuvant therapy planning.

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