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Exploring Michael Hartnett's early development as a poet....
Exploring Michael Hartnett’s early development as a poet….
Bridget Halpin’s Small Farm in Camas Formative Influences on the young Michael Hartnett
Brigid Halpin’s cottage in Camas as it is today. The photograph is by Dermot Lynch.
Bridget Halpin, formerly Bridget Roche, was born in Cahirlane, Abbeyfeale in 1885 to parents John Roche and Marie Moloney. According to parish records in Abbeyfeale, she married Michael Halpin from Camas, near Newcastle…
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#&039;A Farewell to English&039;#&039;Come Dance with Kitty Stobling&039;#A Small Farm#Andrias MacCraith#Éigse Michael Hartnett#Bridget Halpin#Caitlín Maude#Camas#Camas Road#Courteney Boys School#Death of an Irishwoman#Dennis O&039;Driscoll#Glendarragh#Joe Dore#John Cussen#Maiden Street#Michael Hartnett#Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill#Pat Collins&039;s &039;A Necklace of Wrens#Pat Walsh&039;s &039;A Rebel Act&039;#Patrick Kavanagh#Rambling House#St. Ita&039;s Secondary School
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It Seems Like Nothing Changes
By Paul Cussen
October 1919
While Lloyd George’s government realise that Home Rule is not enough to satisfy the Irish, the Irish Committee of the British Government is recreated under heavy Unionist influence, notably through Sir Walter Long.
John McArdle, F Company, 1st Battalion, Dublin Brigade, Irish Volunteers loses the use of an eye during an exchange with British forces.
James Joyce leaves Zurich for Trieste. He writes to Harriet Weaver to say that he has found the manuscript of A Portrait… in the drawer of his desk, exactly where he had left it four years before. Not trusting the post-war postal system he divides the manuscript into four parts, posting each one separately, and promising that if any part did not arrive, he will write it out again for her.
(In July 1951 Harriet Weaver presented the manuscript to Frederick Boland as a donation for the National Library of Ireland. She was so impressed by Boland’s enthusiasm that she donated a portrait of the great man by Wyndham Lewis to the National Gallery of Ireland)
Winston Churchill condemns the IRA as ‘a gang of squalid murderers’ who have eluded capture.
D’Annunzio, the ‘John the Baptist of Fascism’, receives a cargo ship laden with military equipment. The Persia is captured by Giuseppe Giuletti and some volunteers who redirect it from its original destination of Vladivostock, where it is to supply the White Armies, to Fiume.
1-2 October
Dozens of doughboys shot at African-Americans and when police arrive they shoot at them during the Baltimore riot. Police reinforcements cause the soldiers to withdraw. In total six soldiers are arrested.
2 October
Seán 'ac Dhonncha is born in Carna, Connemara (d. 1996)
US President Woodrow Wilson has a stroke that leaves him partially paralysed.
3 October
John Boyd (Boyd Bradfield Upchurch) is born in Atlanta (d. 2013)
James M. Buchanan is born in Murfreesboro, Tennessee (d. 2013)
5 October
Private William Grenville dies of appendicitis in Cork.
Donald Pleasence is born in Worksop, Nottinghamshire (d. 1995)
5-6 October
61.6% of voters vote for prohibition (of spirits) in a referendum in Norway.
6-7 October
American marines and Haitian gendarmes repel an attack by Caco rebels under Charlemagne Masséna Péralte in the Battle of Port-au-Prince.
7 October
Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij N.V. (KLM) is founded and will become the first airline in the world to celebrate its centenary. The modified De Havilland DH-9B bomber pictured above was part of their London Amsterdam service with British Aerial Transport.
9 October
Constable Joseph Reynolds of the Dublin Metropolitan Police overpowers William Little who had just shot two “Asylum attendants and a private enquiry agent”.
10 October
Private W.J. Edwards dies of aenemia in Central Hospital, Cork aged 18.
11 October
Art Blakey is born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (d. 1990)
11 Oct–18 Nov
Soviet forces halt the White forces advance on Moscow in the Orel-Kromy operation.
14 October
Aleksandar Stamboliyski is appointed Prime Minister of Bulgaria.
17 October
HMS Dragon is hit by two shells from a shore battery while taking part in an operation against German forces attacking Riga. Nine of the crew die and five are wounded.
RCA is created as a subsidiary to General Electric.
18 October
De Valera is made an honorary chief of the Chippewa in Wisconsin.
Pierre Trudeau is born in Montreal (d. 2000)
19 October
Detective Michael Downing of G Division (Dublin Metropolitan Police) is assassinated.
Anna Howard Shaw becomes the first female recipient of the US Distinguished Service Medal.
20 October
Ontario voters decide not to repeal prohibition in a referendum.
The man engine which transports miners underground at the Levant Mine in Cornwall fails. The rod which controls the movement breaks and men on the device plummet the 1,596-foot shaft. At least five of the 31 who die had served in the War.
22 October
Doris Lessing is born in Kermanshah, Iran (d. 2013)
W. N. P. Barbellion (pen-name of Bruce Frederick Cummings), English naturalist and diarist, dies of multiple sclerosis (born 1889)
25 October
Jimmy Rudd is born in Dublin (d. 1985)
Six Republican prisoners (including Piaras Beaslaí) escape from Strangeways Prison.
Ireland and England draw 1-1 in front of a crowd of 30,000 in Windsor Park, Belfast.
26 October
Edward Elgar’s Cello Concerto in E minor, Op. 85 premieres in Queen’s Hall, London.
President Wilson’s veto of the Prohibition Enforcement Bill is overridden.
27 October
James Joseph Magennis is born in Belfast (d. 1986)
Minister for Foreign Affairs, Count George Plunkett, reports ‘a steady progress’ in the development of Ireland’s foreign relations ‘in spite of all impediments’.
Mike Pepitone becomes the last victim of the Axeman of New Orleans.
28 October
Arthur Ransome leaves Russia with his future wife Evgenia Petrovna Shelepina, who had been Trotsky's secretary.
30 October
Ella Wheeler Wilcox dies of cancer in Short Beach, Connecticut (b. 1850)
Laugh, and the world laughs with you;
Weep, and you weep alone.
For the sad old earth must borrow its mirth
But has trouble enough of its own
‘Since I went to Ireland the only party delivering inflammatory speeches inciting to the murder of the servants of the Crown has been the Sinn Fein party, and so long as these speeches are likely to be delivered by these men I will prohibit them.’
-Sir James Macpherson in the House of Commons
31 October
Two units of the IRA attack the RIC barracks in Ballivor, Co. Meath killing 35 year old RIC Constable William Agar and seizing a revolver, five rifles and a large amount of ammunition.
Elsewhere in Co. Meath, Sergeant Matthews and Constables Griffiths and O’Shea at Lismullin RIC barracks repel an attack by about 26 Volunteers.
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Notices
REVD KAT CAMPION-SPALL is at St Nicholas Whitchurch on Sunday morning.
WELCOME HELOISE RADIGOIS who starts as Executive Assistant to the Vicar on Mon.
CONFIRMATION SERVICE is at St Paul’s Southville Thurs 21 Nov at 730pm. The next meeting for Adult Confirmation Group will take place on Thurs 24 Oct at 730pm. The next meeting for Young people (Year 6 and over) Confirmation will take place this afternoon at 4pm in the Parish Office.
REPAIRS TO SPIRE: Work continues to complete repairs to masonry on the spire and replace glass in spire windows.
SISTERS OF THE CHURCH would like to thank everyone for their generosity towards the harvest appeal. To date, in 2019, over 7000 bags of food had been distributed!
BOOK TOUR: Join author Tim Gee (Why I Am A Pacifist, Sept 2019) and Fellowship of Reconciliation to discover why addressing inequality, tackling the climate emergency and preventing violent conflict require us all to take Jesus’s call to peacemaking seriously. Sat 12 Oct, 11-1230, New Room.
THEOLOGY BOOK CLUB: Next meeting is this week on Tues 15 Oct at 8pm, at John Rogan’s house. All welcome. For details please contact [email protected].
PIPE WALK led by Ned Cussen on Sat 19 Oct. Meet at St Barnabas Church, Daventry Road, Knowle BS4 1DQ for coffee at 930am. The walk will finish at around noon at St Mary Redcliffe where refreshments will be available.
CHORAL MATTINS on Sun 20 Oct at (11.15am), the boys and adults from our choir will perform the Te Deum, commisioned by St Mary Redcliffe Church in 1965 and composed by Herbert Howells. We encourage you to come along to hear this exciting and dramatic work.
QUIZ NIGHT It's quiz night on Thur 24 Oct at Redcliffe Nursery School! Get a team together & come for a laugh, Pieminister Pie & a drink all for £10. Visit www.pta-events.co.uk/redcliffeptfa for more details.
MARY’S MEALS BACKPACK APPEAL We’ll be packing the bags on Sun 27 Oct. Please support our annual appeal by either making a donation towards a £2.50 backpack or by contributing the contents. For more information contact Becky Macron.
LIGHT PARTY Children’s Church have organised a Light Party in the Undercroft on Fri 1 Nov from 630 – 8pm. There will be crafts, games and a bring and share tea! For more information and to sign up, please contact Becky Macron.
ALL SOULS is on 3 Nov. If you would like someone to be remembered by name at the 630pm service please use the sign up sheets available.
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It Seems Like Nothing Changes
Paul Cussen
June 1919
In June 1919 the Cork Furniture Store, which had moved from Merchant Street to a new premises on Winthrop Street, took over London House on Saint Patrick’s Street and expanded to sell ladies clothes. The firm was owned by William Roche from Killavullen.
The Ford building on the marina covered a floor area of 330,000 square feet, just over 7.5 acres. The company employed 1,800 workers. John O’Neill, who joined Ford in 1919 and later became Managing Director of the plant (in 1932), described the plant as being ‘ahead of anything else in Europe’ in terms of layout and equipment.
In late June the lease on the Cork National Shell Factory was taken over from the Corporation of Cork by Richard Woodhead, acting on behalf of the Ford Company. In the 1930s it was leased to the Lee Motor Company.
Cork hurlers changed from blue jerseys with a large saffron C across the chest after British forces raided the County Board offices in Cook Street and confiscate their kits.
In June 1919 Michael Collins was made president of the IRB (Irish Republician Brotherhood).
Terence MacSwiney led an abortive raid to gain arms and ammunition at the Killeagh air ship base, a facility of the Royal Naval Air Service.
The 2nd Battalion of the Royal Munster Fusiliers remained in France until June 1919 when they returned to England.
From January to June 198 British soldiers in Ireland died: 118 from influenza/pneumonia, 55 died from other natural causes, 6 died from firearms accidents, 15 from accidents not involving firearms and 4 from suicide.
Martin Doyle, originally from New Ross in Wexford, received his Victoria Cross from King George V at Buckingham Palace. In October 1920 he joined the IRA in East Clare acting as an intelligence officer.
"The Vicious Circle" gathered at the Algonquin for the first time as the result of a practical joke carried out by theatrical press agent John Peter Toohey. It is only later, with their numbers growing, that they move to the now famous round table.
1 June
de Valera embarks on his tour of the USA with three aims:
· to ask for official recognition of the Irish Republic,
· to obtain a loan to finance the work of the new government, and
· to secure the support of the American people for the republic
2 June
New York City night watchman William Boehner is the only fatality as eight bombs detonate in eight cities across America. Each of the bombs is delivered with several copies of a pink flyer, titled "Plain Words", that read:
War, Class war, and you were the first to wage it under the cover of the powerful institutions you call order, in the darkness of your laws. There will have to be bloodshed; we will not dodge; there will have to be murder: we will kill, because it is necessary; there will have to be destruction; we will destroy to rid the world of your tyrannical institutions.
The bombings are carried out by Italian anarchist followers of Luigi Galleani.
3 June
Private Peter Asher dies of pneumonia at the military hospital in Buttevant.
Today’s Manchester Guardian review of Chekov’s The Seagull says:
“The Seagull” is a low-spirited play, and the sharpness of tragedy in it is blunted by Tchekov’s (sic) satire and irrelevances of other kinds. Tchekov, as we know from his stories, is a genial soul, and one missed somehow the feeling of sincerity in the climax to-day.
6 June
June Huband (who used the nom de plume Helen Forrester) is born in Hoylake on Merseyside (d.2011)
The United States Senate pass a resolution asking for the delegation appointed by Dáil Éireann to be given a hearing at the Paris Peace Conference, and expressing sympathy with the “aspirations of the Irish people for a government of their own choice”.
5-7 June
600-700 Armenian civilians are murdered by armed ethnic Azeri and Kurdish irregulars and Azerbaijani soldiers in the Khaibalikend massacre.
7 June
The Sette Giugno riots occur in Malta, as a crowd of thousands are shot at by British soldiers. Four die and over 50 are wounded in protests challenging the British presence on the island.
8 June
Constantine Fitzgibbon is born in The United States (d. 1983)
Coslett Herbert Waddell dies (b. 1858)
9 June
The City of Winnipeg Police Commission dismiss almost the entire city police force for refusing to sign a pledge promising to neither belong to a union nor participate in a sympathetic strike.
10 June
Kevin O’Flanagan is born in Dublin (d. 2006)
14 June
Walter Weedon Grossmith dies in London (b. 1854)
15 June
At 8.40 am after flying for 16 hours and 28 minutes and covering 1,900 miles without stopping, John Alcock and Arthur Brown mistook Derrigimlagh bog for a landing strip and landed their plane completing the first transatlantic flight.
“I’m Alcock – just come from Newfoundland”, the Vimy pilot told the Marconi technicians that had tried to warn them about the bog.
“Yesterday, I was in America, and I’m the first man in Europe ever to say that.” – Arthur Brown
16 June
Fourteen IRA volunteers from the Kilbrittain company ambush a six-man British Army-RIC patrol at Rathclarin, Co. Cork and seize 5 rifles, one revolver and 200 rounds of ammunition. Only 2 of the IRA men are armed for the ambush. Volunteer Mick O’Neill is injured in the raid which was not sanctioned by Brigade HQ. "The fact that it was completely successful had an immense effect on morale and on the whole direction of the volunteer military effort in West Cork."
Greek forces lose 20 men in the Malgaç Raid as Turkish forces destroy the railway bridge and capture weapons and ammunition.
17 June
Station-Sergeant Thomas Green is wounded in the Epsom Riot when 400 Canadian troops attack the police station after two soldiers had been arrested.
18 June
The Dáil establishes the National Arbitration Courts.
19 June
The Dáil approves the First Dáil Loan (for £500,000)
20-21 June
Greek forces suffer 30-80 killed and 40 wounded in the Turkish raid on Erbeyli. 72 Turkish civilians are abducted and executed by Greek troops as a warning against future raids.
22 June
A tornado kills 57 people in Fergus Falls, Minnesota.
Greek units suffer 30 killed and 40 wounded in the Turkish raid on Erikli. This causes Greek forces to retreat.
Approximately 1,500 servicemen or ex-sevicemen from 18 countries compete in the Inter-Allied Games in Le Stade Pershing outside of Paris.
23 June
RIC Detective D.I. Michael Hunt is shot twice in the back in a scuffle with IRA volunteers Jim Stapleton and James Murphy in Thurles, Co. Tipperary.
24 June
Two RIC officers are attacked and disarmed near Meenascarthy, Co. Kerry. Ten IRA volunteers are later arrested and five of them sentenced to gaol.
25 June
24 Americans are killed and 25 wounded repelling Red Army forces at the Battle of Romanovka. The Red army lose a similar number of men.
26 June
Castletownbere born William Martin Murphy dies in Dublin (b. 1845)
28 June
The Treaty of Versailles is signed in the Hall of Mirrors.
Two British soldiers are killed while on patrol by the Irish Republician Army.
Ion Dezideriu Sîrbu is born in Petrila (d. 1989)
29 June
Dáil Courts are established to hear civil cases.
Cork players wear red jerseys for the first time as they play against Tipperary in the Munster Hurling Semi-Final at the Cork Athletic Grounds in Ballintemple. The admission price is increased from sixpence to 1 shilling which results in protests that include sections of sheet iron being torn down at one end of the grounds. The result of the match is Cork 2-4 Tipperary 2-3.
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It Seems Like Nothing Changes
Paul Cussen
March 1919
The ‘German Plot’ internees are released.
Terence MacSwiney is released on humanitarian grounds to support Muriel through a severe attack of influenza.
Ireland’s first diplomatic mission is set up at the Grand Hotel in Paris where Sean T Ó Ceallaigh and George Gavan Duffy try to get recognition for the Irish Republic before the Paris peace conference. Their mission is expensive and frustrating as the cost of living and working in Paris mounts and the press turn a deaf ear to the Irish. Ó Ceallaigh, exasperated, writes to Cathal Brugha looking for:
a few thousand pounds—don’t be too greatly shocked by the light way I speak of it for the purpose of smoothing a passage to the presence of great men here and of securing the ear of the press. You can get nothing whatsoever done otherwise.
Admiral Sims returns to the United States on board the Mauretania and Rear-Admiral H.S. Knapp succeeds him in command of Naval Forces in Europe.
The ‘Battle of Bow Street’ breaks out when around two thousand foreign soldiers and sailors clash with local police in London. Thirty servicemen are arrested and seven American soldiers and sailors are handed over to Military Police and Shore Patrol as well as four Canadian servicemen later charged with incitement to riot. Six other injured servicemen are kept under guard in hospital before a later appearance in court.
The Journal of a Disappointed Man by Bruce Frederick Cummings, writing as W.N.P. Barbellion, is published. It is a personal account of multiple sclerosis, unique philosophy and personal resignation, described by its author as "a study in the nude". It is published by Chatto & Windus though it was originally optioned by Collins who eventually rejected the book because they feared its "lack of morals" would damage their reputation. The preface to the first edition is written by H.G. Wells.
The Thrill Book, a pulp magazine tending towards speculative fiction, is published by Street & Smith with a plan to publish twice a month.
In the Division II final Knockavilla lose 0-0 to Millstreet 0-2. Kinsale win Division III of the county hurling championship, beating Doneraile by 4-1 to 2-1.
1 March
The Cork Examiner reports on the findings at a conference held at the Institute of Hygiene in London the previous day at which nose and throat specialist Sir St. Clair Thomson said that “influenza was undoubtedly “Splashed!” upon us by coughing and sneezing – even by laughing”. In the Irish Times report on the conference, Thomson advised that “a person who coughed without putting up his hand or sneezed without using a handkerchief should be prosecuted for indecency”. All speakers at the conference “emphasised the importance of good food and fresh air”.
The beginning of the Samil Movement when 33 racial representatives meeting at Taehwagwan, Seoul announce that Korea will no longer be under Japanese rule.
2 March
Sergeant Leslie Glynn dies at North Fever Hospital (B.1892, USA)
First congress of Communist International opens at the Kremlin.
4 March
Gunner Tom Barry arrives home from Egypt
4-5 March
The Kinmel Park mutiny takes place in Wales. 15,000 Canadian troops are stationed there awaiting repatriation after the Great War.
The mutineers were our own men, stuck in the mud of North Wales, waiting impatiently to get back to Canada – four months after the end of the war. The 15,000 Canadian troops that concentrated at Kinmel didn't know about the strikes that held up the fuelling ships and which had caused food shortages. The men were on half rations, there was no coal for the stove in the cold grey huts, and they hadn't been paid for over a month. Forty-two had slept in a hut meant for thirty, so they each took turns sleeping on the floor, with one blanket each. - Noel Barbour Gallant Protestors, 1975
6 March
Pierce McCan, member of the First Dáil representing Tipperary East dies in Gloucester Jail having been arrested under the ‘German Plot’ and held for ten months without charge or trial (b. 1882, Ballyanne Desmesne, Wexford)
7 March
Acting CSM Arthur Vincent dies at the Central Military Hospital (b. 1887, Northumberland)
10 March
Matthew Hogan, a fifteen year old from Tipperary, is kidnapped by police and moved to an unknown destination.
11 March
Sergeant Michael O’Riordan dies of influenza (b. 1888, Douglas)
12 March
Private William Smith dies of an accidental gunshot wound to the head at Ballyvonaire Military Camp (b. 1892, Sunderland)
13 March
Stoker 1st class William Whitmill dies of TB (b. 1892, London)
Private Laurence O’Sullivan dies of influenza at Cork Central Military Hospital (b. 1887)
16 March
Robert Barton, Sinn Féin TD for West Wicklow, escapes from his cell in Mountjoy Gaol, leaving behind a note:
I am about to make an escape from your hospitality. If I escape, well and good, if not I am prepared to suffer the consequences... I hope that we may shortly turn your prison to a useful national purpose.
17 March
Nat King Cole is born in Montgomery, Alabama (d. 1965)
Dutch steel workers strike for an eight hour day and minimum wages.
Commander Petr A. Solodukhin's brigade overwhelm the French and White Russian troops garrisoned at Bolshie Ozerki.
18 March
The analytic philosopher Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe is born in Limerick (d. 2001)
Seán Moylan is arrested for a seditious speech in Cullen.
19 March
Alfred Person (46) is shot dead at his home 146 Richmond Road, Dublin. The father of a British Army staff sergeant he is thought to have been shot while attempting to prevent raiders from taking guns from his collection.
20 March
IRA volunteers raid Collinstown airfield outside Dublin. They capture 75 rifles and approximately 5,000 rounds of ammunition.
22 March
The Cork Branch of the Irish Women’s Association (founded by the Countess Bandon in December 1915) closes its depot, 37 Grand Parade, at its final meeting.
23 March
The 6th Battalion of the Yorkshire Regiment and troops from the American 339th Infantry Regiment attack Bolshie Ozerki losing 75 men.
Mussolini founds the Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista) in Milan.
People march in Brisbane in the second demonstration against the War Precautions Act (legislation based on the British Defence of the Realm Act). Contrary to assurances made to the police red flags of various sizes are unfurled by the marchers and their numbers swell to over 1,000.
24 March
Lawrence Ferlinghetti, poet and co-founder of City Lights Booksellers & Publishers, is born in Yonkers, New York.
A crowd of up to 8,000 march in Brisbane protesting against the Red Flag marchers. Fighting lasts for two hours and 100 men receive bayonet wounds while between 14 and 19 police officers are injured. Sadly 3 police horses are shot, one of which later dies, while 19 of the injured protestors (ex-servicemen) are evacuated by ambulance.
28 March
Two paintings by E.E. Cummings appear in a show of the New York Society of Independent Artists.
29 March
Piaras Beaslaí, Pat Fleming and eighteen other republican prisoners escape over the wall of Mountjoy using a rope ladder.
Resident Magistrate, John Milling is shot dead in Westport, County Mayo reportedly because he sent volunteers to prison for unlawful assembly and drilling. The retired RIC District Inspector is 46.
30 March
Two RIC constables, Constable Hayes and Constable Creed, while patrolling at the Cork and Muskerry Terminus on the Western Road, bid good morning to a man walking along the middle of the road. When the man does not reply, they proceed to stop and question him. The man produces a revolver and Constable Hayes is shot through the hip (an injury from which he makes a full recovery). The man escapes in the direction of Hanover Street.
31 March
The Red Army launch attacks against the Allied and White Russian forces in the Battle of Bolshie Ozerki. Both sides suffer heavily from exposure despite sunny days. Nighttime temperatures fall to -20°C.
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It Seems Like Nothing Changes
Paul Cussen
August 2018
In the last two weeks of Anglo-Welsh composer Philip Heseltine’s year long stay in Ireland, he writes ten songs which are published under the pseudonym Peter Warlock. These are considered to be among his finest work.
An t-Óglách, with the tagline ‘The Official Organ of the Irish Volunteer', often described as a successor to the Irish Volunteer, is published. It is published twice a month initially and successfully manages to remain in circulation despite numerous raids and having to operate in secret to avoid complete closure. Michael Collins, Adjutant General and Director of Organisation, is a regular contributor to the magazine.
Charlie Hurley is arrested on a charge of unlawful assembly and imprisoned in Cork Gaol. When arrested he is found to have in his possession documents relating to military installations in the Beara peninsula and a plan for destroying the police barracks in Castletownbere. On release from Cork Gaol he is rearrested, court-martialled and sentenced to five years' penal servitude at Maryborough (Portlaoise) Gaol.
John Hawkes from off-Barrack Street lodges an unsuccessful appeal with the local War Pensions Committee in Cork city, noting that he had been ‘awarded a pension of 8d. a day for 18 months final [sic] & his period expired some time ago. He states that if he could obtain a pair of spectacles, he would be employed at once as a watchmaker. He has no home and no money and will have to go to the workhouse if his appeal fails.’ Hawkes had previously served in the Royal Munster Fusiliers in France but had been discharged in April 1915, according to his mother, ‘because he got a bad cold in the trenches’ and had been declared ‘unfit for further duty’. Doctors at a hospital in Boulogne had determined that Hawkes suffered from a ‘mental deficiency’ .
Acting Major Thomas Marshal Llewellyn Fuge is mentioned in Despatches. He is mentioned in ‘Long Shadows by de Banks: the history of Cork County Cricket Club’ by Colm Murphy as a useful fast medium bowler who played for Ireland.
Stephen O’Callaghan of 39 Bandon Road completes four years on active duty with the Worcestershire Regiment and the Royal Munster Fusiliers, a recipient of the British Army Service Medal and the Victory Medal.
HMS Flying Fox takes over kite balloons and the operations are attached to the deployment of the American battleships Utah, Nevada and Oklahoma. The three battleships operate from Berehaven from August to October to protect Allied convoys from attack by the German battlecruisers.
August 1 – The first fully combined air, sea, and land military operation in history is launched as RN Fairey Campania seaplanes from HMS Nairana join Allied forces to drive Red Army forces from the mouth of the Northern Dvina river in Russia.
The French Tenth Army launch an attack and penetrate five miles into German territory in the Second Battle of the Marne.
British troops enter Vladivostok.
August 2 – Captain Georgi Chaplin stages a coup against the local Soviet government of Arkhangelsk.
Japan announces that it is deploying troops to Siberia.
The first general strike in Canada occurs in a one-day protest at the murder of Albert “Ginger” Goodwin.
August 4 – ‘Gaelic Sunday’, approximately 100,000 Gaels take part in an act of defiance against the British administration by refusing to apply for licenses to play Gaelic Games.
Noel Willman, actor and theatre director, is born in Derry.
There is a full muster of the members of the companies of the Third West Cork Brigade for the funeral of Lieutenant William Hurley (Kilbrittain Company) in Clogagh.
The Norwegian barque Remonstrant is sunk in the Atlantic Ocean 280 nautical miles (520 km) west of the Fastnet Rock. Her crew survive.
Adolf Hitler is awarded an Iron Cross first class on recommendation of his Jewish superior Lieutenant Hugo Gutmann.
August 5 – Five Zeppelins attempt to bomb London however most of the bombs fall into the North Sea due to heavy cloud cover and L20 is shot down killing all the crew.
August 7 – Florrie Burke is born. He goes on to play for Cork United, Cork Athletic, Evergreen United, Ireland and the League of Ireland XI (d. 1995).
August 8 – The first organised meeting of the I.T.G.W.U. in Mallow is held this evening in the old Town-Hall.
Battle of Amiens where Canadian and Australian troops begin a string of almost continuous victories, the 'Hundred Days Offensive', with an 8-mile push through the German front lines, the Canadians and Australians capture 12,000 German soldiers, while the British take 13,000 and the French capture another 3,000 prisoners (more enemy troops were captured in the six days from August 6 to August 12 than in the previous nine months combined). German General Erich Ludendorff later calls this the "black day of the German Army". Historian Charles Messenger refers to this date as the “day we won the war”.
August 10 – General Frederick Poole, the British commander in Archangel, is told to help the White Russians.
August 16 – Battle of Lake Baikal is fought by the Czechoslovak legion against the Red Army. Red army forces take Arkhangelsk.
August 17 – Moisei Uritsky, the Petrograd head of the Cheka, is assassinated.
Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon meet for the last time, in London, and spend what Sassoon later describes as "the whole of a hot cloudless afternoon together”.
British troops attack Baku, Azerbaijan
August 21 – The Second Battle of the Somme begins.
Corporal Thomas Hargroves, Royal Irish Regiment, 2nd Batallion, dies in action. He had come from Laois to serve in the Prison Service in Cork and enlisted for military service in early 1916. He first saw action securing positions in Dublin in 1916. His unit landed in France in August 1916. He is listed on the Vis-En-Artois Memorial, (and on a memorial which disappeared from St. Peter’s Church between 2002 and 2006).
August 22 – Sergeant John Hallinon is killed in action in the Somme. He was born around 1883 in Ballincollig and was working as a bank messenger in London. His wife, Emily, unaware of the condition of life in the trenches wrote to ask for her husband's ring, wristwatch and pipes. They had one child, William.
August 23 – Creation of the Bessarabian Peasants' Party.
August 25 – Composer, conductor, author, music lecturer, and pianist Leonard Bernstein is born in Lawrence, Massachusetts (d. 1990).
70 year old fisherman William Whelton dies in Courtmacsharry after mistakenly consuming poison (unlike poisonings in the UK a century later there is no suspicion of Russian involvement!)
August 27 – Denis O'Doherty, Irish Guards is killed in action aged 28. His brother Felix O'Doherty had started the Fianna and Volunteers in Blarney and became Captain 'B' (Blarney) Company, 6th Battalion, Cork Brigade, I.R.A.
The Battle of Ambos Nogales occurs when U.S. Army forces skirmish against Mexican Carrancistas and two supposed German advisors at Nogales, Arizona, in the only battle of WWI fought on United States soil. Over 130 people die, the majority are Mexican citizens.
August 29 – Science historian and cryptanalyst John Herival is born in Belfast (d. 2011).
Bob Conklin dies of gunshot wounds, sustained at the Battle of Arras. Due to the delay of mail from the Front, his family still continue to receive letters from Bob after learning of his death: “Give my love to all and don’t worry on my account”; “Well, my news is finished, so I’ll ring off. I will write mother in a few days. Love to all. Bob.”
August 30 – Czechoslovakia forms independent republic.
London Policemen go on strike after the dismissal of PC Tommy Thiel (centre in the photograph) for union membership. The strikers demand union recognition and a wage increase. Within a few hours 6,000 men throughout London are out, with more joining all the time; even the Special Branch is affected.
Vladimir Lenin is shot and wounded by Fanny Kaplan in Moscow.
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It Seems Like Nothing Changes
Paul Cussen
July 1918
The Irish Volunteer was first published on the 7th February 1914 and aimed to provide guidance and to develop the Volunteer movement. It ceased publication on the eve of the 1916 Rising. Following two years without an official publication, the concept of resurrecting a secret publication by the Executive was considered in July 1918.
In July 1918, Volunteers ambush two RIC men who had been stationed to stop a feis being held on the road between Ballingeary and Ballyvourney in the first armed attack on the RIC since the Easter Rising – one is shot in the neck, the other beaten, and police carbines and ammunition are seized. The attack brings a British military presence during the summer and an increase in police raids. However, there is no coordinated armed campaign against British forces or RIC.
Raid on Captain Morgan's, Bunalun, Skibbereen:
During 1918, I had organised and kept a Company of Volunteers on frequent drilling parades at Dreeny Bridge, Skibbereen. Captain Morgan of Bunalun had become very aggressive to his workmen, telling them "many Irishmen would get a chance of going to heaven out of the trenches". We decided on getting his wind up by raiding his home for sporting guns, at about 10.50 a.m. one morning we disguised ourselves, and held up workmen in Morgan's yard at about 1.30 p.m. at point of revolver. We got four sporting guns and a box of cartridge caps in this raid.
- Thomas Hourihane
http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS1366.pdf#page=8
The counter-offensive from July 1918 results in successive defeats inflicted by French, British, and American forces as the Allies begin to integrate tanks and airplanes into operations, eventually forcing the German Supreme Command to decide to request a ceasefire.
By the end of June there are reports that the flu has reached Ballinasloe, Tipperary, Dublin, Derry and Cork, yet by mid-July the first wave of the pandemic abates.
Showing the Highest Mortality from Principal Epidemic Diseases during LIKJ period 1864-1918, as compared with that from Influenza in 1918.
Cause of Death Year Number of Deaths
Whooping-cough 1868 2,380
Small-pox 1872 3,248
Diphtheria 1874 565
Scarlet Fever 1874 4,034
Measles 1878 2,212
Typhus 1880 934
Enteric Fever ... 1898 1,284
Influenza 1918 10,651
In Cork, 469 people die of influenza in 1918 (281 men and 188 women), a rate of 149 per 100,000 of population
- Sir William J. Thompson, M.D., Registrar-General (1919)
Poem in Irish in the hand of Tomás MacCurtain entitled 'Eachtra Carraig Clíodhna', July 1918 (Cork City Archives)
Daniel Buckley, of Boherbue, Co. Cork, who survived the sinking of the Titanic joined the famous Irish ‘Fighting 69th’ (the 69th Infantry Regiment) in New York and is killed in action in the advance that broke through the German lines. Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur said ‘By God, it takes the Irish when you want a hard thing done!’
July 3 – Lord Lieutenant bans Sinn Féin, the Irish Volunteers, the Gaelic League and Cumann na mBan for being “a grave menace to and are designed to terrorise the peaceful and law-abiding subjects of His Majesty in Ireland”.
The Siberian Intervention is launched by the Allies to extract the Czechoslovak Legion from the Russian Civil War
July 4 – At Washington's grave at Mount Vernon, the tenor John McCormack stood beside President Wilson and sang, The Battle Hymn of the Republic and The Star Spangled Banner, as representatives of 33 nations laid wreaths
Mehmed VI succeeds as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire on the death of his half-brother Mehmed V (Reşâd, who reigned since 1909), himself reigning until the Sultanate is abolished in 1922
July 7 – Jamie Moynihan is officer commanding the group of Volunteers who carry out the armed attack on crown forces at the Mouth of the Glen, near Ballingeary
July 9 – Train wreck in Nashville, Tennessee, when an inbound local train collides with an outbound express, killing 101
July 10 – Russia adopts a new constitution declaring it a Soviet republic
July 12 – The Imperial Japanese Navy battleship Kawachi blows up off Tokuyama, Yamaguchi, western Honshu, Japan, killing at least 621
Pablo Picasso marries Olga Khoklova in Paris
July 13 – The National Czechoslovak Committee is established
July 14 – Release in the United States of the film The Glorious Adventure featuring Mammy Lou who becomes one of the oldest people ever to star in a film, at a claimed age of 114
Ingmar Bergman is born (d. 2007)
July 15 – Second Battle of the Marne begins near the River Marne with a German attack
July 17 – RMS Carpathia (famed for rescuing survivors of the RMS Titanic) is torpedoed and sunk en route to Boston, approximately 120 miles west of Fastnet, by Imperial German Navy submarine U-55, 218 of the 223 on board are rescued
USS Terry and the British sloopHMS Zinnia escorted the submarine tender USS Bushnell from Berehaven to Queenstown
By order of the Bolshevik Party and carried out by the Cheka, former emperor Nicholas II, his wife Alexandra Feodorovna, their children, Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Alexei, and retainers are shot at the Ipatiev House in Ekaterinburg, Russia
July 18 – Nelson Mandela is born in the village of Mvezo in Umtata
July 21 – U-156, captained by Richard Feldt, surfaces and fires on the town of Orleans, Massachusetts, the first time the U.S. mainland had been attacked since the War of 1812
July 26 – Major Edward Corringham "Mick" Mannock, the fifth highest scoring pilot of the war and a supporter of Irish nationalism is shot down by enemy ground fire at Calonne-sur-la-Lys. He was 31 years of age. His 61-73 “kills” makes him the Allies first or second highest scoring ace of the war
July 27 – Albert "Ginger" Goodwin, an advocate for workers rights in Canada, is shot in the neck and killed by disgraced ex-policeman Dan Campbell
July 30 – Journalist and poet Joyce Kilmer is killed in action near Muercy Farm, beside the Ourcq River (b. 1886)
July 31 – Captain George Edward Henry McElroy, a leading Irish-born fighter pilot with the RFC and the RAF is shot down by ground fire over Laventie, aged 25. His 47 “kills” places him 6th in the list of Allied aces and 15th in the overall list of WWI fighter aces.
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It Seems Like Nothing Changes
Paul Cussen
January 1919
This is the year that sees the publication of Yeats’ The Wild Swan’s at Coole, Francis Ledwidge’s Complete Poems, and ‘An Seabhac’, Pádraig Ó Siochfhradha’s Jimín Mháire Thaidhg, the year in which Poe’s Tales of Mystery and Imagination is published with illustrations by Harry Clarke.
C.S. Lewis publishes his first work in London, Spirits in Bondage: a cycle of lyrics.
Other publications of note are:
Sherwood Anderson’s Winesburg, Ohio
Herman Hesse’s Demian
Franz Kafka’s In der Strafkolonie (‘In the Penal Colony’)
W. Somerset Maugham’s The Moon and Sixpence
Marcel Proust’s À l'Ombre des jeunes filles en fleurs, vol. 2 of À la recherche du temps perdu
P.G. Wodehouse’s My Man Jeeves stories
Virginia Woolf’s Night and Day
L. Frank Baum’s The Magic of Oz
The War Poems of Siegfried Sassoon
Father Francis P. Duffy’s Father Duffy's Story: A Tale of Humor and Heroism, Of Life and Death with the Fighting Sixty-Ninth (with Joyce Kilmer)
John Maynard Keynes’ The Economic Consequences of Peace
Prof. William Strunk’s magnificent The Elements of Style
Sapper Dorothy Lawrence: The Only English Woman Soldier, and
Arthur Ransome’s Six Weeks in Russia
The Little Review was seized by the Post Office in January, not because of the contribution by James Joyce, but because of the inclusion of some nude drawings.
In mid-January approximately 5,000 soldiers mutiny in Southampton, taking over the docks and refusing to obey orders. Lies had been told and the men had thought they were to be discharged when they were being sent to France. Sir Hugh Trenchard surrounded the mutineers with soldiers and military police.
There was a melee between US sailors and British soldiers on board the Rosslare express train from Cork. Most of the windows were broken when the train arrived in Waterford and a number of the American sailors were injured. One was missing, and was later found, fighting fit, in Dungarvan.
In Belfast more than 20 Sinn Féin prisoners climbed on to the roof of the prison where, over the course of two hours, they waved republican flags and sang Sinn Féin and other songs to a large crowd that assembled on Crumlin Road. Their protest ended when members of the crowd began throwing stones at the protesters on the roof despite a police presence.
‘I can declare that the spirit of the prisoners, so far from being broken, has grown more robust since their entrance to the jail.’ - Count Plunkett
‘In January, 1919, Cork Brigade, which was made up of about twenty battalions and embraced the whole of Cork County, was divided into three Brigades. Our Battalion (Bandon) became the 1st Battalion, Cork III. Brigade.
The other battalions in the Brigade area were, as far as I can recollect, - Clonakilty (2nd), Dunmanway (3rd), Skibbereen (4th), Bantry (5th).
The 0/C., Cork III. Brigade, was Tom Hales who, up to the formation of the Brigade, was O/C. Bandon (1st) Battalion. I cannot recollect the names of the other officers on the Brigade Staff.
During 1919, beyond normal training, which was becoming slightly more advanced -selected members were being trained in scouting, signalling and the use of arms - there was no unusual activity in Company area.’ – Laurence Sexton.
http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS1290.pdf#page=5
1 January - Count Plunkett stays in his house in Upper Fitzwilliam Street in Dublin after being released from Birmingham Jail, having served seven months imprisonment.
Jerome David Salinger is born in Manhattan (d. 2010)
Edsel Ford succeeds his father as president of the Ford Motor Company.
HMY Iolaire hits the infamous "Beasts of Holm" rocks and sinks a mile from Stornoway harbour. Over 200 people drown in the tragedy.
2 January - The Cork Examiner reproduces a Daily Express article entitled ‘Why the Women Failed’ as 17 women had stood for election and only Countess Markievicz was elected. Two women had stood for election in Ireland; Winifred Carney failed to secure the seat for the Victoria Ward in Belfast.
3 January - The Faisal-Weizmann Agreement is signed for the development of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
Tragic Week begins in Argentina as striking workers fire on police. Three policemen die over the course of the week and 78 are wounded. Between 100 and 700 civilian deaths are reported along with 2,000 wounded, while 50,000 people are imprisoned. Martial law is declared.
5 January - The Sparticist uprising begins in Berlin.
6 January - Theodore Roosevelt dies in his sleep (b. 1858)
7 January - A reception is held at the Imperial Hotel by the members of the Cork branch of the Irish Women's Association for almost 300 Munster men who had been prisoners of war.
Robert Duncan is born in Oakland, California (d.1988)
The Christmas Rebellion in Cetinje begins in response to an attempt to unite the Kingdom of Montenegro with the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
The Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union of South Africa is founded, led by Clements Kadalie.
10 January - Private Harman and Private Perry of the Royal Defence Corps were shot on sentry duty at the railway bridge in Monard.
The newly formed Freikorps attack Sparticist supporters in Berlin.
13 January - Workers councils in Berlin end the general strike bringing the Sparticist uprising to an end.
15 January - Proportional Representation is used for first time in Sligo municipal elections.
Rosa Luxemburg (b. 1871) is arrested along with Karl Liebknecht (the only member of the Reichstag to have voted against the war, b.1871) for their part in the Sparticist uprising. They are murdered by members of the Freikorps. Luxemburg’s body is thrown in the Landwehr Canal in Berlin.
Red Rosa now has vanished too. (...)
She told the poor what life is about,
And so the rich have rubbed her out.
May she rest in peace.
- Bertolt Brecht
The Great Boston Molasses Flood occurs when a large storage tank bursts and a wave of two million gallons of molasses travels at over 50 km/h through the North End killing 21 and injuring 150.
16 January - The 18th Amendment to the American Constitution is ratified, authorizing Prohibition.
18 January - The Paris Peace Conference opens at the Palace of Versailles.
Bentley Motors Limited is founded.
Pianist and composer, Ignacy Jan Paderewski becomes the Prime Minister of Poland.
19 January - The first elections in Germany of the new Weimar Republic.
20 January - Silva Kaputikyan is born in Yerevan (d. 2006)
21 January - The first meeting of Dáil Éireann, formed by Sinn Féin MPs elected to the House of Commons, is conducted exclusively in Irish. Cathal Brugha takes the chair and calls on Father O’Flanagan to bless the proceeding. Clár Oibre Poblacánaighe, the Democratic Programme, is adopted.
An ambush is carried out at Soloheadbeg, Co Tipperary, by Irish Volunteers. Two RIC officers are killed; Constable James McDonnell, approximately 50 years old, was from Belmullet, County Mayo, a widower with four children; and Constable Patrick O'Connell was from Coachford, County Cork, approximately 30 years old and unmarried.
25 January - The League of Nations is founded in Paris.
26 January - Stoker 1st Class John McSweeney of Fuller’s Lane, Bandon Road dies of nephritis.
The 1918 All-Ireland hurling final is held in Croke Park.
Limerick 9-5 Wexford 1-3
27 January - A general strike is called over working hours led by engineering workers in Glasgow and Belfast.
31 January - The editorial of An t-Óglach states that the formation of Dáil Éireann “justifies Irish Volunteers in treating the armed forces of the enemy – whether soldiers or policemen – exactly as a National Army would treat the members of an invading army”
The British army is called in to deal with Scotland’s most widespread strike since 1820. Six tanks support 12,000 troops and the strikers give up their cause for a 40 hour work week after the Battle of George Square. Ironically, Glasgow citizens gave more per capita to fund the army’s tanks when “Julian the Tank” (No. 113) made a tour of Scotland in January 1918 as a Scottish War Savings Committee initiative. The tanks are not used against the public; their presence supporting the soldiers is enough.
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It Seems Like Nothing Changes
Paul Cussen
August 1919
“A training camp for officers was held in Glandore in August, 1919. This camp was attended by the officers of the Barryroe Company. As far as I can recollect the camp was raided by enemy forces of Military and R.I.C. and had to be disbanded.”
- Lawrence Sexton, Courtmacsherry
Volunteer Michael Fitzgerald (a mechanic and mill worker as well as an active member of the Irish Transport and General Workers’ Union) having served three months for being part of the capture of Araglen RIC Barracks on Easter Sunday 1919, takes a leading part in the disarming of British soldiers at the Wesleyan Methodist chapel in Fermoy.
“It seems to me that England is gaily riding to ruin, unless there is some wonderful secret policy somewhere. I can’t see where it will all end. The futility and brainlessness of all leaders in every camp. With the exception of a few clever ‘doctrinaire’ socialist people who can state a case — they seem to be devoid even of common sense. The only way for an unorganised majority is to rush them in to doing things and to tell them what to do. Everybody seems to be splitting hairs about ‘direct action’ and other phrases, while one bit of liberty after another is taken from them. Lloyd George puts off and throws sops to Cerberus and every clique in England follows suit. They would sell their own souls for a few pence.”
- Countess Markievicz in a letter from Cork Jail, 14 August 1919
Earlier she had written "I have a lovely view over the River Lee, a garden full of pinks, constant meals sent in by local friends, and at night the most beautiful moths fluttering against the bars." And writing about the support she got from local ladies in the Cumann na mBan she said, ''I got lovely roses and such heaps of strawberries and cream too. Friends are so good to me. If you want to be really appreciated in Ireland, go to jail!"
The Irish Victory Fund appeal, which had started in February at the Irish Race Convention, raised just over $1,005,080 within six months.
James Joyce begins to write “Circe” and begins to copy “Cyclops” while a production of Exiles is mounted at the Munich Schauspielhaus and quickly closes due to harsh criticism.
The mayor of Liverpool enlists 700 troops from the local garrison to combat mass looting when the police go on strike.
“Dock rats reeling like ships in a storm from drunken spite within them, and brandishing a weaponry of axes, sticks and crowbars ... a pack of wild women, hair streaming over shawled shoulders, ready to back them with their talons, grasping bricks and broken bottles ... rodents, bloody rodents every one of them.”
- opinion of looters by demobbed soldier employed on police force during strike
President Wilson at a parade to honour his return from the Paris Peace Conference
Józef Piłsudski fails to overthrow the existing Lithuanian government of Prime Minister Mykolas Sleževičius, and install a pro-Polish cabinet. One hundred and seventeen people are arrested and six receive life sentences.
1 August
Dave Creedon is born near Blackpool (d. 2007)
Stanley Middleton is born in Bulwell, Nottinghamshire (d. 2009)
2 August
14-17 people die in the Verona Caproni Ca.48 crash, Italy’s first aviation disaster.
3 August
Joyce writes to John Quinn that it takes him "four or five months to write a chapter" of Ulysses.
4 August
Sgt. Daniel Hayes dies of chronic bronchitis at the Central Military Hospital.
Constable Michael Murphy and Sergeant John O’Riordan are fatally shot while on patrol at Ballyvraneen, between Ennistymon and Inagh in County Clare.
The Rodin Museum opens in Paris in the Hotel Biron. It contains works by the sculptor which have been left to the state.
Béla Kun flees to Vienna after the Hungarian Soviet Republic is overthrown by the Romanian Army.
5 August
The RIC seize a letter from Michael Collins, Minister for Finance, Dáil Éireann, 6 Harcourt Street Dublin, to Terence Mac Swiney, T.D., Corcaigh Meadh (Mid Cork), regarding the arrangement for a meeting by each T.D. with the most prominent supporters of Sinn Fein in their Constituencies, with a view to forming a central committee for the entire constituency and certain local committees and the advancement of the Dáil Éireann Loan and requests ‘your loyal co-operation’.
6 August
The Denver Jewish Times reports on $5,000 donated to the Irish Victory Fund by Samuel Untermyer. This resulted in a high level of publicity in the Fund and the Irish Cause.
7 August
Charles Godefroy flies his Nieuport fighter under the arches of the Arc de Triomphe.
8 August
The Treaty of Rawalpindi is signed between Afganistan and the UK.
9 August
A secret week-long Volunteer training camp begins at Shorecliffe House, Glandore, Co. Cork for 35 battalion and company officers of the Cork No. 3 (West) Cork Brigade. The training officers are from Dublin Brigade and most lectures are given by Leo Henderson.
10 August
The Ukranian army massacres 25 Jews in Podolla. Massive pogroms are to continue until 1921.
11 August
Andrew Carnegie dies of pneumonia in Lenox, Massachusetts (b. 1835)
The Felixstowe Fury, while preparing for the 8,000 mile flight to Cape Town, side slips at low altitude and crashes. Wireless operator Lt S.E.S. McLeod drowns and the other six crew members are rescued.
The Green Bay Packers are founded and named after their sponsors, the Indian Packing Company.
12 August
Gearóid O’Sullivan (GHQ), Bernie O’Driscoll (Skibbereen), Seán Murphy (Dunmanway) and Denis O’Brien (Kilbrittain) are arrested at the training camp in Glandore which is surrounded by RIC and British military as some “incriminating documents or notes were found on them”.
http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS1493.pdf
14 August
Private John Waterfall dies at the Military Hospital from appendicitis/heart attack.
15 August
Benedict Kiely is born in Dromore, County Tyrone (d. 2007)
16 August
The Glandore training camp concludes. Six IRA Volunteers remove a section of track at Farganstown. The next train, however, is not carrying British troops, it is a goods train and it crashes into a nearby field. None of the train’s crew are injured
18 August
“... the hope that an army of military force might cowe the Irish into a frame of mind compatible with the eventual acceptance of some moderate measure of devolution has plainly miscarried”
- London Times
19 August
Afghanistan declares independence from UK.
20 August
Cathal Brugha puts a motion to the Dáil which is seconded by Terence MacSwiney that an Oath of Allegiance should be taken by all members and officials of Dáil Éireann, and all Irish Volunteers. The oath contains the phrase,
I will support and defend the Irish Republic and the Government of the Irish Republic, which is Dail Eireann, against all enemies, foreign and domestic…
22 August
Irish-American, John R. Shillaty is attacked and badly beaten by a mob in broad daylight in Austin, Texas. He is Executive Secretary of the NAACP. He is escorted to the train by the mob and the sheriff
“Your secretary, John R. Shilladay, reached Austin and was received by red blooded white men. As we didn’t need any of his kind (negro-loving white men) we have sent him back home to you. We attend to our own affairs down here, and suggest that you do the same up there”
- Deputy Sheriff Gene Barbisch
23 August
15 year old Francis Murphy, a Sinn Féin scout of Glan, County Clare is shot dead by British Soldiers. He dies as a result of bullet wounds received while sitting by the fire reading a book. The inquest into his death concludes that the murder was carried out by the military as revenge for the shooting of Constable Michael Murphy and Sergeant John O’Riordan at Ballyvraneen.
24 August
St Colman’s Cathedral, Cobh, is consecrated by the bishop of Cloyne, Robert Browne. In attendance is the primate of all Ireland, Michael Logue, the archbishop of Cashel, John Harty and the archbishop of Tuam, Thomas Gilmartin.
The Munster Final is held in Limerick’s Markets Field with the result:
Limerick 1-6 Cork 3-5
25 August
Volunteers start taking the Oath of Allegiance and using the name Irish Republican Army.
The world’s first daily international passenger air service commences when the British Aircraft Transport and Travel Company fly a deHavilland DH 16 from Hounslow Heath, London to Le Bourget airport, Paris.
26 August
Fannie Sellins (nee Mooney) witnesses guards beating Joseph Starzelski, a picketing miner from the Allegheny Coal and Coke Company, who is killed. When she intervenes, deputies shoot and kill her with four bullets then a deputy uses a cudgel to fracture her skull.
28 August
The amount of the national loan issued reaches £250,000.
30-31 August
The Knoxville, Tennessee race riot begins after Maurice Mays (pictured above) is arrested for the murder of Mrs. Bertie Lindsey. A 5,000 strong mob storm the county jail and free 16 white prisoners. They also attack the African-American business district, where they fight against the district's black business owners, leaving at least seven dead and wounding more than 20 people.
An all-white jury takes 18 minutes to find Mr. Mays guilty of Mrs. Lindsey's death. He dies at age 35 in the electric chair in 1922, declaring his innocence to his dying breath.
31 August
Amrita Pritam is born in Gujranwala, Punjab (d. 2005)
The White Army capture Kiev and the Russian tricolor is placed next to the Ukrainian flag already posted on the Duma.
The Ukranian Army kills 35 Jewish defense group members.
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It Seems Like Nothing Changes
by Paul Cussen
May 1919
1 May
Dan O’Herlihy is born in Wexford (d. 2005)
Two people die, at least 40 are injured and 116 are arrested in May Day riots in Cleveland, Ohio.
2 May
Anarchist and pacifist Gustav Landauer is killed when the Bavarian Soviet Republic is overthrown (b. 1870)
4 May
The Waterside Workers’ Federation (WWF) blockade a wharf to stop National Waterside Workers Union (NWWU) workers from reaching the Dimboola. NWWU workers arrive in boats down the river. The Fremantle Wharf riot ensues and Tom Edwards a WWF member is struck on the head by a police baton.
5 May
Séamus Ennis is born in Finglas (d. 1982)
Gunner John Ruth dies of TB in the Military Hospital.
5-6 May
The NAACP hold the National Conference on Lynching in Carnegie Hall, New York. It takes almost a century for Senate to pass legislation prohibiting lynching (the Justice for Victims of Lynching Act, December 2018)
6 May
The Grattan Street bomb making factory is discovered after an explosion the previous week. British authorities announce that “between 200 and 300 bombs were discovered in barrels in the ground under the flooring of the house in which the explosion occurred.”
Novelist, poet and scriptwriter Lyman Frank Baum dies in Hollywood (b. 1856)
7 May
Having met President Wilson in April, the members of an Irish-American Commission visit Cork and receive an address from the Cork Poor Law Board.
Novelist and historian Robert H. Adleman is born in Philadelphia (d. 1995)
Tom Edwards dies in Fremantle Hospital. An inquest finds his death to be accidental.
8 May
Volunteer Stephen Lehane is shot dead by friend and fellow Volunteer Daniel Hassett at the Short Castle paddock attached to Messrs. Cleeves’s condensed-milk factory in Mallow. Hassett found an old and dangerous revolver in a shed adjoining Messrs. Cleeves’s stable, where Lehane was employed as a groom. Hassett was putting the revolver into his pocket at about 9 a.m. when it went off accidentally, with the bullet striking Lehane in the head. After getting a priest to attend at the scene, Hassett promptly went to the Mallow police barracks, surrendered the revolver, and gave a statement about the accident to Head Constable O’Sullivan.
(http://theirishrevolution.ie/cork-fatality-register-2/#.XECAsNL7SM8)
9 May
A delegation of three Irish-Americans address Dáil Éireann before returning to Paris.
Anne Yeats is born in Dublin (d. 2001)
10 May
Poet, dramatist and journalist Ferdinando Fontana dies in Lugano (b. 1850)
Over 1,000 US sailors and some white civilians kill at least 165 African Americans in Charleston in little more than four hours before Marines, naval police and the city police restore order.
11 May
Parliamentary elections in Portugal result in the Democratic Party winning 86 of the 163 seats in the House of Representatives and 36 of the 71 seats in the Senate.
13 May
Seán Hogan is rescued from RIC custody in Knocklong railway station on his 18th birthday. The rescue is carried out by the Third Tipperary Brigade and some of the East Limerick Brigade. Dan Breen and Seán Treacy are wounded while Constable Michael Enright and Sergeant Peter Wallace die. Constable Jeremiah Ring who had sent the information on the escort’s movements to the IRA will resign from the RIC in September.
Winnepeg City Council insist that :
‘.....all persons employed by the City should express their willingness to execute an agreement, undertaking that they will not either collectively or individually at any time go on strike but will resort to arbitration as a means of settlement and differences which may not be capable of amicable settlement.’
As a result 6,800 workers from 13 trades join the strike.
Private Thomas Bowler dies in the Central Military Hospital.
15 May
30,000 workers virtually the entire working population of Winnepeg are on strike.
A landing force, consisting of 13,000 soldiers, as well as auxiliary personnel, 14 transport ships and escorted by 3 British and 4 Greek destroyers arrive at Smyrna. Violence and disorder follow the peaceful landing of Greek troops. Jewish and Turkish premises are looted by Greek soldiers. The Inter-Allied Commission of Inquiry reported that:
‘On 15 and 16 May, countless acts of violence and looting targeted at the Turkish people and their homes took place in the town. Fezzes were stolen, which prevented the Turks from leaving their homes. Many women were raped. Some people were murdered. These acts of violence and looting were committed for the most part by a mob of Greeks from the town, although it has been proven that soldiers also joined in and that the military authorities took no effective measures to stop the acts of violence and looting until it was too late.’
16-17 May
145 Turks under Lieutenant Colonel Kazim Bey repel attacks by 800 Greek irregulars. When two Greek army companies arrive on a battleship accompanied by a British officer, Bey and his 25 soldiers surrender while the 120 militia unit retreat to the interior of Anatolia.
17 May
The first of the Republican law courts is set up at Ballinrobe, County Mayo.
Members of Dáil Éireann send a letter to the head of the Paris Peace Conference, repudiating Britain’s claim to speak for Ireland.
20 May
Volunteer Lieutenant Michael Tobin dies of wounds received in the Grattan Street explosion.
At 4pm Seán Moylan who is on hunger strike escapes over a low hedge that separates the airing yard of the Cork City Lunatic Asylum from a field that leads to the road to Blarney. For more detail visit http://www.corkpastandpresent.ie/history/timeline-1918-1923/timeline/index1919.html
21 May
Lieutenant Michael Tobin’s remains are removed from the Mercy Hospital to the City church (SS. Peter & Paul’s) escorted by Volunteers, Fianna Boy Scouts, Citizen Army Boy & Girl Scouts, Cummann na mBan, the Clan na nGaedheal Girl Scouts and a large number of civilian mourners. The hearse was lead by fellow Volunteers and was followed by a pipe band.
The Battle of Alexandrovsky Fort, the largest naval battle on the Caspian front during the Russian Civil War, takes place. Commodore Davis Norris leads the British Caspian Flotilla, sinking three Russian ships and causing the Russians to leave the base. White Admiral Kolchack criticizes the lack of the complete destruction of the Caspian flotilla.
26 May
Members of Dáil Éireann send a statement concerning “Ireland’s Case for Independence” to the Paris Peace Conference.
27 May
Red Guards from local factories are organized under the command of G. I. Borisov, and are supported by 150 troops of the 3rd Brigade of the 5th Division of the 3rd Ukrainian Soviet Army. They capture the local post office, railway station and telegraph office in Bender/Tighina protesting the annexation of Bessarabia by Romania. At least 150 of these rebels are captured and executed by the Romanian army and a unit of French colonial troops.
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It Seems Like Nothing Changes
Paul Cussen
April 1919
April is the cruellest month, breeding
Lilacs out of the dead land, mixing
Memory and desire, stirring
Dull roots with spring rain.
-The Waste Land by T.S. Eliot
Tipperary Urban District unanimously adopted the resolution ‘that we believe that the only result of the continuance of martial law is to produce a rebellious spirit amongst the citizens, and to make municipal government impossible by inflicting an unbearable burden on the ratepayers’.
Leslie Irvin makes the first premeditated free-fall parachute jump.
While convalescing in Italy, Hemingway falls in love with his nurse, Agnes von Kurowsky, who was the inspiration for Catherine Barkley, the nurse in A Farewell to Arms.
1 April
52 members attend the second meeting of Dáil Éireann and Éamon de Valera is elected Príomh Aire of Dáil Éireann and appoints the government of the first Dáil. Seán T. O’Kelly is appointed Ceann Comhairle.
“There is in Ireland at this moment only one lawful authority, and that authority is the elected Government of the Irish Republic” - De Valera
2 April
Constance Markievicz is appointed Minister of Labour.
Vladimir Nabokov leaves Russia with his family.
3 April
Myles McKeon (Bishop of Bunbury, Australia) is born in Drummin (d. 2016)
Eoghan Ó Tuairisc is born in Ballinasloe (d. 1982)
5 April
The Polish army kill 35 Jews in the Pinsk massacre.
6 April
Limerick City IRA volunteers attempt to free a prisoner from Limerick Prison workhouse. RIC officer Martin O'Brien (aged 35) is killed and another policeman is wounded. The prisoner, Robert Byrne, under police guard in the local hospital, is being treated for the effects of a hunger strike and is also wounded. He dies later in the day.
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi orders a General Strike.
7 April
Gunner Tom Barry is discharged from the army described as sober and ‘a good hardworking man’.
The Cork Examiner reports several deaths in Tipperary North,
‘.........in some instances two and three members of the same family are down with the malady and the Nenagh Hospital is full with patients......’
The Original Dixieland Jazz Band appears at the Joy Bells Revue in the London Hippodrome, the first official live jazz performance by any band in the United Kingdom.
Anarchist writers Gustav Landauer and Erich Mühsam play leading roles in the creation of the Bavarian Soviet Republic.
8 April
Three RIC Constables are wounded at Parkmore near Eyeries. Sergeant O’Connell, Constable Cummins, Constable Quinlan and Constable Ronan are returning to their barracks in Eyeries when they are intercepted by members of the Inches Company under Peter Neill who open fire with shotguns.
An armoured car and detachment of soldiers arrive on site in search of the Inches Company but are unable to locate any of the men involved. This leads to the area being placed under martial law and the market fair the following day is cancelled.
(see http://www.corkpastandpresent.ie/history/timeline-1918-1923/1919.html)
8-9 April
Strong tornadoes kill at least 92 people in the Southern Great Plains of the USA.
9 April
C. Gordon Lambert is born in Dublin (d. 2005)
He will donate 310 paintings to the Irish Museum of Modern Art in 1992, including work by Picasso, Miró and Vasarély, and by Irish artists Patrick Collins, Barrie Cooke and Robert Ballagh.
10 April
The third meeting of Dáil Éireann is held, where a motion is passed calling on Irish people to ostracise the RIC.
‘The Minister of National Defence is, of course, in close association with the voluntary military forces which are the foundation of the National Army.’ - Éamon De Valera
The US Naval Air Service closes its base at Queenstown (Cobh)
Emiliano Zapata is ambushed and shot dead in Morelos.
A referendum in Quebec on the prohibition of alcohol allows for the sale of light beer, cider and wines.
11 April
Fethard Town Commissioners order ‘that the Clerk write to the Surveyor pointing out to him their present financial position owing to Military Restrictions on the Markets and Fairs and they refuse to pay the Tax demanded’
HMS Marlborough leaves Yalta carrying 17 members of the Russian Imperial Family into perpetual exile.
13 April
Troops of the British Indian Army under the command of Colonel Reginald Dyer fire into a crowd of Indians gathered in Jallianwala Bagh for Baisakhi, the Sikh New Year’s Day. The shooting lasts 10 minutes, the soldiers reloaded twice.
Cease-fire is ordered only when ammunition supplies are almost exhausted and approximately 1,650 rounds are spent. The Hunter Commission report 379 deaths, Indian nationalists suggest approximately 1,500. The incident is recounted in both Salman Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children (which was voted the Booker of Bookers) and Shauna Singh Baldwin’s What the Body Remembers and Paul Scott’s The Day of the Scorpion (the second part of the Raj quartet).
13-19 April
Three black Masonic lodges in Millen are burned and white racist mobs roam Jenkins County, Georgia leaving at least 165 dead.
15–27 April
The Limerick Soviet – a general strike called by the Limerick Trades and Labour Council, as a protest against the declaration of a “Special Military Area” under the Defence of the Realm Act. Special permits are issued by the Royal Irish Constabulary, and are required to enter the city. The response was a general strike and boycott of the troops. A special Strike Committee was set up to print money, control food prices and publish newspapers.
Liam Cahill’s book Forgotten Revolution is an excellent account of the Limerick Soviet.
17 April
Polish troops under General Józef Adam Lasock capture Lida from the Red Army. At noon Józef Piłsudski visits Lida.
Brigadier General Wilds P. Richardson arrives in Arkhangelsk after a personal briefing from President Woodrow Wilson to take charge of the evacuation of U.S. forces from North Russia.
18 April
1,000 delegates attend the Sinn Féin Árd Fheis where Eamon de Valera is elected president of the organization.
19 April
Sinn Féin proposes an Executive Council of the Irish National Alliance to challenge the right of any foreign parliament to make laws for Ireland.
Leslie Irvin, makes the world’s first free fall parachute descent using a rip cord.
20 April
In Araglin seven Volunteers approach the RIC barracks at the rear and see that there is only one RIC Constable on duty, Constable O’Malley.
Con Leddy secures him as a prisoner and Constable O’Malley requests that the Volunteers fire a few shots from their revolvers into the stairs and then gag him so that his Sergeant and the other Constables will get the impression he has put up a fight in defence of the barracks. Con Leddy obliges this request and the young Constable later makes no effort to identify the Volunteers.
The district inspector and a number of RIC come from Fermoy to investigate the raid but after a week there are no arrests made and no recovery of the taken rifles and ammunition.
(see http://www.corkpastandpresent.ie/history/timeline-1918-1923/1919.html)
22 April
The Proclamation to the Inhabitants of the Former Grand Duchy of Lithuania, a bilingual proclamation formulated by Józef Piłsudski is distributed mainly in Vilnius.
28 April
An explosion takes place in a make shift bomb factory at 33, Grattan Street Cork City. The premises belong to a man named Andy Ahern who uses the bottom floor as a shoe shop.
The explosion occurs while the Volunteers are in the process of moving explosives to a secure location, after hearing that police are searching nearby.
A build up of heat emptying the explosive powder from storage tins into coarser linen bags, ignites the explosive material. Luckily there is only powder in the bags and no shrapnel, however three Volunteers are badly injured and Lieutenant Michael Tobin subsequently dies.
(see http://www.corkpastandpresent.ie/history/timeline-1918-1923/1919.html)
30 April
Sir John Pentland Mahaffy dies in Dublin (b. 1839, Vevey, Switzerland)
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Text
It Seems Like Nothing Changes
Paul Cussen
February 1919
Berehaven naval base is disestablished in February 1919.
Coinciding with a further outbreak of the flu and of ‘septic pneumonia’ Dublin Corporation make influenza and pneumonia ‘notifiable diseases’ that have to be reported to the authorities.
Richmal Crompton's anarchic English schoolboy William Brown is introduced in the first published Just William story, "Rice-Mould", in Home magazine.
1 February - James Down and Michael Cotter are badly assaulted by four men in Patrick Street. Cotter tells the subsequent inquest that he had pointed out the assailants (ex-soldiers) to three policemen. The police, according to Cotter, let the assailants go and told him ‘to go home and wash his face.’
Estonian forces liberate Valga and Võru, expelling the Red Army from the entire territory of Estonia.
2 February - James Down is admitted to The North Fever Hospital ‘suffering from tetanus or lockjaw.’
3 February - Éamon de Valera, the leader of Sinn Féin, John Milroy and John McGarry escape from Lincoln Prison in England in a break arranged by Sinn Féin members including Michael Collins and Harry Boland.
Colour Sergeant David McKay dies of a self-inflicted bullet wound at Rocky Island (near Haulbowline, current site of the Island Crematorium). He was the sole survivor of one of the vessels at the Battle of Jutland and had earned several military decorations including the Croix de Guerre (b. 1879)
Soviet troops occupy Ukraine.
4 February - Pressburg (Bratislava) becomes the capital of Slovakia.
The City of Bremen's Soviet Republic is overthrown by the Freikorps after 25 days existence and at the cost of 80 lives (the Republic’s leaders are executed)
5 February - United Artists (UA) is incorporated by D.W. Griffith, Charlie Chaplin, Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks.
Eight workers from the maintenance department of a Canadian financed hydroelectric plant in Barcelona colloquially known as 'La Canadiense' are laid off causing 140 workers to walk out.
Soviet troops occupy the city of Kiev.
6 February - The Seattle General Strike begins in the United States, affecting over 65,000 workers.
7 February - Sergeant William Roberts dies of influenza in hospital in Cobh.
8 February - The vast majority of plant employees of the Canadian financed hydroelectric plant in Barcelona join the strikers.
11 February - James Down of Belmont, Gardiner’s Hill dies in the North Fever Hospital. His death is caused by exhaustion and heart failure due to tetanus poisoning.
Friedrich Ebert is elected the first President of Germany (Reichspräsident) by the Weimar National Assembly.
The Seattle General Strike ends as the State of Washington's Attorney General summons Federal troops.
The so-called sympathetic Seattle strike was an attempted revolution. That there was no violence does not alter the fact... The intent, openly and covertly announced, was for the overthrow of the industrial system; here first, then everywhere... True, there were no flashing guns, no bombs, no killings. Revolution, I repeat, doesn't need violence. The general strike, as practised in Seattle, is of itself the weapon of revolution, all the more dangerous because quiet. To succeed, it must suspend everything; stop the entire life stream of a community... That is to say, it puts the government out of operation. And that is all there is to revolt–no matter how achieved.
- Seattle’s Mayor Ole Hanson
12 February - Petty Officer John Sparling of the Coastguard, dies of illness in Ballycotton (b.1871, St Barnabas, Mauritius)
Ethnic Germans and Hungarian inhabitants of Pressburg start a protest against its incorporation into Czechoslovakia and the Czechoslovak Legions open fire on the unarmed demonstrators.
13 February The deceased gentleman was one of the Assistant County Surveyors under the Cork County Council, and also an earnest and prominent member of the Cork County Board, G.A.A., of which he was chairman for a number of years, and it can therefore be readily understood that he was well and widely known. The late Mr Down had an extremely brilliant collegiate course, winning many distinctions at his examinations, and had Providence spared him, he would undoubtedly have advanced to the front rank of his profession [as an engineer]. The fact has got to be added that, upright and genial, he lived in the esteem and respect of these and the other circles in which he moved. . . .
- Cork Examiner
Driver Harry Martin dies of pneumonia in the Military Hospital Fermoy.
Tennessee Ernie Ford is born in Bristol, Tennessee (d. 1991)
The Kingdom of Portugal otherwise called The Monarchy of the North, based in Porto, comes to an end after less than a month as it fails to gain strong support.
14 February - Corporal William Southgate dies of influenza (b. 1890, Ipswich)
Private Denis Murphy dies of influenza.
Private Arthur Bullock dies of influenza at the Military Hospital in Buttevant.
The Polish–Soviet War begins with the Battle of Bereza Kartuska when at 7 in the morning, 57 Polish soldiers and 5 officers, led by Capt. Mienicki, make a sortie into the township of Bereza capturing 80 soldiers of the Red Army.
15 February - At least 1,500 Jews (mostly women, children and elderly) are murdered by the Ukranian military in the town of Proskurov.
16 February - 432 Albanians are murdered in the Rugova region by the forces of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
16-21 - February Uniformed peasants in Kuivastu on Saaremaa island rebel to "overthrow the power of the landowners" and against the government of Estonia.
17 February - The Cork Examiner reports that the influenza “has again made its appearance in Cork…to an extent that is somewhat disconcerting”. New cases of entire families being affected are recorded and deaths occur “in not a few instances”. The Cork Fever Hospital reports a large number of serious cases and at the Cork District Hospital “upwards of 42 patients affected with the disease have been treated during the week”.
50 new cases of influenza are recorded in Kilmallock Hospital, most of which come from the Charleville district. Three deaths in the same family occur this week in Ballingaddy and two young men from Charleville die in hospital. Medical Officer Dr Thomas Kennedy reports that several influenza cases are admitted to the Youghal Workhouse Hospital.
CSM Joseph Wood dies of influenza (b. 1867, Salford)
80% of workers in the textile industry walk out, striking in support of the laid off workers at La Canadiense. Following this, the railway and tram workers also declare themselves on strike. Through the solidarity of the Barcelona working class, all demands of the strikers are met by the authorities, including the introduction of an 8-hour working day as well as wage increases in some industries.
18 February Sergeant Edwin Weall dies of influenza in Queenstown (b.1888, Preston, Lancs.)
20 February - Gunner Tom Barry sets sail for home from Egypt.
Private William Kennedy dies of TB.
Private Jeremiah O’Shea dies of typhus at Cork Fever Hospital.
Georges Clémenceau is injured by an attempted assassin, Émile Cottin. The Prime Minister supposedly says:
We have just won the most terrible war in history, yet here is a Frenchman who misses his target 6 out of 7 times at point-blank range. Of course this fellow must be punished for the careless use of a dangerous weapon and for poor marksmanship. I suggest that he be locked up for eight years, with intensive training in a shooting gallery.
21 February - John O’Connor Power dies in London.
Lieutenant Jaan Klaar leads government forces to crush the Saaremaa rebellion in the battle of Upa near Kuressaare. Altogether 185 people are killed in the uprising, 22 of them at the hands of the rebels; 81 rebels are killed in the fighting and an additional 82 are later executed.
22 February AB Percy Martin dies of influenza at Haulbowline (b. 1896, Gloucestershire)
Seaman Henry Newman dies of illness (b. 1873)
Private John Isaacs dies of influenza and pneumonia in Fermoy.
23 February Private Henry Wright dies of influenza (b. 1897)
Lance Corporal George Parker dies of TB in Central Hospital (b. 1893, Sheffield)
24 February - Shoeing Smith Patrick Hennessy dies of TB.
25 February - Oregon places a one cent per US gallon (0.26¢/litre) tax on gasoline, becoming the first U.S. state to levy a gasoline tax.
26 February - Anne Thackeray Ritchie dies in London (b. 1837). She is the eldest daughter of William Makepeace Thackeray, step-aunt of Virginia Woolf and is believed to have inspired the character of Mrs Hilbery in Woolf's Night and Day. A successful novelist, her 1885 novel Mrs. Dymond contains the earliest English-language use of the proverb "Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; teach a man to fish and you feed him for life."
An act of the United States Congress establishes most of the Grand Canyon as a United States National Park.
28 February - Professional football player and manager John James Carey is born in Dublin (d. 1995)
Stoker 1st Class John Corcoran dies of nephritis.
Stoker Patrick Healy dies of influenza.
Amānullāh Khān becomes King of Afghanistan.
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