#Jet Jaguar anniversary film
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I dare not be presumptuous and introduce this robot.
But if you must know
A steel body and an electronic brain
Silencing tears and bringing tears to the silent
Jet Jaguar Takes the stage!
#Jet Jaguar#Godzilla#Jet Jaguar anniversary film#more of this I wanna gif but my dog does not want me to finish giffing the rest so#tomorrow problem
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Short film: Operation Jet Jaguar Trailer
youtube
To commemorate the 50th Anniversary of Jet Jaguar
Short film to be shown at G Fest 2023
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Kaiju Week in Review (June 18-24, 2023)
The big news of the week, of course, was Netflix finally releasing Skull Island, the first new Monsterverse story in over two years. It's a surprisingly standalone piece, with no Monarch and minimal references to Kong: Skull Island, and going off his Twitter, creator Brian Duffield largely prefers to let the work speak for itself. I have quibbles with some of the creature designs—not enough florafauna!—and the characters can be too flippant about their life-threatening circumstances, but overall I had a good time. Annie's a great character—think Saeko from Son of Godzilla as a bloodthirsty teenager—and the obligatory Titan nemesis is a cut above most of the Monsterverse's original creatures.
As for its future, Season 2 is already written and recorded, but won't happen unless Netflix sees big enough viewing numbers for Season 1. I'm frustrated by that, especially given how many loose ends the season finale had, but it's pretty typical stuff from the company.
Dismal news about the American Shin Ultraman Blu-ray/DVD from Cleopatra Entertainment: they didn't bother to include translations for the ample on-screen Japanese text. That was enough for me to cancel my preorder; I tend to be pretty tolerant of the various unforced errors by the companies releasing this stuff, but that level of laziness (the translations already exist!) just renders the discs pointless in my eyes.
Toho is crowdfunding another Showa suit replica for a character's 50th anniversary this year... Jet Jaguar! If successful (or semi-successful, like last year's Gigan campaign), it'll feature in a new short film to premiere on November 3, as has been tradition since 2020. Interesting that they went for Jet Jaguar over Megalon; I suppose he'd be cheaper to produce, and the largest film studio in Japan seems hellbent on hamstringing these wonderful little shorts.
Godzilla: Here There Be Dragons #1 is out. Hard to judge it so far as it's mostly setup.
In other news related to Godzilla vs. Megalon's 50th, Bandai will release a Movie Monster Series figure of the 1973 Godzilla (MegaroGoji) on July 28 as a Godzilla Store exclusive. Pretty big news, as they've only released figures of the tweaked '74 and '75 suits previously, and those were back in 2003 and 2004, respectively. NECA didn't get to this one either.
#kaiju week in review#godzilla vs. megalon#godzilla#jet jaguar#skull island#king kong#godzilla here there be monsters#shin ultraman
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Godzilla vs. Megalon 50th Anniversary and the Origin of Jaguarposting
I started this account in November when my Godzilla hyperfixation was in full force thanks to a series rewatch I was doing and G-Fest. A lot of that hyperfixation was focused on Anguirus, Baragon, and Jet Jaguar.
I don’t exactly think they’re great characters or anything, I just kind of gravitated towards them for some reason. I know why for all of them, Anguirus having an off-screen reconciliation with Godzilla while forced to live together on Monster Island was actually sort of neat, I don’t like that we never get to see it and are forced to just assume it happened but its also nice to see something interesting and new, especially since this was at a point where the Showa era just kind of felt like it had grown entirely creatively bankrupt (The last truly creative Showa film is Hedorah, ik its a polarizing movie and I think that actually kind of proves my point a little). For Baragon, its that I just found it funny how they paired him with two far more popular monsters for this movie and then had him get his shit wrecked really quickly (he also has the most creative fight in the movie but I’m pretty sure I just liked him cause he’s a jobber). And for Jet Jaguar, its sort of hard to say. I know most of the western fanbase for the character likes him because of MST3K, but I never watched the GvM episode (except the Jet Jaguar song sub but that was after the hyperfixation kicked in).
The only reason I can think of is that he’s just funny to me. He’s basically the star character of this movie he isn’t in the title of and his plot just goes all over the place. He starts the movie as the invention of an engineer who wants to protect the world by piloting a robotic suit (which, considering there is an island full of monsters that is so poorly secured they could just leave anytime they wanted if they can swim or fly (almost all of them can), which they did in the last movie, its understandable why he’d do this). And by the end the suit has gained full sentience, befriended Godzilla, and defeated a bunch of underground men who control a giant bug with a drill head and drill hands. There isn’t that much explanation for most of these things either, they just sort of happen suddenly. Godzilla vs. Megalon is a terrible, terrible movie, and Jet Jaguar is the central character. Godzilla vs. Megalon is also an immensely enjoyable movie that I have subjected multiple people to so that I could see their reactions. I love it, its so fun, and Jet Jaguar is a big part of why the movie is so fun. He’s so fucking silly and stupid, I love him.
I said its hard to say why I like Jet Jaguar as much as I do, but its not impossible, in fact I basically just did. This overly long post has been mostly me saying why I like Jet Jaguar. But I haven’t really talked about Jaguarposting. Why the fuck do I post this guy? Because he’s funny to me, I made Baragon my Discord pfp for a while because he’s funny to me to. Its not super complicated, I am a very simple man. I main Blanka and Faust because they’re goofy guys, and in the same vein, I fixate on Jet Jaguar because he’s a goofy guy. The legacy of Godzilla vs. Megalon is that its a stupid fucking movie. Jaguarposting is a celebration of that movie’s stupidity, the idea that a post is funny solely because it features a character from the film.
I didn’t realize March 17th was Megalon’s birthday, I didn’t see any posts about it on the day and didn’t have the date committed to memory. So this post is late. But I still want to wish GvM a happy 50th. Maybe go watch it in it’s honor and hopefully see what I’ve been rambling on about for this long.
If you don’t know what Jaguarposting is, don’t worry, I’ve only ever used the term once and made like 5 posts in the genre across all social media. However its my first post on Tumblr, so I felt it was about time to explain myself.
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Today has been the 50th Anniversary of my personal favorite Godzilla movie, Godzilla Vs. Megalon (Toho; 1973)! Not only one of the earliest Godzilla movies I ever saw, but also the first movie I was ever taken to see in the cinema, at the now-defunct Loew's Spooner Theater in the Bronx.
Here is my tribute drawing to said film.
Recreating one of the famous publicity photos from the film, here are (left to right): Rekira, Dengeking, Jet Jaguar, and Godzilla. The first two are original creations of mine, with inspiration drawn from the latter two. :)
Done today on tablet in FireAlpaca. Shared in full size!
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Holidays 11.29
Holidays
Andrzejki (Poland)
Avascular Necrosis/Osteonecrosis Awareness Day
Chadwick Boseman Day
Chia Pet Day
Customer is Wrong Day
Dita e Çlirimit (Liberation Day; Albania)
Don Cheadle Day
Electronic Greetings Day
Feast of Great Expectations
Get Rid of Clutter Day
Global MRKH Awareness Day (Australia)
Insotrancevia Day
International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People (UN)
International Day of the Bible [also 11.24]
International Jaguar Day
Invisible Ink Day
Isdal Woman Day
Juniper Day (French Republic)
London Bridge Stabbing Anniversary Day
National Electronic Greetings Day
National Evan Day
National Square Dance Day [also 1.24]
National Tuxedo Cat Day
National Unity Day (Vanuatu)
Newspaper Day
Pay A Blogger Day
Republic Day (Yugoslavia)
Rolling Stones Day (Colorado)
Schrödinger's Cat Day
Tori No Ichi (Rooster Day #3; Japan)
Unity Day (Vanuatu)
Westland Day (New Zealand)
William V.S. Tubman Day (Liberia)
World Anteater Day
World Movement Disorders Day
Food & Drink Celebrations
Gnocchi Day (Argentina)
Good Meat Day (Ii Niku no Hi; Japan)
National Chocolates Day
National Lemon Cream Pie Day
National Rice Cake Day
Pop-Tarts Day
5th & Last Wednesday in November
National Package Protection Day [Wednesday after Thanksgiving]
Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree Lighting [Wednesday after Thanksgiving]
Thanksgiving (Norfolk Island, Canada) [Last Wednesday]
Women Wednesday (a.k.a. Women Wow or Choose Women Wednesday) [Wednesday after Thanksgiving]
Independence Days
Paravia (Declared; 2014) [unrecognized]
Feast Days
Abibos of Nekresi (Christian; Saint)
Alexander Brullov (Artology)
Ashi Vanguhi (Ancient Persian/Zoroastrian) [2 Days after Full Moon]
Bernardo de Hoyos (Christian; Blessed)
Brendan of Birr (Christian; Saint)
Clement IV, Pope (Christian; Saint)
Cuthbert Mayne (Christian; Martyr)
Cutlass Sharpening Day (Pastafarian)
Feast of All Saints of the Seraphic Order
Festival of Saturnia (for the Sons of Saturn)
Francis Fasani (Christian; Saint)
The Hobos (Muppetism)
Illuminata (Christian; Saint)
James Rosenquist (Artology)
Jefferson (Positivist; Saint)
Our Lady of Beauraing (Christian; Saint)
Radboud of Utrecht (Roman Catholic; Saint)
Sadiron (Christian; Saint)
Saturnin (a.k.a. Saturnius of Toulouse; Christian; Saint)
Sekhmet’s Day (Pagan)
Ummm Bacon Day (Church of the SubGenius)
Vegetarian Remission Day (Church of the SubGenius)
Lucky & Unlucky Days
Tomobiki (友引 Japan) [Good luck all day, except at noon.]
Unlucky Day (Grafton’s Manual of 1565) [54 of 60]
Premieres
Astral Weeks, by Van Morrison (Album; 1968)
The Bank Dick (Film; 1940)
Boulevard of Broken Dreams, by Green Day (Song; 2004)
Bullwinkle’s Ride or Goodbye, Dollink (Rocky & Bullwinkle Cartoon, S1, Ep. 2; 1959)
Calling All Cars (Radio Series; 1933)
The Gay Divorce, by Cole Porter (Broadway Musical; 1932)
Double Fantasy, by John Lennon (Album; 1980)
Hawaiian War Chant, recorded by Tommy Dorsey (Song; 1938)
It’s a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie (TV Movie; 2002)
I Want to Hold Your Hand, by The Beatles (Song; 1963)
Jet Fuel Formula, Episode One (Rocky & Bullwinkle Cartoon, S1, Ep. 1; 1959)
Lavender Haze, by Taylor Swift (Song; 2022)
Like a Hurricane, recorded by Neil Young (Song; 1975)
The Lost Weekend (Film; 1945)
Mirai (Anime Film; 2018)
My Life, by Mary J. Blige (Album; 1994)
9 to 5 (Film; 1980)
9 to 5, by Dolly Parton (Song; 1980)
Pong (Video Game; 1972)
Rolling in the Deep, by Adele (Song; 2010)
Terrier Stricken (WB MM Cartoon; 1952)
Today’s Name Days
Christine, Friederike, Friedrich (Austria)
Iluminata, Saturnin, Svjetlana, Vlasta (Croatia)
Zina (Czech Republic)
Saturnius (Denmark)
Edgar, Egert (Estonia)
Aimo (Finland)
Saturnin (France)
Berta, Friedrich, Friederike (Germany)
Fedra, Fedros, Filoumeni, Filoumenos (Greece)
Taksony (Hungary)
Saturnino (Italy)
Ignats, Ojars, Veseta (Latvia)
Butvydė, Daujotas, Saturninas (Lithuania)
Sofie, Sonja (Norway)
Błażej, Bolemysł, Fryderyk, Przemysł, Saturnin, Saturnina, Walter (Poland)
Filumen, Paramon, Valerian (Romania)
Vratko (Slovakia)
Iluminada, Saturnino (Spain)
Sune (Sweden)
Philemona (Ukraine)
Dahlia, Dalia, Daphne (USA)
Today is Also…
Day of Year: Day 333 of 2024; 32 days remaining in the year
ISO: Day 3 of week 48 of 2023
Celtic Tree Calendar: Ruis (Elder) [Day 2 of 28]
Chinese: Month 10 (Gui-Hai), Day 17 (Xin-Mao)
Chinese Year of the: Rabbit 4721 (until February 10, 2024)
Hebrew: 16 Kislev 5784
Islamic: 16 Jumada I 1445
J Cal: 3 Zima; Threesday [3 of 30]
Julian: 16 November 2023
Moon: 94%: Waning Gibbous
Positivist: 25 Frederic (12th Month) [Jefferson]
Runic Half Month: Is (Stasis) [Day 4 of 15]
Season: Autumn (Day 67 of 89)
Zodiac: Sagittarius (Day 8 of 30)
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Holidays 11.29
Holidays
Andrzejki (Poland)
Avascular Necrosis/Osteonecrosis Awareness Day
Chadwick Boseman Day
Chia Pet Day
Customer is Wrong Day
Dita e Çlirimit (Liberation Day; Albania)
Don Cheadle Day
Electronic Greetings Day
Feast of Great Expectations
Get Rid of Clutter Day
Global MRKH Awareness Day (Australia)
Insotrancevia Day
International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People (UN)
International Day of the Bible [also 11.24]
International Jaguar Day
Invisible Ink Day
Isdal Woman Day
Juniper Day (French Republic)
London Bridge Stabbing Anniversary Day
National Electronic Greetings Day
National Evan Day
National Square Dance Day [also 1.24]
National Tuxedo Cat Day
National Unity Day (Vanuatu)
Newspaper Day
Pay A Blogger Day
Republic Day (Yugoslavia)
Rolling Stones Day (Colorado)
Schrödinger's Cat Day
Tori No Ichi (Rooster Day #3; Japan)
Unity Day (Vanuatu)
Westland Day (New Zealand)
William V.S. Tubman Day (Liberia)
World Anteater Day
World Movement Disorders Day
Food & Drink Celebrations
Gnocchi Day (Argentina)
Good Meat Day (Ii Niku no Hi; Japan)
National Chocolates Day
National Lemon Cream Pie Day
National Rice Cake Day
Pop-Tarts Day
5th & Last Wednesday in November
National Package Protection Day [Wednesday after Thanksgiving]
Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree Lighting [Wednesday after Thanksgiving]
Thanksgiving (Norfolk Island, Canada) [Last Wednesday]
Women Wednesday (a.k.a. Women Wow or Choose Women Wednesday) [Wednesday after Thanksgiving]
Independence Days
Paravia (Declared; 2014) [unrecognized]
Feast Days
Abibos of Nekresi (Christian; Saint)
Alexander Brullov (Artology)
Ashi Vanguhi (Ancient Persian/Zoroastrian) [2 Days after Full Moon]
Bernardo de Hoyos (Christian; Blessed)
Brendan of Birr (Christian; Saint)
Clement IV, Pope (Christian; Saint)
Cuthbert Mayne (Christian; Martyr)
Cutlass Sharpening Day (Pastafarian)
Feast of All Saints of the Seraphic Order
Festival of Saturnia (for the Sons of Saturn)
Francis Fasani (Christian; Saint)
The Hobos (Muppetism)
Illuminata (Christian; Saint)
James Rosenquist (Artology)
Jefferson (Positivist; Saint)
Our Lady of Beauraing (Christian; Saint)
Radboud of Utrecht (Roman Catholic; Saint)
Sadiron (Christian; Saint)
Saturnin (a.k.a. Saturnius of Toulouse; Christian; Saint)
Sekhmet’s Day (Pagan)
Ummm Bacon Day (Church of the SubGenius)
Vegetarian Remission Day (Church of the SubGenius)
Lucky & Unlucky Days
Tomobiki (友引 Japan) [Good luck all day, except at noon.]
Unlucky Day (Grafton’s Manual of 1565) [54 of 60]
Premieres
Astral Weeks, by Van Morrison (Album; 1968)
The Bank Dick (Film; 1940)
Boulevard of Broken Dreams, by Green Day (Song; 2004)
Bullwinkle’s Ride or Goodbye, Dollink (Rocky & Bullwinkle Cartoon, S1, Ep. 2; 1959)
Calling All Cars (Radio Series; 1933)
The Gay Divorce, by Cole Porter (Broadway Musical; 1932)
Double Fantasy, by John Lennon (Album; 1980)
Hawaiian War Chant, recorded by Tommy Dorsey (Song; 1938)
It’s a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie (TV Movie; 2002)
I Want to Hold Your Hand, by The Beatles (Song; 1963)
Jet Fuel Formula, Episode One (Rocky & Bullwinkle Cartoon, S1, Ep. 1; 1959)
Lavender Haze, by Taylor Swift (Song; 2022)
Like a Hurricane, recorded by Neil Young (Song; 1975)
The Lost Weekend (Film; 1945)
Mirai (Anime Film; 2018)
My Life, by Mary J. Blige (Album; 1994)
9 to 5 (Film; 1980)
9 to 5, by Dolly Parton (Song; 1980)
Pong (Video Game; 1972)
Rolling in the Deep, by Adele (Song; 2010)
Terrier Stricken (WB MM Cartoon; 1952)
Today’s Name Days
Christine, Friederike, Friedrich (Austria)
Iluminata, Saturnin, Svjetlana, Vlasta (Croatia)
Zina (Czech Republic)
Saturnius (Denmark)
Edgar, Egert (Estonia)
Aimo (Finland)
Saturnin (France)
Berta, Friedrich, Friederike (Germany)
Fedra, Fedros, Filoumeni, Filoumenos (Greece)
Taksony (Hungary)
Saturnino (Italy)
Ignats, Ojars, Veseta (Latvia)
Butvydė, Daujotas, Saturninas (Lithuania)
Sofie, Sonja (Norway)
Błażej, Bolemysł, Fryderyk, Przemysł, Saturnin, Saturnina, Walter (Poland)
Filumen, Paramon, Valerian (Romania)
Vratko (Slovakia)
Iluminada, Saturnino (Spain)
Sune (Sweden)
Philemona (Ukraine)
Dahlia, Dalia, Daphne (USA)
Today is Also…
Day of Year: Day 333 of 2024; 32 days remaining in the year
ISO: Day 3 of week 48 of 2023
Celtic Tree Calendar: Ruis (Elder) [Day 2 of 28]
Chinese: Month 10 (Gui-Hai), Day 17 (Xin-Mao)
Chinese Year of the: Rabbit 4721 (until February 10, 2024)
Hebrew: 16 Kislev 5784
Islamic: 16 Jumada I 1445
J Cal: 3 Zima; Threesday [3 of 30]
Julian: 16 November 2023
Moon: 94%: Waning Gibbous
Positivist: 25 Frederic (12th Month) [Jefferson]
Runic Half Month: Is (Stasis) [Day 4 of 15]
Season: Autumn (Day 67 of 89)
Zodiac: Sagittarius (Day 8 of 30)
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Check out the latest LOWKEY GEEK #youtube video!
GODZILLA VS. MEGALON (2023) Short Film REACTION | Godzilla Fest 2023
by LOWKEY GEEK!
Godzilla Fest 2023 was bigger than ever this year as Toho and director Takuya Uenishi commemorated the 50-year anniversary of 1973's Godzilla vs. Megalon (and its starring kaiju Megalon and Jet Jaguar) with a brand-new, homonymous short screened for attendees – and now available to stream online. Keep watching for my reaction and review!
Link to original full length short: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J5I00p3KqvE
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A sequel to 2022's Godzilla vs. Gigan Rex short film, also by Uenishi, Godzilla vs. Megalon (2023) features the return of the massive, sinew-y King of the Monsters design that's since been immortalized in figure form. Uenishi is no stranger to portraying monstrous might, having worked as a Godzilla modeling & compositor on 2016's Shin Godzilla.
The original Godzilla vs. Megalon saw Jet Jaguar team up (following an unintentional initial confrontation) with Godzilla in a battle to defend humankind from subterranean monster Megalon, along with the returning space kaiju, Gigan.
Fans can stream the new Godzilla vs. Megalon (2023) short in full on the Japan-based Official Godzilla YouTube in its original Japanese. English subtitles viewable through YouTube's subtitles function are available for now.
#godzilla #godzilladay #godzillavsmegalon #godzillafest #godzillafest2023 #megalon #watchalong #reaction #reactionvideo #filmreaction #moviereaction
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via YouTube https://youtu.be/NaHEj3odUBA
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GODZILLA VS. MEGALON (1973) – Episode 199 – Decades Of Horror 1970s
“Megalon! Megalon! Wake up, Megalon! Come on, rise up now, to the Earth’s surface! Destroy the Earth! Destroy our enemies! Rise up! Go on! MEGALON!” That’s quite the cheering section you have there, Megalon. Join your faithful Grue Crew – Bill Mulligan, Jeff Mohr, and guest hosts Dirk Rogers and Bryan Clark – as they go quadruple kaiju in Toho’s Godzilla vs. Megalon (1973).
Decades of Horror 1970s
Episode 199 – Godzilla vs. Megalon (1973)
Join the Crew on the Gruesome Magazine YouTube channel!
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Decades of Horror 1970s is partnering with the WICKED HORROR TV CHANNEL (https://wickedhorrortv.com/) which now includes video episodes of the podcast and is available on Roku, AppleTV, Amazon FireTV, AndroidTV, and its online website across all OTT platforms, as well as mobile, tablet, and desktop.
An inventor creates a humanoid robot (Jet Jaguar) that is seized by the undersea nation of Seatopia & used as a guide for Megalon and Gigan to destroy the above-ground dwellers as vengeance for the nuclear tests that have devastated their society. In an attempt to stop them, a now independently thinking Jet Jaguar brings Godzilla into the fight.
Director: Jun Fukuda
Writing Credits: Jun Fukuda (screenplay; Shin’ichi Sekizawa (treatment)
Music by: Riichirô Manabe
Cinematography by: Yuzuru Aizawa
Editing by: Michiko Ikeda
Production Design by: Yoshifumi Honda
Special Effects by: Teruyoshi Nakano (director of special effects)
Selected Cast:
Katsuhiko Sasaki as Inventor Goro Ibuki
Hiroyuki Kawase as Rokuro ‘Roku-chan’ Ibuki
Yutaka Hayashi as Hiroshi Jinkawa
Robert Dunham as Emperor Antonio of Seatopia / Motorcycle assailant
Kôtarô Tomita as Lead Seatopian Agent
Ulf Ôtsuki as Seatopian Agent
Gentaro Nakajima as Truck Driver (credited as Gen Nakajima)
Sakyo Mikami as Truck Driver’s Assistant
Fumiyo Ikeda as Man from Unit 1
Kanta Mori as Japan Special Defense Forces Chief
Shinji Takagi as Gojira
Hideto Odachi as Megaro
Tsugutoshi Komada as Jetto Jagâ
Kenpachirô Satsuma as Gaigan (credited as Kengo Nakayama)
With Doc and Chad occupied elsewhere, Jeff and Bill welcome guest hosts Bryan Clark and Dirk Rogers to examine a last-minute replacement feature for episode 199. Trust us, you will not be disappointed as the Grue-Crew champions another Toho, 1970s, Kaiju entry, Godzilla vs. Megalon, for some silly yet still awesome man-in-suit action. Joining Godzilla and Megalon on screen are fellow giant monsters, Gigan and Jet Jaguar. Jeff finds himself surrounded by kaiju super-fans Bill, Bryan, and Dirk. This episode should not be missed! Enjoy!
At the time of this writing, Godzilla vs. Meagalon is available to stream from Tubi, Freevee, Pluto TV, MAX, the Criterion Channel, and multiple PPV sources. The film is also available on physical media as a Blu-ray in Godzilla, the Showa-Era Films, 1954–1975 (The Criterion Collection).
Gruesome Magazine’s Decades of Horror 1970s is part of the Decades of Horror two-week rotation with The Classic Era and the 1980s. In two weeks, the next episode will be the podcast’s landmark bicentennial (that’s 200th, folks)! In honor of that occasion, the 70s Grue-Crew will also be celebrating the 50th anniversary of what many call the greatest horror movie of all time: The Exorcist (1973). Join us to discuss the film in which one character says, “There seems to be an alien pubic hair in my gin.”
We want to hear from you – the coolest, grooviest fans: comment on the site or email the Decades of Horror 1970s podcast hosts at [email protected].
Check out this episode!
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Princess Grace, co-pilot in the Jaguar MK2 in 1961. At the wheel, her husband Rainier III of Monaco.
GRACE KELLY, THE PRINCESS WHO BROUGHT MONACO BACK TO GLAMOUR ON THE BACK OF A JAGUAR.
After six years of courtship, Rainier III of Monaco broke up in 1953 with the French interpreter Gisèle Pascal because neither her family nor the Monegasques wanted her on the throne. To get her out of the way, it was said that the sovereign's sister, Princess Antoinette, Baroness of Massy, took it upon herself to spread rumors of the lady's infertility because she wanted the throne for her son Christian Louis.
Laconic and depressed, the sovereign was urged to find the ideal woman. At that time, Aristotle Onassis was the largest shareholder in the Société des Bains de Mer (SBM) - owner of the Casino, the most important luxury hotels and a myriad of properties that generated incalculable dividends - and as he was obsessed with the big names ( Livanos, Callas ...) influenced Rainier III to look for someone solemn among the society pages.
He found that figure in Grace Kelly, whom he met during the filming of To Catch a Thief (1955). His love was settled when the prince presented him during the filming of High Society (1956) in Hollywood with a Cartier diamond ring of 10.47 carats, which caused the admiration of his colleague Celeste Holm when he saw the glow of the gem: "Oh my gosh, it looks like a skating rink!"
That was the beginning of a time of fantasy that has remained anchored in the Monegasque collective memory and, by extension, that of the rest of the world.
Grace symbolized the elegance, charm and glamor that Monaco needed to export abroad to become the ideal enclave for the international jet set. After their wedding in 1956, everything seemed to be going smoothly. The prince was happy in his heart and had regained control of the SBM.
Princes Rainier and Princess Grace in their Jaguar E-Type.
To perpetuate the image of the film myth, the world's best luxury brands stepped into his feet. Hermès created the Kelly bag and Jaguar made available two of its most exclusive models, the MK2 saloon and the E-Type, considered the most beautiful car ever designed, which in 1996 became a piece of art when it was part of the Museum of Modern Art from New York.
In March, the 60th anniversary of its global launch will be commemorated with an exclusive edition because Jaguar Classic will release six pairs of E-Type models (9600 HP and 77 RW) of this jewel on wheels available to checking accounts with multiple zeros to the right. This vehicle was the insignia of who was who in high society, such as Steve McQueen (great motor enthusiast like Paul Newman), Tony Curtis, Brigitte Bardot or the Duke and Duchess of Sussex (Meghan and Harry), who used a Jaguar at their wedding Electric E-Type Zero Concept inspired by the 1968 gasoline-powered model.
Grace Kelly was a magnet for Monaco. She attracted the big names (Elizabeth Taylor, Maria Callas, the Rothschilds) and generated millionaire profits for a principality that was on the verge of becoming a French protectorate. Every time she had to go to an event at the Casino or the Sporting Club, the sovereign used these English vehicles that have nothing to envy other British firms such as Rolls-Royce or Bentley.
Original Article (in Spanish): https://www.elmundo.es/loc/celebrities/2021/01/27/60102afcfc6c83d2348b45a9.html
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Considering adding the Gotengo to the final battle of my crossover fic
For those not in the know, the Gotengo (sometimes called the Atragon in older media due a sort of “The hero Zelda of Legend of Zelda” confusion in a dub for its premier movie Atragon) to is a drill nosed submarine/airship that’s practically a character in its own right as any of the giant monsters of Toho’s roster, appearing in multiple media.
A spaceship variant called the Gohten was even in War in Space, an attempt to cash in on Star Wars popularity.
It was a miniboss in the NES Game Godzilla: Monster of Monsters, that Godzilla could defeat by destroying its cannons...or simply walk past to the end of the screen.
Mass-produced versions of Gotengos appear in the same game, bombing you from the top of the screen , usuually just out of reach like a bunch of cowards.
Its first on-screeen appearance with Godzilla was in the 50th anniversary film Godzilla: Final Wars
Appearing first in a classical form in a military action that leads to Godzilla being trapped in ice for decades.
It then appears in an upgraded form decades later
(Pictured is the Godzilla Vs game model)
The Gotengo even appeared in a movie made to cap-off a franchise of live Action superhero shows Super Fleet Sazer-X the Movie: Fight! Star Soldiers , even being allowed to score the killing blow on the bad guy!
Pretty good for a surprise guest star!
Now on to whether or not to use in my fic
On one hand, I’m using a version of Godzilla based on the Scott Ciencin children’s novels, where Humanity does have superscience, but not really the large scale industry and collaboration required for the manufacturing of superweapons
I mean, I’m including Jet Jaguar but
1. Jet Jaguar builds upon the Antman style tech from Godzilla invades America
2. Jet Jaguar is never something you try to make sense of. You just accept him
But the idea of the Gotengo freezing and smashing through King Ghidorah’s remaining wing making him lose his maneuvarability and allowing the flying monsters to then force him to the ground...sounds cool
And the books take place in a pretty early “Age of the Monsters”.After repeated alien invasions, I could see such a thing as the Gotengo being built.
...You know what? I’m gonna include it. Its a good way for the EDF to make amends for accidentally sending Godzilla into another dimension at the start of the fic.
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Short film: Operation Jet Jaguar
50th Anniversary
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Kaiju Week in Review - Lighting Recap (April 16-May 13, 2023)
Some indie studio called Legendary Pictures released an entire video to reveal the title of its next film. Looks interesting, I guess.
Press notes and a teaser trailer are out for Ultraman Blazar. It's going to have Kiyotaka Taguchi back as the main director, a host who's also the leader of the defense team, a new mecha, and a simuldub... in other words, it's going to drag me back to the Ultra Series. The Ultraseven short that Tsuburaya has cued up for the 55th anniversary is looking good too.
Godzilla Rivals: Biollante Vs. Destoroyah was a fun capper to the series, with incredible attention to geographical detail. Or... is it the end? There's a "next issue" image at the end showing SpaceGodzilla rampaging through an alien world; that one's going to mark Matt Frank's triumphant return to writing/interior art duties on an IDW Godzilla comic. Also, the Monsters & Protectors series is ending with a double-sized issue called Summer Smash. Expect Mothra, Jet Jaguar, and Mecha-King Ghidorah in that one.
Zigra's been revealed as one of Gamera's foes in Gamera: Rebirth.
The new Godzilla Battle Line units are Mechagodzilla (1974) and... Chibi Godzilla?!?
Speaking of Chibi Godzilla, please do not sleep on Chibi Godzilla Raids Again. You can get all caught up with it in about 22 minutes.
Keizo Murase's Brush of the God has wrapped production, per Kickstarter updates. They're aiming to have the film done by October.
The Movie Monster Series onslaught continues this summer with Monster X and Fire Rodan. There's also going to be a very cool figure based on a maquette used during production of the original Godzilla... unfortunately, it's an event exclusive, so expect ridiculous aftermarket prices.
Finally, a reminder to check out @lsdjellyfishu's translation of Gamera vs. Barugon, an action-packed manga set between Gamera 2 and 3!
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NFL Network’s Week 1 Saturday and Sunday Programme Listing
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On Saturday at 9:00 AM ET, Good Morning Football: Weekend airs for three hours live from NFL Films in Mt. Laurel, New Jersey, hosted by Colleen Wolfe, Michael Robinson, DeAngelo Hall and Mike Garafolo.
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On Sunday, NFL Network's GameDay programming kicks off at 9:00 AM ET with the Emmy-nominated NFL GameDay Morning Presented by Lowes from Los Angeles. Rich Eisen anchors the most comprehensive pregame show on television, joined by Pro Football Hall of Famers Michael Irvin and Kurt Warner, former head coach Steve Mariucci, NFL Network Insider Ian Rapoport, analytics expert Cynthia Frelund and various NFL Network reporters stationed across the league. This season, NFL GameDay Morning celebrates its 11-year anniversary.
NFL Network's GameDay coverage continues at 1:00 PM ET with NFL GameDay Live – the ONLY show on television providing in-progress NFL highlights and analysis of the day's games – and at 7:30 PM ET with NFL GameDay Highlights, which recaps the entire afternoon.
At 11:30 PM ET, NFL GameDay Prime airs with Hall of Famer Deion Sanders and host Chris Rose recapping the weekend's games.
NFL RedZone hosted by Scott Hanson whips around the league providing all of the exciting plays and touchdowns as they happen starting at 1:00 PM ET.
This season NFL Network broadcasts 10 Conference USA games, kicking off Saturday, September 7 at 3:30 PM ET with Grambling State vs. Louisiana Tech. Play-by-play announcer Rhett Lewis, analyst Max Starks and sideline reporter Molly Sullivan are on the call.
Saturday, September 7 on Good Morning Football: Weekend – 9:00 AM ET
Hosts: Colleen Wolfe, Michael Robinson, DeAngelo Hall & Mike Garafolo
MJ Acosta joins live from Oakland with the latest on Raiders wide receiver Antonio Brown
Aditi Kinkhabwala joins live from Cleveland to discuss the expectations for the Browns entering the 2019 season
DeAngelo Hall explains who the best safety in the league is right now
Michael Robinson answers viewer questions in the Real Mike Rob Report
Mike Garafolo delivers the latest news and notes from around the league in Mike Drop
Will the Pittsburgh Steelers' offense take a step back this season?
What can we expect from quarterback Carson Wentz and the new weapons in the Philadelphia Eagles' offense?
How much can the Dallas Cowboys really expect from running back Ezekiel Elliott this week?
Good Morning Football: Weekend predicts which teams that missed the playoffs last season will be playing in January
Dave Dameshek explains why no matter which team wins the AFC North, we all win
Fantasy expert Adam Rank offers some not-so-obvious fantasy advice for Week 1
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Sunday, September 8 on NFL GameDay Morning – 9:00 AM ET
New York Jets RB Le'Veon Bell w/ Steve Smith Sr.
Pittsburgh Steelers QB Ben Roethlisberger w/ Andrea Kremer
Host: Rich Eisen
Analysts: Kurt Warner, Michael Irvin & Steve Mariucci
NFL Media Insider: Ian Rapoport
Analytics Expert: Cynthia Frelund
Steve Smith Sr. goes 1-on-1 with New York Jets running back Le'Veon Bell to discuss why he left the Pittsburgh Steelers and his fresh start with his new team
Andrea Kremer sits down with Pittsburgh Steelers quarterback Ben Roethlisberger to discuss losing wide receiver Antonio Brown and facing New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady
Kay Adams, DeAngelo Hall and Michael Robinson join live from the Lincoln Financial Field parking lot ahead of the Washington Redskins-Philadelphia Eagles matchup
Cleveland Browns head coach Freddie Kitchens speaks with Aditi Kinkhabwala after he arrives at FirstEnergy Stadium
Carolina Panthers head coach Ron Rivera speaks with Tiffany Blackmon
Warner's Corner – Kurt Warner and Steve Mariucci break down how Pittsburgh Steelers quarterback Ben Roethlisberger and New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady will adjust without playmakers Antonio Brown, Le'Veon Bell and Rob Gronkowski
Players Only – DeAngelo Hall and Michael Robinson join Kurt Warner and Michael Irvin to discuss if Oakland Raiders wide receiver Antonio Brown's season will be dominated by distractions
How much should Dallas Cowboys running back Ezekiel Elliott play against the New York Giants after sitting out the entire offseason?
Will the Baker Mayfield and Odell Beckham Jr. era with the Cleveland Browns get off to a hot start?
How long will it take New York Jets running back Le'Veon Bell to get up to speed after a year off?
Is this the year New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady finally starts to show his age?
Cynthia Frelund examines top matchups and Michael Fabiano discusses his fantasy starts and sits
Live reports
MJ Acosta from Oakland
Tiffany Blackmon from Charlotte for Rams-Panthers
Mike Garafolo from Philadelphia for Redskins-Eagles
Mike Giardi from New England for Steelers-Patriots
Kimberly Jones from East Rutherford for Bills-Jets
Aditi Kinkhabwala from Cleveland for Titans-Browns
James Palmer from Jacksonville for Chiefs-Jaguars
Tom Pelissero from Minneapolis for Falcons-Vikings
Jane Slater from Dallas for Giants-Cowboys
NFL GameDay Live, NFL GameDay Highlights and NFL GameDay Prime Conclude Sunday Coverage
At 1:00 PM ET, NFL GameDay Live provides in-progress highlights and analysis, as well as live fantasy football updates for all of the 1:00 and 4:00 PM ET games. Hosts Rhett Lewis and Kyle Montgomery are joined by analysts Terrell Davis, James Jones, Marcel Reece and Andrew Hawkins providing 6.5 hours of coverage. NFL GameDay Live is the ONLY in-progress NFL highlights show on television.
At 7:30 PM ET, Cole Wright and Chris Rose host NFL GameDay Highlights, providing a recap of the day's action thus far with highlights, postgame press conferences and commentary leading up to kickoff of the Sunday night matchup.
At 11:30 PM ET, NFL GameDay Prime airs with Pro Football Hall of Famer Deion Sanders and host Chris Rose recapping the weekend's games.
NFL RedZone Hosted by Scott Hanson
Every Sunday starting at 1:00 PM ET, NFL RedZone hosted by Scott Hanson whips around the league, providing all of the touchdowns and exciting action from the day's games. To order NFL RedZone, visit NFL.com/redzone.
Grambling State vs. Louisiana Tech – Saturday, September 7 at 3:30 PM ET
NFL Network's live coverage of Conference USA games kicks off Saturday, September 7 at 3:30 PM ET with Grambling State vs. Louisiana Tech. Play-by-play announcer Rhett Lewis, analyst Max Starks and sideline reporter Molly Sullivan are on the call for NFL Network.
Editions of NFL Now air at 3:00 PM ET and postgame, with host Patrick Claybon.
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11 of the Coolest Ford Mustangs Ever Made
http://cryptobully.com/11-of-the-coolest-ford-mustangs-ever-made/
11 of the Coolest Ford Mustangs Ever Made
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Originally introduced back in 1964, the Ford Mustang officially turned 54 this month. To celebrate that milestone and National Mustang Day, the Motor Trend staff put together a list of our favorite Mustang models, in no particular order. Read on to see which ones we chose.
1964.5 Ford Mustang
The original Mustang might not be the fastest or the most expensive car on this list, but it’s the one that started it all. Whether there’s a base inline-six or an optional 289-cubic-inch V-8 under the hood, the 1964.5 Mustang is always going to be cool.
When Ford updated the Mustang for 1967, it added more power in the form of a 390-cubic-inch V-8. A year later, the 335-hp Cobra Jet 428 showed up, essentially turning the Mustang into a street-legal drag racer.
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1968 Ford Mustang Shelby GT500KR
No list of iconic Mustangs is complete without at least one GT500, and the 1967s are legendary. But in 1968, Shelby used the Cobra Jet 428 to build an even faster version called the “King of the Road.” It’s a cool name, but it’s an even cooler Mustang.
1969 Ford Mustang Mach 1
To close out the 1960s, Ford introduced the Mach 1 based on the SportsRoof-body Mustang. It could be equipped with an upgraded Super Cobra Jet 428 and featured a functional shaker hood—a hood with a cutout for the engine-mounted intake. So not only would you be feeding cooler air to your engine, but you also got to watch the scoop dance as you drove.
1971 Ford Mustang Mach 1
The Mustang’s early-’70s body style isn’t as iconic as earlier versions, but it’s hard to argue that the ’71–’73 Mach 1s weren’t awesome. The twin hood scoops, two-tone hood, and graphics package scream “cool.” Appearances in Diamonds are Forever and Gone in 60 Seconds only add to this generation of Mach 1’s credibility.
1986 Ford Mustang SVO
No, the SVO didn’t have a V-8, but it still belongs on this list. When it was introduced, the SVO’s 2.3-liter turbocharged four-cylinder made just as much power as the 5.0-liter V-8. In 1986, Ford bumped it up to an even 200 hp. By 1980s standards, that was seriously impressive.
1987–1992 Ford Mustang 5.0 LX
Ford did build an SVT Cobra version of the Fox-body Mustang, as well as a Cobra R. But the great thing about the 5.0 LX was that it looked slower than it actually was. The LX got the same 5.0-liter V-8 as the GT but was much more sedate-looking with fewer ground effects. It was a serious sleeper in the early ’90s, and thanks to high production volumes, 5.0 Fox-bodies are plentiful and relatively cheap these days.
2000 Ford Mustang SVT Cobra R
The 1999 Cobra deserves credit for being the first Mustang sold with an independent rear suspension. The 2000 Cobra R, however, added side exhausts, which are always awesome. It also used a more powerful 5.4-liter V-8 that required a larger power bulge than the ’99 Cobra and a huge, park bench-like fixed rear wing.
2008 Ford Mustang Bullitt
To mark the 40th anniversary of the legendary Steve McQueen film Bullitt, Ford brought back the Mustang Bullitt for 2008. Like the 2001 version, it was essentially a debadged version of the Mustang GT with more power and improved handling. It came with an ultra-cool machine-turned aluminum dash and an aluminum shift knob.
2012 Ford Mustang Boss 302 Laguna Seca
Once Ford gave the 2011 Mustang GT a 5.0-liter V-8, it was only a matter of time before the Boss 302 nameplate made a comeback. But no one could have predicted the 2012 Boss 302 would handle as well as it did. The track-focused Boss 302 Laguna Seca version went even further, laying down lap times that would shame a BMW M3.
2016 Ford Mustang Shelby GT350R
The Boss 302 Laguna Seca was a fantastic Mustang, but the 526-hp Shelby GT350R is truly world-class. In fact, with better steering, it probably would have won our 2016 Best Driver’s Car competition. Instead, it placed second, only losing to the $200,000 McLaren 570S.
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A Portrait of Britain in 1964
Warning: This post contains an extremely unpleasant racial slur and descriptions of the oppressive behaviour and laws in Britain in the 1960s.
Update: This post was edited on 2017-10-01 to add supporting empirical data and four new photographs. It was edited on 2017-10-02 to add detail to its account of the Profumo Affair, and on 2017-10-03, to add a photograph of a giant cake. On 2017-10-12, I added an anecdote about a trapped kangaroo, and on 2017-11-03, I significantly embellished several passages of the text.
Manchester, 1964. Photograph © Shirley Baker Estate, used here without permission, and taken from the BBC on 2017-09-10. Above is a black-and-white photograph in landscape. It shows four small black children playing in the street in front of a terraced house in a poor urban area. The doorway to the house is open. In the foreground, the oldest boy, facing left, pouts with concentration as he bends to hit a moving ball with his cricket bat. Another boy, wearing a striped T-shirt, watches from behind him. In the background, two more children look on lazily from their perch on top of the front boundary wall.
During the 1950s, having endured a period of post-war economic austerity and national exhaustion, Britain developed into an optimistic and increasingly affluent society of hire purchase for domestic appliances, increased leisure time, and improved housing.1 The years following have been characterised by a loss of innocence brought on by increased media scrutiny on elites, changing British self-conception, and a new assertiveness among working people. By 1964, the buoyant mood of the previous decade was in freefall, replaced by ‘self-doubt and angry introspection’.2 The emerging society would be characterised by social conflict, technological change, and a desire for glamour and pleasure.
The shape of the stuff of life was shifting. The first American-style 'superstore' (a very large supermarket, built away from residential areas, and accessible by car) was opened by GEM International Supercentres in November 1964, in West Bridgford, just outside Nottingham. (It became an Asda in 1966.)3 Having suffered bland and limited food during extensive rationing, which only finally ended for meat in 1954,4 British people had by 1960 the fifth highest sugar consumption in the world, and new methods of production, together with the development of freezing and drying techniques, allowed for broad access to tinned goods and conveniences.5 What they ate was largely traditional British food, with no pasta or curry, and eating ‘out’ (i.e., at a restaurant) was still a luxury. Higher wages allowed many families to replace fish with chicken, beef, and pork.6 Elizabeth David’s A Book of Mediterranean Food had been published in 1950, but many of the ingredients she had listed, including figs, olive oil, myzithra cheese, fresh salmon, and Malaga, had been unavailable for years. Even now, they could be found only at specialist stockists in London.7 (In her preface to the book's 1988 reprint, David admitted that even as she had been writing it, she and her friends lived on a diet consisting of 'an awful lot of beans and potatoes'.8)
The Bakers & Giant Cake, CHAD 13784-13 (1965). Photograph unsourced. Retrieved from Our Mansfield and Area on 2017-10-03. Above is a black-and-white landscape photograph of five white men smiling into the camera. In front of them is a colossal novelty cake, made to look like the GEM superstore in West Bridgford, complete with car park, GEM logo, and individual cars. Four of the men wear white bakers' livery, including small paper hats. The two men in the centre are management, and wear dress shirts with ties. One man is wearing a white T-shirt. The cake was produced by Landers Bakery, in Mansfield, Nottinghamshire, to commemorate the first anniversary of the opening of the superstore, in 1965.
The old values of deference and tradition were eroding. National Service was finally abolished in 1960.9 Although capital punishment would remain on the statute books until the next year, by the 1964 General Election, the last legal hanging in Britain had already taken place, on the 13th of August.10 The 1960 Betting and Gambling Act legalised the opening of betting shops and bingo parlours. Society was secularising, and slowly opening up about gender and sex. Church attendance was collapsing.11 By 1964, John Robinson, an Anglican bishop, had sold a quarter of a million copies of his book, Honest to God, which espoused a libertarian conception of morality within a framework of Christian ethics.12 More women were in work than ever before: having made up 31% of the workforce in 1951, they climbed to 33% in 1961, and would hit 37% by 1971.13 The contraceptive pill had been available since 1963, although it was not yet widely in use.14 Childbirth outside marriage was slowly increasing, and 1964 was also the year the UK hit peak fertility, at 2.94 children per couple.15 As a consequence of the high birth rate, the population was very young, dominated by teenagers and children born in the post-war baby boom.
There was a sense that the future belonged to ordinary, less well-off people. Luxuries were becoming more affordable. Fabrics exploded with colour, and miniskirts and minidresses appeared for the first time.16 The British took 34 million holiday trips in 1961, up from 27 million in 1951.17 Growing fleets of commercial jets, increased affluence at home, and economic changes abroad (especially in Franco’s Spain) meant that more Britons could now afford to travel outside the UK.18 British cultural identity had a new glamour, associated with iconic cars like the Jaguar E-Type (released in 1961), rising British pop musicians, new clothing fashions (frequently photographed by David Bailey), and films like Dr. No and Lawrence of Arabia, both released in 1962. Specialist boutiques began to appear, where the increasingly wealthy could spend their disposable income. Mary Quant's Bazaar had opened on King's Road in 1955 to sell fashionable modern clothes. Terence Conran's Habitat and Barbara Hulanicki's Biba launched in 1964. By January that year, 14.2 million households, or 84% of homes, had a black-and-white CRT television set,19 although over two thirds of homes still lacked a telephone, and refrigerators had only reached 33% of households in 1962, up from 8% in 1956.20 As of April 1964, with the launch of BBC2, there were now three television channels. Commercial television, available since the passing of the 1954 Television Act, carried [advertising for new appliances and other consumer goods](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dcKuOMVcqfI.21 Doctor Who had been on air for a year, and Coronation Street since 1960.
BBC2's launch had been a total disaster. A fire at Battersea Power Station caused a power outage which left the station unable to broadcast its opening programming. A live kangaroo, which the studio had borrowed from London Zoo, was trapped in a lift. Eventually, some highly awkward and hastily assembled news footage was shown, but to save face, BBC2 relaunched the following night, with a quick sight gag about using a candle to light the studio. The first night's amateurish footage, having been thought lost for decades, was discovered in an archive in 2003. Here's some brief clips from the first night and the relaunch, from YouTube:22
youtube
Working- and middle-class people were more visible in public life. British pop acts like The Beatles and The Kinks were world-famous. A new generation of working-class playwrights had emerged, focussed on social realities, including John Osborne, Shelagh Delaney, Harold Pinter, and Arnold Wesker. In 1963, a 17 year-old working-class boy from Belfast named George Best made his First Division debut for Manchester United. Since 1948, 2.2 million social homes had been built.23 Although not everyone was satisfied with their new flats and houses, living conditions broadly improved as slums had been cleared on a huge scale. With the exception of 1947, unemployment had been consistently low (under 2.6%) since 1940.24 Smaller cars like the Mini were less expensive to buy and run than their predecessors. The young adults of 1964 were the first generation to grow up with the unconditional support of a healthcare system which was free at the point of use, under the shadow of the NHS, set up in 1948.
Minnie Caldwell (left), Ena Sharples (centre), and Martha Longhurst (right), famous Coronation Street characters in the 1960s, undated. Photograph unsourced, used here without permission, and taken from the Coronation Street Blog on 2017-10-01. Above is a black-and-white photograph in landscape. In it, three middle-aged working-class white women sit in an urban pub, with three drinks in half-pint glasses, and very sour, conspiratorial looks. All three women wear distinctive headgear. The one in the middle is wearing a hairnet.
But progressive social change was not universal. Britain remained a prison of sexual and gender conformity. The Homosexual Law Reform Society was founded in 1958 to campaign against the continuing illegality of sexual activity between men, but queer people were still overwhelmingly deeply closeted.25 Abortion was against the law. Those who found themselves unexpectedly pregnant were forced either to carry the foetus to term, or seek a dangerous illegal termination.26 The Matrimonial Causes Act of 1937 had made divorce more easily attainable for women, but only provided they could prove their husband’s adultery, extensive domestic abuse, incest, or sodomy. Women received lower wages than their male counterparts, and were frequently sidelined in unions. Housework was, as it remains, overwhelmingly unpaid and unrecognised. And women were less visible at all levels of society. At the Olympics in 1964, only 21% of British participants, and 11% of the officials, were female.27 At the 1959 General Election, the House of Commons had returned only 25 female MPs, out of 630 seats. This was still the largest number in its history.28 The same election saw Labour’s third concurrent electoral defeat, exacerbating socialist anxieties about the long-term relevance of their political project.29
Britain's racial demographics were changing, as a result of increased immigration from Britain's former empire. Immigrants of colour came from India and Pakistan, the West Indies (especially Jamaica, and these in particular are remembered as the Windrush Generation), and Commonwealth realms in Africa. Many did low-paid, low-status work in the centres of cities like Bradford, Birmingham, and London.30 Mainstream attitudes to race were explicitly prejudiced, although the numbers of immigrants remained relatively low, at 800,000 (including white migrants) in 1964.31 White people were unafraid to use slurs or make people of colour unsafe. In 1958, there had been intensely violent racialised attacks in Notting Hill and Nottingham, stirred up by explicit white supremacists against black West Indian immigrants. In both cases, the violence was triggered by white disgust at inter-racial relationships.32
Politicians now began to argue openly for immigration controls and the exclusion of black people from British society. Since 1948, residents of Commonwealth member nations had been entitled to full British citizenship, but in 1962, the Conservative Government passed the Commonwealth Immigrants Act. The new law introduced a quota for migrants of colour, among other restrictions. Labour’s leadership intially opposed the law, but came to support immigration controls, based on the perception of pressure from white working-class voters.33 During the 1964 General Election, in the constituency of Smethwick, the Conservative candidate, Peter Griffiths, allowed his campaign to be associated with the slogan, ‘if you want a nigger neighbour vote Labour,’34 and campaigned for the forcible repatriation of black migrants.35
One way or another, deference was beginning to give way to cynicism and individualism. Veneration for the respectable past had become deeply unfashionable. The Victorian Society had been founded in 1958 to protect and celebrate late 19th century architecture, but this was a reaction by a select group of enthusiasts to a hostile national climate. The failure of their campaign to prevent the 1961 demolition of Euston Arch, built in austere neoclassical style in 1837, was characteristic of the era. In 1960, Penguin won the right to publish Lady Chatterley's Lover, D. H. Lawrence's banned 1928 novel, in a much-publicised obscenity trial. Private Eye, first published in 1961, That Was the Week That Was, first broadcast in 1962, and the burgeoning careers of several comedians, including Peter Cook, and journalists like David Frost, constituted a new 'satire boom' in the early 1960s. In reaction against such irreverence and social liberalism, Mary Whitehouse launched her Clean Up TV campaign in early 1964, to promote respect for authority and conservative family values.
Old hierarchies and ways of making sense of things no longer seemed to fit in this new mood. The world appeared to be increasingly chaotic. In 1962, the US and the Soviet Union narrowly avoided nuclear war in the Cuban Missile Crisis. In November 1963, US President John F. Kennedy was assassinated. At home, there was a sense of rising criminality and social stagnation. The Great Train Robbery of 1963 saw a small, organised group steal the (then enormous) sum of £2.6 million from Royal Mail. Recorded violent crimes were increasing: up from 5,869 in 1955 to 15,976 in 1964.36 Three of the killings which would be come to be known as the Moors Murders had already been committed. The Kray Twins, brothers who worked as violent crime bosses, had celebrity status, and were well known for their night club business and protection racketeering. In 1964, The Sunday Mirror furtively insinuated that Ronnie Kray and Robert Boothby, a member of the House of Lords, were involved in a sexual relationship. Though the allegations were likely true, the paper paid Boothby off to avoid a libel suit.37 The British Establishment, including the Conservative government, had become associated with sleaze and elderly incompetence, exacerbated by the comparison with the youthful and confident President Kennedy. The Cabinet of Prime Minister Harold Macmillan was a close-knit clique of aristocrats, almost all of whom had attended Eton. Of the 85 ministers in the Government, 35 were personally related to Macmillan by marriage.38
President John F. Kennedy and Prime Minister of Great Britain Harold Macmillan with their Cabinet Members and Advisors, 1961. Public domain photograph by White House staffer Robert Knudsen, held by the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston, and retrieved 2017-10-02. Seated at the centre are US President 1960-63, John F. Kennedy (left), and Conservative UK Prime Minister 1957-63, Harold Macmillan (right). To the right of Macmillan is the earl who will soon become his short-lived successor, Alec Douglas-Home. (Seated at the far left is Adlai Stevenson, repeated US Democratic Presidential candidate in the 1950s, and the basis for Peter Sellers' President Merkin Muffley character in Dr. Strangelove, released January 1964.) Above is a full-colour landscape photograph taken on a sunny day on the lawn behind the White House. In the foreground, six suited white men are seated, and looking into the camera. Behind them are two dozen more suited white men. Most of them are middle-aged.
This elite world of corrupt cliques inevitably exploded, in a series of scandals which were to help bring down the Government. In 1962, following a series of economic failures and by-election losses to the Liberal Party, Macmillan sacked a suite of Cabinet ministers in a transparently desperate PR move satirised in the press as the Night of the Long Knives. The leader of the Liberals memorably quipped, 'greater love hath no man than this, that he lay down his friends for his life.' Later that year, civil servant John Vassall was arrested on suspicion of being a Soviet spy. He had been feeding the KGB British military secrets for years.
These events were soon eclipsed by a much greater outrage. It emerged in March 1963 that the War Minister, John Profumo, had had sex with a 19 year-old woman, Christine Keeler, who had also been sleeping with a Soviet military attaché. An osteopath called Stephen Ward had apparently acted as a pimp, profiting socially and financially from sexual relationships which he set up between young women such as Keeler, and several powerful men. One of these men, William Astor, another member of the House of Lords, denied that he had ever met Mandy Rice-Davies, the woman he was accused of having slept with, prompting her famously cynical reply, 'well, he would, wouldn't he?'. Although Profumo appeared not to have shared any sensitive information with Keeler, the fallout from the revelations badly damaged the credibility of Macmillan's administration. In July, there was another spy scandal. Kim Philby, a former MI6 employee who had previously been cleared of suspicion of being a Russian double agent, defected to the Soviet Union. Then, on the 3rd of August, Stephen Ward (the osteopath who had introduced Keeler and Profumo) committed suicide, with his trial still ongoing. Later that year, Macmillan stood down.
Mandy Rice-Davies (left) and Christine Keeler (right) in 1963. Photograph © PA, used here without permission, and taken from The Telegraph on 2017-10-01. Above is a black-and-white photograph in landscape. It shows the heads and shoulders of two young women sitting in the back of a car, from through a side-window. The woman on the left has blonde hair up in a beehive. The woman on the right has flowing dark hair, worn down. Both are made up and dressed in glamorous, high-gloss 1960s style.
Macmillan’s replacement, Alec Douglas-Home (pronounced ‘Hume’), a member of the unelected House of Lords, was selected under contentious and undemocratic circumstances, without input from Conservative MPs, Party members, or the British electorate.39 While convalescing from an operation, Macmillan took soundings on the ability of each of his potential successors to unite the party as they competed for the limelight at the 1963 Conservative conference. Home’s announcement of Macmillan’s retirement, and his speech on foreign affairs, were particularly notable, while others came off less well. Having made his decision, Macmillan quietly advised the Queen to ask Home to form a Government. Home was a slight, mild-mannered, and affable Scottish aristocrat whose political career had specialised in foreign relations. He had been Neville Chamberlain’s parliamentary private secretary from 1936 until the latter’s death in 1940, and had been with Chamberlain when the famous Munich Agreement was signed. He had served as a junior minister in the Scottish Office from 1951, and as Commonwealth Secretary since 1955. Macmillan had made him Foreign Secretary in 1960. Home’s selection was controversial within the party. He was seen to lack dynamism, had previously insisted that he didn’t consider himself a candidate, and was not well-known among the electorate. The other main contenders, Quintin Hogg (then Conservative Leader in the Lords, under the name Hailsham, and Lord President of the Council), and Rab Butler (Deputy PM and First Secretary of State), felt passed over. In the event, two ministers (Iain Macleod and Enoch Powell refused to serve in Home’s Cabinet, but Butler and Hogg fell in line.40
The Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain raises his hat outside 10 Downing Street, accompanied by the Conservative politician and future leader Alec Douglas-Home, then Alec Dunglass, 1939. © Getty Images, and retrieved from there on 2017-10-21. Above is a black-and-white portrait photograph of two thin white men in suits. On the left is the elderly and moustachioed Neville Chamberlain, who raises his hat. Behind him is a young Alec Douglas-Home, smiling as he carries a box under his arm and a leather pouch in his hand. His hat is on his head.
In order to credibly hold the office of Prime Minister, though, Home had to become an MP in the House of Commons. He was able to renounce his peerage and stand for election in the House of Commons under the provision of the recently enacted 1963 Peerage Act, which had been passed to prevent further embarrassment of the Government by Anthony Wedgwood Benn (later Tony Benn). Benn had been elected as MP for Bristol South East in 1950, following Stafford Cripps’ resignation, but had been expelled from the Commons in 1960 when he inherited his father’s place in the House of Lords. He was re-elected to the seat in the by-election of 1961, but the Commons again refused to admit him, until the Government changed the law under pressure from Labour, and some of its own Members, who themselves stood to inherit peerages.41 Benn returned to the House in 1963, following yet another by-election.
Tony Benn, and his wife Caroline, after winning the 1961 Bristol South East by-election. A photograph © Getty Images, used here without permission, and taken from the BBC on 2017-10-01. Above is a black-and-white photograph in landscape. It shows a man and a woman, both white and young, celebrating outside a grand, old-fashioned building. The man, on the right, holds up a sheet of paper.
But roles weren’t only shifting for elites: the world of work looked increasingly different, and in some limited cases, a small number of working-class people now had unprecedented social mobility. The Professional Footballers' Association abolished its maximum wage in 1961, opening the door to huge salaries for the most sought-after players. A sense of the broader-scale changes in work during this period is given by the difference between the employment figures in the censuses of 1951 and 1971. Employment in raw materials production was already declining. Of 22.7 million total jobs in the UK in 1951, mining accounted for 843,000, but by 1971 it had shrunk to 394,000 of 24.1 million. The textiles industry was shrinking too: it went from employing over a million people in 1951, to only 581,000 people twenty years later. But not all sectors were on a downturn. The 1960s was the great age of the engineer and the technocrat, and the number of mechanical and electrical engineering jobs rose from 1,468,000 to 1,943,000. Altogether, though, the picture is one of steady stagnation: industry accounted for 41.7% of all British jobs in 1951, but had fallen to 37.7% in 1971.42 And there were other losses: five national newspapers folded in the early 1960s. Labour's national mouthpiece, The Daily Herald, shut down in 1964. Its former presses would eventually produce The Sun.
The spending power of the worker's wage was also changing. Average weekly earnings for men over 21 rose 34% from 1955 to 1960. They stood at £15.35 in 1961, about £313.56 in 2016 money (equating to a salary of just over £16,000), according to the Bank of England's Inflation Calculator, although the prices of many commodities have not maintained a fixed value relative to inflation. Food and fuel were becoming dramatically more expensive, but the cost of appliances and small cars was dropping in real terms.43 Eggs and vegetables became less expensive 1963-4, but the price of meat and dairy rose. A pint of milk cost at most 9d during the second half of 1964,44 which was around 70p in 2016, adjusting for decimalisation and inflation. That’s expensive, but it is the maximum reported price. (At the time of writing, I can say anecdotally that a pint of milk tends to cost between 45p and 60p in local supermarkets.) Beef was about 4s 10d per lb,45 or £4.49 in 2016. (Beef is usually priced per kg now, and varies a lot by cut, but from personal observation, a cheap roasting joint of beef can be £4.60 per lb.) The price of a gallon of petrol averaged 60.5d in 1964, or around 13.3d per litre,46 which would be 101p in 2016 money. (Unleaded petrol is currently around 119p a litre in the UK.) A pint of Guinness cost 2s 1d as of April 1964, which was around £3.80 in 2016.47 (So, depending on where you drink, the price of a pint remains roughly consistent with 1964, at the time of writing.)
Neighbours chatting in Footdee, Aberdeen, 1964. Unsourced photograph, used here without permission. Retrieved from Pinterest on 2017-10-03. Above is a black-and-white photograph in portrait. A terrace of granite bungalows in Aberdeen stretches away and leftwards, to the seafront. In the foreground, two white, working-class housewives talk cheerily together. The woman on the left is tall, with dark curly hair, and carries a handbag. The woman on the right is plump and has her hair tied up in a cloth. She is wearing a pinny and holding a basket. She is resting against a wooden post for support. (In the spring of 1964, there was a major outbreak of typhoid in Aberdeen caused by contaminated Fray Bentos corned beef. Jonathan Meades’ wonderful Off Kilter begins with an account of this episode.)
Membership figures for mass organisations give a picture of the class stratification of British society. The population stood at 52.8 million at the 1961 Census.48 Nearly a fifth of that, some 10.2 million people, belonged to trade unions,49 many of which were affiliated to the Labour Party. Labour also had just short of one million individual members. Conservative Party membership was just over 2 million, down from 2.8 in 1953.50 There are no national membership figures for the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) during this period, but despite the low figure of 1,500 in 1967, opinion polls suggested that up to a third of British people supported the organisation's goals. More than 100,000 people participated in the 1961 and 1962 marches to the Atomic Weapons Establishment at Aldermaston, and the movement’s political momentum caused Labour to temporarily adopt an official policy of disarmament between the Party Conferences of 1960 and 1961.51 At the same time, industrial radicalism was increasing dramatically. Between 1955 and 1964, 3.9 million worker days were lost to strikes per year. This was up from 2.1 million in the period 1945 to 1954.52
This was also the peak year for the number of grammar schools, at 1,298. 26% of all secondary pupils in the state sector attended grammar schools that year. The figure had been steadily climbing since 1944.53 Only 7% of state secondary pupils attended comprehensives (so-called because they combined the standards of the three types of secondary school in one ‘comprehensive’ institution); most of the remaining 67% were at ‘secondary moderns’, with a small minority attending technical or non-standard schools. Just under 8% of all secondary pupils attended ‘independent’ (i.e., fee-paying) schools.54 The newly skeptical national mood extended to views on schooling: in one example of the many contemporary assaults on British education, John Vaizey’s 1962 work, Britain in the Sixties: Education for Tomorrow, the author argued that the existing system was ‘inefficient, divided, selective, and class-ridden.’55
Of the 16.2 million dwellings recorded in Great Britain (thereby excluding Northern Ireland) in 1961, 6.9 million were owner-occupied, 5.0 million rented privately, and 4.4 million were in social housing provided by local authorities.56 (In estimated figures from 2015, of 23.5 million dwellings, 14.8 million were owner-occupied, 4.7 million rented privately, and 4.0 million were housed by local authorities or housing associations.)57
The first part of the M1 had opened in 1959. Car ownership soared from 2.3 million in 1950 to 9.1 million in 1965.58 According to the Conservative Minister of Transport, the nationalised British Railways (soon to become British Rail) was hopelessly inefficient, haemorrhaging £300,000 a day.59 It was on these grounds that Richard Beeching had been appointed as an efficiency specialist, to make savings. His first report appeared in 1963, recommending extensive line closures. The same year, the Traffic in Towns report appeared, which recommended the construction of inner-city motorways for car traffic, and use of 'pedestrian precincts' in city centres.
The M1 in 1959. Photograph © Getty Images, used here without permission, and taken from the Have Bag, Will Travel on 2017-10-01. Above is a black-and-white photograph in landscape. It shows an almost completely empty new motorway curving away into the horizon. The sky above is clement, with fluffy white clouds.
British self-conception was changing. The Blue Streak independent nuclear deterrent programme had to be cancelled due to cost in 1960, embarrassing Britain on the world stage.60 After the assassination in November 1963 of President Kennedy, with whom he had got on well, Home found himself falling out with President Johnson over continued British trade with Cuba, and powerless to stop the rise of the separatist and white supremacist Rhodesian Front in what is now Zimbabwe.61 The success of the European Economic Community, which came into being after the Treaty of Rome in 1957 and had since seen rapid growth, reflected poorly on the sluggish British economy. After the Suez Crisis of 1956, it was clear that Britain had lost its superpower status. The Empire had collapsed since 1945. During 1964, Malta became independent of the British Empire, but by then it was following the lead of a dozen other states. India and Pakistan left in 1947. Burma (now Myanmar), Sri Lanka, Palestine, Israel, and Malaya (now part of Malaysia) became independent in 1948, Sudan in 1956, the Gold Coast (now Ghana) in 1957, and Cyprus in 1959. Jamaica and Trinidad & Tobago declared themselves sovereign states in 1962. Some of these states had joined the UK’s flagship post-colonial intergovernmental cooperation body, the Commonwealth of Nations. Britain remained one of four nuclear powers, a core NATO member, and permanent occupant of a seat on the United Nations Security Council. But the narrative of decline was irresistible. In 1945, the British Empire had ruled over some 500 million people. By 1964, the figure was under 15 million.62 Britain’s place in the world was now a matter of debate. The charitable view was that the UK was uniquely placed within NATO, UN, European, and Commonwealth spheres, and could therefore act as an international broker. Increasingly, though, Britain was seen as an ailing power, acting in the US’ shadow.
The might of the British economy and military might have been in decline, but demographic, technological, legal, and cultural changes brought new hope. Yet for all its developing freedoms, the new libertarianism had a toxic component. From the late 1970s, Thatcherites and the New Right were to market themselves as correctives for a ‘permissive culture’ which they believed had been generated in the 1960s. Thatcherite government was itself to oversee a period of rampant individualism, conspicuous consumption, and antisocial behaviour. The extent to which you believe this was caused by the lurch to the ‘there is no such thing as society’ right after 1979, or by the white-hot combustion of Britain’s traditional hierarchies during the 1960s, will depend in part on your ideological perspective.
It all feels very foreign to me. In 1964, my parents were six and five years old. My granddad owned a necktie made from Tyvek. There was no Internet, and there were no mobile phones or reality TV shows. Nobody had ever stood on the Moon. Men had dirty hands and smelled of Brylcreem. Their wives, or mothers, cooked their meals and cleaned their clothes. How much physical effort this took depended on how wealthy they were; washing machine ownership was to hit 65% of households in 1970.63 But coercive misogyny and class conformity were a way of life for almost everyone. In many spheres of life, tradition remained strong. In 1964, the top baby names for boys were largely Biblical: David, Paul, Andrew and Mark occupied the top four spots, and John, beginning its decline from decades-long primacy, was down to number five. Mohammed, the only non-traditional British name in the top 100, was now 73rd, up from 84th in 1954. For girls, the picture was a little different. Margaret and Mary, favourites since the 19th century, were now increasingly unfashionable, falling to 39th and 37th. The top four names were all new. Although Susan had also topped the 1954 poll, both it and Julie had first appeared in the top 100 in only 1944. The third and fourth most popular names, Karen and Jacqueline, had first hit the list in 1954 and 1934.64
D E Butler and Anthony King's account of the 1964 election calls that event 'the climax to a period of almost convulsive political change.'65 But the direction of change was far from settled, and whether things were improving was as yet unclear. Into this mix comes a round-faced man from Huddersfield, with a warbling voice.
Arthur Marwick, British Society Since 1945 (London: Penguin, 2003), p. 85. ↩︎
D E Butler and Anthony King, The British General Election of 1964 (London: Macmillian, 1965), p. 30. ↩︎
BBC, Magazine: How first out-of-town superstore changed the UK (London: BBC, 2013) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23900465 [accessed 03 October 2017]. ↩︎
BBC, ON THIS DAY 1954: Housewives celebrate end of rationing (London: BBC, [n.d.]) http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/4/newsid_3818000/3818563.stm [accessed 17 September 2017]. ↩︎
Anne Murcott, 'Food and nutrition in post-war Britain', in Understanding Post-War British Society, ed. James Obelkevich & Peter Catterall (London: Routledge, 1994), p. 157. ↩︎
Marwick, p. 86. ↩︎
Elizabeth David, 'Preface to the Penguin Edition', in A Book of Mediterranean Food (London: Penguin, 1998). ↩︎
Elizabeth David, 'Introduction to the 1988 Edition', ibid. ↩︎
Marwick, p. 51. ↩︎
Francesca Cookney, Tragedy of the last man hanged in Britain - as discovered by his son (London: Mirror Online, 2014) http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/tragedy-last-man-hanged-britain-4134915 [accessed 17 September 2017]. ↩︎
Edward Royle, 'Trends in post-war British social history', in Understanding Post-War British Society, ed. James Obelkevich & Peter Catterall (London: Routledge, 1994), p. 15. ↩︎
Butler and King, p. 31. ↩︎
Penny Summerfield, 'Women in Britain since 1945: companionate marriage and the double burden', in Understanding Post-War British Society, ed. James Obelkevich & Peter Catterall (London: Routledge, 1994), p. 62. ↩︎
Royle, p. 10. ↩︎
Richard M. Smith, 'Elements of demographic change in Britain since 1945', in Understanding Post-War British Society, ed. James Obelkevich & Peter Catterall (London: Routledge, 1994), p. 21. ↩︎
Fashion: The Ultimate Book of Costume and Style, ed. Kathryn Hennessy (London: Dorling Kindersley, 2012), pp. 352-3. ↩︎
Marwick, p. 208. ↩︎
BBC History Magazine, The package holiday revolution (London: Immediate Media Company, 2016) http://www.historyextra.com/article/feature/package-holiday-revolution-history [accessed 29 September 2017]. ↩︎
BARB, Television ownership in private domestic households 1956-2017 (millions) (London: BARB, 2017) http://www.barb.co.uk/resources/tv-ownership/ [accessed 29 September 2017]. ↩︎
Marwick, p. 91. ↩︎
ibid, p. 86. ↩︎
BBC News, BBC Two's 50th anniversary: Disastrous launch remembered (London: BBC, 2014) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-27033129 [accessed 2017-10-12]. ↩︎
Shelter, the housing and homelessness charity, Housing facts and figures: housing supply (London: Shelter, 2017) http://england.shelter.org.uk/campaigns_/why_we_campaign/housing_facts_and_figures/subsection?section=housing_supply#hf_3 [accessed 20 September 2017]. ↩︎
The National Archives, Labour Market Trends Special Feature: Unemployment statistics from 1881 to the present day (London: The Government Statistical Service, 1996) http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160106181901/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/lms/labour-market-trends--discontinued-/january-1996/unemployment-since-1881.pdf [accessed 20 September 2017]. ↩︎
The Observer, Coming out of the dark ages, (London: The Guardian, 2007) https://www.theguardian.com/society/2007/jun/24/communities.gayrights [accessed 2017-10-03]. ↩︎
Marwick, p. 118. ↩︎
Celia Brackenridge and Diana Woodward, 'Gender inequalities in leisure and sport in post-war Britain', in Understanding Post-War British Society, ed. James Obelkevich & Peter Catterall (London: Routledge, 1994), p. 198. ↩︎
UK Political Info, Women MPs & parliamentary candidates since 1945 (London: UK Political Info, [n.d.]) http://www.ukpolitical.info/FemaleMPs.htm [accessed 29 September 2017]. ↩︎
Butler and King, p. 30. ↩︎
Marwick, p. 133. ↩︎
Butler and King, p. 40. ↩︎
David Olusoga, Black and British (London: Macmillan, 2016), pp. 509-11. ↩︎
Marwick, pp. 132-3. ↩︎
Butler and King, p. 361. ↩︎
Olusoga, p. 512. ↩︎
Marwick, p. 116. ↩︎
The Telegraph, Letters shed new light on Kray twins scandal (London: The Telegraph, 2009) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/5907125/Letters-shed-new-light-on-Kray-twins-scandal.html [accessed 2017-10-03]. ↩︎
'The Land of Lost Content' episode two of Andrew Marr's History of Modern Britain, Fatima Salaria (BBC, 2007). ↩︎
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Home, Alexander Frederick [Alec] Douglas- (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004-16) http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/60455?docPos=1 [accessed 2017-10-21]. ↩︎
Hansard, Milk Prices: HC Deb 17 March 1976 vol 907 c527W (London: UK Parliament, 1976) http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1976/mar/17/milk-prices [accessed 2017-10-03]. ↩︎
Gov.uk, Domestic Food Consumption and Expenditure 1964 (London: Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food,1964) https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/549205/Domestic_Food_Consumption_and_Expenditure_1964.pdf [accessed 2017-10-03]. ↩︎
The AA, PETROL PRICES 1896 TO PRESENT (Cheadle: Automobile Associations Developments Ltd, 2005) http://www.theaa.com/public_affairs/reports/Petrol_Prices_1896_todate_gallons.pdf [accessed 2017-10-03]. ↩︎
Poster, source unknown, found online at http://i.imgur.com/uKwfmbt.jpg, and reportedly hung up in the Dom’s Pier pub in Donegal, Ireland. ↩︎
Butler and King, p. 21. ↩︎
Tony Benn, Out of the Wilderness: Diaries 1963-67 (London: Arrow Books, 1987), p. 9. ↩︎
Christopher M. Law, 'Employment and industrial structure', in Understanding Post-War British Society, ed. James Obelkevich & Peter Catterall (London: Routledge, 1994), pp. 90-3. ↩︎
Population Matters, UK population growth (London: Population Matters, [n.d.]) http://www.populationmatters.org/documents/uk_population_growth.pdf [accessed 29 September 2017]. ↩︎
Marwick, pp. 88-9. ↩︎
Gov.uk, Trade Union Membership Tables 2016 (London: Gov.uk, 2017) https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/616426/trade-union-membership-tables-2016.xls [accessed 29 September 2017]. ↩︎
House of Commons Library, Membership of UK Political Parties (London: UK Parliament, 2017) http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN05125/SN05125.pdf [accessed 29 September 2017]. ↩︎
Marwick, p. 96. ↩︎
ibid, p. 130. ↩︎
House of Commons Library, Grammar School Statistics (London: UK Parliament, 2017) http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN01398/SN01398.pdf [accessed 29 September 2017]. ↩︎
House of Commons Library, Education: Historical Statistics (London: UK Parliament, 2012) http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN04252/SN04252.pdf [accessed 2017-10-03]. ↩︎
John Vaizey, Education for Tomorrow, (London: Penguin, 1962), p. 10, as quoted in Butler and King, p. 32. ↩︎
Department for Communities and Local Government, Dwelling stock: by tenure, GB (historical series) (London: Department for Communities and Local Government, 2011) http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120919161635/http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/housing/xls/table-102.xls [accessed 2017-10-03]. ↩︎
Department for Communities and Local Government, Table DA1101 (SST1.1) Stock profile, 2015 (London: Department for Communities and Local Government, 2011) https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/627656/DA1101_Stock_profile_v2.xlsx [accessed 2017-10-03]. ↩︎
Marwick, p. 92. ↩︎
Hansard, BRITISH TRANSPORT COMMISSION (CHAIRMAN) HC Deb 21 March 1961 vol 637 cc223-343 (London: UK Parliament, 1961) http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1961/mar/21/british-transport-commission-chairman [accessed 29 September 2017]. ↩︎
Butler and King, p. 30. ↩︎
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Home, Alexander Frederick [Alec] Douglas- (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004-16) http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/60455?docPos=1 [accessed 2017-10-21]. ↩︎
Butler and King, p. 12. ↩︎
Statista, Percentage of households with washing machines in the United Kingdom (UK) from 1970 to 2016 (Hamburg: Statista, [n.d.]) https://www.statista.com/statistics/289017/washing-machine-ownership-in-the-uk/ [accessed 29 September 2017]. ↩︎
Office for National Statistics (ONS), Top 100 Baby Names Historical Data (London: ONS, 2014) https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/livebirths/datasets/babynamesenglandandwalestop100babynameshistoricaldata [accessed 29 September 2017]. ↩︎
Butler and King, p. 1. ↩︎
#1964#labour#harold wilson#alec douglas-home#harold macmillan#j f kennedy#jfk#notting hill riots#windrush generation#arthur marwick#hansard#uk parliament
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