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rabbitcruiser · 3 months
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Andalusia Day
Andalusia Day or ‘Dia de Andalucia,’ is celebrated every year on February 28 in Spain. Andalusia is located in the southernmost region of the country and on this day in 1980, the people of the region voted to make it an autonomous community in Spain. The word ‘autonomous’ implies the power of a community or territory to self-govern and make its own decisions without outside interference. Although a few nationalist groups prefer to celebrate on December 4, February 28 is the officially recognized date for Andalusia Day.
History of Andalusia Day
On February 28, 1980, the people of Andalusia organized and held a referendum, titled the ‘Statute of Autonomy of Andalusia referendum.’ The purpose of the vote was to decide on the independence of the Andalusian community. The referendum was successfully passed and from that day, Andalusia became autonomous.
However, a few nationalist groups choose to celebrate Andalusia Day on December 4, a date which marks the demonstrations to demand independence that took place in 1977. Andalusia Day is celebrated as a community public holiday where businesses may close to participate in the festivities. It is, however, only celebrated in Andalusia and not the rest of Spain.
Some schools may also close for a week to participate in a ‘Semana Cultural’ or ‘Semana Blanca’, which means a cultural week or white week respectively. Schools also celebrate the Friday before Andalusia Day with a traditional Andalusian breakfast of sliced toast drizzled in olive oil and a cup of orange juice. Students also color in pictures of the symbols of Andalusia.
Andalusia Day is usually observed by families in intimate gatherings, although festivals and other social activities also mark the day. The people of Andalusia usually decorate their buildings with the national flag, as well as green and white bunting.
Andalusia is located in Southwestern Europe, south of the Iberian Peninsula. It is largely an agricultural community, though, in recent times, it has seen exponential growth in industrialization. Andalusia has eight parts to it, Almeria, Cádiz, Córdoba, Granada, Huelva, Jaén, Málaga and the capital city of the community, Seville.
Andalusia Day timeline
1918 Flag of Andalusia
The flag of Andalusia is designed by Blas Infante, a writer, historian, and politician also referred to as the father of Andalusian nationalism.
1977 Demonstrations for Independence
A public protest takes place to demand Andalusian autonomy.
1980 The Statute of Autonomy
The ‘Statute of Autonomy of Andalusia’ referendum is passed into law.
2007 Parliament of Andalusia Awards
The Parliament of Andalusia grants the Medal of Andalusia to Miguel Báez Espuny and honors José de Sousa Saramago, with the title, ‘the Favorite Son of Andalusia.’
Andalusia Day FAQs
Does Andalusia have a president?
Yes. The current president of Andalusia is Juan Manuel Moreno Bonilla.
What language is spoken in Andalusia?
Spanish is the official language, although you will find different dialects depending on the region.
Is Andalusia a small community?
Andalusia is home to over eight million people so, a relatively large population considering its size, a little over 87,000 kilometers square.
How to Observe Andalusia Day
Spend time with friends and family
Celebrate with color
Use the hashtag
For all the wonderful Andalusian people, celebrate this special day by taking the time to spend with friends and family. Also take a moment to reflect on what being part of a community means to you.
Decorate your home, office, or place of business with colors representing Andalusia. The colors of their national flag are dark green and white.
Spread the sense of pride in the community on Andalusia Day by using the hashtag #andalusiaday on all your social media platforms. Start an online conversation.
5 Fun Facts About Andalusia
Largest population
Land of the vandals
Caves of Nerja
Christopher Columbus
Andalusia’s hinterland
Andalusia is one of the autonomous communities in Spain with the largest population.
Andalusia means ‘land of the vandals.,’ and refers to a German tribe that settled there in the third and fourth centuries and were considered destroyers.
In Andalusia’s Caves of Nerja, the earliest-known artwork in human history was found.
It was from Andalusia that Christopher Columbus embarked on his famous journey of discovering America.
Andalusia’s hinterland is the hottest region of Europe.
Why Andalusia Day is Important
It’s a declaration of independence
It’s an opportunity to have fun
It reminds us of the value of community
The day is a joyful reminder of the fact that Andalusia is a self-governing community. It’s a celebration of the region’s history in achieving sovereignty.
Andalusia Day affords individuals the chance to partake in activities. Look out for community events such as cultural week or festivals that pay homage to this day.
Andalusia Day promotes a great sense of community among Andalusians. The shared history helps to break down barriers.
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docpiplup · 4 months
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First of all, thank you for following the bookscans posts, I hope you're enjoying them. Now I wanted to share some extra facts related to the third part, like the Tudmir Pact and more about Abd al-Aziz and Egilona, so here we go:
• The Tudmir pact
The pact between Teodomiro and Abd al-Aziz was signed on April 5, 713 and its text is:
In the Name of Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful. Edict of 'Abd al-'Aziz ibn Musa ibn Nusair to Tudmir ibn Abdush [Theodomir, son of the Goths]. The latter obtains peace and receives the promise, under the guarantee of God and his prophet, that his situation and that of his people will not be altered; that his subjects will not be killed, nor taken prisoners, nor separated from their wives and children; that they will not be prevented from practicing their religion, and that their churches will not be burned or deprived of the objects of worship that are in them; all this as long as it satisfies the obligations we impose on it. Peace is granted with the delivery of the following cities: Uryula [Orihuela], Baltana, Laqant [Alacant], Mula, Villena, Lurqa [Lorca] and Ello. Furthermore, you must not give refuge to anyone who flees from us or is our enemy; nor cause harm to anyone who flees from us or is our enemy; nor cause harm to anyone who enjoys our amnesty; nor hide any information about our enemies that may come to their knowledge. He and his subjects will pay an annual tribute, each person, of one dinar in cash, four measures of wheat, barley, grape juice and vinegar, two of honey and two of olive oil; for the servants, only a measure. Given in the month of Rajab, year 94 of the Hegira [713]. As witnesses, 'Uthman ibn Abi 'Abda, Habib ibn Abi 'Ubaida, Idris ibn Maisara and Abu l-Qasim al-Mazali.
Various versions of the Pact of Tudmīr are known, all of them are not contemporary and it seems that the pact had an important impact, since there are manuscripts about It writen by some authors throughout the Middle Ages, the oldest by geographer Abu al-Abbás Áhmad ibn Úmar al-Uḏrī (Dalías, Almería, 1003- Almería or Valencia, 1085), those by Abū Ja'far Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyā ibn Aḥmad ibn 'Amirah al-Ḍabbī (Vélez-Rubio or Vélez-Blanco, Almería, 1155/1156- Murcia, 1203), Abu Hamid al-Garnāṭī (Granada, 1256-Cairo, 1344) and Ibn Abd-al-Múnim al-Ḥimyarī (Ceuta, 15th century- ?, 1495).
At the library of the Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial is preserved the manuscript of the al-Ḍabbī version of the pact (well, plus some annotations in Spanish from early 19th century) in his work Bughyat al-multamis fī tārīkh rijāl ahl al-Andalus (Wish fulfilled of the one who investigates, about the history of the men of al-Andalus), which is part of the Arabic manuscripts collection held at El Escorial (in the web you can find 153 digitalized manuscripts), started by Phillip II of Spain during the 16th century.
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Btw this Arabic manuscript collection is the topic of one of the chapters of the book De Mayrit a Madrid (From Mayrit to Madrid), one of the books that is on the bookscans list, so if you want to know more about this topic, wait for when I share its bookscans.
And for ending with the Tudmir Pact, here's a map showing the cities included in the pact:
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• Abd al-Aziz and Egilona
Note: The genealogical links listed below might not be 100% exact, because some data varies depending on the source. Sorry if it's a bit messy, genealogy is complicated (specially if Royal families are involved)
An interesting fact is that some sources point that Abd al-Aziz's mother was Umm bint Marwan ibn al-Hakam, a daughter of Caliph Marwan I, making Abd al-Aziz (born in 685) one of the grandsons of the 4th Umayyad Caliph of Damascus.
During the conquest, Abd al-Aziz and Egilona married in 713. Due to the name Umm'Asim Egilona is sometimes given, it's known that they had a son, although it's not known anything more about him, and they had a daughter too, Aïsha.
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After the death of Musa ibn Nusayr in 715, Abd al-Aziz started to mistrust the new Caliph Suleyman, as its possible that the Caliph ordered to murder Musa.
The relationship between the Caliph and Abd al-Aziz was tense, since Abd al-Aziz's title of governor of Al Andalus was given by his father Musa ibn Nusayr, not by the Caliph, so Sulayman was afraid of a possible uprising and Abd al-Aziz turning Al Andalus into an independent territory. As it is possible that Egilona suggested Abd al-Aziz to crown himself and turn away from the caliphate, or at least that were the rumours, and that alleged conspiracy led to Sulayman sending Ziyad ibn Udhara to murder Abd al-Aziz in Seville in 716.
It is not known exactly when Egilona died, although is likely the year of her death is after 718. About their daughter Aïsha bint Abd al-Aziz, she eventually married Fortún ibn Qasi, governor of Zaragoza and the Ebro valley and head of the Banu Qasi, and had two sons Zahir and Musa ibn Fortun, the later married Oneka of Pamplona. They had two sons, Mutarrif and Musa ibn Musa, whom later in the book AL ANDALUS. Historical figures there will be a chapter about (the chapter Musa ben Musa ben Qasi, the third King of Spain). Musa ibn Musa's domains were occasionally independent from the Umayyad emirate of Córdoba since he and his descendants allied with either the emirate or with Christians like the future kingdom of Navarre, whose Royal family had blood ties with the Banu Qasi, some of them being:
- Eneko Aritza, Lord "King" of Pamplona, was Musa ibn Musa's brother, since Eneko was the son Oneka had with her first husband Eneko Semenoitz
- Asona Enekoitz, one of the daughters of Eneko Aritza, niece and wife of Musa ibn Musa. Their children were Lubb ibn Musa, Mutarrif ibn Musa, Fortún ibn Musa and Awriya bint Musa
- Belasquita Garcés of Pamplona, daughter of Eneko Aritza's son, García. She was Musa ibn Musa's daughter-in-law since he married Mutarrif ibn Musa ibn Musa.
- Fortún Garcés, son of Eneko Aritza's son García. Fortun married Awriya bint Lubb ibn Musa, daughter of Lubb ibn Musa and an Arab noblewoman Ayab al-Bilatiyya. Their children were Eneko, Aznar, Belasko, Lope and Oneka.
- Oneka Fortúnez, daughter of Fortún Garcés and Auria/Awriya bint Lubb. Oneka Fortúnez married twice, she firstly wed the Emir Abd Allah I of Córdoba, she was known as Durr (Pearl), their children being Muhammad, Zayd, al-Baha' and Fatima, Muhammad's son was the first Caliph of Córdoba, Abd al-Rahman III; then Oneka married her cousin Aznar Sánchez.
Descendants by MUHAMMAD
- Muhammad, son of Emir Abd Allah I of Córdoba and Oneka Fortúnez, he had Abd al-Rahman III with a Basque woman, Muzna.
- Abd al-Rahman III, 8th Emir and first Caliph of Córdoba. He had several wifes and concubines, and many children, but the one who succeeded him was al-Hakam II, one of the sons he had with one of his wifes, a Christian captive called Maryam.
- Al-Hakam II, 2nd Caliph of Córdoba, son of Abd al-Rahman III and Maryam. Al-Hakam was succeeded by Hisham II, a son he had with the concubine, Subh al-baskunsiyya, a Basque woman named Aurora, but then she took the name Subh.
- Hisham II, 3th Caliph of Córdoba, son of al-Hakam II of Córdoba and Subh. He firstly was overthrown by Muhammad II, and became Caliph again after the second rule of Muhammad ended.
-Muhammad II, 4th Caliph of Córdoba, son of Hisham, who was son of Abd al-Yabbar, one of Abd al-Rahman III's sons. He overthrew Hisham II, but Muhammad II was overthrown by Suleyman al-Mustaín, and Muhammad II started his second rule after he overthrew Suleyman. Muhammad II's sons were Abd al-Rahman IV and Hisham III.
- Suleyman, 5th Caliph of Córdoba, son al- Hakam, who was son of Suleyman, one of Abd al-Rahman III's sons. After Hisham II died, Suleyman's second rule started, but he was defeated and killed by the governor of Ceuta, Alí ibn Hamud al-Násir, who became the 6th Caliph of Córdoba and first Caliph of the Banu Hamud dinasty.
- Abd al-Rahman IV, 7th Caliph of Córdoba, son of Muhammad II. After Ali ibn Hamud was murdered, he was proclaimed Caliph, although it was después with Ali ibn Hamud's brother Al-Qásim, and after Abd al-Rahman IV died, Al-Qásim fully became the 8th Caliph of Córdoba.
- Abd al-Rahman V, 10th Caliph of Córdoba, brother of Muhammad II. After the second rule of Al-Cásim ended, he became Caliph, but he was murdered a year later. He was succeeded by his cousin Muhammad III.
- Muhammad III, 11th Caliph of Córdoba, son of Abd al-Rahman, who was son of Ubayd Al-lah, one of Abd al-Rahman III's sons. He had a daughter with the slave Amin'am, who was Wallada bint al-Mustakfi. Muhammad died, and Ali ibn Hamud's son, Yahya al-Muhtal returned.
- Hisham III, 12th Caliph of Córdoba, son of Muhammad II. He became Caliph when Yahya al-Muhtal was overthrown and his second rule ended. After some years, Hisham III was overthrown during a popular uprising, the Caliphate of Córdoba was abolished, so Hisham was the last Caliph of Córdoba, and the first period of Taifas began.
- Wallada bint al-Mustafki, the only child of Muhammad III, became a famous poetress. Wallada inherited her father's assets when he died and she opened her palace to the education of women from good families to women of low status and even slaves; poets and writers also attended. Among her students, Muhya bint al-Tayyani stands out, a poetress of very humble status. Wallada welcomed her into her palace, and it is said that they were lovers.
It is known that she embroidered her verses on her dresses, being the most well-known: "By Allah, I deserve any greatness/ and I proudly continue my path/ I gladly give my lover my cheek / and I give my kisses to whoever wants them"; and she did not veil on the street. Wallada participate in men's competitions, in one of them she met the poet Ibn Zaydún, with whom she had a passionate love story, as is it shown in several of their poems. Wallada had other lovers like Ibn Abdus, but she never married.
(Mental Note: I have to dedicate a post to Wallada's poetry someday)
Descendants by AZNÁR SANCHEZ
- Toda Aznárez, daughter of Oneka Fortúnez with her second husband Aznar Sánchez. Toda married Sancho I of Pamplona, a distant cousin and first official King of Pamplona. Their children were García I of Pamplona (married Countess Andregoto I of Aragon, their son was Sancho II of Pamplona), Urraca (married Ramiro II of Leon), Oneka (married Alfonso IV of León, their son was Ordoño IV), Sancha (married Ordoño II of León, their son was Sancho I) , Belasquita and Orbita (married al-Tawil, governor of Huesca).
- Sancho II of Pamplona, García I and Andregoto's son, married Urraca Fernández, daughter of Fernán González, Count of Castile. Among their children were García II of Pamplona and Urraca. Urraca married Al-Mansur, hayib of Caliph Hisham II of Córdoba, and she took the name Abda, and was the mother of Abd al-Rahman Sanŷul (or Sanchuelo), who became hayib of Hisham II after his brother ʿAbd al-Málik al-Muẓáffar (son of Al-Mansur and Al-Dalfāʾ) died. Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo had a son, Abd al-Aziz ibn Ámir, who, after the of the Caliphate was splitted into Taifas, became Emir of the Taifa of Valencia. Abd al-Aziz was succeeded by his son Abd-al-Malik, but Abd-al-Malik was overthrown by Al-Mamún, Emir of the Taifa of Toledo.
- García II of Pamplona was succeeded by his son Sancho II of Pamplona, who married Muniadona of Castile, and they were parents of García III of Pamplona (ancestors of the Kingdom of Navarre) and Ferdinand I of Leon, who married Sancha of Leon, who was the great-great-grandaughter of Ramiro II of Leon (ancestors of the Crown of Castile and the Kingdom of Portugal, via their son Alfonso VI of Leon). Plus Sancho II of Pamplona had a son out of wedlock, Ramiro I of Aragon (ancestors of the Crown of Aragon)
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Almería’s Sea of Greenhouses The province of Almería in southeastern Spain has some of the driest conditions in Europe. Yet with access to groundwater and an abundance of sun, it has become a major hub of greenhouse agriculture. On May 24, 2022, the Operational Land Imager-2 (OLI) on Landsat 9 captured these natural-color images of a sea of plastic greenhouses around the town of El Ejido. The town sits on a small coastal plain called Campo de Dalías, which has one of the highest concentrations of greenhouses in the world. The greenhouses (invernaderos in Spanish) are a relatively new phenomenon. In the 1950s, Campo de Dalías was mostly covered by scrubby vegetation, pasture, and a few small plots of seasonal crops grown outdoors. Farmers started experimenting with adding layers of sand and mulch to soil along with a covering of plastic in the 1950s and 1960s, initially to protect the soil and plants from damaging winds and salty groundwater. They soon realized that crops grown under plastic were far more productive than outdoor counterparts because soils stayed warmer and retained extra moisture. The use of greenhouses spread rapidly in the following decades as new innovations, such as drip irrigation, the use of artificial soil, and hydroponics, pushed crop yields up. By some estimates, Almería’s greenhouses now produce between 2.5 million and 3.5 million tons of fruits and vegetables per year, enough to make them a major source of off-season tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, and melons for people all over Europe. By some estimates, Almería’s greenhouses now cover more than 40,000 hectares (150 square miles)—nearly all of Campo de Dalías. They have also spilled into neighboring areas. The greenhouses cover so much area that they have likely even caused a localized cooling effect because the white roofs reflect a substantial amount of sunlight. Using observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors on NASA’s Aqua and Terra satellites, University of Almería researchers calculated that Almería’s surface albedo increased by nearly 10 percent between 1983 and 2006 because of the high reflectivity of the greenhouses. They concluded this likely contributed to a cooling effect of 0.3°C (0.5°F) per decade in Almería compared to a 0.5°C increase per decade in the region. NASA Earth Observatory images by Lauren Dauphin, using Landsat data from the U.S. Geological Survey. Story by Adam Voiland.
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vkmreformas · 4 months
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VKM Reformas Almería
VKM Reformas está formado por un cluster de Estudios de Arquitectura, Interiorismo y Empresas de Reformas con equipos de Arquitectos, Interioristas y Reformistas profesionales en Rehabilitación y Reformas de Viviendas para Particulares en Almería 
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Abla, Abrucena, Adra, Albánchez, Alboloduy, Albox, Alcolea, Alcóntar, Alcudia de Monteagud, Alhabia, Alhama de Almería, Alicún, Almería, Almócita, Alsodux, Antas, Arboleas, Armuña de Almanzora, Bacares, Balanegra, Bayárcal, Bayarque, Bédar, Beires, Benahadux, Benitagla, Benizalón, Bentarique,, Berja, Canjáyar, Cantoria, Carboneras, Castro de Filabres, Chercos, Chirivel, Cóbdar, Cuevas de Almanzora, Dalías, Darrícal, El Ejido, Enix, Felix, Fiñana, Fines, Fondón, Gádor, Garrucha, Gérgal, Huécija, Huércal de Almería, Huércal-Overa, Íllar Instinción, La Mojonera, Laroya, Las Tres Villas, Laujar de Andarax, Líjar, Los Gallardos, Lubrín, Lucainena de las Torres, Lúcar, Macael, María, Mojácar, Nacimiento, Níjar, Ohanes, Olula de Castro, Olula del Río, Oria, Padules, Partaloa, Paterna del Río, Pechina, Pulpí, Purchena, Rágol, Rioja, Roquetas de Mar, Santa Cruz de Marchena, Santa Fe de Mondújar, Senés, Serón, Sierro, Somontín, Sorbas, Suflí, Tabernas, Taberno, Tahal, Terque, Tíjola, Turre, Turrillas, Uleila del Campo, Urrácal, Velefique, Vélez-Blanco, Vélez-Rubio, Vera, Viator, Vícar, Zurgena.
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VKS Organizadores Eventos Almería
VKS Organizadores Eventos está formado por un cluster de Agencias Organizadoras de Eventos con equipos de Organizadores de Eventos especialistas en Organización de Eventos para cualquier tipo de entidades, ferias, congresos, sociedades, empresas, convenciones, asociaciones, pymes y negocios en Almería 
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VKS Calderería Industrial Almeria
VKS Calderería Industrial es un cluster de Ingeniería Metalúrgica con equipos de Técnicos Metalúrgicos expertos en Calderería Industrial, Calderas, Tolvas, Cisternas y Depósitos y cualquier tipo de Industrias, Ingenierías, Pymes y Empresas en Almeria 
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VKM Licencias Actividades Almería
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VKM Ingeniería Estructural Almería
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https://www.vkmingenieriaestructuralalmeria.es
Ofrecemos servicios en: 
Abla, Abrucena, Adra, Albánchez, Alboloduy, Albox, Alcolea, Alcóntar, Alcudia de Monteagud, Alhabia, Alhama de Almería, Alicún, Almería, Almócita, Alsodux, Antas, Arboleas, Armuña de Almanzora, Bacares, Balanegra, Bayárcal, Bayarque, Bédar, Beires, Benahadux, Benitagla, Benizalón, Bentarique,, Berja, Canjáyar, Cantoria, Carboneras, Castro de Filabres, Chercos, Chirivel, Cóbdar, Cuevas de Almanzora, Dalías, Darrícal, El Ejido, Enix, Felix, Fiñana, Fines, Fondón, Gádor, Garrucha, Gérgal, Huécija, Huércal de Almería, Huércal-Overa, Íllar Instinción, La Mojonera, Laroya, Las Tres Villas, Laujar de Andarax, Líjar, Los Gallardos, Lubrín, Lucainena de las Torres, Lúcar, Macael, María, Mojácar, Nacimiento, Níjar, Ohanes, Olula de Castro, Olula del Río, Oria, Padules, Partaloa, Paterna del Río, Pechina, Pulpí, Purchena, Rágol, Rioja, Roquetas de Mar, Santa Cruz de Marchena, Santa Fe de Mondújar, Senés, Serón, Sierro, Somontín, Sorbas, Suflí, Tabernas, Taberno, Tahal, Terque, Tíjola, Turre, Turrillas, Uleila del Campo, Urrácal, Velefique, Vélez-Blanco, Vélez-Rubio, Vera, Viator, Vícar, Zurgena.
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vkmpulidos-blog · 5 months
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VKM Pulidos Almería
Somos un cluster. Le ponemos en contacto con los mejores profesionales expertos adaptados para sus necesidades en Pulidos, Abrillantados, Cristalizados, Diamantados, Vitrificados y Rebajes en Almería
Visita nuestra web:
https://www.vkmpulidosalmeria.es
Ofrecemos servicios en: 
Abla, Abrucena, Adra, Albánchez, Alboloduy, Albox, Alcolea, Alcóntar, Alcudia de Monteagud, Alhabia, Alhama de Almería, Alicún, Almería, Almócita, Alsodux, Antas, Arboleas, Armuña de Almanzora, Bacares, Balanegra, Bayárcal, Bayarque, Bédar, Beires, Benahadux, Benitagla, Benizalón, Bentarique,, Berja, Canjáyar, Cantoria, Carboneras, Castro de Filabres, Chercos, Chirivel, Cóbdar, Cuevas de Almanzora, Dalías, Darrícal, El Ejido, Enix, Felix, Fiñana, Fines, Fondón, Gádor, Garrucha, Gérgal, Huécija, Huércal de Almería, Huércal-Overa, Íllar Instinción, La Mojonera, Laroya, Las Tres Villas, Laujar de Andarax, Líjar, Los Gallardos, Lubrín, Lucainena de las Torres, Lúcar, Macael, María, Mojácar, Nacimiento, Níjar, Ohanes, Olula de Castro, Olula del Río, Oria, Padules, Partaloa, Paterna del Río, Pechina, Pulpí, Purchena, Rágol, Rioja, Roquetas de Mar, Santa Cruz de Marchena, Santa Fe de Mondújar, Senés, Serón, Sierro, Somontín, Sorbas, Suflí, Tabernas, Taberno, Tahal, Terque, Tíjola, Turre, Turrillas, Uleila del Campo, Urrácal, Velefique, Vélez-Blanco, Vélez-Rubio, Vera, Viator, Vícar, Zurgena.
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jaywater · 5 months
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SEAWATER DESALINATION USING TORAY'S RO MEMBRANES TO SUPPORT ALMERIA'A THRIVING AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY
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BACK GROUND
WYOMING PHOSPHORUS MINE
High selenium (0.157 mg/L) in surface water.
3-month UF/RO pilot used Toray's PVDF TIPS UF module (0.01 µm) for RO feed pretreatment aimed at EPA's 0.05 mg/L MCL, protecting aquatic life.
CHMPO DE DALIAS WATER CHALLENGE
Coastal Almería heavily relies on agriculture, exporting 75% to meet Europe's demand. Despite aridity, rising freshwater needs for irrigation, tourism, and community.
Overexploitation, limited rainfall (<300 mm), risking seawater intrusion & socio-economic impacts
RO SYSTEM
This successful initiative addresses water scarcity challenges in Campo de Dalías. Seawater collected through a 1.6-kilometer subsea pipeline undergoes dual filtration stages for particulate removal.
The RO desalination process consists of two passes, using Toray RO membranes and an energy recovery system for efficiency.
The RO permeate undergoes re-mineralization and disinfection. reduce content
SOLUTION
Spain's Ministry of Agriculture implemented Program A.G.U.A., the national desalination plan, to secure alternative freshwater sources.
A consortium, including Veolia Water Technologies, designed, constructed, operated, and maintains a desalination plant in Campo de Dalías.
Toray, the sole membrane supplier, utilized a two-pass reverse osmosis system.
The plant, completed in November 2014, produces nearly 100,000 cubic meters of fresh water daily.  It sustains 300,000 people and irrigates over 8,000 hectares of land.
Toray's high-rejection, energy-efficient RO (TMGD series) effectively removes selenium at reduced feed pressures, ensuring long term energy cost savings for the plant
www.jaywater.com | [email protected] | +91 79 4846 1051 – 52
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vkscertificadorases · 6 months
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VKS Certificadoras Almería
Somos un cluster. Le ponemos en contacto con los mejores profesionales adaptados para sus necesidades en Certificados, Evaluaciones, Ensayos, Auditorías e Inspecciones en Almería
Visita nuestra web:
https://www.vkscertificadorasalmeria.es/
Ofrecemos servicios en: Abla, Abrucena, Adra, Albánchez, Alboloduy, Albox, Alcolea, Alcóntar, Alcudia de Monteagud, Alhabia, Alhama de Almería, Alicún, Almería, Almócita, Alsodux, Antas, Arboleas, Armuña, Almanzora, Bacares, Balanegra, Bayárcal, Bayarque, Bédar, Beires, Benahadux, Benitagla, Benizalón, Bentarique, Berja, Canjáyar, Cantoria, Carboneras, Castro de Filabres, Chercos, Chirivel, Cóbdar, Cuevas del Almanzora, Dalías, Darrícal, El Ejido, Enix, Felix, Fiñana, Fines, Fondón, Gádor, Garrucha, Gérgal, Huécija, Huércal de Almería, Huércal-Overa, Íllar, Instinción, La Mojonera, Laroya, Las Tres Villas, Laujar de Andarax, Líjar, Los Gallardos, Lubrín, Lucainena de las Torres, Lúcar, Macael, María, Mojácar, Nacimiento, Níjar, Ohanes, Olula de Castro, Olula del Río, Oria, Padules, Partaloa, Paterna del Río, Pechina, Pulpí, Purchena, Rágol, Rioja, Roquetas de Mar, Santa Cruz de Marchena, Santa Fe de Mondújar, Senés, Serón, Sierro, Somontín, Sorbas, Suflí, Tabernas, Taberno, Tahal, Terque, Tíjola, Turre, Turrillas, Uleila del Campo, Urrácal, Velefique, Vélez-Blanco, Vélez-Rubio, Vera, Viator, Vícar, Zurgena.
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rabbitcruiser · 1 year
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The title of a city was granted to Dalías by King Alfonso XIII on February 12, 1920.  
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gaecommerce · 6 months
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GA Ecommerce Almería
Somos un cluster. Le ponemos en contacto con los mejores profesionales expertos adaptados para sus necesidades en GA Ecommerce en Almería
Visita nuestra web:
https://www.gaecommercealmeria.es
Ofrecemos servicios en: 
Abla, Abrucena, Adra, Albánchez, Alboloduy, Albox, Alcolea, Alcóntar, Alcudia de Monteagud, Alhabia, Alhama de Almería, Alicún, Almería, Almócita, Alsodux, Antas, Arboleas, Armuña de Almanzora, Bacares, Balanegra, Bay��rcal, Bayarque, Bédar, Beires, Benahadux, Benitagla, Benizalón, Bentarique,, Berja, Canjáyar, Cantoria, Carboneras, Castro de Filabres, Chercos, Chirivel, Cóbdar, Cuevas de Almanzora, Dalías, Darrícal, El Ejido, Enix, Felix, Fiñana, Fines, Fondón, Gádor, Garrucha, Gérgal, Huécija, Huércal de Almería, Huércal-Overa, Íllar Instinción, La Mojonera, Laroya, Las Tres Villas, Laujar de Andarax, Líjar, Los Gallardos, Lubrín, Lucainena de las Torres, Lúcar, Macael, María, Mojácar, Nacimiento, Níjar, Ohanes, Olula de Castro, Olula del Río, Oria, Padules, Partaloa, Paterna del Río, Pechina, Pulpí, Purchena, Rágol, Rioja, Roquetas de Mar, Santa Cruz de Marchena, Santa Fe de Mondújar, Senés, Serón, Sierro, Somontín, Sorbas, Suflí, Tabernas, Taberno, Tahal, Terque, Tíjola, Turre, Turrillas, Uleila del Campo, Urrácal, Velefique, Vélez-Blanco, Vélez-Rubio, Vera, Viator, Vícar, Zurgena.
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VKS  Lavandería Industrial Almería
Somos un cluster. Le ponemos en contacto con los mejores profesionales expertos adaptados para sus necesidades en Lavandería Industrial en Almería
Visita nuestra web: https://www.vkslavanderiaindustrialalmeria.es
Ofrecemos servicios en: Abla Abrucena Adra Albánchez Alboloduy Albox Alcolea Alcóntar Alcudia de  Monteagud Alhabia Alhama de Almería Alicún Almería Almócita Alsodux Antas Arboleas Armuña  de Almanzora Bacares Balanegra Bayárcal Bayarque Bédar Beires Benahadux Benitagla Benizalón Bentarique Berja Canjáyar Cantoria Carboneras Castro del Filabres Chercos Chirivel Cóbdar Cuevas de Almanzora Dalías Darrícal El Ejido Enix Felix Fiñana Fines Fondón Gádor Garrucha Gérgal Huécija Huércal  de Almería Huércal-Overa Íllar Instinción La Mojonera Laroya Las Tres Villas Laujar de  Andarax Líjar Los Gallardos Lubrín Lucainena de las Torres Lúcar Macael María Mojácar Nacimiento Níjar Ohanes Olula de Castro Olula del Río Oria Padules Partaloa Paterna del  Río Pechina Pulpí Purchena Rágol Rioja Roquetas del Mar  Santa Cruz  Marchena  Santa Fe  Mondújar Senés Serón Sierro Somontín Sorbas Suflí Tabernas Taberno Tahal Terque Tíjola Turre Turrillas Uleila de Campo Urrácal Velefique Vélez-Blanco Vélez-Rubio Vera Viator Vícar Zurgena
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vksiluminacionledes · 6 months
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VKS Iluminación LED Almería
Somos un cluster. Le ponemos en contacto con los mejores expertos adaptados para sus necesidades en Distribución Iluminación LED en Almería
Visita nuestra web:
https://www.vksiluminacionledalmeria.es/
Ofrecemos servicios en: Abla, Abrucena, Adra, Albánchez, Alboloduy, Albox, Alcolea, Alcóntar, Alcudia de Monteagud, Alhabia, Alhama de Almería, Alicún, Almería, Almócita, Alsodux, Antas, Arboleas, Armuña, Almanzora, Bacares, Balanegra, Bayárcal, Bayarque, Bédar, Beires, Benahadux, Benitagla, Benizalón, Bentarique, Berja, Canjáyar, Cantoria, Carboneras, Castro de Filabres, Chercos, Chirivel, Cóbdar, Cuevas del Almanzora, Dalías, Darrícal, El Ejido, Enix, Felix, Fiñana, Fines, Fondón, Gádor, Garrucha, Gérgal, Huécija, Huércal de Almería, Huércal-Overa, Íllar, Instinción, La Mojonera, Laroya, Las Tres Villas, Laujar de Andarax, Líjar, Los Gallardos, Lubrín, Lucainena de las Torres, Lúcar, Macael, María, Mojácar, Nacimiento, Níjar, Ohanes, Olula de Castro, Olula del Río, Oria, Padules, Partaloa, Paterna del Río, Pechina, Pulpí, Purchena, Rágol, Rioja, Roquetas de Mar, Santa Cruz de Marchena, Santa Fe de Mondújar, Senés, Serón, Sierro, Somontín, Sorbas, Suflí, Tabernas, Taberno, Tahal, Terque, Tíjola, Turre, Turrillas, Uleila del Campo, Urrácal, Velefique, Vélez-Blanco, Vélez-Rubio, Vera, Viator, Vícar, Zurgena.
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VKS Frigoristas Industriales Almería
Somos un cluster. Le ponemos en contacto con los mejores profesionales expertos adaptados para sus necesidades en Frigoristas Industriales  en Almería
Visita nuestra web:
https://www.vksfrigoristasindustrialesalmeria.es
Ofrecemos servicios en: 
Abla, Abrucena, Adra, Albánchez, Alboloduy, Albox, Alcolea, Alcóntar, Alcudia de Monteagud, Alhabia, Alhama de Almería, Alicún, Almería, Almócita, Alsodux, Antas, Arboleas, Armuña de Almanzora, Bacares, Balanegra, Bayárcal, Bayarque, Bédar, Beires, Benahadux, Benitagla, Benizalón, Bentarique,, Berja, Canjáyar, Cantoria, Carboneras, Castro de Filabres, Chercos, Chirivel, Cóbdar, Cuevas de Almanzora, Dalías, Darrícal, El Ejido, Enix, Felix, Fiñana, Fines, Fondón, Gádor, Garrucha, Gérgal, Huécija, Huércal de Almería, Huércal-Overa, Íllar Instinción, La Mojonera, Laroya, Las Tres Villas, Laujar de Andarax, Líjar, Los Gallardos, Lubrín, Lucainena de las Torres, Lúcar, Macael, María, Mojácar, Nacimiento, Níjar, Ohanes, Olula de Castro, Olula del Río, Oria, Padules, Partaloa, Paterna del Río, Pechina, Pulpí, Purchena, Rágol, Rioja, Roquetas de Mar, Santa Cruz de Marchena, Santa Fe de Mondújar, Senés, Serón, Sierro, Somontín, Sorbas, Suflí, Tabernas, Taberno, Tahal, Terque, Tíjola, Turre, Turrillas, Uleila del Campo, Urrácal, Velefique, Vélez-Blanco, Vélez-Rubio, Vera, Viator, Vícar, Zurgena.
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