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Explain the working of PID controller in detail

This article is going to provide a brief description about the structure and working of PID controller. Let us know what is PID controller.

PID stands for Proportional Integral Derivative and is used mostly in industrial automation sector. Most of the operations that uses this controller is closed loop. The 3 controllers together form a control signal.

It provides the desired levels of the control output and acts as a feedback controller. Before the invention of micro-processors, PID controllers were in action by the analog electronic components.

Now a days PID microprocessors process the PID controllers. If you consider the Programmable Logic Controllers they have an inbuilt PID controller instructions. Process control application traditionally use the PID controllers because of its reliability and flexibility.

How does PID controller works?

The work of an On-Off controller is in a binary pattern either fully off or fully on and it is a simple and cost effective but it’s frequent oscillation is unwelcoming and therefore it is replaced with PID controllers.

With the help of PID controller there is no error in the process until the desired output. There are 3 basic use of PID controllers and they are explained below:

P- Controller:

As the name says Proportional controller, its output depends proportionally to the current error e(t). There is a comparison process between set point with actual value or feedback process value. For getting the output the proportional constant is multiplied by the resulting error and if the controller value is zero then the controller output is zero. There is a need for manual reset as it never reaches the steady state condition but there is a steady state maintenance of error. Proportional constant Kc increases when the speed of the response is increased.

I-Controller:

As there is a drawback in p-controller where there is an offset between the set point and process variable, I controller is required and it takes the action to remove the steady state error. This state is achieved by the I controller by frequent integration of the error values. When negative error takes place, integral control reduces the output and thereby the speed of the response is reduced and affects the stability of the system. Integral gain Ki is reduced for increasing the speed of response. The I controller drawback is its output is restricted to some range for overcoming integral wind up conditions and in this condition the error state value goes on increasing due to non linear plants.

D-Controller:

I-controller has a restriction because it cannot anticipate the future of the error. When the set point is changed it reacts normally and therefore in such cases D controller over comes this drawback by predicting the future reaction with respect to the error. Rate of change of error is the basis for the outputs with respect to time multiplied by derivative constant. For increasing the system response the kick start for the output is given from here. Increasing the derivative gain increases the response speed.

PID CONTROLLER DETAIL

This manipulates the process variables like pressure, temperature, flow, and speed. There are some cascade networks where two or more PIDs are used in some applications for achieving this control. The PID block present in the device gives its output to the process block. Actuators, Control devices, Control valves are used for controlling processes on industry or plant. Feedback signals from the process plant is compared to reference signal and error signal and is given as input into the PID algorithm. After getting combined response from the controller it is applied to various appliances in the plant.

For more information join the institute of electrical training in Pune to make your career as an electrical engineer in this field.

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This article is going to provide a brief description about the structure and working of PID controller. Let us know what is PID controller.

#electrical engineering courses #electrical drawing software #electrical designer #electrical engineering training #electrical training courses #electrical engineering training courses

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WHAT IS DOUBLY FED INDUCTION GENERATOR?

An induction motor where both rotor and the stator windings are fed with 3 phase AC signal is called a Doubly Fed Induction Motor or a 3 phase induction motor. There are multi phase windings on the rotor and the stator bodies. There is also a multi phase slip ring assembly for transferring power. For generating electricity in wind turbine generators, this device is used.

Let us see what is power generation using wind energy before knowing about Double Fed Induction generator.

One of the most renewable sources of energy is wind energy. With the blow of the winds, large turbines are made to rotate and generate electricity. The wind turbine work in a cut in speed (minimum wind speed required for the generator to connect to the power grid) and cut off speed (maximum wind speed required for the generator to disconnect from the power grid).

4 TYPES OF WIND TURBINE GENERATORS:

Type 1: Squirrel cage induction generator, used for smaller wind ranges, is directly connected to the power grid.

Type 2: An AC-DC-AC converter is used an extra fitting for the induction generator before getting connected to the power grid.

Type 3: A wound rotor induction generator which is directly connected to the power grid and rheostat is used for adjusting the rotors speed.

Type 4: It includes a Doubly Fed Induction Generator linked straight to the lines, where the blades rate is modified using consecutive converters.

Doubly Fed Induction Generator.

There us a 3 phase wound rotor and a stator in it and the rotor has an input of 3 phase AC signal which causes an AC current in the rotor windings. With the help of rotation of wind turbines induce the mechanical force on the rotor as result causing it to rotate. The produced magnetic field due to the AC current also rotates at a speed corresponding to the AC signal frequency applied to the rotor windings.

For producing AC signal of constant frequency irrespective of the wind speed, the basic need for electricity generation is wind speed. On the contrary the frequency of the AC signal produced across the stator should be static and it doesn’t matter about the wind speed.

The frequency of the AC signal in the rotor increases as the rotor speed decreases and it is of a positive polarity and on the contrary the rotor speed increases and frequency increases and is of the negative polarity.

There are two back to back converters- a machine side converter and a grid side converter. The machine side converter is for controlling the active and the reactive powers by taking power of the d-q components of the rotor and also torque and speed of the machine. The grid side converter is for maintaining a dc link voltage by making the reactive power drawn to the utility grid to null it ensures the unity power factor. For storage of energy a capacitor is connected between two converters and this provides a fixed voltage frequency and it doesn’t matter about the variable voltage output of the generator.

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Stay connected to CRB Tech for more technical optimization and other updates and information.

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Entrance exams have become an integral part of your career these days. Be it any domain, at some point or the other, you have to face them. Now, Let's check out a few aspects related to competitive

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An induction motor where both rotor and the stator windings are fed with 3 phase AC signal is called a Doubly Fed Induction Motor or a 3 phase induction motor.

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Career guidance can be said to be the backbone of career development. Both in fact, go hand in hand. It is always wise and highly recommended to seek career guidance help. Even the experts recommend the same.

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Resume writing won’t be a daunting task anymore. Just follow these tips from career experts, and the end result would be an effective resume at hand.

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PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER IN DETAIL

For managing the manufacturing process there was the use of relays by the industries. It is said that there should be regular replacement of the relay control panels as there is excessive consumption of power and it is difficult to identify problems associated with it.

Define PLC?

For the automation of various electro-mechanical processes in industries, a digital computer like Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is used. For dealing through tough times it has been designed in such a way shielded from cold, heat, dust, and moisture etc. It is programed using the computer language and is made up of micro-processor.

The program is downloaded to the PLC with the help of a cable and the code is written in the computer system. If you consider the non-volatile memory of the PLC you will find all the loaded programs stored over here.

PLC Hardware

The physical elements or the hardware of a PLC system are CPU, Memory, Input/Output, Power supply unit, and development system.

1. CPU – For avoiding errors, one should always keep checking the PLC controller. They can operate functions like the logic operations, computer interface, arithmetic operations, etc.

2. Memory – CPU uses fixed data. Operating System gets the permanently stored data by the System (ROM). RAM is used for storing information of the status of input and outcome devices, and internal devices, timers, and counters.

3. I/O area – For getting to know about the receptors input devices are used.

4. O/P Section – For devices such as motors, pumps, lights and solenoids, output devices has the control. The I/O slots are based on Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC).

5. Power supply – There are some PLCs working at 220VAC or 24VDC whereas certain PLCs have an isolated power supply.

6. Programming system – For feeding the program into the memory of the processor this programing system is used. It is initially fed to the programming device and later transmitted to the PLC’ s memory.

7. System Buses – Most of the internal signal flows through the buses in PLC.

· CPU uses it tor transfer data for different purposes.

· For controlling certain actions internally, control buses are used for transferring signals

· For transferring the location’s address, address bus is used.

· I/O port and I/O unit communicates with each other with the help of system bus.

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For managing the manufacturing process there was the use of relays by the industries. It is said that there should be regular replacement of the relay control panels as there is excessive consumption of power and it is difficult to identify problems associated with it.

#electrical autocad #electrical automation training #electrical automation course in pune #electrical design #professional courses for electrical engineers #courses in electrical engineering

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Top 5 Tips For Interview From Experts, That Would Land You A Job !

Cracking interviews is a tough nut to break open. Often it seems to be some kind of rocket science ! Especially, when you are under the pressure of getting a job. Agreed?

In all probability, you would.

Well, want to know the best part?

Cracking interviews is not something out of this world. By following proper interview tips and skills, anyone can do it easily. But the thing is that there is no one to guide us on these tips and skills.

Over here, we are going to help you by sharing with you, the best job interview tips, right from the horse’s mouth i.e. the interview experts.

So, let’s begin….

1. DO A RESEARCH OF THE COMPANY:

Carry out a detailed study of the employer and the industry, so you are prepared for the interview question “Can you tell something about this company?” Try to recall what you have found out about the organization while replying to the questions. Get to know the interviewer’s name, and address it amid the interview. In case you do not know the name, enquire before the interview. Developing affinity and giving a personal touch can up your odds of getting the job. Employers tend to procure candidates they like, and who appear to be a solid match for the organization’s environment.

2. BE PUNCTUAL:

Be on schedule for the interview. On time implies five to ten minutes prior. In the event that need be, leave early to drive to the interview location early so you know precisely where you are going and how much time it will take to reach. Give yourself a couple of additional minutes to visit the rest room, check your clothes, and stay relaxed.

3. BE PREPARED:

Rehearse your answers to the common interview questions and answers most interviewers ask. Support your answer with concrete examples. The most effortless approach to do this is to make a rundown of the job requirements, and match them to your experience. Giving proof of your achievements is an extraordinary approach to promote your candidature.

Additionally, have your own set of questions to ask the interviewer.

4. DO NOT FAKE YOUR ANSWERS:

It’s better to be honest rather than fake an answer to a question you don’t know. In case a question is asked for which you are not sure or don’t know the answer; you can simply say “Sorry, I don’t know” or “This is what I think but I am not sure”. Faking can drag you deeper into a flurry of questions.

5. STAY CALM AND RELAXED:

During the entire process, it is recommended that you stay clam and relaxed. Only that will help you give your best performance. Your body language speaks more than your words. Remember that! Being nervous, you tend to forget what you know.

An interview is not the end of the world.

Follow and keep in mind these tips for interview preparation. Wishing you all the success!!!

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Over here, we are going to help you by sharing with you, the best job interview tips, right from the horse’s mouth i.e. the interview experts.

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What is induction motor and how does it work?

Induction motor is one of the motors used most commonly in many applications. As it runs at a speed less than the synchronous speed it is called as asynchronous motor.

Define Synchronous speed:

In a rotary machine the speed of rotation of the magnetic field is called the Synchronous speed and it depends on the frequency and number of poles of the machine.

It is said that the induction motor’s speed is less than the synchronous speed because the rotating magnetic field generated in the stator will produce flux with the rotor and this is the reason behind the rotor’s rotation. The rotor will never reach to the speed of the magnetic field that is synchronous speed because of the lag of flux current in the rotor with flux current in the stator.

There are two different types of induction motor and it is one the basis of input supply they are: single phase induction motor and three phase induction motor.

Single phase induction motor is not a self-starting motor but the latter is!

Working Concept of Induction Motor

For making a machine to rotate there is a need for double excitation. For instance if you are considering a DC motor, one supply will be given to the stator and the other supply will be given to the rotor with the help of brush arrangement. It is really interesting to know the work of an induction motor because there is one supply in need. Flux will get generated in the coil due to the flow of current in the coil while giving supply to the stator winding. For creating a short circuit in the rotor itself the rotor winding is arranged accordingly. According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction current will initiate to flow in the coil of the rotor as the rotor coils are short circuited. During the time of current flow another flux will get generated in the rotor. There are two flux one the rotor and the other is stator; the rotor flux lags with respect to the stator flux. Due to this, the blades will feel a twisting which will create the blades to shift. This will create a torque and will make the rotor to rotate in the direction of rotating magnetic field. So the speed of the rotor depends on the input supply which can be adjusted and this is concept of the induction motor.

Types Induction Motor

Single Phase Induction Motor

Split Phase introduction motor

Capacitor start induction motor

Capacitor start capacitor run induction motor

Shaded pole induction motor

Three Phase Induction Motor

Squirrel cage induction motor

Slip ring induction motor

Earlier we have mentioned that single phase is not self-starting whereas three phase is self-starting. So let us see what is self-starting?

When the device automates running without any exterior power to the device, then it is known as self-starting. For instance the fan starts to spin when you put on the switch. Point to be observed that fan used at home is single phase induction motor which is naturally not self-starting.

Reason for Three Phase Induction Motor is Self-Starting

In this system there are three individual phase lines with a difference of 120 degrees. The rotor moves because of this difference in phase in the rotating magnetic field. For example if we consider three phases a, b, and c; if a is magnetized, the rotor will move towards it; and if b is magnetized the rotor will shift towards b and it is the same for c. So this causes motion in the rotor.

Reason behind Single Phase Induction Motor is not Self-Starting

The most interesting thing over here is it has only one phase but still it makes the rotor to rotate. Here we need to know why it is not self-starting and how to overcome it. As we all know that AC supply is sinusoidal wave and it generates uniform magnetic field and as a result there will be no torque and thus the rotor will not rotate. This issue has been set by making the stator winding into two winding, one is main winding and another is auxiliary winding and a series fixed capacitor with the auxiliary winding. This will produce a phase difference and a torque thereby rotating the rotor. We can make out that the rotor does not rotate when the capacitor is turned off from the device but if we give a force with hand it will begin to rotate. So this is the reason of using capacitor in the single phase induction motor.

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Induction motor is one of the motors used most commonly in many applications. As it runs at a speed less than the synchronous speed it is called as asynchronous motor.

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OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION

For revolving the issues of control and automation, there are various sectors that uses ever changing technologies in control systems for production processes and efficiency. A higher quality and reliable control systems are required for this. There are new trends in the latest control devices for industrial automation deals with communication protocols for field devices like control valves and other final control systems. These requires the top high quality and efficient management techniques. New trends in commercial automation deals with latest management devices and interaction methods to manage area devices like management valves and other last management elements. There are some instruments or smart devices implemented in automation industry and it has the ability to control capabilities without any interface to other field control devices like PLCs.

What is Industrial Automation?

Industrial automation means using lots of control devices like PC’s/PLC’s/DCS, which is used for controlling on various functions of an industry without important involvement from humans providing automatic control efficiency. For getting the desired output, in some industries, control strategies are used and thus making the automation system requirement a necessary.

For the use of advanced control strategies like cascade control, latest control hardware devices like

PLC sensors, signal equipments, standalone computing systems, communication systems, HMI (Human Machine Interface) systems.

Need of Automated Industry

For the reduction of periodic or manual checking

For performing important operations like periodic checking of the process and it is mandatory to perform industrial operations. Reduction of periodic and manual checking is the benefit of using automation equipment and thereby applying automatic working conditions.

To boost the Productivity

For increasing the productivity rates such automation devices are used.

Reduce the Production Cost

Using automation devices helps you in reducing the production cost as there are no man power involved.

To improve Product Quality

In most of the cases doing the same work again and again with man power will not improve the product quality. With the result of automation equipment the quality of the product is improved as it is very efficient and accurate.

To boost the Flexibility

For boosting flexibility automation devices are the best as there is no complex procedure involved in the production when compared to manpower efforts.

Operator Friendly and Improves the Safety

As mentioned earlier the complexity of operating procedure is reduced and it is quite operator friendly.

Structure of Industrial Automation

There are various stages of operation in the structure of industrial automation. They are made up of the sensor level, automation control level (Unit, cell, procedure controls),supervision stage and business stage. Pyramid structure indicates that, as you go up the tip , the details is aggregated and while coming down it is demolished. This implies that we will be offered the details for a particular variable option.

Process layer is also termed as Sensor level. In a continuous and periodic manner, sensors and actuators receive the process variables . These are the mandatory parts of the automation system.

Electrical training course is more than enough for you to make your as an Electrical Engineer in this field.

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For revolving the issues of control and automation, there are various sectors that uses ever changing technologies in control systems for production processes and efficiency.

#electrical autocad #electrical automation training #electrical automation course in pune #electrical design #electrical design training

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CRB Tech is the recruiter that every college graduate needs! For those who have not heard of this name give us a moment to make you aware of this recruiting giant based out of Pune with this review of CRB Tech.

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Double Fed induction generator for producing electricity using wind power

A 3 phase induction generator called Double Fed induction generator where both the rotor and the stator windings are connected with 3 phase Ac signals. On both the rotor and the stator bodies you can find the multi phase windings connected to them. For transferring power to the rotors it consists of multiphase slip ring assembly. The main application of this device is used for generating electricity in wind turbine generators.

Let us have a brief idea about power generation before going into the details of Double Fed induction motor.

As we all know that one of the most renewable sources of energy is wind energy. The electricity is generated with the rotation of large turbines and the blowing of winds.

4 Types of Wind Generator Generators:

Type 1: It has a direct connection to the power grid to the squirrel cage generator. The wind speed used over here is quite less.

Type 2: Before being connected to the power grid there is an AC-DC-AC converter to pass on.

Type 3: Here the rotors speed is adjusted using a rheostat and it also consist of wound rotor induction with a direct connection to the power grid.

Type 4: Back to back converters are used for adjusting the rotor speed in the Double Fed Induction Generator which has a direct connection to the power grid.

Generate electricity from the wind energy using Double Fed Induction Generator

There are three phase wound rotor and three phase wound stator in DFIG. A 3 phase AC current is fed to the rotors for inducing an AC current to the rotor windings. A mechanical force is exerted on the rotor as the wind turbines rotates. An induction of ac current is caused in the stator windings as a result of constant magnetic flux passing through the stator windings. The frequency of ac current fed to the rotor windings and the speed of the rotor governs the speed of the rotation of the magnetic field.

For producing ac signals of constant frequency the basic requirement of electricity generation used is wind energy. The rotor windings that receive the ac signal has to be adjusted in its frequency of the signal to achieve this.

As the rotor ac signal increases and the rotor speed decreases, the polarity is positive and is vice versa. Stator signal frequency should be equal to the network line frequency and that is how the rotor signal is to be adjusted. By adjusting the rotor windings in the same direction of the generator or the opposite direction of the generator rotor this can be achieved.

Wind Power Generation System

The whole program comprises of the following components: A Wind Turbine: It is a fan consisting of 3 blades that can rotate as the wind strikes. The rotation axis should be aligned with the wind.

Gear Box: For converting energy from one device to another a mechanical method is used with high precision.

Dual Fed Induction Generator: For converting mechanical energy to electrical energy with variable frequency.

Grid Side Converter: This AC-DC converter is used for providing a regulated DC voltage and is used to maintain a constant DC link voltage.

Rotor Side Converter: For providing controlled Ac voltage to the rotor this DC-AC inverter is used.

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