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Earrings

c. 1880

Gold with enamelled plaques and pearls

Victoria and Albert Museum

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Etruscan style necklace, 19th century Italy

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Evening dress worn for concert

c. 1907

made of cream colored silk faille with chiffon inlets, pleated off shoulder style enhanced by large bunches of white velvet ribbon flowers.

was worn by Jessica de Wolf as the soloist at the opening of the St. Paul Auditorium, April 1907.

dress made by Mary Abigal O’Keefe

Minnesota Historical Society

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Preserved hummingbird earrings made of gold and metal

c. 1865

British

The Metropolitan Museum of Art

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Parrot Pendant

ca. 1600-1650

Spain

Enamelled gold set with a table-cut foiled triplet simulating ruby and hung with pearls

Victoria and Albert Museum

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Gold ear ornament, Java, Indonesia, 7th-10th century AD

from The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston

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Gold, chalcedony, emerald, and garnet cameo of King Charles VII of France, circa 1420

from The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg

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Gold belt buckle with dragons, China, 1st century BC - 1st century AD

from The Metropolitan Museum of Art

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Brass horse Aquamanile crafted in Nuremberg, Germany, 15th century

from The Hunt Museum, Limerick

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Silver tetradrachm, Athens, Greece, circa 525-430 BC

from The J. Paul Getty Museum

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Gold ring with a sapphire and garnet, Europe, 14th century

from The Victoria & Albert Museum

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Gold finial with bird helmeted figure, Tairona culture, Colombia, 1000 - 1400 AD

from The Yale University Art Galley

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Petronius Maximus --- The dipshit Roman emperor who caused the sack of Rome because he was an arrogant dipshit.

Petronius Maximus was a wealthy Roman politician born in 397 AD to old Roman money. Like many wealthy Romans he went into politics and throughout the early 5th century climbed the ranks of Roman government until he became one of the most powerful men in the Western Roman Empire. He was crafty and he was ambitious. He was also a dipshit and an asshole.

By the 450's P. Maximus had a clear plan, to create a power vacuum in Rome that he could cunningly fill. He began by turning the emperor at the time, Valentinian III, against his magister militum Flavius Aetius. As magister militum Aetius was commander of the Roman Army, and had proven himself a master tactician and brilliant diplomat. Through military victories and diplomacy Aetius was barely holding a crumbling empire together. Maximus convinced Valentinian III that Aetius was looking to usurp his throne. Thus in 454 Valentinian summoned Aetius to his palace and personally murdered him with his sword. Maximus had organized the death of the most talented Roman official in the empire, which in the grand scheme of things was probably a big mistake. With Aetius dead, Maximus expected he would take Aetius' place as magister militum. However Valentinian refused to appoint him as magister militum. Thus in 455 AD, Maximus had him assassinated, hiring two of Aetius' bodyguards to do the deed as revenge.

Several powerful Romans claimed the Imperial throne but Maximus managed to beat them all to the punch by taking over the Imperial Palace and immediately marrying Valentinian's widow, Licinia Eudoxia. Licinia didn't know Maximus had murdered her husband at the time but had suspicions. He also forced her daughters, Placidia and Eudocia to marry his sons. Through deceit and murder Maximus had managed to weasel his way into the Roman Imperial family and was now creating his own Imperial dynasty. Thus Petronius Maximus had become Emperor Dipshit, ruler of the shiny turd of what was left of the Western Roman Empire.

Problem was, when Emperor Dipshit married off Placidia and Eudocia to his sons, he canceled Eudocia's arranged marriage to Hunneric, who was the son of Geiseric, king of the Vandals. The Vandals were a Germanic tribe that had set up a prosperous kingdom in the former Roman province of North Africa, and were constantly raiding the Italian coast. Valentinian had arranged the marriage of Eudocia as a peace offering to Geiseric. Geiseric had received a letter from Eudoxia informing him that Maximus had killed her husband and was canceling the marriage of Eudocia. Geiseric was enraged at Empror Dipshit for canceling the marriage, and sent a Vandal fleet and army to Rome in response. "No problem" said Emperor Dipshit, "we got the Roman Army".

Except there was no Roman Army. Not really. After the death of Aetius the remains of the standing full time professional army had collapsed almost completely. Even Aetius was very dependent on mercenaries and allies. Nobody wanted to enlist in the Roman Army in the 5th century, with Romans going so far as to cut off their own fingers to avoid conscription. The Roman economy was a mess, the Imperial bureaucracy was riddled with corruption, the life of the average Roman was miserable, and by the 5th century most Roman emperors were snobbish, over-privileged, incompetent out of touch dipshits. The empire was dying and everybody knew it. Few believed it was worth saving, and nobody wanted to die for a dipshit emperor such as Emperor Dipshit. By 455 AD what was left of the Roman Army consisted of militia units called "limitanei" who acted as border patrolmen far away from Rome. For more complex military operations the Romans were fully dependent on mercenaries and allies. Emperor Dipshit attempted to enlist the help of the Visigoths, but they were like, "LMFAO nooo, you made your bed now lie in it!" I speculate they knew Maximus was a dipshit who was probably gonna get them all killed.

Emperor Dipshit knew it was a hopeless situation, so he made an announcement to the Roman people to flee and save themselves, then he too turned tail and fled. He was spotted by a large group of Roman refugees, who formed a mob and beat him to death. Good riddance. Emperor Dipshit's glorious reign lasted 77 days.

As far as sackings go the sack of Rome in 455 AD wasn't too bad. The Vandals were Christians, so the Pope was able to convince them not to do the more horrible things like rape and murder civilians, or burn down the city. So for the most part the Vandals refrained from bloodshed and arson. However they did take as many Romans into slavery as they could fit on their ships, and they also looted the city of almost everything of value. Even the bronze tiles on the roof of the Temple of Jupiter were pried off and carted away. Also Geiseric carted off Eudocia and married her off to his son Huneric.

The Vandal's sack of Rome in 455 is where we get the term "vandalism" today. Also did I mention that Petronius Maximus was a dipshit?

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Gold pendant, Mixtec, 1100 - 1500 AD

from The LA County Museum of Art

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Bronze aquamanile in the form of a centaur fighting a serpent, Germany, circa 1200-1250

from The Metropolitan Museum of Art

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Golden pitcher uncovered from the Mogilan Mound near Vratsa, Bulgaria, Thracian, 4th century BC

Housed at the Vratsa Historical Museum

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Roman Gold Ring w/ Carnelian Intaglio, Leaning Cupid Imperial period, ca. 1st to 3rd century CE