The Battle of St.Albans - 22 May 1455
The Battle of St.Albans was the first engagement in the Wars of the Roses.It was brought about by the recovery of Henry VI in 1455, and the termination of York's protectorate. The Somerset party were again in power, and York, seeing his influence at an end, determined to secure by force of arms the downfall of Somerset.
Accordingly he collected troops in the north and marched towards London. The king advanced in force to meet him, and after a vain attempt at negotiation, a battle followed which, though only lasting half an hour, had most important results. Somerset was slain, together with other Lancastrian nobles, the king wounded, and York completely victorious.
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The Battle of Mortimer’s Cross was fought on 2nd February 1461. One of the battles in the Wars of the Roses, it was fought near Wigmore in Herefordshire, between the Lancastrians under Jasper Tudor, and the Yorkists under Edward, Earl of March (later Edward IV).
Edward received news of the disastrous failure of the Yorkist troops at the Battle of Wakefield, and the murder of his father, Richard of York, and his younger brother Edmund, while he was near the Welsh border raising troops. He was marching to give battle to the Lancastrians under Queen Margaret of Anjou, when he received intelligence of a large Lancastrian force entering England from South Wales under Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke, King Henry VI's half-brother.
Edward intercepted the Lancastrians near Mortimer's Cross and, after a ferocious battle, the Yorkists had their victory. Nearly four thousand Lancastrians were slain and Jasper Tudor fled the field. In retaliation for the cruelties after Wakefield, all prisoners of rank were beheaded on Edward's orders, including Owen Tudor, father of Jasper Tudor and step-father to King Henry VI.
According to legend, on the morning of the battle, Edward witnessed a conjunction of three suns in the sky; after the victory, Edward, now Duke of York, took the white rose-en-soleil as his personal badge in remembrance, the sun in splendour.
William Shakespeare described this parhelion phenomenon and its portentous symbolism in Act Two Scene One of Henry VI, Part 3:
“Three glorious suns, each one a perfect sun;
Not separated with the racking clouds,
But sever'd in a pale clear-shining sky.
See, see! they join, embrace, and seem to kiss,
As if they vow'd some league inviolable:
Now are they but one lamp, one light, one sun.
In this the heaven figures some event.”
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A stained glass window from St. James Church, Sutton Cheney showing Richard III and Henry VII facing one another at Bosworth Field, with the white rose of York and red rose of Lancaster combined into the Tudor rose above.
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Henry VII Crowned
By Peter Jackson (1922-2003)
Legend says that after the battle of Bosworth Field, Richard III’s crown was found in a hawthorn bush. Lord Stanley placed it on the head of Henry Tudor under the shouts of acclamation: ‘God save King Henry!’
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