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[anhthutranxz]

WEEK 10 DISCUSSION#: Digital Citizenship and Conflict: Social Media Governance

Introduction

The Internet and social media have established a platform for unrestricted expression on an unparalleled scale. This is widely seen as a factor that promotes the democratization of the public sphere. Nevertheless, the seemingly boundless opportunities for unrestricted expression have also sparked apprehensions regarding the division of public discourse, confrontational modes of communication, and the stifling consequences of online harassment (Nadim & Fladmoe, 2021). Gender-based online harassment is receiving increasing attention in both study literature and public discourse. There is a wealth of evidence indicating that women are disproportionately susceptible to becoming targets of online harassment (Nadim & Fladmoe, 2021).

In my last Tumblr post of week 10, I will analyze the intricacies of online harassment, including its tendency to target individuals from marginalized populations, particularly women. Additionally, I will explore the responses of women to such harassment and examine the strategies employed to address instances of online harassment.

📖 Definition of Online harassment and Consequences for victims

Online harassment encompasses a wide range of abusive actions facilitated by technology platforms, with the intention of targeting and harming a particular user or group of users. Examples include the use of inflammatory language, name-calling, or insults (known as flaming), the public release of personal information like home addresses or phone numbers (known as doxing), the unauthorized use of someone else's name or likeness (known as impersonation), and the use of social media to publicly shame and humiliate a target or tarnish their reputation (known as public shaming) (Blackwell et al., 2017). Online harassment can have a severe impact on marginalized groups, such as women of color and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals (Blackwell et al., 2017), hindering their ability to engage in online platforms safely and fairly. While online harassment is carried out through various technological means like social media platforms, text messages, or emails, individuals who are targeted often experience negative consequences in their offline lives. These consequences include emotional and physical distress, alterations in technology usage, and heightened concerns regarding safety and privacy (Blackwell et al., 2017).

Motivation of Online harassment

Feminist researchers interpret gendered internet harassment as a manifestation of wider societal perceptions of gender and the subordinate position of women in society (Perry, 2001). According to Jane (2014), gendered online hate is based on traditional misogynistic beliefs that women are inferior to males. Perry argues that gender-based hate is a means for men to reaffirm their perceived inherent superiority, particularly when they feel their relative position is being threatened (Perry, 2001). Gender-based animosity and sexual harassment aim to reestablish societal norms and perpetuate the distinction between the sexes. Hence, the phenomenon of gendered online harassment is regarded as the transference of offline misogyny to a new digital platform.

How women respond to online harassment

Nevertheless, the manner in which the majority of women react to online harassment is frequently regarded as ineffectual and relatively superficial. Women's defensive actions, which mirrored their subdued displays of rage, appeared to be directed towards avoiding conflict. Instead, the majority appeared reluctant to confront their harassers or file complaints against them. This perspective is probably evident in the ways that women commonly used to address harassment, particularly by choosing to ignore it. Women predominantly employed defensive and self-monitoring strategies when they engaged in action, such as refraining from sharing photographs or making comments that were likely to elicit unfavorable reactions (Chadha et al., 2020).

Multiple women expressed the need to exercise caution and be more conscious of refraining from sharing any anything that may be deemed controversial or likely to incite conflicts. Others claimed that they refrained from sharing something that was deemed "inappropriate." A significant number of our survey participants indicated that, in addition to their friends and family, they also practiced "impression management" by removing items that could potentially attract negative feedback. Multiple women concurred that online harassment results in self-censorship, and women often disregard harassing behavior due to the belief that responding is unlikely to be beneficial. A small number of participants stated that they had directly addressed their harassers or filed reports with social media platforms or law enforcement agencies (Chadha et al., 2020).

How to deal with Online harassment

Online harassment often occurs due to the excessive sharing of personal information (Ybarra et al., 2007). Research has demonstrated that individuals may use various adaptive responses to deal with online threats (Lwin et al., 2007). Initially, individuals may resort to fabrication and employ fictional or deceptive information to conceal their true identity. Furthermore, protection involves the utilization of tools and technology as a means of safeguarding online privacy. Lastly, withholding refers to the act of deliberately abstaining from visiting or providing information to a website or interactive online application. One way for a teenager to protect themselves from online harassment is by utilizing website features that restrict access to their blog and social networking page, allowing only their close friends to view it. They should also avoid sharing personal information on public websites (Lwin et al., 2007).

Conclusion

The future of online abuse is expected to be an intricate terrain influenced by advancing technologies. As the potential for greater immersion in virtual worlds and the emergence of AI-powered bots grows, there is a possibility of increased anonymity and the potential for causing harm. Nevertheless, progress in artificial intelligence (AI) could potentially be harnessed to swiftly identify and highlight instances of offensive language or conduct. Online platforms may be required to implement strong identification systems and promote a culture of digital citizenship through educational programs. The future of online harassment ultimately depends on achieving a delicate equilibrium between technology advancements, efficient regulation, and cultivating a sense of communal accountability in the digital realm.

References:

☘️ Blackwell, L., Dimond, J., Schoenebeck, S., & Lampe, C. (2017). Classification and its consequences for online harassment: Design insights from heartmob. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 1(CSCW), 1-19. doi: 10.1145/3134659

☘️ Chadha, K., Steiner, L., Vitak, J., & Ashktorab, Z. (2020). Women’s responses to online harassment. International journal of communication, 14, 19.

☘️ Jane, E. A. (2014). ‘Back to the kitchen, cunt’: Speaking the unspeakable about online misogyny. Continuum, 28(4), 558-570. doi: 10.1080/10304312.2014.924479

☘️ Lwin, M. O., & Saw, S. M. (2007). Protecting children from myopia: a PMT perspective for improving health marketing communications. Journal of health communication, 12(3), 251-268. doi: 10.1080/10810730701266299

☘️ Nadim, M., & Fladmoe, A. (2021). Silencing women? Gender and online harassment. Social Science Computer Review, 39(2), 245-258. doi: 10.1177/089443931986551

☘️ Perry, B. (2002). In the name of hate: Understanding hate crimes. Routledge.

☘️ Ybarra, M. L., Mitchell, K. J., Finkelhor, D., & Wolak, J. (2007). Internet prevention messages: Targeting the right online behaviors. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 161(2), 138-145. doi:10.1001

#mda20009 #digital communities #swinburne #online harassment #women #protect women

[anhthutranxz]

WEEK 9 DISCUSSION#: Games Communities, Social Gaming and Live Streaming

The subject of week 9 revolves around Games, a topic that strongly interacts with the younger generation. In addition to studying the history and culture of Games, we also gained knowledge about Game platforms and Live streaming. Furthermore, we enhanced our comprehension of the Games community by working with readings on Canvas.

Nevertheless, in the Tumblr post for Week 9, I will go into a topic of equal intrigue: gender disparity within the Gamer community. The proliferation of the male gamer stereotype would detrimentally affect female gamers, potentially resulting in their exclusion and significant marginalisation within the gaming community.

The lack of adequate representation not only impacts women's perception of their presence in the game industry but also reinforces gender stereotypes and preconceived notions about gender roles and capabilities. It is essential to rectify this disparity by introducing a greater number of intricately crafted female characters and narratives in order to cultivate a gaming environment that is more inclusive for everyone.

🎮 Population Characteristics and The Gender Inequality of Games Community

The combination of technology advancements and the increased availability of games has resulted in a shift in the demographics of players (Shaw, 2010). The wide range of platforms, such as PCs/MACs, tablets, portable devices, cellphones, and TVs or consoles, has enabled video games to attract and become popular among diverse demographic groups (Lucas & Sherry, 2004).

The marketing endeavors of the video game business have also resulted in an upsurge in the popularity of games among women, who are currently the most rapidly expanding demographic of gamers (Ng & Wiemer-Hastings, 2005). According to Shaw (2010), women who are 18 or older presently make up 33% of the population playing games.

Nevertheless, in video games, the perception of gamers as predominantly male remains deeply ingrained and is commonly held by most individuals.

One typical reason given for this misconception is that, even while women may participate in gaming, they are not regarded as "true" or "hard-core" gamers because they tend to play more casually and with less ability than their male players.

The video game industry consistently produces content that caters to the assumed interests of a demographic consisting of young, heterosexual males. These preferences are evident in the scarcity of female video game characters and the excessive sexualization of the existing female characters (Behm-Morawitz & Mastro, 2009). While women may engage in gaming activities, they are often not regarded as authentic gamers. This is due to the perception that women mostly engage in casual gaming, playing games that are considered to be of lower quality (such as Candy Crush Saga or Farmville) on less advanced platforms (such as smartphones) (Paaßen & Stratemeyer, 2017). Therefore, it is believed that women demonstrate lower levels of commitment and proficiency in gaming. In contrast, men are commonly perceived as avid gamers who prefer intricate and competitive games on specialized gaming consoles. They tend to identify with the gaming community and may even participate in competitive electronic sports, where they have the opportunity to earn monetary rewards in international tournaments (Paaßen & Stratemeyer, 2017). The concept of a predominantly male gaming culture is expressed in various well-known YouTube videos, including those created by Summers (2014), Maddox (2013), The Amazing Atheist (2013), and thunderf00t (2014). These four users, whose videos have collectively garnered over 2.3 million views, contend that video games are predominantly designed by and for males. As a result, game creators cater to a male audience by featuring powerful male protagonists and attractive female characters.

🎮 How was the Male Gamer Stereotype built? (Why was it developed so strongly?)

In order to elucidate this phenomenon, we will employ the stereotype content, which has been delineated by social identity theory (Tafjel, 1974) and self-categorization theory (Turner et al., 1994). It refers to the description of one's self in relation to the stereotype of a group to which one belongs. The occurrence of self-stereotyping is influenced by various aspects, including the prominence of one's group affiliation and the perceived similarity between the depiction of the in-group and oneself (Latrofa et al., 2010). These hypotheses elucidate the reasons for the higher likelihood of guys identifying as gamers in comparison to females. Men have a more pronounced connection between their gender identity and their identity as gamers, which makes it easier for them to identify with gaming communities and develop stereotypes about themselves. Women are less likely to identify themselves as gamers since their gender identification clashes with the stereotypical image of a gamer.

Status may also contribute to the perpetuation of the male gamer stereotype in a distinct manner. Gender disparities in status-relevant factors are present within the gaming community. For instance, male gamers dedicate more time and effort, resulting in superior performance in matches and consequently higher status. This disparity contributes to a heightened sense of competitiveness among female gamers. They tend to become the vulnerable aspect and are frequently disregarded (Ridgeway, 2013).

🎮 The Consequences of the Male Gamer Stereotype

Furthermore, we have seen that the operational principles of the male gamer stereotype result in the exclusion and marginalization of women inside the video gaming culture. This could result in adverse psychological consequences, such as experiencing a sense of being rejected, alone, or feeling like an outsider in an otherwise attractive hobby. The direct negative psychological impacts of verbal and sexual harassment directed at women, including rape and death threats, are even more potent (Barak, 2005). Therefore, women may opt to abstain from playing altogether or refrain from participating in specific categories of games.

Research indicates that women may derive greater advantages from engaging in video games compared to men. Engaging in video game play has been linked to favorable social consequences, including heightened social standing among youths and establishing and sustaining friendships through online gaming (Lenhart et al., 2015). Moreover, numerous studies have demonstrated that engaging in video game play may offer women a more convenient pathway to pursue technology disciplines like computer science, engineering, and mathematics. Exclusion of female gamers from the community entails relinquishing specific privileges for them.

Conclusion

Therefore, increased participation of women in video game playing and self-identification as gamers could potentially mitigate the gender disparity observed in certain STEM sectors (Science - Technology - Engineering - Math) (Cheryan et al., 2015). With the hope of progress, it is desirable to broaden and reshape the gamer stereotype, aiming to create a video game culture that is more inviting and inclusive for players of all gender identities.

References:

☘️ Barak, A. (2005). Sexual harassment on the Internet. Social science computer review, 23(1), 77-92. doi: 10.1177/089443930427154

☘️ Behm-Morawitz, E., & Mastro, D. (2009). The effects of the sexualization of female video game characters on gender stereotyping and female self-concept. Sex roles, 61, 808-823. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-009-9683-8

☘️ Cheryan, S., Master, A., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2015). Cultural stereotypes as gatekeepers: Increasing girls’ interest in computer science and engineering by diversifying stereotypes. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 123074. Retrieved from https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00049/full

☘️ Latrofa, M., Vaes, J., Cadinu, M., & Carnaghi, A. (2010). The cognitive representation of self-stereotyping. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(7), 911-922. doi: 10.1177/0146167210373907

☘️ Lenhart, A., Kahne, J., Middaugh, E., Macgill, A. R., Evans, C., & Vitak, J. (2008). Teens, Video Games, and Civics: Teens' Gaming Experiences Are Diverse and Include Significant Social Interaction and Civic Engagement. Pew internet & American life project.

☘️ Lucas, K., & Sherry, J. L. (2004). Sex differences in video game play: A communication-based explanation. Communication research, 31(5), 499-523. doi: 10.1177/0093650204267930

☘️ Ng, B. D., & Wiemer-Hastings, P. (2005). Addiction to the internet and online gaming. Cyberpsychology & behavior, 8(2), 110-113. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2005.8.110

☘️ Paaßen, B., Morgenroth, T., & Stratemeyer, M. (2017). What is a true gamer? The male gamer stereotype and the marginalization of women in video game culture. Sex Roles, 76, 421-435. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-016-0678-y#Abs1

☘️ Ridgeway, C. L. (2014). Why status matters for inequality. American sociological review, 79(1), 1-16. doi: 10.1177/000312241351599

☘️ Shaw, A. (2010). What is video game culture? Cultural studies and game studies. Games and culture, 5(4), 403-424. doi: 10.1177/1555412009360414

☘️ Tajfel, H. (1974). Social identity and intergroup behaviour. Social science information, 13(2), 65-93. doi: 10.1177/05390184740130020

☘️ Turner, J. C., Oakes, P. J., Haslam, S. A., & McGarty, C. (1994). Self and collective: Cognition and social context. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 20(5), 454-463. doi: 10.1177/0146167294205002

#mda20009 #digital communities #swinburne #video games

[anhthutranxz]

WEEK 8 DISCUSSION#: Digital Citizenship and Software literacy: Instagram Filters

Social media revolves around presenting our most attractive image. Using filters to enhance our appearance, whether through selfies or other photographs, is no longer exclusive to professional photographers. Photos can be enhanced quickly by applying filters to augment contrast, brightness, and other photo characteristics, resulting in a more visually appealing appearance. This phenomenon is worrisome, as filtered selfies have the potential to create an unrealistic image and obscure the distinction between truth and imagination for certain individuals (McLean et al., 2015).

This week, I will explore the detrimental impact of beauty filters on the mental well-being of young women who use social networks, particularly Snapchat. Additionally, I will delve into the emergence of a new word known as "Snapchat dysmorphia."

Introduced in 2011, Snapchat has become one of the most popular social networking applications, experiencing a significant and unprecedented surge in usage (Piwek & Joinson, 2016). Snapchat provides users with filters that enable them to modify their skin tone, alter the size of their facial features, manipulate their voice, and even diminish the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles (Ramphul & Mejias, 2018). When posting edited photographs, comments and likes are received in plenty. The widespread practice of editing images and using filters has led to a global shift in beauty standards (Rajanala et al., 2018).

Digital picture modification frequently contributes to the construction of beauty standards. This instills a sense of confidence in individuals when their uploaded images appear immaculate, even though they are aware that these images do not accurately portray their true selves. 

Consequently, the prevalence of media in today's society has created challenges for individuals in maintaining a positive body image (Harrison & Hefner, 2014). While individuals may experience an increase in self-assurance after retouching their images, they also tend to feel more anxious due to concerns that others may perceive them as appearing significantly dissimilar in real life. A multitude of individuals worldwide have voiced their apprehensions regarding the adverse ramifications of social media platforms such as Instagram and Snapchat on individuals' decisions pertaining to plastic procedures. The term "Snapchat Dysmorphia" has been coined to describe the phenomenon where people develop a distorted perception of themselves due to the use of Snapchat. In the foreseeable future, the phenomenon known as "Snapchat dysmorphia" is likely to persist as a growing trend, leading to a rise in the popularity of plastic surgery. 

Beauty filters often contribute to feelings of despair, worry, sadness, and other mental health concerns. Filters affect individuals' self-perception and generate unrealistic and artificial standards for their looks. Despite exerting their utmost endeavors, young women are unable to keep pace with the exigencies of daily existence. Failure to meet these expectations can result in stress, dissatisfaction with one's appearance, heightened sensitivity to feedback and judgments regarding appearance, negative self-esteem, and a depressed mood (Habib & Mahfooz, 2022).

Self-esteem is an additional factor to take into account while analyzing Snapchat filters. Impression management refers to the deliberate effort made by an individual to alter the perception they create in others (Norris, 2011). Applying filters to selfies, such as beauty or funny filters, alters the perceptions of whether the user intends to display their sense of humor or enhance their attractiveness in the eyes of their viewers. Individuals consistently make a continuous attempt to control their outward appearances in their interpersonal connections. Saunders and Eaton (2018) found that adolescent females who were exposed to selfies on Snapchat, Instagram, and Facebook had a higher likelihood of developing an eating issue. The young girls' exposure to the curated selfie photographs had detrimental impacts on their body image and self-confidence. In this instance, the girls started to respond unfavorably towards themselves as a result of feeling insufficient in comparison to their edited self-portraits (Saunders & Eaton, 2018). This highlights the significant influence that impression management and self-esteem can exert on the people who observe it. In a study conducted by Cruz (2019), the focus was on examining the impact of Instagram-filtered photographs on the body image of young girls. A study revealed that girls who were exposed to manipulated or modified photographs on Instagram experienced decreased levels of self-esteem and body satisfaction. 

In order to address these challenges, a comprehensive approach is required. Social media platforms have the ability to incorporate functionalities that encourage self-acceptance, such as displaying unaltered images or emphasizing the attractiveness of various characteristics. One possible approach is to initiate educational efforts aimed at increasing public knowledge of the artificial nature of filtered photographs. Additionally, promoting a culture of body acceptance by creating material that appreciates inherent beauty and encourages young women to recognize and appreciate their distinct attributes can effectively challenge the false depictions found on social media.

References:

Cruz, A. (2019). Let's Take a Selfie! Living in a Snapchat Beauty Filtered World: The Impact it Has on Women's Beauty Perceptions.

Habib, A., Ali, T., Nazir, Z., & Mahfooz, A. (2022). Snapchat filters changing young women's attitudes. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 82. doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104668

Harrison, K., & Hefner, V. (2014). Virtually perfect: Image retouching and adolescent body image. Media Psychology, 17(2), 134-153. doi: 10.1080/15213269.2013.770354

McLean, S. A., Paxton, S. J., Wertheim, E. H., & Masters, J. (2015). Photoshopping the selfie: Self photo editing and photo investment are associated with body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 48(8), 1132-1140. doi: 10.1002/eat.22449

Norris, A. R. (2011). Impression management: Considering cultural, social, and spiritual factors. Inquiries Journal, 3(07). Retrieved from http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/553/impression-management-considering-cultural-social-and-spiritual-factors

Piwek, L., & Joinson, A. (2016). “What do they snapchat about?” Patterns of use in time-limited instant messaging service. Computers in human behavior, 54, 358-367. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.08.026

Rajanala, S., Maymone, M. B., & Vashi, N. A. (2018). Selfies—living in the era of filtered photographs. JAMA facial plastic surgery, 20(6), 443-444. doi: 10.1001/jamafacial.2018.0486

Ramphul, K., & Mejias, S. G. (2018). Is" Snapchat Dysmorphia" a real issue?. Cureus, 10(3). Retrieved from https://assets.cureus.com/uploads/editorial/pdf/11237/1612427708-1612427703-20210204-18204-1l547of.pdf

Saunders, J. F., & Eaton, A. A. (2018). Snaps, selfies, and shares: How three popular social media platforms contribute to the sociocultural model of disordered eating among young women. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 21(6), 343-354.doi: 10.1089/cyber.2017.0713

#digital communities #mda20009 #swinburne #filter #beauty

[anhthutranxz]

WEEK 7 DISCUSSION#: Digital Citizenship and Health Education: Body Modification on Visual Social Media

Topic: Aesthetic Labor and Discrimination ✨

One of the key concepts that caught my attention in week 7 was the term "Aesthetic labor." From the Canvas lessons, I gained knowledge about aesthetic labor and the idea of aesthetic templates on Instagram.

This week's Tumblr post will go into the adverse aspects of aesthetic labor within society, focusing on discrimination and subjective appearance assessments by employers and the resulting harmful repercussions on workers.

Before we start, I would like to reiterate the concept of "aesthetic labor," as discussed in the Canvas lecture.

Aesthetic labor involves workers showcasing specific traits to appeal to clients for commercial benefits, such as their smile, clothes, communication style, and body languag (Dean, 2005; Witz, Warhurst & Nickson, 2003).

Hracs & Leslie (2014) explained that the concept of aesthetic labor originates from the classic work on emotional labor, defining it as 'the management of feeling to produce facial expression, publicly observable faces, and bodies' (Hracs & Leslie, 2014).

Recently, there has been significant scholarly interest in employment discrimination based on appearance (Spiess & Waring, 2005).

Employers worldwide are showing increasing interest in aesthetic labor, resulting in charges of discriminating behavior. In Japan, a former high-ranking official of the luxury retailer Prada made accusations in court that senior Prada management instructed her to dismiss store managers who were deemed 'aged, overweight, unattractive, or did not fit the Prada image'. In a separate incident in San Francisco, a former sales manager at L'Oréal cosmetics company disclosed that she was directed to terminate one of her saleswomen because of his perceived lack of attractiveness (Waring, 2011).

Employers argue that selecting visually appealing personnel could be a method for rival companies to differentiate their services. Spiess and Waring (2005) suggested that companies might prefer to hire people based on a specific appearance that is not necessarily related to attractiveness. Some companies may specifically target certain racial characteristics or a visual appearance that aligns with a socioeconomic class that management thinks their clients would relate to. Warhurst et al. (2000) mention a case of a high-end clothes business in Britain where employers chose young individuals from middle-class backgrounds because they were certain that they would speak and appear appropriately for their predominantly middle-class clientele.

It is important to differentiate between aesthetic labor and sexualized labor to prevent any misunderstandings. Aesthetic labor aims to attract by sensory appeal without necessarily being sexualized. Aesthetic labor deployment does not always involve mobilizing employees' sexual attractiveness.(Spiess & Waring, 2005). Utilizing aesthetic labor in this manner raises various intricate legal and moral concerns. Adamitis (2000) contends that evaluating beauty is unwarranted, logical, or advantageous to society, as, in the majority of roles, appearance does not impact an individual's capability to perform. Adamitis (2000) advocates for increased legal protection to prevent discrimination that, if left unchecked, contributes to societal inequalities. Waring (2011) contends that appearance-based discrimination is unacceptable and should be controlled. According to Waring (2011), allowing appearance-based discrimination could hurt those without certain qualities in the labor market and increase negative social and psychological pressure on women. Aesthetic labor techniques hinder fair equality of opportunity as individuals often lack the chance to develop the aesthetic attributes required by employers (Waring, 2011).

Moreover, aesthetic labor tactics are also criticized for potentially resulting in discriminatory outcomes for employees in the long run. Employees' physical attributes may evolve or be intentionally modified to align with their preferences or individuality. If the company continues to require employees to perform aesthetic labor, they may face dismissal or limited job chances if they no longer align with the organization's aesthetic standards. It is possible that emphasizing employees' adherence to an organizational aesthetic could lead to psychological harm if employees are constantly evaluated against unrealistic aesthetic criteria. Furthermore, according to Waring (2011), allowing these tactics perpetuates an unhealthy emphasis on looks and reinforces detrimental stereotypes.

In conclusion, the optimal solution is for anti-discrimination laws to gradually include this category due to the growing likelihood that job candidates may be rejected not based on their service delivery skills but on the perception that their appearance does not align with a company's brand. An extremely unfair and unjust practice (Waring, 2011).

References:

☘️ Adamitis, E. M. (2000). Appearance matters: A proposal to prohibit appearance discrimination in employment. Wash. L. Rev., 75, 195.

☘️ Hracs, B. J., & Leslie, D. (2014). Aesthetic labour in creative industries: the case of independent musicians in T oronto, C anada. Area, 46(1), 66-73. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12062

☘️ Spiess, L., & Waring, P. (2005). Aesthetic labour, cost minimisation and the labour process in the Asia Pacific airline industry. Employee Relations, 27(2), 193-207. doi: 10.1108/01425450510572702

☘️ Warhurst, C., Nickson, D., Witz, A., & Marie Cullen, A. (2000). Aesthetic labour in interactive service work: some case study evidence from the ‘new’Glasgow. Service Industries Journal, 20(3), 1-18. doi: 10.1080/02642060000000029

☘️ Waring, P. (2011). Keeping up appearances: aesthetic labour and discrimination law. Journal of Industrial Relations, 53(2), 193-207. doi: 10.1177/0022185610397141

#digital communities #swinburne #mda20009

[anhthutranxz]

WEEK 6 DISCUSSION#: DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP CASE STUDY: SOCIAL MEDIA INFLUENCERS AND THE SLOW FASHION MOVEMENT

This week's lesson focuses on Slow Fashion. After reading the article "Slow Fashion Consumer Behaviour: A Literature Review" by Domingos, Mariana, Vera Teixeira Vale, and Silvia Faria in 2022 on Canvas, I gained insight into the sector. 

Slow Fashion is a movement focused on advocating for sustainable and ethical practices within the fashion industry. It encourages consumers to purchase fewer, higher-quality garments designed for durability instead of continuously buying inexpensive, disposable apparel. This fashion approach positively influences society in multiple ways. In this week's post, I will address two primary ideas:

Part 1: Characteristics of Slow Fashion from a consumer perspective

Part 2: How does Slow Fashion relate to digital citizenship?

Part 1: Characteristics of Slow Fashion in Consumer Perspective 

Research and literature in recent years have focused on the social and ecological consequences of the fashion industry. The fashion business is currently acknowledged as one of the most polluting industries with the most detrimental environmental effects (Domingos & Faria, 2022). Slow Fashion emerged as a new style with the goal of shifting customer mindset towards prioritizing quality over quantity. Slow Fashion embodies an environmentally aware and accountable production approach, emphasizing social and environmental responsibility and aiming for high product quality and extended durability. Consequently, it results in elevated expenses and decreased production speed, reducing pollutants and enhancing the environment (Velasco-Molpeceres et al., 2022). Researchers may differ in their description. However, four similar traits are typically cited when explaining the concept. The following traits are transparency, quality, localism, and exclusivity. (Håkansson, 2020). 

* Transparency

Slow Fashion promotes corporate transparency by requiring firms to prioritize ethical labor conditions and sustainable production. The slow fashion concept attempts to ensure that employees' earnings, safety standards, and living conditions meet acceptable levels, acknowledging human rights in the workplace (Valor, 2007). Additionally, suppliers frequently submit proof of adherence to safety regulations, working conditions, and equitable compensation for their staff.

Valor (2007) suggests that not providing clear information to consumers can have negative effects on the company's reputation. This aligns with a previous study conducted by Carrigan and Attalla (2011), indicating that enhanced disclosure of companies' ethical practices could impact customers' purchasing decisions for such products. The slow fashion production emphasizes the need to take accountability for the waste generated during production in order to reduce pollution. Transparent supply chains facilitate the identification and enhancement of unethical labor conditions and reduce the exploitation of natural resources, hence promoting environmental regeneration (Fletcher, 2010). Past research has highlighted the importance of clear and transparent supply chains in promoting ethical and sustainable production, as well as offering consumers a more convenient option that benefits the environment and workers in developing nations (Beard, 2008).

* Quality

Fletcher (2010) describes the slow fashion sector as focusing on maintaining product quality by emphasizing durability and supplying items that can endure washing while also prioritizing a high image quality by presenting fashionable and desirable products. Niinimäki (2014) elaborates that extended longevity is considered crucial for consumers, suggesting that manufacturers should provide details on the number of washes a product may endure without deteriorating in quality. 

Customers are keen on prolonging the lifespan of products because they believe that the durability of Slow Fashion items would result in decreased exploitation of natural resources and minimized energy waste. That is why many customers choose to purchase Slow Fashion (Niinimäki, 2017). 

Aside from product quality, image quality is also a notable feature of slow Fashion (Fletcher, 2010). Slow fashion products are designed using carefully selected styles that are intended to withstand fluctuations in current trends. Clark (2008) stated that slow fashion design focuses on a classic style to offer consumers high-quality, timeless items that can be mixed and matched in many ways, enhancing the versatility of the products. Clark (2008) elaborates that the goal of slow Fashion is to offer an alternative to quickly changing, low-quality trends by focusing on a smaller number of timeless pieces that prioritize quality and durability, encouraging consumers to wear them for longer periods.

* Localism

The Slow Fashion movement prioritizes a local approach to design and apparel production by utilizing local resources and labor. Localism extends beyond local communities to domestic regions, prioritizing the purchase of native brands above global ones. Clark (2008) argues that utilizing local output and local resources helps preserve local traditions and distributes the global economy to local systems. Henninger et al. (2016) state that local production involves small-scale operations that facilitate personal ties with suppliers and middlemen, a crucial element in building a robust Slow Fashion supply chain. 

* Exclusivity

Slow Fashion's exclusivity stems from its limited production size and the distinctiveness of its items. Small-scale production in the Slow Fashion sector involves producing a limited quantity of items, in contrast to fast Fashion's enormous production. By offering a restricted number to consumers, an impression of scarcity is generated. Håkansson (2020) found that generating a sense of scarcity around products is an effective strategy for capturing attention. Håkansson (2020) contends that retailers should cultivate an impression of scarcity around their products to enhance their performance in the market. 

Consumers are growing weary of the lack of innovation and diversity in fast fashion products, which have been dominating the market for years (Håkansson, 2020). Beard (2008) suggests that one method is tapping into the expanding demand for vintage and secondhand apparel. Håkansson (2020) stated that the vintage and secondhand clothes business, once targeted at low-income consumers, has been repositioned to provide exclusive fashion items that are unlikely to be worn by anybody else. 

When considering the originality of products in Slow Fashion, the exclusivity of handcrafted outfits and clothing is an important issue to consider. The slow fashion business is shifting from mass production to a more artisanal approach, resulting in products that exude rarity (Håkansson, 2020). Henninger et al. (2016) highlight this as a key advantage of slow Fashion. They suggest that the Slow Fashion business can leverage the distinctiveness of the entire production process as a competitive edge that can enhance the perceived image of Slow Fashion.

Part 2: How does Slow Fashion relate to digital citizenship?

Digital citizenship in Slow Fashion can promote sustainable practices by raising awareness of the environmental impact of fast Fashion online, supporting ethical and transparent supply chains, and promoting initiatives for sustainable Fashion. Digital citizenship may encourage responsible consumerism by promoting the sharing economy, purchasing secondhand items, and using online resources to educate individuals about the impact of their fashion choices. For example, increasing awareness of the environmental consequences of fast Fashion through online platforms can be accomplished by utilizing digital nudges, sustainable mobility recognition, and information technology (Cossatin et al., 2024). A study proposes incorporating digital nudges into recommender systems to encourage the choice of green clothing in online catalogs, aiming to decrease the inclination to purchase new items and promote responsible decision-making (Cossatin et al., 2024).

Digital citizenship can influence customers' online interactions with fashion firms, encouraging them to support companies that prioritize sustainability and ethical practices. One may contribute to a more sustainable fashion industry by being mindful of digital users, making informed choices, and advocating for positive change through their online behavior (Lee & Weder, 2021). Digital platforms such as social media, blogs, and e-commerce websites play a crucial role in promoting ethical and ecologically friendly clothing manufacturers while also raising awareness about fast Fashion and excessive consumption. Enhanced openness enables consumers to make better-informed judgments on their fashion purchases. Initiatives such as #WhatsInMyClothes and Fashion Revolution Day utilize internet platforms to prompt individuals to inquire about the origins and production methods of the items they own or buy (Lee & Weder, 2021). 

The purpose of these initiatives is to educate customers about the environmental and human rights implications linked to various fashion items and supply chains in order to empower them. A study on the impact of beauty businesses on Millennial women in Ireland found that digital citizenship can affect customers' online engagement with ethical practices. Millennials dedicate extensive time to social media platforms, where their interactions with other users and evaluation of online reviews impact their buying choices. 

In conclusion, Slow Fashion and digital citizenship are interconnected in promoting sustainability, ethical consumption, and responsible behavior in both physical and digital realms.

References: 

Beard, N. D. (2008). The branding of ethical fashion and the consumer: a luxury niche or mass-market reality?. Fashion Theory, 12(4), 447-467. doi: 10.2752/175174108X346931

Carrigan, M., & Attalla, A. (2001). The myth of the ethical consumer–do ethics matter in purchase behaviour?. Journal of consumer marketing, 18(7), 560-578. doi: 10.1108/07363760110410263

Clark, H. (2008). SLOW+ FASHION—an Oxymoron—or a Promise for the Future…?. Fashion theory, 12(4), 427-446.doi: 10.2752/175174108X346922

Cossatin, A. G., Mauro, N., & Ardissono, L. (2024). Promoting Green Fashion Consumption through Digital Nudges in Recommender Systems. IEEE Access. Retrieved from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10380588

Domingos, M., Vale, V. T., & Faria, S. (2022). Slow fashion consumer behavior: A literature review. Sustainability, 14(5), 2860. doi: 10.3390/su14052860

Fletcher, K. (2010). Slow fashion: An invitation for systems change. Fashion practice, 2(2), 259-265. doi: 10.2752/175693810X12774625387594

Håkansson, E. (2020). Valuable aspects of Slow Fashion: A consumer perspective. Retrieved from https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?dswid=-6458&pid=diva2%3A1448421

Henninger, C. E., Alevizou, P. J., & Oates, C. J. (2016). What is sustainable fashion?. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal, 20(4), 400-416. doi: 10.1108/JFMM-07-2015-0052

Joy, A., Sherry Jr, J. F., Venkatesh, A., Wang, J., & Chan, R. (2012). Fast fashion, sustainability, and the ethical appeal of luxury brands. Fashion theory, 16(3), 273-295. doi: 10.2752/175174112X13340749707123

Joy, A., Sherry Jr, J. F., Venkatesh, A., Wang, J., & Chan, R. (2012). Fast fashion, sustainability, and the ethical appeal of luxury brands. Fashion theory, 16(3), 273-295. doi: 10.2752/175174112X13340749707123

Lee, E., & Weder, F. (2021). Framing sustainable fashion concepts on social media. An analysis of# slowfashionaustralia Instagram posts and post-COVID visions of the future. Sustainability, 13(17), 9976. doi: 10.3390/su13179976

Niinimäki, K. (2017). Sustainable consumer satisfaction in the context of clothing. In Product-service system design for sustainability (pp. 218-237). Routledge. 

Valor, C. (2007). The influence of information about labour abuses on consumer choice of clothes: a grounded theory approach. Journal of marketing management, 23(7-8), 675-695. doi: 10.1362/026725707X229993

Velasco-Molpeceres, A., Zarauza-Castro, J., Pérez-Curiel, C., & Mateos-González, S. (2022). Slow Fashion as a Communication Strategy of Fashion Brands on Instagram. Sustainability, 15(1), 423. doi: 10.3390/su15010423

#digital communities #mda20009 #swinburne #slow fashion #digital citizenship

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WEEK 5 DISCUSSION#: DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP AND POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT AND ACTIVISM

The notion of citizenship has been thoroughly examined in the fields of education, communication, and political science. The concept of digital citizenship has become prominent in academic circles and is now commonly included in the mission statements of school systems. This week, I will explore and clarify two main ideas:

Part 1: Youth Empowerment through Digital Citizenship

Part 2: Social Media's Role in Political Activism

Part 1: Youth Empowerment through Digital Citizenship

To begin, I will provide a concise overview of participatory democracy in the context of digital citizenship education. The reading on Canvas in week 5 discusses how participatory democracy can be attained by the active engagement of individuals in expressive participation and personalized politics daily (Choi & Cristol, 2021). Expressive engagement encompasses engaging in political discourse with acquaintances and communicating with government representatives, whereas some individuals prioritize publicly demonstrating their endorsement of politicians or actively contributing to political campaigns. The growing utilization of personalized communication technologies, such as social media, has facilitated the connection of disjointed social lives, enabling individuals and collectives to acquire political influence in order to alter cultural norms on a local, national, and worldwide level. Incorporating many forms of engagement beyond participatory politics is essential in educating young individuals about digital citizenship. This approach is particularly advantageous for the younger generation, who possess a greater familiarity with online self-expression and involvement in a wide range of domains. This strategy amplifies the visibility and voice of marginalized and underrepresented students (Choi & Cristol, 2021). Now, we will explore how digital citizenship education empowers young individuals to actively participate in shaping political landscapes and advocating for change. 

The combination of youth culture and digital technologies offers opportunities for unconventional methods of civic engagement and varied routes to political involvement that are individualized and empowering. The internet has a beneficial influence on political mobilization, particularly in facilitating the engagement of young people in offline activities (Serup Christensen, 2015). 

Therefore, digital technology plays a crucial role in the political involvement of young individuals, which should be acknowledged in the digital citizenship curriculum. The capacity of young individuals to influence narratives and establish their own identities using interactive technology carries substantial consequences for their empowerment and autonomy, especially for marginalized youth who may have limited opportunities to engage in alternative political practices and establish alternative identities in secure environments. Participatory technology enables individuals to engage in social and political activities by joining flexible, non-hierarchical affinity communities that include a wide range of political identities (Gee, 2009, as cited in Mitchell, 2016). 

For example, TakeItGlobal provides a platform for youth to engage in various initiatives and projects that address global challenges and promote positive change. TIG’s (2013) clearly stated mandate is to leverage technology use for social justice

education and action through the connection of unstructured youth engagement to a social justice framework that provides development of critical understanding, resources, opportunities for action, and possibilities for connecting with a like minded youth community. Members of the TIG community consistently identify their experience using TIG as having a positive impact on their feelings of empowerment, engagement in social justice, and capacity to achieve their social justice goals. Empowerment for social change is not simply a group of empowered individuals. Social activism requires a sense of collective engagement that occurs through connection to an organizational framework (Christensen, 2011).

Engaged individuals must act with intentionality as a community to enact social change, and this condition applies equally to offline and online social justice communities. The politically engaged do not appear to substitute online activity for offline activity, but rather, engage in both forms of participation. 

In conclusion, students are motivated to utilize digital resources, particularly social media, to engage in productive political discussions, cooperate with others, and engage in activism, thereby promoting expressive engagement and individualized political involvement. The ultimate goal is to surpass basic political consciousness and foster a generation of digital citizens who not only analyze diverse viewpoints in a thoughtful manner but also actively influence societal standards. Digital citizenship education aims to establish a basis for participatory democracy by adopting an inclusive approach that empowers marginalized and underrepresented communities. This approach ensures that every citizen, regardless of their background, possesses the necessary tools and self-assurance to actively engage in collective decision-making processes at the local, national, and global levels.

Part 2: Social Media's Role in Political Activism

Regarding the subject of week 5, I found the topic of Digital Citizenship and Political Engagement presented in the lecture slides to be really impressive. As to Vromen's (2017) findings, there has been a notable surge in citizen participation inside local communities, and this pattern is on the rise. This indicates a change in the public's attitude towards loyalty and long-term participation, as exemplified by environmental and human rights organizations, as well as online social movements. 

Next I want to discuss in more detail the role of social media in political activities. The political discourse has experienced a substantial transformation due to the pervasive impact of social media. Social media has significantly transformed political debate by magnifying the viewpoints of marginalized perspectives. Previously unknown factions have utilized social media to showcase significant matters and expand the spectrum of viewpoints. This technology has enabled individuals to communicate directly with politicians and government entities, fostering a feeling of active involvement and responsibility within the political sphere. A study conducted by Luttig (2016) reveals that African Americans, Latinos, and Asian Americans are the most engaged demographic groups in utilizing social media platforms to obtain political information. 

The direct linkage between politicians, individuals, and their audiences fosters unparalleled transparency and accountability. This direct engagement enables citizens to articulate their viewpoints and influence governmental choices, fostering a more inclusive and participatory democratic structure. The Forbes article recognized social media as a crucial platform in the 2020 election, with a substantial and consistent increase in interaction among young people. Young people are experiencing a rise in voter participation, with early voting indicating that more than double the number of those under 30 are casting their first-ever votes. 

The introduction of diverse elements has fostered inclusiveness and enhanced political discourse by encompassing a range of viewpoints. Nevertheless, political discourse has encountered further obstacles due to the advent of social media.

The swift propagation of false and misleading information, which may be easily transmitted through digital platforms, continues to be a significant barrier. The prevalence of conspiracies, falsified news, and propaganda is increasing, undermining the basis of fact-based political discourse (Batool & Momineen, 2019). Moreover, social media algorithms frequently strengthen information that corresponds to users' pre existing opinions, cultivating echo chambers that amplify party splits and polarize political discussions. In the weeks preceding Election Day, there has been a notable surge in video manipulation, wherein video clips are altered to create the false impression that candidates are committing errors that they are not. Commit errors, experience speech impediments, or exhibit diminished proficiency. Deepfakes, a method employing artificial intelligence to create manipulated photos and videos, are frequently utilized for malevolent intentions. These computer-generated videos present fabricated content that is not genuine (Moore & Hinckle, 2020).

Notwithstanding these challenges, social media remains an essential instrument for political participation and advocacy.

To tackle the problem of disinformation, it is necessary to give importance to media literacy and establish strong fact-checking activities (Dutta & Bhat, 2016). Moreover, enhancing data protection legislation can effectively mitigate privacy infringements and cyber assaults. Social media networks are responsible for policing their material and implementing community guidelines to exclude dangerous or improper information. Implementing robust cybersecurity safeguards is essential for safeguarding political players from cyber threats and upholding the integrity of democratic proceedings.

The profound influence of social media on politics ultimately underscores the presence of both advantageous prospects and hindrances. By acknowledging and tackling these obstacles, political entities can utilize the capacity of social media to bolster democratic procedures and enhance individuals' livelihoods (Sharif, 2022)

In conclusion, the influence of social media on political discourse and propaganda is significant and should not be ignored. It has fundamentally transformed how people communicate and share information, leading to various effects on the political environment. In addition to providing significant advantages, it presents specific obstacles that must be resolved.

References:

Batool, S., Sultana, S., & Momineen, F. (2019). Analyzing the Role of Social Media in Strengthening Democracy in Pakistan. Global Social Sciences Review, IV, 391-402. Retrieved from: https://www.humapub.com/admin/alljournals/gssr/papers/xmg7T4qw5U.pdf

Choi, M., & Cristol, D. (2021). Digital citizenship with intersectionality lens: Towards participatory democracy driven digital citizenship education. Theory into practice, 60(4), 361-370. doi:  10.1080/00405841.2021.1987094

Choi, M. (2016). A concept analysis of digital citizenship for democratic citizenship education in the internet age. Theory & research in social education, 44(4), 565-607. doi: 10.1080/00933104.2016.1210549

Christensen, H. S. (2011). Political activities on the Internet: Slacktivism or political participation by other means?. First Monday. doi: 10.5210/fm.v16i2.3336

Dutta, N., & Bhat, A. K. (2016). Use of social media for political engagement: A literature review. In Fourteenth AIMS International Conference on Management, MICA, Ahmedabad. Retrieved from: https://www.aims-international.org/aims14/14acd/PDF/A226-Final.pdf

Luttig, M. D. (2016, September 9). How social media helps young people — especially minorities and the poor — get politically engaged. The Washington Post. Retrieved February 4, 2024, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/09/09/how-social-media-helps-young-people-especially-minorities-and-the-poor-get-politically-engaged/

Mitchell, L. (2016). Beyond digital citizenship. Middle Grades Review, 1(3), 3. Retrieved from: https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1038&context=mgreview

Moore, H., & Hinckle, M. (2020, November 3). Social Media's Impact on the 2020 Presidential Election: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly | Division of Research. UMD Research. Retrieved February 4, 2024, from https://research.umd.edu/articles/social-medias-impact-2020-presidential-election-good-bad-and-ugly

Sampson, R. J., McAdam, D., MacIndoe, H., & Weffer-Elizondo, S. (2005). Civil society reconsidered: The durable nature and community structure of collective civic action. American journal of sociology, 111(3), 673-714. Retrieved from: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/497351

Sharif, M. M. (2022). The state and the menace of social media. Retrieved from: https://tribune.com.pk/story/2377313/ the-state-and-the-menace-of-socialmedia

Vromen, A. (2017). Digital citizenship and political engagement (pp. 9-49). Palgrave Macmillan UK.

#mda20009 #politics #swinburne #digital communities #week5

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WEEK 4 DISCUSSION#: REALITY TV CASE STUDY

The reading topic for Week 4 is "Reality Television in an Age of Social Media" by Ruth A. Deller, published in 2019. In this week's post, I will address two primary ideas: 

Impact of Memes and GIFs on Reality TV Shows

Reality TV and political talk in the public sphere

Part 1: Impact of Memes and GIFs on Reality TV Shows 

Animated GIFs are becoming increasingly significant on social media platforms since they serve to disseminate up-to-the-minute news, convey narratives through visual journalism, and offer novel means of expressing emotions. Furthermore, they are extensively utilized as visual memes, wherein a film or amalgamation of photos is compiled and frequently disseminated on social networks (Bakhshi et al., 2016). For instance, Tumblr, being a visually-oriented blogging social site, has emerged as a significant medium for the utilization of GIFs.

Comprehending memes and GIFs necessitates systematic analysis and the application of discursive theories due to their intricate layers of meaning (Wagener, 2021). By means of replication, the initial meme transforms into a cited and modified reference text as it circulates, a phenomenon referred to as intertextuality. Intertextuality refers to the linguistic and semiotic process in which the meaning of a text, whether it be an image or a phrase, is altered, broadened, or diminished by merging it with other texts (Zanette, Blikstein và Visconti 2019: 160–161). Simultaneously, memes and GIFs showcase interdiscursivity by integrating several linguistic conventions (Jorgensen & Phillips 2002). Memes and GIFs can influence power dynamics in social interactions (Flammia & Saunders, 2007) and serve as instruments for political and economic entities to communicate ideas through innovative and unique material. Thus, from a certain standpoint, they are prone to being influenced, controlled, and are not stable.

Memes and GIFs have become integral to mainstream culture, being widely shared and appreciated by a diverse audience. Consequently, they also facilitate the development of robust interactions among virtual communities (Goriunova, 2014). When an individual shares a meme and receives positive replies on social networking platforms, it indicates acceptance and approval from the community. Memes foster the formation of tiny communities and facilitate the establishment of relationships by uniting individuals. Memes foster digital connectivity among individuals (Amir, 2021).

Undoubtedly, the capacity to easily post memes and GIFs will undoubtedly lead to a rise in viewing, as individuals who may not have initially watched the show will be enticed by the online discourse. During the broadcast of episodes, viewers are inclined to participate in immediate discussions on social media platforms, fostering a sense of community centered around the show. Online communities flourish through the sharing of these visual fragments, generating a sense of kinship among enthusiasts. Reality TV shows can utilize famous memes and GIFs to enhance their branding and capitalize on sales potential. According to the reading from week 4 (Reality Television in an Age of Social Media), memes like this provide a lasting and extended existence to moments, surpassing the limited period of the shows themselves (Deller, 2019).

Part 2: Reality TV and political talk in the public sphere

While the majority of research has focused on politically oriented or news-related areas, this reading emphasizes the significance of investigating communication platforms centered around reality TV entertainment. 

These often neglected areas play a significant role in the informal talks that make up the public sphere. They are particularly important in an era of decentralized politics, where there are changes in the way individuals interact with old systems (Dahlberg, 2001). Popular entertainment platforms, such as reality TV programs, play a significant role in the public sphere by promoting and encouraging everyday political discussions. According to additional reading of week 4 (Reality TV as a trigger of everyday political talk in the net-based public sphere by Todd Graham and Auli Hajru in 2011) these platforms facilitate mutual understanding and contribute to an engaged and effective citizenry (Graham & Hajru, 2011). 

The examination of reality TV programs like Big Brother and Wife Swap demonstrates that political discourse is a prevalent and unrestricted component within these environments, highlighting its pivotal function in the public sphere. The initial focus of the discussions revolved around reality TV, but gradually, participants began to delve into political discourse by drawing connections between their knowledge, identities, and experiences and larger societal matters (Graham & Hajru, 2011). The conversations encompassed more than just traditional political matters, as they were frequently influenced by the members' lifestyles and personal stories. In both Big Brother and Wife Swap, the catalysts for political discussions were comparable, with actions playing a central role. The discussions frequently centered on morality and ethical standards, with participants assuming authoritative roles in determining what was deemed morally correct or incorrect (Graham & Hajru, 2011). 

Reality TV serves as a catalyst for meaningful discussions among the public, as viewers relate their personal experiences and viewpoints to larger societal matters (Graham & Hajru, 2011). The genre, known for its emphasis on authentic settings and interpersonal relationships, encourages viewers to contemplate the broader societal ramifications of these scenarios. Reality TV-related social media sites offer alternate arenas for political discussion (McCargo, 20009). 

These forums provide a means for viewers who typically do not participate in political discussions to find a way to get involved. The casual character of these debates fosters the articulation of thoughts and perspectives that may not arise in more formal political arenas. Although not specifically designed for official decision-making, these discussions enhance people' awareness, knowledge, and mutual comprehension. This is consistent with the broader definition of politics, which includes the involvement of civil society and citizens in matters that are not strictly political. Ultimately, reality TV, by captivating people and offering a glimpse into real-life events, becomes a potent catalyst for everyday political discourse in the online public sphere. It functions as an intermediary connecting entertainment and political involvement, promoting varied discussions and enhancing the democratic dialogue in online platforms.

References: 

Amir, M. (2021). What Are Internet Memes and How They Are Used for Different Purposes?. Available at SSRN 3874090. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3874090

Bakhshi, S., Shamma, D. A., Kennedy, L., Song, Y., De Juan, P., & Kaye, J. J. (2016, May). Fast, cheap, and good: Why animated GIFs engage us. In Proceedings of the 2016 chi conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 575-586). doi: 10.1145/2858036.2858532

Dahlberg, L. (2001). Extending the public sphere through cyberspace: The case of Minnesota E-Democracy. First monday. doi: 10.5210/fm.v6i3.838

Deller, R. A. (2019). Reality Television in an Age of Social Media. In Reality Television: The Television Phenomenon That Changed the World (pp. 141-175). Emerald Publishing Limited.

Flammia, M., & Saunders, C. (2007). Language as power on the Internet. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 58(12), 1899-1903. doi: 10.1002/asi.20659.

Goriunova, O. (2016). The force of digital aesthetics. On memes, hacking, and individuation. The Nordic Journal of Aesthetics, 24(47). Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/758b/4d474082da633423b5ca2f94e5aa548acfdb.pdf

Graham, T., & Hajru, A. (2011). Reality TV as a trigger of everyday political talk in the net-based public sphere. European Journal of Communication, 26(1), 18-32. doi: 10.1177/02673231103948

Jorgensen, M. W., & Phillips, L. J. (2002). Discourse analysis as theory and method. sage.

McCargo, D. (2009). Thai politics as reality TV. The Journal of Asian Studies, 68(1), 7-19. doi: 10.1017/S0021911809000072

Zanette, M. C., Blikstein, I., & Visconti, L. M. (2019). Intertextual virality and vernacular repertoires: Internet memes as objects connecting different online worlds. Revista de administraçao de empresas, 59, 157-169. doi: 10.1590/s0034-759020190302.

Wagener, A. (2021). The postdigital emergence of memes and GIFs: Meaning, discourse, and hypernarrative creativity. Postdigital Science and Education, 3(3), 831-850. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42438-020-00160-1

#mda20009 #reality tv #swinburne #digital communities

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WEEK 3 DISCUSSION#: TUMBLR CASE STUDY

The reading in Week 3 offered me a comprehensive overview of the evolution of the feminist movement, particularly the #bodypositive movement, on social media platforms. Specifically, the platform selected for this week's subject is not well-known platforms such as Facebook and Instagram, but rather Tumblr - an innovative amalgamation of conventional weblogs and social networking sites.Upon completing the reading for week 3, I proceeded to perform independent research on the following two inquiries: 1/ How does social media promote feminist activism? 2/ Compare the respective roles of the two platforms, Facebook and Tumblr, in the feminist movement. Part 1: How does social media encourage feminism activities?

Prior to commencing, I would like to provide the illustration of how social networks have contributed to the feminist movement, exemplified by the #Metoo movement (If you have the time, there are two further links provided below that offer more comprehensive information regarding this movement). The #MeToo movement rapidly gained significant attention in October 2017 on various social media platforms, serving as a means to illustrate the extensive occurrence of sexual harassment and abuse, particularly in professional settings. On October 15, 2017, Milano posted the phrase "Me too" on Twitter, which garnered over 200,000 uses by the end of the day and surpassed 500,000 uses by October 16. According to Gordon (2023), around 4.7 million individuals on Facebook utilised the hashtag #Metoo in about 12 million postings throughout the initial 24-hour period. The #Metoo movement has attained a degree of popularity, and it is important to note that it is just one among several feminist movements that have been coordinated on social media platforms. Without a doubt, social media has made significant and beneficial contributions to the advancement and dissemination of the feminist cause. According to Taylor (2013), social networks “supply not only the social ties but the cultural context, the strategies, and the tactical repertoires that facilitate the construction of politicized collective identities”. For instance, Facebook offers a unique online environment for building communities and enabling engagement. Previously, feminist organisations utilized their Facebook networks as a cost-free tool for organization and as a strategy to broaden the scope of their offline campaigns (Crossley, 2015).  Social media has become a potent force in the modern day, profoundly influencing several facets of society, including the feminist movement. Social media has significantly transformed feminism by amplifying women's voices, promoting international unity, and catalyzing tangible societal progress. Although women continue to be inadequately represented in the media as a whole, social media provides a more equitable platform that enables women from many backgrounds and countries to have their opinions heard, regardless of their level of influence or popularity. Malala Yousafzai, aged 26, serves as a Pakistani advocate for education. Malala gained recognition for her advocacy of human rights, specifically focusing on promoting education for women and children in her native region of Swat, Pakistan. Notably, the Taliban had previously imposed a ban on girls attending school in this area. Malala utilises social media platforms to sustain her campaign and advance the cause of worldwide female education (Sganzetta & Bracelli, 2021). #The Malala Fund, established by her, has facilitated the provision of educational opportunities for girls in poor nations. Concurrently, her foundation's messaging has been altered by her social media presence.  Social media has facilitated the formation of online communities where women can seek assistance, exchange guidance, and establish connections with persons who have similar interests and beliefs. Instagram and YouTube have facilitated the emergence of a surge in feminist influencers and content makers who utilise their platforms to impart knowledge and motivate (Jackson, 2018). These individuals frequently engage in discussions pertaining to various feminist topics such as body acceptance, the interconnectedness of social identities, the right to control one's reproductive choices, and equitable treatment regardless of gender (Jackson, 2018). They offer a platform for women to seek counsel, discover motivation, and cultivate a feeling of inclusion. Online communities provide a platform for marginalised groups within feminism, including women of colour, LGBTQ+ individuals, and handicapped women, to connect with one another, support each other, and fight for their unique needs and experiences (Jackson, 2018). 

Part 2: Facebook and Tumblr in feminist movement

In recent years, there has been a growing interest among feminist scholars and the general public in how digital media has enabled the visibility and spread of feminist politics in modern times.

Facebook

Facebook presents both potential dangers and advantages for feminists. 

A significant number of adolescent girls interviewed expressed similar views. They believe that Facebook poses a risk not due to anonymous troublemakers, as discussed by British teenagers in relation to Twitter, but because the individuals they are connected to on the platform, such as parents, siblings, relatives, and school peers, are people with whom they have social relationships beyond the online platform (Keller, 2019). Adolescents were generally discerning in their choices of content to share on Facebook, taking into account their "imagined audience" (Marwick & Boyd, 2011) and the anticipated responses from their "friends." Therefore, girls refrained from discussing their personal experiences with sexism on Facebook. However, they were more inclined to share less personal instances of feminist critique, such as sexist advertisements or humorous feminist memes. They chose to share content that would not provoke much controversy, concern, or anxiety among their friends and family. 

Facebook's platform explicitly discourages anonymity, since users are expected to exhibit their "authentic self" by using their true first and last name when creating a profile (Bivens, 2017). The company regularly eliminates profiles that are considered to be fraudulent. Facebook's aspiration for a regulated platform characterised by "genuine identities" influences the nature of social interactions, including feminist activity, occurring on the network. Although anonymity is typically praised for allowing teenagers to express their true selves on social media, in this case, the absence of anonymity on Facebook may have motivated the girls to confront their opposite because they were familiar with him, rather than dealing with an unknown online harasser (Keller, 2019).

Tumblr

The platform distinguishes itself from other social media platforms through several key features. Most notably, it lacks personal profiles and networks of "friends," resulting in the creation of several anonymous "Tumblrs" with elusive owners (Keller, 2019). The anonymity offered by Tumblr is a significant factor that attracts numerous teenage feminists to utilise the platform. Tumblr offers a distinct platform compared to Twitter and Facebook, with its design focused on characteristics such as anonymity and enhanced user control. This design allows females to actively participate in a variety of feminist themes that they may not find appropriate for other platforms (Keller, 2019). This is particularly true for Tumblr, since it provides a unique social privacy for feminist girls, granting them a feeling of protection from both their family and friends, as well as anonymous individuals who engage in malicious online behaviour. As said in the title of this article, Tumblr has become known for being a venue that is supportive of feminism. It is a platform where complex conversations on topics such as intersectionality, patriarchy, and protest often take place (Keller, 2019).

The platform's design intentionally reduces the visibility or priority of certain content in search results, which gives users a feeling of freedom from the limitations of traditional networked social media. This can be compared to being in a black hole, as described by Cho (2015). 

The portrayal of Tumblr as an anonymous and bewildering realm highlights the concern of privacy. Social privacy pertains to an individual's capacity to exercise authority over the dissemination of information, determining who can access it and under what circumstances. By doing so, one can regulate social dynamics and oversee interpersonal connections. Although not explicitly mentioned, the girls' conversations about Tumblr in comparison to Facebook and Twitter imply that girls need to preserve a certain level of social privacy in order to engage in online feminism (Marwick & Boyd, 2011). 

Conclusion

My objective is to delineate the interconnected possibilities and constraints that each platform presents for girls engaging in feminist activism. These prospects involve strategically utilising various social media channels to actively engage in feminist politics, openly demonstrating oneself as a feminist activist, rallying community and peer support, and preserving social privacy as needed.

References:

Bivens, R. (2017). The gender binary will not be deprogrammed: Ten years of coding gender on Facebook. New Media & Society, 19(6), 880-898. doi: 10.1177/1461444815621527

Cho, A. (2015). Queer reverb: Tumblr, affect, time. Networked affect, 43-58.

Crossley, A. D. (2015). Facebook feminism: Social media, blogs, and new technologies of contemporary US feminism. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 20(2), 253-268. doi: 10.17813/1086-671X-20-2-253

Gordon, S. (2023, April 28). The #MeToo Movement: History, SA Statistics, Impact. Verywell Mind. Retrieved February 1, 2024, from https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-the-metoo-movement-4774817

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