ahmed120893

[ahmed120893]

1)

ID: 120893

Course Name : Issues in mass communication SPRING2020

Course code : Mass2620

Date: May 31,2020

Assignment 2

: Introduction

Media issues are one of the most important subjects to be studied by students who learn and practice media life on a daily basis. This course teaches us in detail how to discuss and analyze media issues that cause a stir in the media field. What I thought in this course would be an analysis of the issues but there were many other things that we knew thanks to this course such as the issues surrounding us and the difficulties and challenges facing the world and how the media was old and how it changed to this day and more importantly the development of our skills in writing in English.

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The submitted material:

In the beginning I learned about the critical thinking and its meaning and how I can develop it in my study life .Then I moved to understand the media and how I think about the questions and answer them in ways that are different from the usual methods. In addition, the factor of transformation and social changes since it has been playing a role in the change of the media from the old to the modern and from modern to postmodern. Combating disinformation aims to make students who study media feel more confident in the release of the correct information and not to believe any news easily until it is confirmed. Moreover, the Media Literacy has helped me to find out the news and how to start asking about its sources. The other one is to discuss how media can effect on us and what theories used on that and what the expiation of those theories. Furthermore, I learned how media has been changed from the past. Also, the labeling theory tells me how names can be a reason to make people feel paranoid and scared, but on the other hand they are useful, but you have to choose the right names, and here's the role of editors and media officials. Social media is believed by many people and they don't care what the official authorities say about The Corona Virus, for example, so it was good for the government to take these platforms to spread what is said about the virus. Visual novels, such as comic books and animations, are becoming increasingly popular as a tool for teaching science and communication

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Combining the benefits of visualization with powerful metaphors and character-driven narratives. Comedy has the potential to make scientific subjects easier and enjoyable for a wider range of audience and this is followed in the publication of The Corona Virus to raise the public awareness. Which is most important is that media rights are under pressure of the obstruction of freedom of expression and the freedom to access information. Media regulations have become together and journalists who are not in line with mainstream elite. Good media needs sound financing - The economic sustainability of media outlets continues to be a major challenge.

All these topics were connected together from how I will think until I can move to solve the problem and what I will face in media life.

Every week in this semester we've been given a topic to talk about and analyze. They seemed different when you look at them for the first time, but in the end, I found that all the topics are connected to each other .The first topic was about disinformation, we can say that disinformation is a revolution in propaganda and is one of the ways in which we live today. It can be said that disinformation is false or deceptive method which is used for wars, politics and many other areas. As time passes, technology evolving shows many ways to practice misinformation and spread its purpose which is to distract attention and not to share facts at all.

The second topic is the use of cognitive strategies in the media. Cognitive strategies are important in our lives as students and it can be said that all current functions use

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these strategies because they open our eyes to what we are facing in our daily and professional lives. We have learned a lot of new strategies which depend on understanding learning and predicting what will happen .The third topic is the link between World War I, World War II, cold war, and the invasion of the American coalition in Iraq and how communication was in World War I. Although the radio existed before the beginning of World War I the British leaders used different means to convey news among them. They used birds and trained clostrids to act as their correspondents that was because they outperformed humans in speed, the enemy did not infect them. In World War II, radios were used because of their development, but not as expected. There were several factors that affected this. The most important of which was the poor signal. But propaganda has had a positive impact in getting people to fight the enemy and defeat the country in the war. In the Cold War, communication was the main weapon, relying on technology such as radio and computers to raise threats in the media .Finally, communication during the American coalition invasion of Iraq , The allies against Iraq used the propaganda campaigns to communicate with the Iraqi people to convince them to abandon Saddam . The forth topic is how media outside Oman presents race, gender,(Male,Famale,3rde ) and class. In this topic I found that foreign countries are fighting racism too much. On the other hand, in the Arab countries we do not hear such issues because there can be more awareness of this subject. As for the third sex, it exists in all countries, but in the Arab world it is not mentioned publicly unlike foreign countries. Moreover, the perspective of self and narcissism , I found that celebrities are the most likely people to be cheating in their lives to always feel that they have everything but in fact most of them do not have any of what they show. In addition, the Hate speech is one of the

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worst ways to destroy a person as it is used to devalue celebrities. Furthermore, the role of media in health education can change a people's ideas and adjust their behavior like what we have encountered regarding The Corona Virus and how the media has been educating people to wear cams and gloves and not to go out except for the utmost necessity .Also , the comics in the time of coved-19 has made people love the drawings that they see and believe, whether in a funny way or vice versa. And it is also useful for people who can't read because they follow the current situation with this crisis .In addition , The two hypotheses, After researching these two theories, I found that people only need to know all the important things, but that there is no more important things than power and judgments that concern the state. The last topic is that the perspectives of media ethics challenges. With the development of life, conflicts that occur between countries and the change of media contacts, you can notice that the media work has ethics to know such as honesty, not spreading rumors about other countries and telling the truth are some of the most important qualities that the world must know in order not to have permanent conflicts between countries.

The analyzing:

As I mentioned before, all the topics were connected to each other. Starting from the first topic until the end it can be clearly seen that each topic is connect and related to each other. Starting with (disinformation and cognitive strategies )and ( communication in wars). The disinformation strategies is used in wars. However, if we have the techniques of cognitive strategies we will know how people think if they want to change their opinions and thoughts against something. Next, (race and

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genders ),( self and narcissism) and ( hate speech ). Hate speech is one of the most important reasons of discrimination in race and gender between people. Also, it divides people into two types . One of them is self love and others are narcissism. We need to stop the hate speech and spread tolerance values instead. Third, ( media role in health education) and (comics ). Nowadays, the comics techniques has become an effective, attractive way of giving advice among the society and increase health education. Forth, ( hypotheses ) and( ethic challenges). Ethics prevent media from telling lies to the audience. However, media should publish the correct articles that suit the needs of the society .

Conclusion:

In the end, this course taught me how to look at topics and news in a different way, and not to believe everything I hear until I obviously know the perfect truth. It also taught me different ways to search for information and discover facts and write them in English.

#RTVSQU#Spring20#Mass2620_20

[ahmed120893]

ID: 120893

Date: May 19, 2020

Number of words: 350

With the development of digital and new media that has become a political pillar in the world, and how media workers can direct their point of view and send news in the fastest way, especially the competition that exists in TV channels and others in order to achieve the desired thing of publishing that news and in the fastest way.

Publishing any news may it very secret or its back to some country’s or publishing military information about other countries only to overthrow them is not a morality of media work like what we see today on television and on the media, because every country is trying to know the planning of other countries.

Also, one of the most important morals of the media is not to show pictures of violence or sex, but what we see today is that most channels display these things not only for information but they expose them to win the difference of one country to another .

On the other hand, there are some good things in the media work which is that people should know everything and here comes the role of the media in not covering up for it, and for example in the current situation of The Virus Corona .

The media has played a major role in raising awareness and telling people the right numbers of deaths and injuries to know what they are facing and what the procedures are.

And also the freedom of expression of journalists in accordance with the policy of the state, we may see that the journalist has freedom in what he says in most countries, whether bad news or good news. Like what we see in many countries, for example, what happened in Qatar when an al-Jazeera broadcaster spoke about Oman in a way that is not in line with the policy of the state or the channel and was punished for it

Opinion:

Media People should have an ethics’s in what they work, and too not doing any thing wrong.

At the end , the media now is the face of country’s.

#RTVSQU#Spring20#Mass2620_20

[ahmed120893]

ID :120893

Date: May 5, 2020

Number of words: 330

Topic : Citizens have the right to know (to have a clear and transparent media) OR - Citizens do NOT need to know everything (media do not need to inform citizens)

There are two different terms, that we heard every day in news without knowing there meaning. Democracy and dictatorship. So people divide into two categories,some people prefer democratic governance and they think that the citizens have the right to know everything happened in the country through the media. On the other hand, some people prefer the dictatorial power ,so they don’t need to know everything about their country.

First of all, lots of people want the media to show everything to the public that happened in the country as part of democratic governance for many reasons. First, they think that the citizens have the right to know and give there opinions about the situation ,economy and political, so they can feel more safe and comfortable about there governments. Another reason is that the transparent between the government and the citizens will make people participate in taking responsibility,sacrifice for the public good and achieving the principle of justice,equality and freedom. However, the transparent can have a negative impact such as the citizens need to explain the details and results and about everything happened in the country which may cause people divided into parties.

On the other side, a large number of people with the part of dictatorial power, and they think that the media should not inform the citizens everything happens for many reasons such as that will make people a fried from the roles of the government that they decide and it makes people oppose the laws of the state. Also, it could affect the internal security of the country , especially in a sensitive cases.

My opinion:

At the end, the media have a strong power to run people ‘s opinions, so we have to use it in proper ways. People must know only the good , important and effective nows that serve the interests of people, and not show all things to the citizens, to be the government and the citizens in one hand .

#RTVSQU#Spring20#Mass2620_20

[ahmed120893]

ID : 120893

Date : Monday May 4, 2020

Topic : The impact of social media sites on society .

#RTVSQU#Spring20#Mass2620_20

[ahmed120893]

ID:120893

Date: April 28, 2020

Topic: COMICS IN THE TIME OF COVID-19

Number of words: 339

The analysis :

In these four pictures there is no discrimination for a particular group because everyone lives in the same situation, the Arab world can be a little different because this crisis stopped many things such as wars and a drop in oil prices but everyone wishes to end the crisis and return life normal again.

1) In the first picture the family misses each other but the father is in the hospital to protect the injured and fear that he will come home and injure his family

2) In the second picture, a representation that the Corona virus mocks what is happening in the Arab world from wars, assassinations and murders

3) In the third photo, people are afraid even to shake hands for fear of the virus moving even from people close to them who are used to shaking hands every day.

4) In the last picture, Virus corona reassures people that it's a period, and it's going to go away, and it's going to be as normal as it was before.

Why I choose these four illustration :

I chose these four pictures because they represent the current situation and what we see in the whole world, and how people deal with the virus, And we can see that some people face the virus without fear considering it a silly virus but after it gets hurt the thinking changes and he will understand why people are sitting in their homes and not receiving anyone.

My understanding :

In my personal view ,These drawings help everyone to understand the situation in the world whether he sees the pictures a person educated or not he can know the purpose of the picture and this is useful especially for children and the elderly to spread awareness to them, and there is no evidence in these pictures to make a mockery of the situation but it helps and teaches people the current situation and tell them that the situation is dangerous and we must pay attention in this period.

Source:

All photos from WhatsApp

#Mass-2620 #SquRT #COVID-19

[ahmed120893]

ID:120893

Date: April 21, 2020

Number of words: 350

Topic: The role of social media in health education

Nowadays, Media is becoming very valuable in people’s lives since they can perform many tasks through it. They can communicate with others, and news are becoming known directly. Media also plays an important role in health. The local and international works as a link between health workers and the public. People are becoming more aware of the seriousness of diseases.

Main points:

The mass media, in all of its forms such as the radio and television, can effectively persuade the targeted audiences to adopt new behaviors, and remind them of critical information. Besides informing the public about new diseases, they can also keep the public updated about immunization campaigns.

Media plays an important role in the social and individual level by providing information and educating people about the situation during crises. It can improve people’s health education, spread health information, and raise people’s awareness about health. It can also motivate and encourage people to take positive actions. In addition, it plays an important role in improving the society's defenses against these crises and reducing negative impacts. It also helps people in taking prevention and response efforts. Many believe about media is that it can change political views and it plays a significant role in social situations like crises. Therefore, the information should be communicated correctly, and mistakes should be avoided since people are relying in media.

Summary:

Media has the power to bring people together and has an important role at all times and social, political, economic and natural disturbances in educating people about the dangers of any crises. Media can only control crises if it is used accurately and in appropriate methods for people by directing them to hygiene and health information to raise their awareness. Attracting people’s attention to personal hygiene, washing hands constantly, using sterilizers and wearing gloves is very important during any health crises.

Understanding:

In the end, social media programs are very significant in our lives, but unwanted rumors must not spread between people and overly intimidate them. The news must also be taken from trusted sites so we can avoid creating a major problem in the community.

Sources :

https://www.uniteforsight.org/health-communication-course/module5

http://www.ijhsdm.org/article.asp?issn=2347-9019;year=2015;volume=3;issue=2;spage=95;epage=102;aulast=Ghassabi

#MASS2620_20 #SQURT#Health_education

[ahmed120893]

ID:120893

Date: April 12, 2020

Topic: Hate speech

Number of words: 349

How is hate speech come?

There is no human being born in this world who carries hatred for a particular person or tribe, hatred is a feeling that is born with man, whether from the beginning of his birth or in the way of his life, such as lifestyle and education.

As we see today, hate speech has become widespread all over the world and we do not exclude anyone, because of the social media platforms that made everyone able to say their opinion but some are directed to ridicule and hatred of people,

• More examples:

Another example in America when he said hymns with some charged and bad words in the laws of the state made everyone revolt and give him hate speeches and objections to what he said

When Corona Virus spread, some people became speeches that this virus is american-made, but after a while they changed their mind when they discovered that China was the reason for this so, they started campaigning hate china and saying hate speeches to chines like how they eat all kinds of animals and it causes these diseases.

In Oman there are also some hate speeches, especially for some famous social media sites for the content they carry, which some consider inappropriate and begins to speak.

Kinds of speech:

In the Arab world, there are three types of these speeches.

1-There's a hate speech about our relationship abroad where the extremes of Western countries tend to be .

2-There is also a conflict directed at religions in the Arab world and in the same country.

3- the last speech is the political discourse that can reach the stage that makes the whole people turn the government.

How do we minimize these speeches?

Some countries have become separate police called electronic police and this is present in most known countries in order to limit the spread of any bad speeches and is punishable by law because it affects the interest of the individual

Understanding :

What we see it a free speech may be is a hate speech for others .

Source:

https://www.britannica.com/topic/hate-speech

https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/UN%20Strategy%20and%20Plan%20of%20Action%20on%20Hate%20Speech%2018%20June%20SYNOPSIS.pdf

#Mass2620_20 #SQURT

[ahmed120893]

ID:120893

Date: March 10, 2020

Topic: selfie and narcissism – fame online

Number of words: 342

In the age of online world, sharing selfies on social media has become a very popular activity. The increased evolution of smartphones has given rise to self-photographing. Why do people are so in love with taking selfies and posting them? Is this activity has given rise to some types of personalities?

Selfie and Narcissism

Nowadays, the number of selfies taken by one person per day has increased. Sharing the good parts and life perfection has risen on social media. They can reflect the perfect picture of themselves by adding the features they want. They can shade whatever they don’t want to share and change their physical appearance. Many researches have proven that selfies are blown narcissism. Narcissism is an admiration of oneself and one’s physical appearance. It is an exaggerated sense of self-importance.

Fame online

Social media users and influencers started to gain the feeling of overinflection of self-importance day after day. People are starting to gain more “likes” of their own photos and this has led them to admire themselves more and becoming a self-centered type of personality. In reality, there are many differences between the behavior they show online and their real lives and appearances. In addition, these type of users and influencers are affecting many people and most people wanted to become like them.

Excessive posting of selfies

There are many recent studies by top universities about the effects of excessive postings of selfies. One research has followed 74 people who posted a high number of selfies on social media for four months and it showed that there is an average increase of about 25% in narcissistic traits. Many of these people has ended up with meeting the clinical definition of a narcissistic personality.

Conclusion

With the evolving of narcissism behavior caused by the increased number of selfies on social platforms and the way selfies can change one’s appearance, many social media users need to be aware of psychological effect that this behavior could cause. There should be increased number of advices provided by psychological doctors and researches to this type of people.

Sources:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ChPtPar33CU

https://www.health24.com/News/yet-another-selfie-you-might-be-a-narcissist-20181115

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320269552_Effect_of_Selfie_Social_Network_Sites_Usage_Number_of_Photos_Shared_on_Social_Network_Sites_on_Happiness_among_University_Students_A_Model_Testing

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[ahmed120893]

120893 :ID

Date: March 3, 2020

Number of words: 350

Topic: How media outside Oman present race, gender (Male, Female, third gender) and class?

Race presented :

In foreign countries, especially in racist America, it has existed since ancient times, and it began with violence by state security،It's always been violence for the black class of human beings, unlike whites, even though whites are more offensive and bad. In addition, blacks in America are very marginalized in some areas where unemployment is high and the living conditions are difficult. And of course there is a class that abounds in some countries in a big and noticeable way and an example in America prevents children from going out with simple people.As another example, which is what is happening now, the spread of coronavirus, the abandonment of the state of China and the abandonment of the virus alone. As for girls some countries prefer the girl who puts the clothes and beautiful clothes and brands to be the front of the companies and institutions and the work of these countries

Meal and female:

In many countries there is equality between men and women, whether it is ostensibly or internally, in Europe, allowing women to represent their full rights in public without hiding because they respect their rights, women, like men' rights.Denmark comes first country equal to a woman with a man other than all sides, then to Sweden and norway.And so the media in these countries show citizens and other countries about this equality between men and women. But some countries like India they women just to take care about their husbands . They take care of the children and the house . In the other hand ,the husband just do his work and get many and rest on home.

The 3rd:

The third sex in some cities has their own rights and orientations, such as New York and Washington, and they have their own associations, their associations with each other, guaranteed by the American system.

But some countries do not recognize them in public, but they respect them because this is personal freedom and they do not interfere with them at all.

In Oman:

There is no such gender discrimination in Oman, but the rights of men are different from the rights of women, but in some things, not all, the media cannot show them because society does not accept this kind of human being, but they exist in a very small proportion.

In Oman there are some aspects of racism, including the work of expats in homes such as demolition, farmers and cleaners, in addition to the rich class in Oman always stay away from people of the low class and refuse any talk with them no matter what.

Source:

https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/us/racism-african-americans-quiz.html

https://www.google.com/amp/s/amp.cnn.com/cnn/2015/06/19/us/lgbt-rights-milestones-fast-facts/index.html

[ahmed120893]

ID : 120893

Date : Tuesday, February 25, 2020

Number of words : 350

World war one :

In World War I, there was nothing more important than communicating between armies to find out their situation during the war. And yet most armies did not use the technology that was present at the time, but relied on the old way of communicating.

Until 1915, for example, the British Army still used paraffin lamps (a type of oil or fat) to send messages with Morse code and to send messages over longer distances. He used special lenses to focus light to extend to longer distances, and the British army used the media signal for the same target as well, where a professional could send 12 words per minute. Also, in world war one they use the telephone and the radio .

Ward war 2:

In World War II, the most used thing at the time was the pigeons, where they were communicating a way of finding out who was injured in battle and who died. Also, it was communicated by smoke, as they were working a large chain of smoke for the purpose of gathering or to convey an important news. Some also know by the amount of smoke rising the purpose of this smoke. They use the telegraph to communicate with each other .

Cold war :

In the Cold War, he used the spy system in every camp to find out what they were going to do to other countries. All media were also used to influence people, such as cinema through movies, playing with minds and art through graffiti and other figures. In addition the radio was the perfect way to listen to the news .

The war between America and lraq :

In this war, the main factor for spreading the news was the American spies in Iraq, as well as the media distortion in the American media, a return to the incidents that took place on December 11. Also, the propaganda played big role in transfer the news .

Summary:

To sum up, I can say that whatever the situation is, one can notice that media is an essential factor which has crutial influences on all wars. Armies need to know about their enemies as well as their allies. In my view, propaganda and radio were the common thing in these wars, away from the things used to communicate.

References:

https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/world-war-i-history

https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-II

https://www.britannica.com/event/Cold-War

#Mass2620

[ahmed120893]

ID:120893

Date: February 18,2020

Topic: use cognitive strategies in media

The effect of movies is usually by sending direct feelings into the human being hearts . Some films make a profound effect in human feelings in all respects where they take advantage of the weaknesses by combining reality with fiction whether it's exaggerated or not. For example, in Titanic, the director highlighted the hero and his beloved and how they fought hard times in overcoming many difficulties. Many viewers were concentrating on their death and waiting for the moment to drown , but they were not caring about the hundreds of people who died on the ship. And so the director of the film was able to play with the feelings of people only in a certain aspect, ignoring the other heinous events that happened to other people, which if anyone focused on it, he would know that the hero did not face what the rest of the people faced. On the other hand for advertising, it plays a big role in changing the opinions of some people and deceive their minds. As a clear example for that , a toothpaste advertisement where it is displayed in a neat and big quantity when it is put on the brush, but in fact the use of toothpaste in a large amount is harmful. The consumption of the product as a basic plan for the purchase of the product is by making its product in advertising appear attractive.

Why we should care?

On the media side, all the media students should know this fact and how to make use of advertisements or movies. In the end, we should use this mechanism to promote a good thing or campaign against a bad one.

Reference :

https://tarjomefa.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/6843-English-TrajomeFa.pdf

https://knoji.com/article/why-is-it-important-to-study-cognitive-psychology/

#mass2620_20 #congnitive_srategies

[ahmed120893]

ID:120893

Date: February 11, 2020

Topic: disinformation

This report will cover :

1. Definition of Disinformation

2. Source and spread of Disinformation.

3. Example of Disinformation.

1. Definition of Disinformation

Disinformation is a deliberate and purposeful dissemination of false information. It is commonly used to describe an organized campaign of deceptive dissemination of untrue content intended to influence public opinion. Throughout recent years, the term has become particularly associated with the dissemination of "fake news" to social media as a method of negative political campaigning.

2. Source of Disinformation.

Anonymous websites are the type of media that appears to be the principal source and distributor of media disinformation. Thanks to their proliferation, rapid content development and massive influence on social media, their behavior generates a virtual eco-system where misinformation reaches large audiences almost instantaneously. Anonymous online networks account for two thirds of published sources of misinformation

The interpreter's position is increasingly central to attempts to understand how misinformation is spreading. There are still important controversies about some of the specifics of the underlying psychology and how misinformation spreads – such as the controversial "backfire effect"20– but the general picture is accepted. Human beings have not evolved to process information and respond rationally; they are instead using mental shortcuts to ease decision making. Such heuristics combine with another advanced dimension, the need to belong to a party, creating vulnerabilities to the use of systematic disinformation campaigns for exploitation. Our heuristics and prejudices are making us believe in informationIf approached in some ways and wanting to give the right in-group signals, people spread information even if they don't really trust it. Media consumption itself is

individual but "invariably we are actors when we use social media to share news," triggering our prejudices and collective commitments.

1. 3. Example of Disinformation.

Russian Disinformation:

During the Cold War, disinformation campaigns had been a standard tool and reports of Russian disinformation would surface regularly in the American press. In 1982, TV Guide, at that time one of America's most popular magazines, also released a cover story warning about Russian disinformation.

References :

https://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/ifes_working_paper_social_media_disinformation_and_electoral_integrity_august_2019.pdf

https://zastone.ba/app/uploads/2019/05/Disinformation_in_the_online_sphere_The_case_of_BiH_ENG.pdf

https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.washingtonpost.com/education/2018/12/10/word-year-misinformation-heres-why/%3foutputType=amp

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#Disinformation

[ahmed120893]

I expect from this course to discuss the issues that happen in the community