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sqinsights · 2 months
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Decoding the Contrast Agents Market: A Layman’s Guide
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The Contrast Agents Show: 
Hold on to your hats, because the global contrast agents market is having its own little party, set to grow from USD 5.22 billion in 2022 to a whopping USD 6.47 billion by 2030. Why? Blame it on the rise of complex health issues, pushing us to become buddies with ultrasound, X-rays, and the cool gang of MRI and CT scans.
Let’s Talk Numbers — 
Without the Yawns: In 2021, the global market hit USD 5.08 billion, and it’s on a leisurely stroll towards a 2.71% growth till 2030. Ultrasound is leading the parade, while X-ray/CT is doing its best to catch up. Oh, and North America is strutting its stuff with a 36.18% market share. Way to go, North America!
Contrast Agents Drama — 
What’s the Buzz? Time for some plot twists. The rising demand for image-guided surgeries is the hero here, making procedures cooler and more precise. But, hold up — side effects and allergic reactions are the villains. Some patients aren’t big fans of the contrast agents’ shenanigans, experiencing everything from mild discomfort to anaphylaxis. Yikes!
Regional Gossip — 
Who’s in Charge? North America, you smooth operator, leading the pack with a 36.18% market share. Major players like Bayer, GE Healthcare, and friends are calling the shots. But guess what? The Asia Pacific region is gearing up for a growth spurt. Watch out, North America; there’s competition in town.
For More Information: https://www.skyquestt.com/report/contrast-agents-market
Market Trends — 
Keeping it Cool: With multiple chronic conditions on the rise, the contrast agents market is becoming the go-to spot for seniors aged 65 and above. Projections hint at a demographic shift, with an estimated 77 million seniors in the U.S. by 2034. Time to add more comfy chairs to the hangout spot!
Conclusion — 
The Contrast Agents Adventure: And there you have it — the contrast agents market, with all its quirks and dramas, is here to stay. From ultrasound’s growth to X-ray/CT stealing the spotlight, medical imaging is evolving, one bubble at a time. So, next time you hear about Gadopiclenol and its low gadolinium dosage, just remember — it’s not a new dance move; it’s a step towards safer imaging.
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avimaging22 · 1 year
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WHAT IS AN MRI AND HOW DOES IT WORK?
We all need to have our bodies examined to ensure we remain healthy and any health issues are dealt with promptly and efficiently. One examination tool doctors use is magnetic resonance imaging or MRI. This is a very common imaging technique that is used by a plethora of health providers.
WHAT IS AN MRI?
Magnetic resonance imaging or MRI is a noninvasive method of seeing your body’s organs, tissues, and skeletal system. It produces detailed images of the inside of your body using strong magnetic fields and radio waves. Its invention in the 1970s was considered a breakthrough in the medical field. It transformed the way doctors diagnose diseases, conditions, and injuries as its noninvasive method is considered safer than CT scans and X-rays. Compared to the latter two, MRIs do not involve radiation. Because of this, it’s a preferred imaging technology by many health providers and patients.
HOW DOES IT WORK?
MRIs use large tube-shaped magnets. You lay on a movable table which is pushed through the tube to begin the test. The MRI then creates a strong magnetic field around you and directs computer-generated radio waves to your body. The field temporarily rearranges the water molecules in the body. The radio waves cause these atoms to create faint signals that are used to produce cross-sectional images of your organs, tissues, or bones. Throughout the process, you may hear repetitive tapping, thumping, and other noises. If it is irritating, you may ask for earplugs or music to help reduce the noise. The procedure is painless, and you will not feel the magnetic field or radio waves in any way. In some cases, a contrast dye, often gadolinium, may be administered through an IV line to enhance the images. You may be asked to move parts of your body to highlight the regions of your brain that control these actions. An MRI procedure can take 30 minutes to an hour to complete. You must be still, unless otherwise instructed, to avoid blurring the images. After the test, a radiologist will interpret and analyze the images from your scan and report the results to the health provider who requested the MRI. After the MRI, your doctor will discuss findings and next steps with you. MRIs are harmless to use on almost everyone. However, its powerful magnets are a safety hazard for those who have a presence of metal in their bodies. Examples are metallic joint prostheses, artificial heart valves, pacemakers, or implanted nerve stimulators, among others. Always consult with your doctor before undergoing any procedure.
Connect with us to learn more about how the AV Imaging team can help!
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bumpintheboob · 1 year
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just a bump in the boob?
It’s been a while since I last posted. The past six years have been full of change, except on the cancer front (which is a good thing). I went through follow up exams every three months, then six, and finally, annual appointments. Mammograms, ultrasounds, and MRIs have been intermixed to evaluate my still-dense breast (I typed “s” at the end then deleted). Normal. Normal. Normal. Test after test. 
I stopped getting regular MRIs because my medical oncologist was concerned with reports that the gadolinium-based contrast potentially causes memory issues. As I was already having chemotherapy-induced and chemopause-induced cognitive dysfunction, we felt more comfortable cutting back on the MRIs. 
The last time I had an MRI, I think it was to check out something I detected related to my left implant. Everything came back normal. During my most recent follow up, I mentioned how I still feel something scraping, pulling, and sometimes “zinging” behind my left implant. Since I was only in Phoenix for a short period of time, my med onc gave me an order for an MRI, which I would get when I got back home.
I’m working back at the cancer center in Northern Indiana where I originally trained 10+ years ago. My office is literally above imaging, the MRI to be exact. I hear it beeping throughout the day and I swear the magnets in the machine mess with my computers and mouse. I scheduled the appointment, which was in the evening on September 20th. I had time to run home, take care of Chloe, record a podcast episode (oh, yeah, it’s been a while. I co-host a podcast, and yes, it’s about cancer), then drive 5 minutes to the hospital and undergo the MRI. Before I left, the tech asked where I had previously received my imaging so they had something to compare. 
It seemed to take forever for me to get my results. I’m used to the rapid results I would get when I was at the cancer center in Arizona. I sent a message through the patient portal, asking if they had received the results. I started to get nervous and scanxiety set in. 
On September 26th, I recorded a new podcast episode. Tina (my co-host) interviewed me for our breast cancer awareness month episodes. I told parts of my story and she asked some really good questions. Sometime while we were recording, I got a message from a nurse at the Arizona hospital to call her back for my MRI results. I thought that was strange, that she didn’t leave the result on my voicemail, but it’s not my voice on the message, so maybe it was for HIPAA reasons. I called back and left a message for someone to call me. I drove over to my friend, Anne’s house, to drop something off and I and mentioned how I hadn’t heard anything yet about the MRI results. I decided to call right then and, over speakerphone, got ahold of the nurse.
I don’t know exactly how she told me, but the nurse said something about wanting to get an ultrasound and biopsy of something in my right breast. My right breast. My native breast. My “normal” breast. I panicked. They’ll send an order for my imaging and biopsy to the cancer center here. I lost it. This isn’t possible. I’m on tamoxifen. I was told I didn’t need to continue it beyond five years and I chose to stay on it for a total of ten. I’m on tamoxifen. I tried to talk myself down. “At least it’s in the breast and not the bone right?” I laughed. The nurse didn’t. Anne drove me home in my car because I was not in a good state of mind.
I’ve been frantically checking my portal for a message that the order has been placed. I’ve sent a couple of messages to my Arizona team. It seems like weeks but it’s only been two days. I’ve gone through every scenario as to what this could be. When I was first in treatment, two spots were noted in my right breast and they were able to biopsy one (the other "vanished” when they attempted an MRI-guided biopsy) and it was a fibroadenoma. An actual fibroadenoma, not the adenocarcinoma that pretended to be a fibroadenoma in my left breast. That’s what they are seeing (I look up what enhances on a breast MRI, yes, could be a fibroadenoma), it’s a fibroadenoma. Or it’s cancer. Maybe it’s not hormone receptor positive like my former tumor, maybe it’s hormone receptor negative which would be why the tamoxifen didn’t affect it. Maybe it’s hormone negative and HER-2 receptor positive. I ran through all of the potential treatment options. Where would I get treatment? Do I go back to Oregon or to my team in Arizona? Or treat here in Indiana, where I have many friends but am so far from family.
(I just opened another tab to log in to my portal to check for messages. The fourth or fifth time today).
And so I wait, and try not to let my mind go to dark and scary places. But it does. And I talk my way back. It’s going to be fine. It’s going to be normal. It’s just a little bump in the boob.
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randomcanbian · 3 years
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marketerefforts · 2 years
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In-Vivo Small Animal Imaging Market Research Report 2023 - Industry Size, Share, Demands, Regional Analysis & Estimations Till 2028
The In-Vivo Small Animal Imaging Market Report, in its latest update, highlights the significant impacts and the recent strategical changes under the present socio-economic scenario. The In-Vivo Small Animal Imaging industry growth avenues are deeply supported by exhaustive research by the top analysts of the industry. The report starts with the executive summary, followed by a value chain and marketing channels study. The report then estimates the CAGR and market revenue of the Global and regional segments.
Base Year: 2021
Estimated Year: 2022
Forecast Till: 2023 to 2028
The report classifies the market into different segments based on type and product. These segments are studied in detail, incorporating the market estimates and forecasts at regional and country levels. The segment analysis is helpful in understanding the growth areas and potential opportunities of the market.
Get | Download FREE Sample Report of Global In-Vivo Small Animal Imaging Market @ https://www.decisiondatabases.com/contact/download-sample-17938
A special section is dedicated to the analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the growth of the In-Vivo Small Animal Imaging market.  The impact is closely studied in terms of production, import, export, and supply.
The report covers the complete competitive landscape of the Worldwide In-Vivo Small Animal Imaging market with company profiles of key players such as:
Aspect Imaging Ltd.
Bruker Corporation
Fujifilm Holdings Corporation
LI-COR, Inc.
Mediso Ltd.
Milabs B.V.
Miltenyi Biotec GmbH
MR Solutions Ltd.
Northridge Tri-Modality Imaging, Inc.
Perkinelmer, Inc.
Want to add more Company Profiles to the Report? Write your Customized Requirements to us @ https://www.decisiondatabases.com/contact/get-custom-research-17938
In-Vivo Small Animal Imaging Market Analysis by Modality:
Optical Imaging Systems
Bioluminescence/Fluorescence Imaging Systems
Standalone Fluorescence Imaging Systems
(Optical + X-Ray)/(Optical + CT) Systems
Nuclear Imaging Systems
Micro-Pet Systems
Standalone Pet Systems
Pet/CT Systems
Pet/MRI Systems
Micro-Spect Systems
Standalone Spect Systems
Spect/CT Systems
Spect/MRI Systems
Trimodality (Spect/Pet/CT) Systems
Micro-MRI
Micro-Ultrasound
Micro-CT
Photoacoustic Imaging Systems
Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) Systems
In-Vivo Small Animal Imaging Market Analysis by Reagent:
Optical Imaging Reagents
Bioluminescent Imaging Reagents
Fluorescent Imaging Reagents
Nuclear Imaging Reagents
Pet Tracers
Spect Probes
MRI Contrast Agents
Gadolinium-Based Small Animal Contrast Agents
Iron-Based Small Animal Contrast Agents
Manganese-Based Small Animal Contrast Agents
Ultrasound Contrast Agents
CT Contrast Agents
Iodine-Based Small Animal CT Contrast Agents
Barium-Based Small Animal CT Contrast Agents
Gold Nanoparticles
Gastrografin-Based Small Animal CT Contrast Agents
In-Vivo Small Animal Imaging Market Analysis by Geography:
North America (USA, Canada, and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain, Rest of Europe)
Asia Pacific (China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia, South-East Asia, Rest of Asia-Pacific)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina, Peru, Chile, Rest of Latin America)
The Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Israel, South Africa, Rest of the Middle East and Africa)
Key questions answered in the report:
 What is the expected growth of the In-Vivo Small Animal Imaging market between 2023 to 2028?
Which application and type segment holds the maximum share in the Global In-Vivo Small Animal Imaging market?
Which regional In-Vivo Small Animal Imaging market shows the highest growth CAGR between 2023 to 2028?
What are the opportunities and challenges currently faced by the In-Vivo Small Animal Imaging market?
Who are the leading market players and what are their Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT)?
What business strategies are the competitors considering to stay in the In-Vivo Small Animal Imaging market?
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What is Prostate MRI ? How to prepare for it?
If you know, the prostate gland is a small, soft structure. It is in the shape of a walnut. It lies deep in the pelvis. Furthermore, its function is to help liquefy semen. MRI of the prostate means that to create an image of the prostate and the surrounding tissues. It is usually recommended having more detailed pictures of the prostate gland.
How to prepare for prostate MRI ?
Well, there are no special preparations needed for this type of scan. One should not forget to take their regular medications. Some may be advised for a liquid diet 24 hours before the scan. As the examination begins, the technologist will ask a series of questions to be on the safe side. Are there any metal implants ? Artificial joints, electronic devices, or pacemakers. Because they can be damaged during the process of MRI.
 If you have any such implants, take your documents with yourself. Tell the radiologist about the practice that you are having. Keep the technologist on the same page. If you are claustrophobic, then please discuss this issue with the doctor.
What is the process of prostate MRI?
The patient will be asked to lie down on a table into a hospital gown. Sometimes during a prostate MRI used an endorectal coil as a part of the scan. It helps to provide high quality images of the prostate and the surrounding area. MRI machines use loud thumping noises, so you will be given ear plugs. The scan usually takes around 30 minutes. One is required to lie gently and smoothly during the scan. You are not advised to hold on to your breath or have any special movement or else the pictures will be created blurred.
There are no side effects of the prostate MRI scan. If you were given a sedative, then you might be drowsy for some time. You will need someone to drive you home or lie down at the diagnostic center itself.
A very small group of people might have an allergic reaction to the gadolinium contrast medium. Mostly the reactions are very mild. If you have any poor kidney function, this contrast will not be given to you. Please feel free to ask the private practice, clinic or hospital where having the test or procedure will make you less comfortable. The Doctor will give you a written report and tell the necessary changes to be made.  If there is any further treatment needed or not.
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insurancenoon · 3 years
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How Much Does An MRI Cost Without Insurance?
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Magnetic resonance imaging, ordinarily called just MRI, is the best thing to exist in the field of medicine and science. With the help of some strong magnetic fields, an MRI machine can plot the hard and soft tissues of a human body. Normally it does as such by making the water in your organs produce low-level radio waves, which the machine gets and uses to make a 3-D picture of an organ or body part being checked. MRI machines have become a fundamental piece of modern medication. They are utilized by specialists to analyze malignancy, issues of the sensory system and neurological issues, and joints, just to name a few. However, they aren't modest. The materials engaged with building a MRI machine, also the measure of vitality and staff expected to run one, get costly. There are many cases where a doctor can recommend you to get an MRI. However, what should you do if you do not have insurance? We have collected all important information for you to help you in such a case. So, what are you waiting for? Give this article a thorough read to find out all the cost of an MRI without insurance and what you can do in case you are not covered. Let us dive right in.
What's the cost of an MRI without insurance?
An MRI scan is one of the most costly methods in the medical field. What is more difficult is that the expense of an MRI scan can change generally. A normal MRI costs $2,600 without insurance. However, that bill can soar contingent upon conditions, area, medical clinic and the specific output that your primary care physician runs. A few hospitals and clinics may charge as meager as $400 to $600 to run a MRI. In different conditions, the cost for even just one MRI scan can surpass $13,000.
Why is an MRI so expensive?
Even a single, cutting edge MRI machine can cost over $3 million. Indeed, even a low-power machine can cost over $1 million, and the lodging for these gadgets costs much more. An MRI machine needs to work in an attractively sterile condition, with built in safety components to ensure that the ground-breaking field created by the machine doesn't harm individuals or property close by. Building a tidy up space for an MRI machine costs countless dollars all alone. An MRI machine is likewise costly to work. It takes a ton of vitality to run, and relying upon the scan a specialist may arrange what's known as "contrast dye." This attractively responsive fluid enables certain components to hang out in the last picture, and can put many dollars on the bill. The hour of the specialists and experts includes hundreds and thousands of dollars to the final bill. An expert technician must run the output and a radiologist must oversee it and decipher the outcomes. Contingent upon your clinic's charging rehearses, these components might be packaged into one cost for the scan. In addition to this, clinical charging can also change. It is likewise conceivable that an emergency clinic will value a MRI check not simply founded on the expenses of that examination itself, yet also dependent on different expenses of running their office. Incorporated with each bill from a clinic are the expenses of paying for general nursing staff, clinic managers, building upkeep and activities. How this is considered to be an aspect that affects the cost of an MRI scan changes from place to place, and is one reason why it's commonly less expensive to get a scan from an imaging center instead of a medical clinic or a hospital.
How to get an MRI?
Prior to an MRI test, you can eat like you typically and keep on taking your daily medication, except if you are told otherwise. You will regularly be approached to change into a medical gown and to get rid things that may influence the magnetic imaging, for example, - Jewelry - Hairpins - Eyeglasses - Watches - Wigs - Dentures - Hearing aids - Underwire bras - Cosmetics containing metal particles The MRI machine resembles a long tight cylinder that has the two ends open. You rest on a mobile table that slides into the kickoff of the cylinder. A technologist screens you from another room. You can chat with the individual via a microphone. In the event that you are claustrophobic and are scared of tight spaces, you may be given medication to assist you with relaxing. You may feel drowsy and will be less anxious throughout the procedure if you take the medication. However, the majority of the people are able to go through the MRI scan without any trouble. The MRI machine makes a solid attractive field around you, and radio waves are aimed at your body. The methodology is easy. You don't feel the magnetic field or radio waves, and there are no moving parts around you. During the MRI scan, the inside aspect of the magnet produces tedious tapping, pounding and different commotions. You may be given earplugs or have music playing to help block the commotion. At times, a differentiation material, ordinarily gadolinium, will be infused through an intravenous (IV) line into a vein in your grasp or arm. The differentiation material improves certain subtleties. However, gadolinium infrequently causes hypersensitive responses. An MRI can last somewhere in the range of 15 minutes to over 60 minutes. You should keep still since any movement can obscure the subsequent pictures. During a practical MRI, you may be solicited to play out a number from little undertakings, for example, tapping your thumb against your fingers, scouring a square of sandpaper or addressing straightforward inquiries. This helps pinpoint the bits of your mind that control these activities. In the event that you haven't been quieted, you can continue your standard exercises following the scan. A doctor who has received special training to decipher MRIs (radiologist) will break down the pictures from your output and report the discoveries to your primary care physician. Your primary care physician will talk about significant discoveries and subsequent stages with you.
Types of MRIs
Not all MRIs are equivalent to each other. The type of MRI that is advised by the doctor relies upon a patient's needs. While costs do shift contingent upon the part of the body getting the MRI scan, the expense is most extraordinarily affected by geographic area just as the center where the scan is taking place. By and large, MRIs extend in cost from $400 to $3,500. Probably the most well-known MRI checks include: - Head MRI: Scan of the mind and nerve tissues. It is most usually used to recognize and analyze neurological conditions. - Spinal MRI: Scan centers around specific regions of the spine to recognize wounds, nerve harm and tumors. - Cardiovascular MRI: Scan of the heart and significant veins to evaluate heart wellbeing and capacity. Pictures in a heart MRI can be still or moving. - Pelvic MRI: Scan of the region of the body close to the hip bones. Notwithstanding the pelvic bones, the sweep additionally shows pictures of the bladder, lymph hubs and reproductive organs. Experts perform MRIs on different areas of the body also, including knees, lower legs and wrists. These are regularly more affordable than MRI outputs of internal organs. It is likewise regular for patients to require a full-body MRI, which can be both tedious and costly.
Does your location affect the cost of an MRI?
The state where you belong and get your MRI from can likewise influence the total expenses. Most of the time, it's more affordable to get a MRI at an independent facility that centers around imaging, and it's more costly to get a MRI at a medical clinic or hospital. Medical clinics have more overhead than centers, and that all will in general get folded into the cost. It's likewise essential to take note of that if the medical clinic has an emergency center, that can drive up the expense. Emergency centers are committed to treat patients whether or not they have protection, and when patients don't have inclusion, the emergency clinic by and large just loses those assets. At last, that needs to get consumed by different offices at the medical clinic. Interestingly, private and/or independent centers commonly just observe individuals with coverage or those who can stand to pay cash from their own pockets. Therefore, these offices don't need to blow up their expenses to cover patients who can't take care of their tabs. In the event that you need to get a good deal on your MRI cost, you might need to go to an independent facility instead of a medical clinic. You may likewise need to do some correlation shopping and search for an office that is happy to offer money limits or installment plans.
How to get a cheap MRI without insurance?
MRI scans can distinguish an immense scope of medical problems, and if your doctor has suggested an MRI, you ought to get one. Tragically, however, these tests can be costly. In case you're stressed over the expense of an MRI, here are a few things you could do that might help you save a few bucks: Do not go to the Emergency Room In the event that conceivable, don't get your MRI in a trauma center. Crisis offices are infamous for being the most costly aspect of the clinic to run. These divisions need to look after staff, hardware, and framework on a day in and day out premise which can be costly all alone, however they are likewise legitimately needed to treat all patients, whether or not or not they have protection. Subsequently, trauma centers stall out with a ton of unpaid bills, and to cover those misfortunes, they need to build their different costs. Go to a Freestanding Imaging Clinic Preferably, to keep the expense of your MRI as low as could reasonably be expected, you should go to a detached facility. These offices frequently don't have the bartering intensity of enormous clinics. Accordingly, they need to charge rates that safety net providers will pay, and frequently, their rates are directed by Medicare, which assists with keeping them low. Past that, these focuses utilize their imaging hardware all day consistently. That implies that there are more patients to pay, and the imaging community can spread the expenses for hardware support and upkeep between a few patients. Interestingly, if a trauma center or an emergency clinic just uses their gear on occasion, they need to spread the expenses between only a small bunch of patients. That drives up costs.
How much is the copay for an MRI?
Magnetic resonance imaging utilizes an intense magnetic field and radio waves to make pictures of the body. MRI scans are utilized to distinguish anomalies, contaminations, wounds, tumors and other clinical issues. At times, the results from an MRI can deliver even more clear pictures than an X-ray or CT scan. Most MRIs are normally secured by health care coverage when considered therapeutically fundamental. In the event that deductibles are met, common out of pocket charges comprise of copays of $20-$100 for the doctor's visit and for the entire process.
Can I get an MRI scan without a referral?
Like conventional imaging places your primary care physician can arrange the output and get the outcomes legitimately in the event that you like, yet you can likewise arrange the MRI filter yourself and see a specialist if the assessment is anomalous. On the off chance that you do require a specialist we can assist you with finding the correct proficient to help treat your indications. Notwithstanding, some imaging habitats require a physician's instruction before they can plan your MRI. Hence, you can explore different online websites where you can get a referral from a specialist who will survey your case and afterward send the request if clinically suitable.
What is an MRI scan used for?
Given below are the examples given of situations in which an MRI scanner would be utilized: - any abnormality of the brain and spinal cord - tumors, cysts, or other abnormalities - breast cancer screening - any anomaly or injury of the joints, such as the back and knee - certain types of heart problems - liver diseased or any problems in any other abdominal organs - the analysis of pelvic pain in women, such as fibroids and endometriosis - suspected uterine irregularities in ladies going through assessment for infertility
How much does an MRI for different body parts cost?
Have you ever wondered how much an MRI for the brain costs? How much does an MRI for the shoulder cost? And, what about the heart? The cost for MRI scan depends on various factors such as the specific parts of the body that are receiving the scan (MRI brain cost, Head MRI, Spinal MRI, etc.), the type of approach that is administered; plain or contrast. Here is a list of the MRI costs of different organs and body parts: Brain: $1600 - $8400 Neck: $500 - $11800 Abdomen: $1600 - $7600 Pelvis: $500 - $7900 Chest/ Thorax: $500 - $7900 Whole Spine: $1000 - $5000 Shoulder: $400 - $700
Conclusion
Now that you know about the cost of an MRI without insurance, you are aware of how much you will have to pay. So, what are you waiting for? Go and get yourself checked and stay healthy. Read the full article
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Back Story with Dana Lewis on Wuhan and Pandemic origins
Speaker 1: (00:00) Dr. Fauci. Do you still support funding of the NIH funding of the lab and Wu Han Senator Rand with all due respect, you are entirely, entirely and completely incorrect that the NIH has not ever and does not now fund gain of function research in the Wu Han Institute. Do they fight Dr. Barrack We do not fund your barracks gain of function research. Dr. Barrett does not doing gain of function research, and if it is it's according to the guidelines and it is being conducted in North Carolina. Speaker 2: (00:46) Hi everyone. And welcome to another edition of backstory. I'm Dana Lewis, that was Dr. Anthony Fauci and Republican Senator ran poll squaring off over the origins of coronavirus. Paul accusing the national institutes of health of funding, risky Chinese research into bat coronaviruses in Wu Han. The research is called gain of function, which turbocharges viruses to spread to humans. The idea being that scientists can then anticipate the next pandemic outbreak in a laboratory it's risky science because there have been numerous lab escapes of the viruses on this backstory was COVID 19 created in the [inaudible] Dana Lewis / Host : (01:34) Lab. Did it escape? Did the Chinese cover it up? All right. Joining me now all the way from Taiwan is Dr. Stephen Quay. Hi, Steven. Dr. Steven Quay: (01:50) Hi, Dana. How are you doing great. Dana Lewis / Host : (01:51) Before we launch into the theories of the origins of COVID-19, let's just establish who you are, because it's important, right? Because we're talking about science. So you are part of the Paris group, which as I understand is a couple of dozen, just over a couple of dozen scientists with, um, some of them are mathematicians. They're not scientists, there's a lot of different disciplines in there, but that group was formed because, and what is its raise on Detra? Dr. Steven Quay: (02:21) It's mainly a curiosity around the origin. Um, everybody has, you know, pretty busy day jobs of, of one form or another, but we've committed to meeting once a month, uh, by zoom, um, for about four hours. And we usually have someone in the group where we have a group, someone outside the group present, uh, some scientific aspect of it. Uh, and then we have discussions. I mean, we've, we've put out two letters, uh, publicly to, um, support the who into, into support investigations, further investigations. And that occupies some of our time, uh, the logistics of getting those letters done on the sword. But, uh, and Dana Lewis / Host : (02:55) You are a doctor of what and what is really your specialty and your Dr. Steven Quay: (02:58) Strength. So, uh, I have an MD PhD, PhDs in chemistry, uh, taught at Stanford medical school for about 10 years. Yeah, it's a, it's pretty good school down there in the mid peninsula of California. Uh, my, uh, uh, residency was at the mass general at Harvard and I was in a Nobel prize winners laboratory at MIT. So during the day I was learning to be a doctor and at night I was doing photochemistry across the river at MIT. You're not a geologist. I know I haven't, I've invented a treatment for, uh, for a particular, uh, influenza, uh, using sir. And a, so I have 87 patents and I've invented, uh, seven drugs that are FDA approved, including the gadolinium that's used for MRI contrast. So, uh, about 80 million people have used that drug. So, uh, I'm, uh, I'm, I'm a really nerdy scientist. This is probably the core of Steve cuase. Uh, back in the day, 20, 30 years ago, I would take, take home an inch of before the internet, an inch of scientific papers that I xeroxed. And that was my sitting on the patio with a drink on Sunday afternoon. Uh, this is the way I spent my weekends. So fast-forward, I now do it on the internet. Dana Lewis / Host : (04:08) Let's talk about the origins of COVID-19 because you were also, I understand a signatory to this letter, um, from again about 26 scientists. I don't know if they're the same as the Paris group. I know some of them overlap, um, which essentially essentially says to the, who look, your investigation was flawed from the beginning, the, the membership, uh, that Chinese demanded in terms of the scientists that were on that panel essentially gave the Chinese government a veto and your findings. You tell me how you want to put it diplomatically, uh, just don't hold water. And we need to start Dr. Steven Quay: (04:48) Again. Uh, yes, that's essentially what the letter says. And, um, you know, there was a second letter that actually tried to offer a blueprint of, if you are going to start again, th these are the people you need. This is, these are the skill set of the people you involve. These are the steps you should take, et cetera, et cetera. So tried to lay it out pretty clear. Um, so with any sort of impetus, they have, they have the tools they need to do it right. A second time, Dana Lewis / Host : (05:13) The lineup on the theories, there, there is one that says maybe it was in bats and then it jumped to another host, and then it became, um, you know, it was then transmitted to humans and, and, uh, was able to replicate in humans and grow the other is a lab escape. Dr. Steven Quay: (05:32) Yeah. So, um, I've written a basing analysis of what, uh, of those two theories. Uh, I uploaded it on Zanotta. I think in the end of January, it's been viewed 140,000 times. So just for perspective, I written about 360 publications, scientific publications on various fields in that, uh, this one is one or two orders of magnitude, better than anything else I've ever written. The Bayesean Dana Lewis / Host : (05:58) Is kind of, um, of statistical math formulations on what are the odds, right. And, and I understand that you think through your Basie and calculations, um, that a lab origin was 99.8% possibility. Dr. Steven Quay: (06:18) Yes. Uh, in the legal standard is called beyond a reasonable doubt. So, um, basically it is a three-step process. You, you establish a prior probability based on whatever, you can get your hands on, you do an experiment and you see which way it leans. You drop it into base equation, which is a very simple bit of math. My eighth grade daughter does it routinely. And then you get a new unit to get a new outcome. So 26 pieces of evidence were run. My starting hypothesis was 98% probability. It came from nature. But as you said, I ended up, uh, greater than 99% from the laboratory. Okay. So let's Dana Lewis / Host : (06:53) Kind of walk through this a little bit. Um, first of all, in terms of hosts, if you go back after an outbreak of a pandemic, you generally find patient zero, and then you, uh, or patient number one or whatever it's called. And then you go back and you find the animal hosts. Um, in SARS 2003, there was an, an immediate host. So that was a, that was Dr. Steven Quay: (07:16) A cat. Yeah, it's called the civic cat. It was found four months after the first year patient. Dana Lewis / Host : (07:23) Then in 2013 with mirrors a camel, Dr. Steven Quay: (07:28) It took 10 months, but you're exactly right. It was the Campbell's SARS. We're more than a year into this 16 months, eight 80,000 samples of various animals around China. I mean, one of the biases is that you, you absolutely know China has to be motivated to find it in nature, right? I mean, I think that's an intrinsic either bias or preference, but so after testing 80,000 animals and not finding a single case of it, um, to me, that's one of the most screaming pieces of evidence that came out of the, who study that really needs to be addressed. Dana Lewis / Host : (08:02) Chinese would say they just never came from China that you need to go look in Thailand and Thailand or somewhere Dr. Steven Quay: (08:06) Else. One of the, one of the problems with any of this theory is the, the, the virus keeps a clock or a calendar or a diary. However you want to describe it, but basically you can use mutational analysis and phylogenetics to say which virus came before, which virus and therefore put them in chronologic order. Um, that is one of the important things I do in the Basie and analysis is the, the genetic patient zero. I don't believe it's patient. I don't believe it is the actual patient zero cause it's December 20th, thereabouts, but what's from a PLA hospital, every patient and every specimen from the seafood market is downstream from that. Uh, every, every Dana Lewis / Host : (08:46) Patient close to the Wuhan Institute of virology, by the Dr. Steven Quay: (08:51) Way. Yes. I mean, I, I actually did a separate investigation where, which concludes what I call the line to COVID conduit, which is, is basically looking at which hospitals where the December patients wind with the assumption that they went to the nearest hospital for where they live kind of, and then which, which of the nine subway lines they were near, all hospitals were along line too. And that is a, like a 180,000 probability, Dana Lewis / Host : (09:19) Right? Why is it important? Where does line to run to and Dr. Steven Quay: (09:21) From, I have some very unique features. So it's the closest station to the one in sort of neurology. So, uh, if, if a, if a, an asymptomatic worker came out and took the subway and they would go downstairs, it carries 1 million people a day in normal times, you know, obviously back then before that. So that's, so if you imagine it's a back and forth for people from the suburbs going to work as a half a million people, and that's probably coincidentally, but nonetheless, the number of people have infections. They said they had an in, in Ruan was 500,000. It also has the wet market as its closest, uh, is it's close to subway station. And in fact, the who said they had a map of the infections inside the wet market and they're they're asymmetric. So the west entrance has more infections than the east entrance. Dr. Steven Quay: (10:09) And it's the west end entrance that is closest to the line to subway. Now it gets really cool for amplification because the next station from the, from the, from the wet market is the station where the high-speed rail goes. So from that station, you can go to any corner in China that the high-speed rail services in a matter of hours, if you continue to the end of line to your, at the international airport. So you can literally go from the oneness neurology downstairs, never go outside again and come out doors in London or Paris or Dubai or Houston, um, being entirely indoors. So, uh, I'm, I'm really looking for someone to help me with an analysis show, how much amplification that subway connection probably had, because it's independent of whether it came from the market or the lab. It satisfies both of those, but carrying a half a million people a year and having those two major conduits inside of China and into the world, it probably is part of the reason this thing spreads so aggressively, where do you Dana Lewis / Host : (11:12) Think COVID-19 began? Some people trace it back to, uh, a bat cave, um, where several minors became sick. Uh, I think three of them died and those samples were later taken to the Wu Han lab, uh, where they were doing work on them, trying to understand the bad viruses. And if an indeed it came from a bad at all, it came from a cave. Dr. Steven Quay: (11:37) Yeah. Yeah. So, so we know that that again, after 16 months and literally thousands of animal testings looking for closest relatives, um, the closest relative is inside the came from inside. The one is a virology, a bad call, a bad virus called ROTG 13. It was collected in 2013. Uh, in those in they'll say minds with the miners were sick. Um, there were, uh, there were literally hundreds of samples collected and there, there are eight really critical ones that we would love to have the sequences for because we've seen phylogenetic tree. So Dr. She has, you know, done done presentations and she's, she's teased us with these other seven that are very, very close to our 13, but no one in the world knows outside of the one Institute knows what their sequences are. Uh, I think a lot of us suspect that probably a closer relative in the actual precursor to the gain of function research that led to SARS cov two is one of those other seven. My take is RTG is too far. Uh, you've got to come up with 1100 changes to get from RTG to deciders Coby to, I can do about 600 with kind of two quick things in the lab, but the other, the other 500 are, are too difficult. We know Dana Lewis / Host : (12:52) That that lab at one point was doing gain of function, which is essentially a scientific, uh, scientific term where you scientists and it's very controversial. It was banned in the United States at one point where scientists work with viruses and they try to strengthen them and try and determine when they may through mutations, jumped to humans and thereby head off the next pandemic. And then, you know, there's been a lot of denials by the Chinese that they were doing gain a function. And yet it, it was published at one point that the, the bat lady, the woman who ran the lab essentially was indeed doing gain a function, but did that lead to COVID-19? So you, do you want to, you want to try and string some of that together for me? Dr. Steven Quay: (13:34) Well, there's, uh, look a doctor, she, Dr. Barrack have worked together. Uh, they are either they're one and two, and you can, you can pick, which is which it depends on the day and in the year probably, but they're the number one and two coronavirus, uh, scientists in the world, uh, doing synthetic biology, which is gaining function, which is basically taking them apart, putting them back, back together, mixing, mixing pieces from different species of viruses, Dana Lewis / Host : (14:00) A backbone or element Dr. Steven Quay: (14:02) Well, well, with, with, with, they're always, they're always a bad virus backbone. So, so this Corona virus, no matter where it ends up, started at some point in time in bats and whether the intermediate host is a, is a camel or a civet or, or something else, uh, in this case, we think it's probably a humanized mice. Um, but nonetheless, and, and then, and then it jumps to humans, but what's Dana Lewis / Host : (14:24) A humanized mice mouse. Dr. Steven Quay: (14:27) Yeah. It's a little, it's a little scary, but so you take, you take a mouse embryo and you put human genes into the embryo. Um, so that when it's born, it's a, it's a mouse, but it has human lungs, respiratory system. So if you want to test what will happen precisely in humans, uh, it's, it's a great model for that. Now, Dr. Barrick developed that model and he, his mice physically went from North Carolina to, to the one Institute that's documented again and in publications where she, she thanks him for his mice. It just sounds Dana Lewis / Host : (15:00) Like dark arts, quite frankly, but I'm not a scientist, Dr. Steven Quay: (15:04) You know, it's well, it's, it's, it is. Um, and by the way, Dana Lewis / Host : (15:08) I mean, I'm not, I'm not altogether naive either because I've talked to, I, you know, I, I was based in Russia covering biological, chemical, uh, warfare, the dismantling of the former Soviet union's, um, incredible programs and, uh, an assistant secretary of defense, not a Republican or Democrat in that case under the Obama administration told me that, um, the gain of function research is highly controversial and should be banned and was banned. And, uh, it's high, high risk, you know, again, a dark art in, in, uh, in essence. Dr. Steven Quay: (15:44) Well, it absolutely is, again, in my basing analysis, I talked about the fact that it's, it's absolutely published for 30 years. There has been on average 0.9. So that rounds to one, one laboratory acquired infection per year in Asia. So, uh, these are, these are Cyrus, COVID one, uh, you know, other viruses one a year. So, um, you know, you're just playing Russian roulette with, uh, the 7 billion people on the planet. Dana Lewis / Host : (16:08) There is no good explanation. Uh, I'm reading this, this, this was written by Nicholas Wade, who I interviewed about a week ago. There is no explanation of why a natural epidemic should break out and Wu Han and nowhere else, there is no good explanation of how the virus acquired. And I'm hoping you can explain this it's furin cleavage site, which no other SARS related beta Corona virus possesses. What does that mean? Dr. Steven Quay: (16:37) Yeah. So it's one of my five facts that I, that I talk about that are not in dispute. So there, there are five facts about this event that every person, every scientist agrees to, but they, and they all lead to the conclusion that came from a laboratory. So one of them is, is this unusual fear in sight? Okay. So the spike protein is how the virus gets into cells. It's basically like a key and the lock that the cell has is called [inaudible]. So it's a protein on the surface of your lung cells and the spike protein binds to it. And then a second step has to happen where the other part of the spike protein makes a hole in your membrane and injects the RNA, and then it takes over the cell and then it makes a million of its own copies. So in order for this, so th this, this, the spike protein is one big protein. Dr. Steven Quay: (17:26) So in order to do that physical process of injecting the RNA, it has to actually physically move and, and the, and the, and the, the, the binding part, you got the binding parts of the ACE two, and you've got the other Proctor. This part has to physically move like a hundred nanometers, which is a huge distance on a molecular level to get the, to get, to let the RNA go into the cell. So the spike protein has to be clipped. So most spike, most beta coronaviruses clip it at a place called [inaudible] one, there's only a couple enzymes that will clip it there, which means there were only a couple kinds of cells that it can go into. So we've known since 1992, 11 different laboratories have done a new doctor, Dr. Barrick and doctor. She had the willingness to dos since 1992, 11 labs have put fear in, in coronaviruses and 11, 11 times it does one thing. It makes it either more, in fact, more transmissible or more lethal or all of the above. Uh, and the reason is it, it gives a new way of activating that spike protein with, uh, with an enzyme called furin, which is our enzyme. So basically the, the virus is very economical. It doesn't bother having an enzyme to activate itself. It knows with this, with this new, pure insight, uh, that we'll be able to get into a cell. Dana Lewis / Host : (18:39) You've never found fear in cleavage sites in natural occurring, uh, proteins, or what do you want to Dr. Steven Quay: (18:46) Call it? So, so look at the virus. Kingdom is very big. So influenza uses them all the time, all the time. Um, certain other viruses use them all the time, beta coronaviruses and never seem to use them. So, so we've, we have over 2000 sequences of beta Krone viruses from nature. And the number of Ference sites is zero. It was one is, so I was going to be too. So there's no natural fear on site, in any beta coronavirus. That's just, I mean, look at zero out of 2000, you asked a statistician what the incidence in the population is, and it's, it's, you know, under a 10th of a percent, Dana Lewis / Host : (19:22) It tells you, it tells you what about COVID-19 that fear in Cleveland site? Dr. Steven Quay: (19:28) So it has, it has it, but, Dana Lewis / Host : (19:31) And it tells you what about the fact that it has it Dr. Steven Quay: (19:34) Okay. So if there's, it doesn't, it tells you it was lab created well, yeah, so basically, yes, it's never been found in nature in that class of viruses and in, in, in 11 virus, in Landon laboratory, since 1992, it's purposely been put in, uh, including coronaviruses to make them more effective. So that's one layer of the, of the fear site, which makes it special. I call it the, the immaculate immaculate cleavage site, because it literally has to be if it came from nature, um, the next level is the genetic level. So the, the, the fear inside is four amino acids in a row. Now I worked with golden Cron at MIT. You've got the Nobel prize for the genetic code. So there's three basis in the code for every amino acid. So it's, it's redundant. So, so your genetic blueprint that makes proteins has three nucleotides, one amino acid, three one three one three one. Dr. Steven Quay: (20:30) So there's six different three letter words for one of the amino acids in the Ference. I call our genie there's six different words for the same amino acid. It's redundant humans, like a particular letter word CGG bad. Coronaviruses hate CGG out of the 64. So if there's four nucleotides and three letters in a coat on, you know, that's, that's, you know, that that is 64 different possible codes. So the least popular code on for Corona viruses is CGG they hate it. They absolutely hate it. And yet here it is, here are two of them together. Now I've looked at 580,000 Cotons in beta coronaviruses with the help of a computer. And there are not, there is not a single example of, of the, of the two together. CGG CGG next to each other, Dana Lewis / Host : (21:28) Back to Nicholas Wade last line, where he says the natural emergence theory battles of bristling array of implausibilities. Dr. Steven Quay: (21:38) Yeah. So, so I've been, uh, you know, I've been working with Nicholas for about six months weekly, uh, with, uh, with, uh, you know, some of the science behind, behind some of his writing. So, yes. Um, so that, that's a very that's, that's absolutely weird. Now, why, why would the flip side of that is, is there a, is there a laboratory reason why you'd put CGG CGG in, because if you think about it, if you've got six possibilities for the first Argentine six for the second that's 36 combinations, right? Dana Lewis / Host : (22:10) I mean, why would you, why, why as a scientist, would you put Dr. Steven Quay: (22:14) It in? Yes, exactly. Why is a scientist? Would you put it in? So we know that nature is never going to put it in in 580,000 code ons. It's never appeared there before. So nature hates it. Why in the heck would a scientist do it? If there's 36 possibilities, it's very simple. There's a, there, there, there is an old technique where if you, if you inserted something genetically and you want it to follow it in your experiments, you would put in what's called a restriction site. So you'd put in a set of amino acids that gets clipped by a, by an enzyme. You can buy off the shelf. And then when you run a gel, if the protein isn't, if it's still in there and intact, the protein runs very high on a gelatin. And then if it's been cut accidentally or it's been lost or something, you don't see it. So it's, it's a very common laboratory technique. The one in suits that they've been doing it for years, where you, you, you know, when you do an assertion, you purposely put in one of the restriction sites, so you can follow it in the laboratory. Uh, that's the only one of the 36 that has a restriction site like that. So a lot of motivation for putting that in there. Dana Lewis / Host : (23:23) Well, the allegations have been that, um, the us national Institute of health provided funding for gain of function, experiments, and move on. And then you had this very telling, uh, Senate intelligence committee investigation last week, where a representative, um, Republican Senator, sorry, ran poll then, you know, gets in this, w what looks almost like a court examination with Dr. Fowchee, um, who was the head of the national Institute of health, um, were you in front of this group kind of categorically say that COVID-19 could not have occurred through serial passage in a laboratory Fowchee? I do not have accounting of what the Chinese may have done. I'm fully in favor of further investigation of what went on in China. However, I'll repeat again, the NIH and the NIH aid category, categorically had not fund funded gain of function research to be conducted in the Wu Han Institute of neurology. Does that ring hollow? Dr. Steven Quay: (24:23) Um, I think it does. I mean, it may be, you know, in a really lawyerly court, like way, you know, there's a technicality. So what we have is we have the grants that EcoHealth was funded, and we have the subcontracts to, to sort of Realogy inside those grants. So we know exactly what was expected of the WIB inside the grant that EcoHealth got from NAA ID, which is funky cheese, uh, Dr. [inaudible], uh, work it's clearly, it's clearly a gain of function research. Now, the money didn't go from, from an NIH to Han and went from NIH to eco health, to Wu Han, if that really is what he's relying on, it's, it's disappointing, but, um, I don't have another explanation. Now, he actually also said during that interview that there was no gain of function research being done. And I think on the face of it, the document, the not on the face of the documents that are available to the public, uh, you don't have to even do a foil request. Dr. Steven Quay: (25:22) You can just go online in the NIH. You can see, uh, they're describing Ghana function research in the five-year grant that was funded the fund of the one Institute. They don't call it, gain a function. We don't call it, gain a function, but to describe, but what they describe is gain of function. So the gain of function is a very broad definition of just increasing the, the, the transmissibility lethality, uh, or infectivity of a, of a, of a virus in human, in human population, uh, and using humanized mice and, and improving in purposely causing testing to test for spillover potential is exactly that the, the, I mean, it's, again, I will try to pretend to be interested in what they were doing. So the idea was, can I deal with how close to SARS cov one, so we know Colby wants spilled over, and then we know that there are these virus that are 60% similar in 70% and 80% of the 9%. Literally what they were saying is what percent doesn't have to be like SARS Coby one. So we know it spills over, and then we can use that number to go out in nature and say, well, here's a virus that's 85. So it's not likely here's one that's 92. So it's likely giving them the benefit of the doubt. That's probably what they were trying to do. But, um, we know we know what the outcome is. Dana Lewis / Host : (26:36) Steven, just a couple of quick questions as well, before I let you go. The, um, the data that was online, some of it from the Wu had labs, some of it that you required a password. I understand all of this appears in September, it's taken down in September. So October, November, you know, some three months before the official outbreak, although a lot of people think that they already had cases well into November. Um, what, what do you make of that? And how important is that data Dr. Steven Quay: (27:10) Critically important? I mean, uh, 3:00 AM, September 19th, the server that was available for the world for most of it. And it also did have a password protected carbon, but, you know, Steve quake could have gotten on it the day before, but it's taken offline. Uh, now they, they slept up and they said, well, it's taken offline because of hackers around the COVID infection. And then they realized, oh my gosh, this was in September. So I'm not sure. They're still saying that's a pretty big slip up. Well, it's, it's, it's out there. I mean, that's, that's how it is with cameras anyway, but, um, it's not available to this day. So I asked Peter dash Jackie in a, in a public forum here, uh, maybe two months ago, uh, where if, uh, if he would provide access to those files, uh, and he literally said, it's, it's on the record there that, um, he knows what's in them. He's looked at them and there's nothing there of interest. Uh, and that I, then that that's the basis for not providing them Dana Lewis / Host : (28:05) And show him, show him to the world, because right now that lab is under look. I mean, I, I think you, you tell me if this is an overstatement, but it seems to me that there is a consensus amongst the scientific community. Now that at the very least there are huge gaping, uh, gaps in the China, Chinese official story on that lab. So if you want your lab, if you really want to support your, your suggestion to the world, that it didn't originate in the lab, then make all the data available. That's the best thing that they could do right now to the who or Dr. Steven Quay: (28:38) Whoever agreed, uh, whether they would do that or not as is a political question. Dana Lewis / Host : (28:45) Right. Okay. So we we've, but that, that it does still exist. We think, Dr. Steven Quay: (28:50) Oh, I hope so. I hope so. Are we ever going to get to the bottom of this? Well, see, it's an interesting question because, um, with my analysis, all of my evidence is circumstantial, but I remind people that, you know, uh, there are many sort of murder trials in which all of the evidence is circumstantial. And yet we quite routinely can determine, uh, the guilt of, of someone with a proper process and adjudication and, and, and, and getting to beyond a reasonable doubt. So despite it being circumstantial, I believe it's, it's strong enough at this point in time to conclude, uh, again, beyond a reasonable doubt that it came from the laboratory that the, the key thing to remember with, with, uh, these coronavirus pandemics is there's three components. There's the intermediate is there's the host, the animal hosts, the humans and the virus. This is the only one in which it's a singularity that is, there seems to be only one animal because we can't find any in nature. So there's, there's one animal. Um, all the, all the human cases go back through one patient at the PLA hospital in muon. So when president Trump got it, you can follow the mutations to his virus back to the PLO hospitals. So there's a single area there. Um, and, and the, and the, and the sequences inside the virus. Uh, so, and I'm sorry, the, the patient there's absolutely no patients before December who had any hint of this, of this, uh, infection. So it is a true singularity, Dana Lewis / Host : (30:17) One animal, one patient, one virus, one animal, because normally it takes a virus time to become more and more transmissible. There should be a trail of patience. Dr. Steven Quay: (30:27) Oh yeah, exactly. And again, they, so in my basing analysis, I looked at, at, at stored specimens, uh, in Taiwan, in China, I had about 2000 of them in the public record. None of which had SARS COVID two. So the, who has actually updated that. So they, there are 10,000 specimens, um, in that they reported on their, in their report with zero, uh, serial conversion before the first date. So nobody out of 10,000 in an archive specimens had had SARS COVID two, what is the MERS or SARS Coby, one history they're one to 4%. So that means a hundred to 400 samples should have seen. It should be. There should be evidence of Cyrus. Kogi two in a hundred to 400 specimens out of two, out of a 10,000, there was zero. Dana Lewis / Host : (31:10) The reason why we just spent 30 minutes talking about this and why you're spending part of your career studying this and why so many other scientists are looking at it is because in order to understand the next pandemic, you have to, you need to trace back the origins of this one. Can I ask you something that occurs to me? And you can tell me whether it's ridiculous or not, but in trying to fight this pandemic and come to terms with what COVID-19 is, is it important that we understand it was created in the lab? Does it make it a very different pandemic and a very different fight? Dr. Steven Quay: (31:45) Uh, he has one, it seems to me it has one, um, one aspect of the design of a virus that escapes that causes a pandemic, uh, that I think is, is interesting and worth talking about. So the downside is that it is clearly pre adapted for humans. So when SARS Colby one first jumped into humans, it had only 17% of all the, the, the, the ch the mutation changes that needed to cause that initial epidemic 17%, uh, this one has 99.6% at the get-go. So the downside is it was very pre adapted. So it spread very quickly, very widely. And that was the first wave of it. There actually is an upside to that, which is, it has very little genetic runway, very little movement to improve. So in the spike protein, there are only five, uh, five positions that it could mutate at to get better at, uh, from, from it's from the initial case, it turns out what we called the UK strain that the British strain that was, you know, started in the fall and spread. That was one of the five. So, and now Dana Lewis / Host : (32:55) About the very end, that's Dr. Steven Quay: (32:57) Another one. So it's, so it's used up two of the five possible improvements, uh, in the spike protein in terms of binding. So, um, that's somehow to me, encouraging that, this thing, uh, that we've seen the worst of it, and these variants are not going to be able to, um, to have much impact. Uh, I did another analysis and theirs looked like there's, there's eight, uh, epitopes. So the, the human immune system sees eight separate things on the spike protein when it sees this virus. So it makes eight different kinds of antibodies. And at this point in time, the Indian strain has only gotten rid of two of those eight. So we still have 75% of the epitopes are the same. Uh, you know, when I was teaching at Stanford, 75 was a C, but in, but in immunology, that's a pass fail, and that's a strong pass. You probably have to get well below 50% to do have an issue Dana Lewis / Host : (33:49) There, roadmap on where we will be in a year or three from now, with this virus. Dr. Steven Quay: (33:55) No, I said a year ago now, unfortunately, 7 billion people have to either get the virus and get the vaccine. Um, and I'm afraid I haven't changed that tune yet. We're years away from that. That is unfortunately, that's the analysis, Steven, Dana Lewis / Host : (34:11) Last word to you. And I thank you for your time on, on all of this, just wrapping it together. Dr. Steven Quay: (34:17) Well, you know, I think that, uh, my belief is that as a gain of function research project, uh, my belief is that there is a way forward for gain of function research to be done on a different structure. Uh, I'm going to be pro proposing that publicly in the next few months, uh, when I put together a consortium around how that should be conducted. Um, but I think absent that we're just going to do this again with another virus in, uh, in another decade or another few years, Dana Lewis / Host : (34:45) Or just ban gain a functional together. Dr. Steven Quay: (34:48) We could, that, that would be the easiest. Uh, I'm willing to, to find a middle road if that, if that is, uh, is possible, Dana Lewis / Host : (34:57) Steven CUI from Taiwan, Steven, great to talk to you, thank you so much for taking all that science and trying to make it as digestible as possible. And I appreciate Dr. Steven Quay: (35:05) Very much thank you, Dana, for focusing on this. It's an important issue. Speaker 2: (35:14) So why was there a scientific split on using the term gain of function in the [inaudible] lab? Why do we hear Dr. Fowchee say there was no gain of function? Well, I'm no scientist, but Dr. Richard E. Bright, a professor of chemistry and chemical biology at Rutgers university and a biosafety expert contested Dr. Anthony [inaudible] testimony before the committee saying that felt she's claim made during the exchange with ran poll that the national institutes of health has not ever, and does not now fund gain of function research in the Wu Han Institute of neurology is demonstrably false. According to Ebrary, at least some of the NIH funded research conducted in Wu Han equivocally qualifies as gain of function e-brake was quoted as saying he bride claims that the work being conducted at the Wu Han Institute using us funds a pit of Mises gain of function research, and is the exact kind of research that led the Obama administration to conclude that gain of function was too dangerous to continue domestically. Speaker 2: (36:28) And it was in fact banned in the U S in 2014, following a series of lab accidents. And after a petition signed by 300 scientists, demanded a moratorium on gain of function. The ban was later lifted after a review by a secret government panel in gain of function, experiments were allowed to go forward. The Obama administration's ban was lifted in 2017 under then president Trump. That's our backstory and the origins of COVID-19 subscribed to our newsletter. If you like Dana Lewis dot [inaudible] dot com, and please share this podcast so that others can listen. I'm Dana Lewis. Thanks for listening. And I'll talk to you again soon. 
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capillata · 6 years
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wheresonichedgehogwnt replied to your post “I start radiation in the next 30 days (well he said ‘within the month’...”
This is going to sound weird, but thank goodness your doc has a panel of their peers to take your case to, because that sounds super complex and sometimes it takes twenty opinionated experts citing papers and smacking each other down for three hours to come to a good decision in complex cases Which doesn't make it any less frustrating for you, but I'm glad a bunch of experts are going to have to come to a hard-fought consensus for you, if that makes sense?
Yah, it’s the nature of the disease though. Like no one with SDHD or SDHB would be surprised to have this happen: 
So far I have been discussed amongst: a panel of endocrinologists (within the state and Australia-wide), a team of vascular surgeons, a team of ENT surgeons, a team of a neuro/vascular/ENT surgeons (each the heads of their respective departments and taking point on my case) and registrars, and now a panel of radiation oncologists (and presumably their registrars). 
Like, for this condition there is: 
- No grading system for the severity of the disease. (Not recognised globally or per country). 
- No understanding of how the genetic defect affects the body outside of the tumours. ‘Surely Succinate Dehydrogenase defects re: the ATP cycle is bad but there’s no funding for that so just...tell us your symptoms and we’ll note them down and be unable to confirm if that’s the defect or not cheers.’ 
- Not being able to determine if the primary tumours are benign or malignant. Latest science says they are now all malignant because of the way they behave and the complexity of treatment, even in the absence of metastasis.
- No consensus on whether it should be called ‘cancer’ or not (now leaning towards ‘cancer’ - but not all my specialists agree. Surgeons call it cancer. GP calls it cancer. Endo says ‘well we don’t know yet because the paperwork isn’t official’ and RO says ‘um.’ Differs by country and field of speciality. Oncologists say ‘it’s basically cancer, but also not quite, but basically, but not - but we treat it like it is, so...baSICALLY...’) 
- No understanding of why some people’s conditions metastasise and others don’t. As in: no determining risk factors, and with no grading system, no way to go ‘stage 4 has X chance whereas stage 1 is X.’ 
- No understanding of why some get tumours younger and some don’t, they think it’s down to gene penetrance, but they’re not sure. 
- No global agreement on treatment protocols (even on surgery vs. radiotherapy vs. lutate (chemo) vs. abstaining). 
- No agreement on the basic testing protocols like should it be plasma metanephrines, 24 hour urinary metanephrines, or dopamine / tyrosine tests? (Recent leanings is plasma metanephrines, but many doctors prefer urine despite accrued case studies indicating it’s no better and more inconvenient to patient). 
- No agreement on how to respond to hypertensive crisis as caused by shoving a scalpel near tumours that dump fucktons of cortisols and adrenaline into the body if you so much as look at them wrong. Some surgeons like beta blockers. Some surgeons like intra-surgery management. Some surgeons like nothing at all, believing it’s too rare for the risks of beta blockers. 
- No agreement on what kinds of surgeons should be taking point on the surgery. Often leading to gross surgical mismanagement across the world, as say, a vascular surgeon or gastrointestinal surgeon takes something that should be at least partly-managed by an endocrinological surgeon who understands the treatment protocols for hypertensive crisis as caused by paras and pheos. It can take months-to-years for the body to adjust to a para/pheo being removed, for example, and that often needs hormonal treatment. Especially in the case of pheos where someone has SDHB. Let’s not even get started on SDHD / C etc. where they know even less. 
- No agreement on if tumour removal should be followed by radiotherapy, and no agreement on how to determine if someone is in remission. (Pro-tip, if they have the genetic defect, they never will be - but ten years with clear scans means you don’t have to have scans for the rest of your life. Sometimes. Not in Australia - no wait, not in Perth). 
Oh and finally:
- No agreement on how often surveillance scanning should be done or when it should be started if you have the genetic defect. Some say from age 5, to have whole body MRI every two years. Some say from age 8. Some say from age 11. Some say every six months, one year, three years.
Once you have active tumours, there’s: 
- No agreement on how often surveillance scanning should be done or when it should be terminated. Some say it should never be terminated (the prevailing opinion). Some say 3 months, some say 6 months, some say 12, some say 2 years, some want a varying scale
OH AND ACTUALLY FINALLY:
- No agreement on what kinds of imaging should be done. In Western Australia, it’s PET scan every five years with Octreotate, and for me a whole body MRI with gadolinium every 6 months (more regularly right now) for the rest of my life. 
Elsewhere in the world (largely funding / machine dependent), it’s CT with contrast only, or only MRI (PET and MRI is considered superior as a combination, but a lot of places won’t fork out for this). Or MRI with no contrast. Or PET with non-DOTA chelators. 
...
And so it goes on.
*
Even in the US with their shitty, shitty healthcare, people with Paras/Pheos who have the genetic defect are usually sent to major centres of research to get involved with trials and multi-disciplinary teams. 
It’s not uncommon to actually be allowed to conference call with your teams, because there’s so little consensus at every step of the way that you might as well be fucking involved. The specialists tell you to self-advocate, and they say: ‘you will have to explain this to everyone who doesn’t know about this disease.’ 
Sucks if you don’t want to do that because you’re being crushed by the disease in the first place.
Doctors common responses: ‘Para what now?’ ‘SDHD - what does that stand for?’ ‘Oh, so it’s...benign? No wait.’ 
*
At the 2017 Symposium on Para/Pheos in Australia, the world’s best specialists all flew to Sydney and basically argued diplomatically with each other (along with the patients, who were invited to the Symposium alongside specialists at a discount, because there’s so few of us that we’re often all intimately familiar with our specialists and we’re almost all in fucking case studies lol like ‘oh that’s Darren from Pacak’s study right? Oh yeah, I remember talking to him about X doctor regarding this study and didn’t he shit talk that trial...’) about the situations as they present themselves.
Sometimes they come to good decisions. Sometimes they don’t. Sometimes they throw their hands in the air and say ‘twenty people in the world have this type of tumour and you have it in an entirely new way so we just don’t fucking know.’ 
The joy of rare disease.
Oh hey, it’s rare disease day tomorrow! *thumbs up*
Rare diseases suck. I have been a case study already. I have been a ‘how not to do things’ case study (re the first surgery) and a ‘how to do things right’ case study (re the first surgery, LOL). 
It sucks to have panels discussing your case. Truly. Like on the one hand yay people get to learn things! 
On the other hand, boo they know almost nothing about my disease or how to treat me because there’s hardly any peer reviewed research that might increase my survival and quality of life odds that isn’t based entirely in a minimal number of patient studies and the statistics are lacking and highly variable.
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bhuwank · 4 years
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NON-INVASIVE CARDIOVASCULAR CARTOGRAPHY
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What is Realistic Geometry Cartographic Imaging?
The new field of Realistic Geometry Cartographic Imaging (RGCI) finds application in the field of Science, Technology, Oil Exploration, Nuclear Science, Medical Imaging etc. RGCI is a patent pending imaging technique, where, in simple terms, the structure of an object is imaged based on the behavior of the object.
How is RGCI applied in Imaging Coronary Artery Stenosis?
The parameters needed for RGCI are first acquired. The acquired parameters are then mapped against a mathematical model and a cartogram is obtained, which is the collective behavioral pattern of the Heart and its Circulation status. The deviation difference of these behavioral patterns are then calculated and a three dimensional array of image units are created which is embedded into a realistic geometry model of the structure of the coronaries. The image thus obtained are called Realistic Geometry Cartographic Image (RGCI) of the Coronaries.
What are the parameters needed for RGC Imaging of Coronary Artery Disease?
Since the Human Cardiovascular System is a closed loop fluid mechanics system, we will need all the parameters relating to Pressure, Volume and Time to obtain the true behavior of the system.
How such complex parameters are obtained non – invasively?
All these complex parameters are obtained using high precision data acquisition system. Pressure, volume, time are collectively obtained by simultaneously recorded Electrocardiography, Phonocardiography, non-invasive continues blood pressure and trans-thoracic bio-impedance.
How are the measurement made on the patients?
The patient is first wired to a “RGC Imaging Machine” using 12 disposable electrodes (4 for ECG and 8 for trans-thoracic bio-impedance) and a special high sensitive narrow band-width phono-transducer. The recording is made for 6 minutes at rest in the supine position. A high-speed computer with parallel processing architecture computes the algorithms and prints out the results.
How long does the whole procedure take?
The whole procedure takes about 20 minutes, from start to finish.
 CARDIAC MRI
These techniques take detailed anatomic pictures of the body. The pictures are acquired by exposing the body to magnetic fields. This causes energy to be released by hydrogen atoms in the body. This emitted energy is detected and a picture of the interior of the body is constructed. Side effects are rare and mild. Sometimes, an intravenous injection of something called gadolinium is also given.
Traditional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners require that the patient be placed in a small cylindrical tube. This can be somewhat unsetting for claustrophobic patients. Newer scanners are more open but do not produce the high quality pictures that the closed scanners do. Patients can expect to hear loud knocking noises from the scanner as the images are acquired. Because of the powerful magnets used, patients with pacemakers or certain other metallic substances in their body cannot undergo this procedure. Note that patients with some types of metal, such as artificial heart valves and artificial hips, can undergo this procedure safely. It is important to let the staff of the MRI unit know the patient’s complete medical history so that they can determine if the procedure can be safely performed.
In cardiology, MRI scans are primarily used to evaluate the aorta (the main blood vessel that supplies blood to the rest of the body). The chambers of the heart and the strength of the heart muscle can be visualized. Leaky and narrowed heart valves can be evaluated. Tumors in the heart can be detected. MRI is an excellent test to assess congenital heart disease. Stress tests can be performed with MRI also. Much of the same information can be obtained more conveniently and at lower cost by standard echo-cardiography or transesophageal echocardiography. However, there are rare situations when MRI scanning is required.
Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) is an MRI scan that essentially produces an angiogram, i.e., pictures of blood vessels. It is quite useful for larger blood vessels such as the aorta and the arteries that go to the brain. It is getting better as time goes on for picturing the small, curving coronary arteries that lie on the surface of the beating heart. It holds promise for the future.
 HOLTER MONITORS AND EVENT RECORDERS (AMBULATORY MONITORING IN EVALUATING HEART RHYTHM PROBLEMS)
Ambulatory monitoring (Holter monitoring and event recorders) is done to record a patient’s ECG for a prolonged period of time, on an outpatient basis. The purpose of ambulatory monitoring is to look for evidence of transient cardiac problems-that is, problems that come and go, and that are not apparent when a standard ECG is performed. Ambulatory monitoring is particularly useful in diagnosing transient heart arrhythmias, and transient cardiac ischemia.
How ambulatory monitoring is performed?
There are two general types of ambulatory monitoring – the Holter monitor, and the event recorder.
With the Holter monitor, electrode leads are applied to the skin (similar to the leads used in recording a standard ECG), and attached to a tape recorder. The patient is sent home and resumes normal activities while the tape recorder records a continuous ECG tracing for 24 or 48 hours. The holter equipment is then removed, and then the tape is analyzed.
In contrast, event recorders do not record every heart beat on a tape. Instead, event recorders use a circular tape that stores only approximately 30 seconds of a patient’s heart rhythm. That is, at any given time while a patient is wearing them, event recorders will have the most recent 30 seconds of the patient’s ECG. When the patient experiences the symptom of interest, he/she presses a button that freezes the recording, which is the transmitted by telephone to an interpreting center. A major advantage of event recorders is that they can be used for up to 30-60 days, until the transient symptom being looked for occurs. Another advantage is that, as long as the symptom of interest typically lasts for more than a minute or two, the ECG electrodes do not actually need to be attached all the time. Since attaching the electrodes takes less than a minute, they can simply be attached as needed.
What information can be gained from ambulatory monitors?
The Holter monitor will show the doctor every one of the patient’s heart beat for a continuous 24-48 hour period. If any abnormal beats or heart arrhythmias occur during that time, they will be identified. In addition, the Holter monitor can give information about changes in the ST segment of the ECG during the monitoring period. Some patients who have cardiac ischemia will not actually experience symptoms during their ischemia episodes. (This condition is called “silent ischemia”) By analyzing changes in the ST segment, silent ischemia can often be diagnosed by Holter monitoring.
Event monitors are excellent at correlating a patient’s heart rhythm with a patient’s symptoms. If a patient’s symptoms are caused by a transient cardiac arrhythmia, event monitors are often  the best way to make the diagnosis.
Hope you liked this article!
This article is written by Dr. Bimal Chhajer (Non-Invasive Heart Treatment Specialist)
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siva3155 · 4 years
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300+ TOP ALLOPATHIC Interview Questions and Answers
ALLOPATHIC Interview Questions for freshers experienced :-
1. What is Allopathic Medicine? A system in which medical doctors and other healthcare professionals (such as nurses, pharmacists, and therapists) treat symptoms and diseases using radiation, or surgery. Also called biomedicine, conventional medicine, mainstream medicine, orthodox medicine, and Western medicine. 2. What are three types of standard treatment are used? Surgery: Surgery is used, when possible, to treat adult brain tumor, as described in the Description section of this summary. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells. There are two types of radiation therapy. External radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer. Internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer. The way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated. Chemotherapy: 3. How are adult brain tumors treated? Different types of treatment are available for patients with adult brain tumor. Some treatments are standard (the currently used treatment) , and some are being tested in clinical trials. Before starting treatment, patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. A treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer. When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment, the new treatment may become the standard treatment. 4. Define Metastatic Brain Tumors? Treatment of a single metastatic brain tumor is usually surgery followed by radiation therapy to the brain. Treatment of more than one metastatic brain tumor may include the following: Radiation therapy to the brain. Surgery, for large tumors that are pressing on areas of the brain and causing symptoms. 5. What is Recurrent Adult Brain Tumor? Treatment of recurrent adult brain tumors may include the following: Surgery with or without chemotherapy. Radiation therapy, if not used during previous treatment, with or without chemotherapy. Internal radiation therapy. Chemotherapy. A clinical trial of chemotherapy placed into the brain during surgery. A clinical trial of biologic therapy. 6. What is Craniopharyngioma? Treatment of craniopharyngiomas may include the following: Surgery to remove the entire tumor. Surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible, followed by radiation therapy. 7. What is Germ Cell Tumors? Treatment of central nervous system germ cell tumors depends on the type of cancer cells, the location of the tumor, whether the cancer can be removed in an operation, and other factors. 8. What is Meningeal Tumors? Treatment of meningiomas may include the following: Surgery with or without radiation therapy. Radiation therapy for tumors that cannot be removed by surgery. Treatment of malignant meningioma may include the following: Surgery plus radiation therapy. A clinical trial of external radiation therapy plus hyperthermia therapy or new methods of delivering radiation therapy. 9. What is Pineal Parenchymal Tumors? Treatment of pineal parenchymal tumors may include the following: Surgery plus radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy. A clinical trial of external radiation therapy plus hyperthermia therapy or new methods of delivering radiation therapy. 10. Explain Medulloblastoma? Treatment of medulloblastomas may include the following: Surgery plus radiation therapy to the brain and spine. A clinical trial of surgery and radiation therapy to the brain and spine for tumors that are more difficult to treat successfully. A clinical trial of chemotherapy.
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ALLOPATHIC Interview Questions 11. What is Ependymal Tumors? Treatment of grade I and grade II ependymomas is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy. Treatment of anaplastic ependymoma may include the following: Surgery plus radiation therapy. A clinical trial of surgery followed by chemotherapy before, during, and after radiation therapy. A clinical trial of chemotherapy and/or biologic therapy. 12. What is Mixed Gliomas? Treatment of mixed gliomas may include the following: Surgery plus radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy. A clinical trial of external radiation therapy plus hyperthermia therapy or new methods of delivering radiation therapy. 13. What about Oligodendroglial Tumors? Treatment of oligodendrogliomas may include the following: Surgery, usually with radiation therapy. A clinical trial of surgery and radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy for tumors that cannot be completely removed by surgery. Treatment of anaplastic oligodendroglioma may include the following: Surgery plus radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy. Clinical trials of new treatments. 14. Explain Glioblastoma? Treatment of glioblastoma may include the following: Surgery plus radiation therapy, with or without chemotherapy. A clinical trial of chemotherapy placed into the brain during surgery. A clinical trial of radiation and concurrent chemotherapy. A clinical trial of external radiation therapy plus hyperthermia therapy or new methods of delivering radiation therapy. A clinical trial of chemotherapy and new methods of delivering radiation therapy. Clinical trials of new treatments. 15. Explain Anaplastic Astrocytomas? Treatment of anaplastic astrocytoma may include the following: Surgery plus radiation therapy, with or without chemotherapy. A clinical trial of external radiation therapy plus hyperthermia therapy or new methods of delivering radiation therapy. A clinical trial of chemotherapy combined with different methods of delivering radiation therapy. 16. Tell me why are CT scans performed? CT scans are performed to analyze the internal structures of various parts of the body. This includes the head, where traumatic injuries, (such as blood clots or skull fractures) , tumors, and infections can be identified. In the spine, the bony structure of the vertebrae can be accurately defined, as can the anatomy of the intervertebral discs and spinal cord. In fact, CT scan methods can be used to accurately measure the density of bone in evaluating osteoporosis. Occasionally, contrast material (an X-ray dye) is placed into the spinal fluid to further enhance the scan and the various structural relationships of the spine, the spinal cord, and its nerves. Contrast material is also often administered intravenously or through other routes prior to obtaining a CT scan (see below) . CT scans are also used in the chest to identify tumors, cysts, or infections that may be suspected on a chest X-ray. CT scans of the abdomen are extremely helpful in defining body organ anatomy, including visualizing the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, aorta, kidneys, uterus, and ovaries. CT scans in this area are used to verify the presence or absence of tumors, infection, abnormal anatomy, or changes of the body caused by trauma. 17. What is a CT scan? Computerized (or computed) tomography, and often formerly referred to as computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan, is an X-ray procedure that combines many X-ray images with the aid of a computer to generate cross-sectional views and, if needed, three-dimensional images of the internal organs and structures of the body. Computerized tomography is more commonly known by its abbreviated names, CT scan or CAT scan. A CT scan is used to define normal and abnormal structures in the body and/or assist in procedures by helping to accurately guide the placement of instruments or treatments. A large donut-shaped X-ray machine or scanner takes X-ray images at many different angles around the body. These images are processed by a computer to produce cross-sectional pictures of the body. In each of these pictures the body is seen as an X-ray "slice" of the body, which is recorded on a film. This recorded image is called a tomogram. "Computerized axial tomography" refers to the recorded tomogram "sections" at different levels of the body. Imagine the body as a loaf of bread and you are looking at one end of the loaf. As you remove each slice of bread, you can see the entire surface of that slice from the crust to the center. The body is seen on CT scan slices in a similar fashion from the skin to the central part of the body being examined. When these levels are further "added" together, a three-dimensional picture of an organ or abnormal body structure can be obtained. 18. Explain Diffuse Astrocytomas? Treatment of diffuse astrocytoma may include the following: Surgery, usually with radiation therapy. A clinical trial of surgery and radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy for tumors that cannot be completely removed by surgery. A clinical trial of radiation therapy delayed until the tumor progresses. A clinical trial comparing high-dose and low-dose radiation therapy. 19. What tests are used to find and diagnose adult brain tumors? Tests that examine the brain and spinal cord are used to detect (find) adult brain tumor. The following tests and procedures may be used: CT scan (CAT scan) : A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an X-ray machine. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) : A procedure that uses a magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of the brain and spinal cord. A substance called gadolinium is injected into the patient through a vein. The gadolinium collects around the cancer cells so they show up brighter in the picture. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI) . Adult brain tumor is diagnosed and removed in surgery. If a brain tumor is suspected, a biopsy is done by removing part of the skull and using a needle to remove a sample of the brain tissue. A pathologist views the tissue under a microscope to look for cancer cells. If cancer cells are found, the doctor will remove as much tumor as safely possible during the same surgery. An MRI may then be done to determine if any cancer cells remain after surgery. Tests are also done to find out the grade of the tumor. 20. What are the symptoms of an adult brain tumor? A doctor should be seen if the following symptoms appear: Frequent headaches. Vomiting. Loss of appetite. Changes in mood and personality. Changes in ability to think and learn. Seizures. 21. What are metastatic brain tumors? Often, tumors found in the brain have started somewhere else in the body and spread (metastasized) to the brain. These are called metastatic brain tumors. 22. What is medical assistant? A medical assistant (MA) is an unlicensed person who assists in the medical practice under the supervision of a physician, physician assistant or nurse practitioner and performs delegated procedures commensurate with the MA's education and training. An MA does not diagnose, interpret, design or modify established treatment programs or perform any functions that would violate any statute applicable to the practice of medicine. MAs are not licensed nor regulated in Arizona. 23. What is a physician assistant? A physician assistant (PA) is a person who is licensed to perform healthcare tasks under the supervision of a physician. A physician may delegate a variety of healthcare tasks to a physician assistant such as obtaining patient histories, performing physical evaluations, ordering and performing diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, formulating a diagnostic impression, developing and implementing a treatment plan, and monitoring the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. PAs may also assist in surgery, offer counseling and education to meet patient needs, make appropriate referrals, prescribe controlled substances, perform minor surgery and perform other nonsurgical healthcare tasks. The Arizona Regulatory Board of Physician Assistants licenses and regulates PAs. 24. How is an allopathic physician (MD) different from an osteopathic physician (DO) ? An allopathic (M.D.) and an osteopathic (D.O.) physician are alike in many ways. Both complete four years of basic medical education, and typically have a four-year undergraduate degree with an emphasis on scientific courses. They may select to practice in a specialty area of medicine after completing a residency program, and must pass comparable state licensing examinations. D.O.'s receive extra training in the musculoskeletal system, the body's interconnected system of nerves, muscles and bones as osteopathic physicians seek to understand the interrelationship between these systems and the ways an injury or illness in one part of your body affects another. The Arizona Osteopathic Board of Examiners in Medicine and Surgery licenses and regulates osteopathic physicians. 25. What is Pituitary Tumors? Surgery with or without radiation therapy. Sometimes special medicine other than chemotherapy may be used to control symptoms from these tumors. ALLOPATHIC Questions and Answers pdf Download Read the full article
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Combined imaging and theranostic nanoparticles for neurological diseases
Neurological diseases are some of the most challenging areas for drug discovery and development. There is significant unmet need in the marketplace, with an associated high degree of disability, lost productivity, and loss of quality of life.
Progress has been non-linear at best in the development of therapies for neurological diseases, and for many diseases there is still a need for earlier diagnosis. The field presents the added challenge of crossing the blood brain barrier (BBB)
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Nanoparticles, that is particles between 1 nm and 100 nm in size, offer a potential solution not only for more potent therapies that can cross the blood-brain barrier, but also improved biomarkers for neuroimaging.A new category of product, the theranostic, combines a diagnostic biomarker with a therapeutic. In neurological disease, theranostics can allow imaging of a disease state of the brain and the ability to treat that disease at the same time.Pittcon 2017, March 5-9 in Chicago, will feature presentations on advances in the development of nanoparticles for imaging and theranostics.Creating NanoparticlesAdvanced laboratory technology is required in order to work with nanoparticle products for therapeutic applications. Field-flow fractionation is a method of separation that can be used for particles between 1 nm and 100 micrometers in a liquid medium. The sample is separated without the use of any type of packing or stationary phase. Instead, separation is carried out by physical forces, such as liquid flow, centrifugal force, temperature gradients, or gravity. Postnova Analytics Inc., an exhibitor at Pittcon 2017, offers a range of field-flow fractionation systems.Light scattering is the most common method for measuring the size and zeta potential (electrokinetic potential) of nanoparticles. 
Light scattering analysis can be used to answer important questions in the development of a biotherapeutic nanoparticle, such as whether the nanoparticle mixture meets the intended specifications, efficacy of its targeting groups, and physical properties of the mixture.Wyatt Technology Corp., another Pittcon 2017 exhibitor, make light scattering instruments that are suitable for development of products for imaging and theranostic applications.Advances for ImagingMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography are the primary imaging technologies used in diagnosing brain disorders. Nanoparticles containing metals such as iron, gadolinium, and manganese are often used as contrast agents for brain imaging. Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles are of particular interest because they have a large surface area, magnetic properties, and low toxicity. Biodegradable nanoparticles of poly(n-butyl cyanoacrylate) coated with polysorbate have also shown some potential as carriers of drug across the blood brain barrier. They can be used to deliver molecular imaging probes that are normally unable to permeate the BBB for imaging of amyloid plaques.Another nanotechnology-based approach for brain imaging is the use of stem cells loaded with magnetic nanoparticles. This allows MRI monitoring of the stem cells as they migrate to injured brain and spinal cord tissue.TheranosticsNanoparticle constructs that contain diagnostic and therapeutic functions at the same time are known as “theranostics.” Theranostics go beyond imaging diagnostics and therapy, they can be used to monitor pharmacokinetics, distribution of the particle in the tissue, and accumulation of drug at the target site.Imaging biomarkers can also be crucial in tracking progression of disease, success of therapy, and predicting outcomes.  Such uses would also contribute to the trend toward personalized medicine.A Pittcon 2017 presentation, “Nanomedicine for Functional Imaging and Therapy of Brain,” by Paras Prasad of SUNY at Buffalo will illustrate how innovative design of a multifunctional nanoparticle can transcend ideas of what a drug or diagnostic can do it the brain.The researchers used their nanoparticle platform to build an optical probe and contrast agent for photoacoustic and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Its targeting and payload capabilities allow it to deliver a genetic material or drug to treat a brain disease or enhance a cognitive ability. The particles also function as optical nanotransformers to convert skull penetrating infrared light into a blue light that is absorbed by channel rhodopsin. Essentially, the nanoparticle allows optogenetic control of neuronal activities at specific sites within the brain.The technology has therapeutic potential for brain injury and concussions, and it may even be possible to use it to enhance certain cognitive states or sensory functions to create “super human capabilities.”The ability to deliver imaging agents and therapeutics across the BBB using nanoparticles has the potential to transform the field of neurological disease, and may be the key to curing some diseases that currently have inadequate treatment options. References
Gendelman, H. E., Anantharam, V., Bronich, T., Ghaisas, S., Jin, H., Kanthasamy, A. G., . . . Mallapragada, S. K. (2015). Nanoneuromedicines for degenerative, inflammatory, and infectious nervous system diseases. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine,11(3), 751-767. doi:10.1016/j.nano.2014.12.014
Soares, D. C. (2014). Theranostic Nanoparticles: Imaging and Therapy Combined. Journal of Molecular Pharmaceutics & Organic Process Research,02(01). doi:10.4172/2329-9053.1000e113
Posadas, I., Monteagudo, S., & Ceña, V. (2016). Nanoparticles for brain-specific drug and genetic material delivery, imaging and diagnosis. Nanomedicine,11(7), 833-849. doi:10.2217/nnm.16.15
Source:  Pittcon.
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dreddymd · 6 years
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The Real Danger Behind MRIs
Magnetic resonance imaging is a common preventative and diagnostic method used in medicine, and at times this technology can be invaluable. Of course there are some health questions associated with the practice, in particular — what’s the effect of the powerful magnetic fields? But, now, not only are the magnetic frequencies something to consider, new concerns over the drugs used to produce clearer images have surfaced as research has shown them to leave toxic residue in the brain. These findings have shown the importance of more stringent health monitoring prior to MRI application.
The Real Danger Behind MRIs
MRIs are typically safer than a CT scan, as they emit little to no radiation during the procedure. The real concern surrounding MRIs, in fact, has nothing to do with the technology at all. Patients are often given injectable drugs that improve the visibility of certain areas in the brain, which can be very useful for discovering health issues that could possibly be missed. [1] The issue is that these drugs may accumulate gadolinium–a toxic metal–in brain tissue.
The medications, known as contrasting agents, sharpens the resulting images; however, it may also be contributing to deleterious effects, many of which have yet to surface in any research. Toxic metals that build up in brain tissue are commonly associated with age-related brain declines, such as those attributed to dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. [2] Some research even shows that these drugs could be linked to kidney problems, prompting FDA to issue a “black box” warning on the drugs.
What You Should Know about MRIs
There are currently nine gadolinium-based agents in the United States, and two of the most concerning are made by GE Healthcare and Bayer HealthCare. Omniscan is perhaps the most commonly-used contrast agents used during MRIs, as is Magnevist, Gadavist, and Dotarem. If you take into consideration the compounds we are exposed to almost every day that are already contributing to brain degeneration (i.e., aluminum), you can see why you must be constantly aware of what is being offered to you by medical professionals. Ask questions and research any drugs that you are being given, especially if you are having an MRI, and work with your doctor to find safer methods for obtaining your health goals.
by Dr. Edward Group DC, NP, DACBN, DCBCN, DABFM
Source: The Real Danger Behind MRIs
References (2)
Jeff Gerth. Left in the Brain: Potentially Toxic Residue from MRI Drugs. Pro Publica. Journalism in the Public Interest.
Squitti R. Metals in Alzheimer’s disease: a systemic perspective. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2012 Jan 1;17:451-72.
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planmyscan · 3 years
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What is MRI?
What is MRI?
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive imaging generation that produces 3 dimensional precise anatomical photos. It is often used for sickness detection, prognosis, and treatment tracking. It is based totally on sophisticated technology that excites and detects the change within the path of the rotational axis of protons discovered in the water that makes up dwelling tissues.
How does MRI work?
MRIs rent powerful magnets which produce a strong magnetic field that forces protons in the body to align with MRI Scan Price in Chennai that area. When a radiofrequency modern-day is then pulsed through the patient, the protons are inspired, and spin out of equilibrium, straining in opposition to the pull of the magnetic discipline. When the radiofrequency area is turned off, the MRI sensors are able to locate the electricity released because the protons realign with the magnetic field. The time it takes for the protons to realign with the magnetic area, as well as the amount of power released, modifications relying at the surroundings and the chemical nature of the molecules. Physicians are able to tell the difference between diverse sorts of tissues based totally on those magnetic homes.
How Do X-rays Work?
To attain an MRI photograph, a affected person is placed internal a large magnet and have to stay very nevertheless for the duration of the imaging process so as not to blur the picture. Contrast retailers (frequently containing the element Gadolinium) can be given to a patient intravenously before or all through the MRI to boom the velocity at which protons realign with the magnetic area. The quicker the protons realign, the brighter the photograph.
 What is MRI used for?
MRI scanners are specifically well proper to image the non-bony parts or soft tissues of the body. They differ from computed tomography (CT), in that they do no longer use the damaging ionizing radiation of x-rays. The brain, spinal cord and nerves, as well as muscle groups, ligaments, and tendons are visible a good deal extra absolutely with MRI than with regular x-rays and CT; because of this MRI is frequently used to photograph knee and shoulder accidents.
In the brain, MRI can differentiate among white rely and grey depend and also can be used to diagnose aneurysms and tumors. Because MRI does now not use x-rays or different radiation, it's miles the imaging modality of preference when common imaging is required for analysis or remedy, in particular in the mind. However, MRI is extra costly than x-ray imaging or CT scanning.
One form of specialised MRI is functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI.) This is used to examine brain structures and determine which areas of the mind “activate” (eat more oxygen) at some point of diverse cognitive duties. It is used to improve the understanding of brain organization and gives a capacity new wellknown for assessing neurological repute and neurosurgical chance.
Are there dangers?
Although MRI does not emit the ionizing radiation this is observed in x-ray and CT imaging, it does employ a sturdy magnetic area. The magnetic area extends beyond the system and exerts very effective forces on gadgets of iron, some steels, and different magnetizable objects; it's far strong enough to fling a wheelchair across the room. Patients must notify their physicians of any form of medical or implant prior to an MR test.
When having an MRI test, the subsequent ought to be taken into consideration:
•             People with implants, especially the ones containing iron, — pacemakers, vagus nerve stimulators, implantable cardioverter- defibrillators, loop recorders, insulin pumps, cochlear implants, deep brain stimulators, and capsules from capsule endoscopy ought to now not enter an MRI gadget.
•             Noise—loud noise typically referred to as clicking and beeping, in addition to sound depth as much as 120 decibels in certain MR scanners, may additionally require special ear safety.
•             Nerve Stimulation—a twitching sensation from time to time results from the rapidly switched fields in the MRI.
•             Contrast dealers—patients with severe renal failure who require dialysis may threat an extraordinary however severe infection referred to as nephrogenic systemic fibrosis that may be connected to using sure gadolinium-containing agents, inclusive of gadodiamide and others. Although a causal link has now not been installed, present day tips in the United States recommend that dialysis sufferers have to only receive gadolinium dealers when vital, and that dialysis must be carried out as quickly as viable after the scan to remove the agent from the frame right away.
•             Pregnancy—even as no effects were demonstrated on the fetus, it's far advocated that MRI scans be averted as a precaution especially inside the first trimester of pregnancy whilst the fetus’ organs are being shaped and contrast retailers, if used, may want to enter the fetal bloodstream.
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vigrxwarning · 4 years
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kathleenseiber · 4 years
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Safer MRI contrast agent may detect early-stage liver disease
A safer and more sensitive contrast agent for MRI tests may provide the first effective, noninvasive method for detecting and diagnosing early-stage liver diseases, including liver fibrosis, researchers say.
“It’s a revolutionary change for the field as the first robust detection of the early stage of liver fibrosis,” says Jenny Yang, professor in chemistry at Georgia State University and the associate director of the university’s Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics.
“This would help doctors monitor treatment before it is irreversible and help pharmaceutical companies to select the right patients for clinical trials or identify subjects for drug discovery.”
A paper on the research appears in Nature Communications.
Lower dose contrast agent
The dyes used in MRI tests, referred to as contrast agents, are substances that enhance the visibility of internal body structures during magnetic resonance imaging. The new, patented contrast agent, called ProCA32.collagen1, targets overexpression of the biomarker collagen during the disease state and binds tightly with the contrast metal gadolinium.
Tests in animal models show the protein-based ProCA32.collagen1 can detect the early stage of alcohol-induced liver fibrosis and Non-Alcoholic SteatoHepatitis, which is the most severe form of non-alcohol fatty liver disease.
The findings also demonstrate the substance is twice as accurate as conventional contrast agents, and can detect tumors as small as 0.1 to 0.2 millimeters—100 times smaller than tumors detected by currently-approved contrast agents. Because it requires a significantly lower dosage than standard contrast agents, it reduces the risk of metal toxicity.
Spike in chronic liver disease
From 2010 to 2015, deaths from chronic liver disease increased 31% in the US among people ages 45 to 64, due to several factors, including alcohol abuse and obesity. Liver disease is a slow-moving process, but without an effective, non-invasive means of early diagnosis to prompt treatment, it can progress to more serious stages with severe consequences.
“Most people do not believe they have liver fibrosis and don’t want to change their lifestyle and we cannot detect it early,” Yang says. “So, what happens is, they continue their lifestyle and at some point develop later-stage fibrosis which can become severe cirrhosis and a large portion become liver cancer.”
ProCA32.collagen1’s black-and-white contrast imaging can differentiate “invisible” fibrotic regions from healthy background tissue, overcoming the limitations of invasive biopsies that can’t analyze the entire liver.
“Our contrast agent can do dual color so you have different contrast-colored features so the sensitivity shows up better and accuracy is a lot better,” Yang says.
In collaboration with Hans Grossniklaus, the director of ocular oncology and pathology at Emory University, Yang’s group also demonstrated that ProCA32.collagen1 may be effective at early detection of cancerous microtumors as small as 0.144 millimeters that have spread to the liver from other areas of the body. The research appears in Biomaterials.
The next step is to gain approval from the Food and Drug Administration to conduct clinical trials at Emory University Hospital.
Researchers developed the contrast agent in collaboration with Yang’s start-up company, InLighta BioSciences. Additional researchers from Emory University, the University of Georgia, Augusta University, and Georgia State contributed to the paper. The National Institute of Health’s National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism funded the work.
Source: Georgia State University
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