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Invisible Forces

By Arjuwan Lakkdawala

Ink in the Internet

When we see something happen before our eyes it is easy to think about it intuitively or to deduce what is happening by using basic logic.

These are superficial observations but when we want to understand the root cause or the science and dynamics of what is happening our brains could encounter the challenge of counterintuitive thinking and here is where we might discover the unthinkable.

One of the things I find very interesting is the history and developing story of the interactions of electricity with biological living entities such as ourselves, and to add to this subject the effect of electromagnetic fields. As I began my research on these I was very surprised by what I found. Starting from the history to present day discoveries.

Why it is not only fascinating but important to have an understanding of this particular branches of science, is because modern age science is expanding in those fields. Especially when it comes to bioengineering in its many subcategories. And I stress its significance in the field of biomedical engineering, specifically to tackle the antibiotics resistance crises. In fact it could be that it is in physics we will find the components to improve the effectiveness of the medicine we have today or the treatments that are no longer effective against microorganisms or autoimmune diseases. We should also study these to find out if there are hidden adverse effects on our health.

The Electromagnetic Force is one of the four fundamental forces in nature as classified by scientists.

Gravitational

Electromagnetic

Weak Force

Strong Force

Moreover there is the Weakelectro Force that is theorised to unify the Weak and Electromagnetic forces by them being different faucets of the WeakElectro Force.

Excluding gravity the other forces have been traced back to quantum particles. Making them all quantum forces. Gravity however, still continues to baffle scientists.

Unlike the other forces scientists have not been able to progress in their understanding of gravity beyond the theory of General Reletivity that was established by Albert Einstein in 1915.

While atmospheric pressure is not considered a fundamental force, I have written about how it effects us from earth up to space, where there is lack of it and the effect of that.

The Strong Force

The atom was split for the first time in 1932.

By John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge in the UK. Also in Cambridge earlier James Chadwick discovered the neutron.

"After the discovery of the neutron it was clear that the atomic nucleus is made up from protons and neutrons. In such a system, electromagnetic forces cannot be the reason why the constituents of the nucleus are sticking together. Indeed, the repulsive electrical Coulomb force between the protons should blow the nucleus apart. Therefore, the concept of a new strong nuclear force was introduced."

It is interesting to note that while the protons and neutrons are held together by the Strong Force, the electrons that spin around the nucleus in the atom, do not experience the Strong Force, and the SF gets stronger with distance instead of weaker. This is a bit counterintuitive when we think about it in comparison to gravity or magnetism.

(Side note; to be accurate electrons do not "spin" they have angular momentum).

While electrons do not feel the Strong Force, they are effected by the Weak Force.

An example of the WF is in beta decay. It has a combination of theories as to what is the source of the Weak Force, but its fundamental process is to turn neutrons into protons.

In an atom the nucleus that is made of neutrons and protons, in each of them are three elementary particles (particles so small scientists have not been able to split them) these are called quarks. A proton has 2 'up quarks' and 1 'down quark.'

While the neutrons have 1 up quark and 2 down quarks. The up and down is according to their spin. What the Weak Force does is that it changes the spin of the quarks which turn the neutron into a proton and an electron gets emitted. In this context the electron is called a "beta particle."

The Electromagnetic Force is very interesting. The simplest example of its occurance is when there is a live wire the motion of the electricity generates around the wire an Electromagnetic Field.

You can think of the field itself as quantum waves. Mechanical waves such as sound waves and water waves need a medium to transport them. But quantum waves can travel even through the vaccumme of space.

The study of field theories is one of the most difficult in physics, and is still in its infancy.

Powerlines, mobile phones, and any electrical device generates electromagnetic fields.

Our mobile phones are perhaps the device by which we get the most exposure to EMFs and the brain is most sensitive to these signals. I did research on brain diseases and I found statistics that suggest there might be a correlation between the rise of Alzheimer's disease in the past 20 years and the increase in dependency on mobile phone usage.

"Deaths from Alzheimer’s have more than doubled between 2000 and 2019, while those from heart disease — the leading cause of death — have decreased," according to the Alzheimer Association.

What is Alzheimer’s Disease and how is it dangerous?

"Alzheimer's disease is a brain disorder that gets worse over time. It's characterized by changes in the brain that lead to deposits of certain proteins. Alzheimer's disease causes the brain to shrink and brain cells to eventually die. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia — a gradual decline in memory, thinking, behavior and social skills. These changes affect a person's ability to function." - Mayo Clinic.

In the advanced stages it can cause dehydration, malnutrition, and infections, these can result in death.

We are generally aware of how neurons in the brain function by electrical signals. This apparent electricity in the body has an interesting history.

It is said that in ancient Rome and Egypt eels were the first living things to be acknowledged having this mysterious source of energy.

In the 1770s Italian Physicist and Physician Luigi Galvani believed and investigated what he thought was "animal electricity." He had made a dead frog's muscles move using metals and an Electrostatic Machine and a Leyden Jar - a glass jar to store static electricity.

Galvani's experiment was at the time a step towards discovering how living tissue uses electricity. He was of course wrong about the frog being the source of the electricity, it was a conductor.

Using first the Leyden Jar and then the first primitive battery - Voltaic Pile scientists were able to store electricity and use it for experiments.

"The Italian physicist Alessandro Volta is generally credited with having developed the first operable battery. Following up on the earlier work of his compatriot Luigi Galvani, Volta performed a series of experiments on electrochemical phenomena during the 1790s." Britannica.

Alessandro Volta had presented his invention in Napoleon's Court and impressed the French leader so much that Volta was appointed his science adviser.

Humanity had however just scratched the surface of what was to come in the study of electricity.

In a potential hypothesis it is said that brain-to-brain communication maybe possible in humans and animals. This sounds funny as I don't believe we can talk to animals other than our pets. But the hypothesis has an interesting aspect regarding how the cryptochrome in the retina can perceive magnetic fields.

"The validation of DBBC (Direct Brain-toBrain Communication) has been documented via recording similar pattern of action potentials occurring in the brain cortex of two animals. With regard to action potentials in brain neurons, the magnetic field resulting from the action potentials created in neurons is one of the tools where the brain of one animal can affect the brain of another. It has been shown that different animals, even humans, have the power to understand the magnetic field. Cryptochrome, which exists in the retina and in different regions of the brain, has been confirmed to be able to perceive magnetic fields and convert magnetic fields to action potentials." - National Library of Medicine.

Birds have in their retinas magnetic field receptors.

"Birds can use two kinds of information from the geomagnetic field for navigation: the direction of the field lines as a compass and probably magnetic intensity as a component of the navigational ‘map’. The direction of the magnetic field appears to be sensed via radical pair processes in the eyes, with the crucial radical pairs formed by cryptochrome. It is transmitted by the optic nerve to the brain, where parts of the visual system seem to process the respective information." - Journal of the Royal Society Interface.

Bacteria surprisingly communicate via brainlike bursts of electricity.

"Scientists are now finding that bacteria in biofilms can also talk to one another electrically. Biofilms appear to use electrically charged particles to organize and synchronize activities across large expanses. This electrical exchange has proved so powerful that biofilms even use it to recruit new bacteria from their surroundings, and to negotiate with neighboring biofilms for their mutual well-being." - Scientific American.

Fascinating aspect of biological use of electric fields.

"Electrotaxis is the property of cells to sense electric fields and use them to orient their displacement. This property has been widely investigated with eukaryotic cells but it remains unclear whether or not bacterial cells can sense an electric field." Science Direct.

Electric fields play a significant part in the healing of wounds.

"Weak electric fields applied to the wound or in the wound dressing can also improve wound healing.59–63

Finally, electric charge and biological electrodynamic field permeate several phases of wound healing, driving cells and molecules and maintaining the flow of oxygen and nutrients, necessary to heal the wound. The knowledge of the electric physiology of wound healing can also help develop new and more efficient treatments." National Library of Medicine.

Arjuwan Lakkdawala is an author and independent researcher in science. Twitter/Instagram: Spellrainia

Email: [email protected]

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