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#renal pathology
dr-scarlette-witch · 1 year
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11.04.2023
Day 2 of renal medicine. Nephrology is one of my favourite subjects of medicine. Never not fascinated by the renal physiology.
Forever grateful to the 20years old me for making such great pathology notes that I use till date.
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anustudies · 2 months
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Plan for 18 . 1 . 24
• Adenoviruses
• ELISA
• Antiviral drugs
• Renal pathology
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radioactiveradley · 6 months
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PATHOLOGY OF THE URINARY SYSTEM (aka: STUFF WHAT GOES WRONG WITH YER PISS BEANS)
(AND YER PISS TUBES)
(and the pretty pictures I take of them)
[a warning: this post contains radiographic images and non-graphic description of serious kidney pathologies, including paediatric cancer]
Let's kick off with an old familiar friend! Yeah, I'm talking -
UROLITHIASIS (the humble kidney stone!)
Wanna know something horrific? The biggest kidney stone on record weighed over a kilogram. It was 17 cm across. Just. Imagine. Trying to piss that out…
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Urolithiases are formed anywhere among your urinary tracts. They’re commonly found in the kidneys, giving rise to the more common term, renal calculi, or kidney stones.
Urolithiasis occurs when compounds within your urine crystallise. If your urine becomes too acidic, too base, contains too many of these compounds for them to remain in solution, or simply… sits around too long without flowing, it literally petrifies into a solid lump!
Some unlucky souls are just… predisposed to developing them. If you have had a kidney stone in the past, you are far more likely to get another one in the future. There also seems to be a genetic link – so if someone in your immediate family gets kidney stones, you have a higher risk.
Kidney stones typically hang out in the pelvis of your kidney and don’t cause an issue. Until you try to piss them out. Remember our kidney diagram (drawn on a conveniently shaped bean)?
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You might notice that the ureters are significantly smaller than the renal pelvis. In other words…
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Most renal calculi are made of CALCIUM (oxalate, usually). This is very, very good (for us. Less so for you) because calcium attenuates x-rays – meaning, it glows all pretty and shiny when we take a radiograph!
Here’s a kidney stone on an Abdominal X-Ray!
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And a twinkly artefact caused by a kidney stone on Ultrasound!
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But the best way to assess urolithiases, is, of course, with CT!
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For realsies. We don’t need to inject contrast intravenously, because the kidney stones are (typically) shiny – which cuts down on time and worry, as it means you’re at no risk for having an adverse reaction! So a CT KUB (checking Kidneys, Ureters and Bladder for stones) is basically just a quick tumble in the washing machine (CT scanner), with a lovely clear picture as a result!
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Look at these babies!! So sharp!!! So clear!!!!!! So shiny!!!!!!!!!!!! That’s a beautiful matching pair of renal calculi right there – and to make things better, they’re (currently) non-obstructive, so this patient isn’t in suffering The Agonies!
Speaking of The Agonies…
Most kidney stones are passable, albeit with extreme pain.
However, some ain’t going anywhere. Especially staghorn calculi, which, um. One, stags have antlers. Two…
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more like a fuckin' MOOSE ANTLER amirite????
But yeah, those buggers aren’t coming out. That’s almost definitely going to require surgery!
Smaller calculi can still cause problems when they become obstructive – i.e., they block the passage of your peepee. They can lead to:
HYDRONEPHROSIS (dilation of the renal pelvis due to retained urine, seen here in the Left kidney [right side of image])
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HYDROURETER (dilation of the ureter)
So, what do we do with bothersome calculi? How about some...
EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCKWAVE LITHOTRIPSY (ECSWL, because we love a sexy little acronym here in medworld).
We blast the stone apart with shockwaves, from outside your body! Ultrasound turned up to 11! Unfortunately, it only works on certain densities of stone, and on small stones.
LASER LITHOTRIPSY
(same thing but…. ZIP ZAP LASERZZZZZ]
SURGERY – PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTOMY (PCNL).
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(I totally haven’t added to this diagram in any way. This is how it works. Trust me.)
LOADS of other stuff can go wrong with The Ol’ Piss Beans
We have:
RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
The most common form of kidney cancer.
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For suspected malignancies, we do a CT Urogram that assesses the whole urinary tract. This takes significantly longer than a KUB, but is well worth the results. This is a three-phase scan. We do...
A regular KUB non-contrast scan to check for calculi and to get our baseline Hounsfield Units ('grayness' and densities) for the kidneys. Then we inject contrast in a 'split bolus' - one load immediately, and another roughly 8 minutes in, scanning roughly a minute after the second injection is given. We scan 80 secs after the first contrast bolus is administrered, for the 'nephographic' phase, which enhances the renal cortex & medulla, and makes neoplastic changes and renal masses obvious (see image above). Then we wait 10-ish minutes and scan for the 'excretory' phase, after the contrast has worked its way through your kidneys, to detect 'filling defects' (anything that stops contrast opacification of the ureters) and pathologies related to the urinary collection system.
NEPHROBLASTOMA
This is one of the more common cancers found in kids. Although paediatric cancer is never exactly a happy topic, this cancer is now curable in roughly 90% of cases, thanks to the early removal of kidneys and the possibility of transplants.
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Autosomal Dominant (and Recessive) Polycystic Kidney Disease
An inherited renal disease that can cause you to go into End Stage Renal Failure due to the healthy tissue in your kidneys becoming completely overtaken by cysts. As a result, your kidneys can grow more and more, until they practically fill your whole abdomen. 45% of patients will be in ESRF and need dialysis by the age of 60. Thankfully, transplants are an option.
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Other commonly encounutered renal pathologies include trauma, which I talked about in my first kidney ramble (linked here!), infections, and more.
I hope you enjoyed this whistle-stop tour of Stuff That Can Go Wrong With The Kidney, And How We Look At Them Gnarly Beans!
....And, um, I spent way too long making this and now need to pee. This is your reminder to go empty that bladder if you need to! Stop those stones!
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mednerd17 · 1 year
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12.12.2022
Countdown begins…10 days to go for finals. Increasing the study time gradually to 15 hours per day. Still keeping my calm and hoping for the best.
Today’s agenda :
1. Study for 13 hours.
2. Revise complete general Pharma sn
3. Revise renal pathology
4. Complete diuretics
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emgoesmed · 2 years
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6/22/2022
Today is a big study/review day, mainly anatomy and pharmacology. Gonna try to review some respiratory physiology and renal pathology as well. It doesn’t feel real that my exam is coming up in a week. On another note, this is possibly one of the prettiest cortados I’ve ever had the pleasure of drinking.
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my current clinical pathology professor is from Australia but spent a lot of time in New Zealand and it literally sounds like Kix is lecturing me on renal function asddghjldkdjd
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Bioinspired molecular dyes for biomedical fluorescent imaging
Fluorescence imaging can be conducted with long Stokes shift dyes that minimize crosstalk between the excitation source and fluorescent emission to improve the signal-to-background ratio. Regardless, researchers still form simple, small molecule dyes with large Stokes shift and near infrared emissions. In a new report now published in Science Advances, Hao Chen and a team of scientists developed a series of styrene oxazolone dyes (SODs) using simple synthetic methods inspired by the chromophore chemical structure of fluorescent proteins.
The dyes showed near-infrared emissions with long Stokes shift and small molecular weight. The most promising dyes also showed rapid renal excretion and blood-brain barrier passing properties. The bioengineers modified the compounds for tumor imaging, fluorescence image-guided surgery, neurosurgery and pathological analysis. The findings contribute an essential small molecular dye category to the classical dyes.
 Developing long Stokes shift dyes
Fluorescence imaging is widespread in preclinical biomedical research, as well as clinical pathology and fluorescence image-guided surgery. The low cost, easy platform offers minor light damage to the biological specimen for high detection sensitivity. The biomedical application of fluorescent imaging depends on the dyes with critical features, including absorption/emission profiles, absorption coefficient, quantum yield, Stokes shift, and photochemical stability.
Read more.
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fishmech · 11 months
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click read more to see the pathology report on my kidney they took out
Surgical Pathology Report
SPECIMEN SOURCE:
A. LEFT KIDNEY
CLINICAL HISTORY: Polycystic kidney disease
DIAGNOSIS:
A. LEFT KIDNEY:
Polycystic kidney disease with a small papillary adenoma (0.4 mm)
MD, PhD Attending Pathologist
GROSS DESCRIPTION: The specimen labeled "LEFT KIDNEY" is received fresh, now fixed in formalin and consists of 1646 gram 28.0 x 15.0 x 13.0 cm polycystic left nephrectomy specimen. The kidney alone measures 17.0 x 9.5 x 8.0 cm overall and is trabeculated and cystic. The hilum displays vessels inclusive of: ureter (8.0 x 0.2 cm); renal vein (0.6 cm in diameter) and renal artery (0.2 cm in diameter). A fixed portion of Gerota's fascia is present measuring 24.0 x 11.0 cm. The renal vein is devoid of any lesion or thrombus. The kidney is bivalved revealing brown liquid and polycystic kidney with cysts ranging in size from 0.3 x 0.3 cm to 5.0 x 4.0 cm overall. The cyst walls tan-white and smooth measuring up to 0.2 cm in thickness. The urothelium of the renal pelvis is tan-white and smooth surrounded by abundant yellow fatty tissue. The calyces, medullary pyramids, and cortico-medullary junction, and cortex are not grossly identified and totally obliterated by the cysts. An adrenal gland is not present. A lesion is not gross identified. The tissue is representatively submitted. Gross pictures are taken.
SUMMARY OF SECTIONS: A1 = Vascular margins, shaved, en face (ureter, renal vein and renal artery) inked orange A2=section of renal pelvis with cysts A3=cyst with gerota's fascia A4=cyst with hilar fat A5=cyst with perinephric fat A6=gerota's fascia and perinephric fat A7-A9= representative sections of cysts Total 9
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killed-by-choice · 1 year
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“Whitney Roe”, 18 (USA 1993)
In 1993, a case study from the Department of Laboratory Medicine at Allegheny General Hospital and the Allegheny County Coroner's Office in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania was published in The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology detailing the rapid death of a teenager after a legal abortion. A researcher writing about the case later used the pseudonym “Whitney Roe”.
Whitney was 18 years old when she underwent a “safe and legal” abortion at 18 weeks pregnant. The method used was urea instillation, which involved injecting hyperosmolar urea into the amniotic sac and inserting laminaria dilators to prep for the second stage, which would be either a D&E or a stillbirth induction.
Whitney didn’t make it to the second stage. Only 19 hours after the abortion was started, she was completely unresponsive, went into shock, was acidemic and died.
The autopsy results were horrific. Whitney had developed DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulopathy). Her uterus and renal cortices were necrotic. On examination, her lungs showed diffuse pulmonary alveolar damage. Emphysema of the uterus was found along with subcutaneous emphysema of the anterior abdominal wall. Her blood cultures and tissue cultures tested positive for Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens (the germ that causes gas gangrene).
Before the abortion, Whitney had no health problems noted. In less than a day, she was dead with her organs rotting inside of her. It was concluded that the early steps of the abortion procedure introduced C. perfringens and E coli bacteria into the reproductive system and that the infection spread from there.
The case study noted that this was “apparently the first reported case of death caused by Clostridium perfringens and E. coli sepsis following urea instillation.” However, due to a lack of effective reporting systems, any number of others may have been killed the same way.
The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology: June 1993 - Volume 14 - Issue 2 - p 151-154: Fatal Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli Sepsis Following Urea-Instillation Abortion
The Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.M.J.), Allegheny General Hospital
Allegheny County Coroner's Office (A.M.S., J.A.P.), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
(If you think you know who Whitney is and would like to help share her story, please DM me.)
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nojoom · 1 year
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i stg renal pathology is thee most difficult subject ive ever studied
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mcatmemoranda · 1 year
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Lead poisoning can be caused by the ingestion of paint chips, consumption of moonshine made in lead-lined radiators, and working in factories that use lead-containing casting materials such as battery or ammunition factories. Many toxic substances can have similar symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Common long-term exposure symptoms including chronic abdominal pain, distal sensorimotor neuropathy, and microcytic anemia.
Lead denatures enzymes involved in hemoglobin synthesis such as ferrochelatase, ALA dehydrase, and ribonuclease, which can lead to laboratory abnormalities including hypochromic, microcytic anemia with basophilic stippling of red blood cells. Lead poisoning leads to acute and chronic symptoms depending on the time and amount of exposure but is commonly associated with abdominal pain, diarrhea, encephalopathy, peripheral neuropathy (more commonly motor, but can be sensory as well), and renal failure. Lead poisoning is best treated with chelating agents such as succimer or dimercaprol, but the definitive treatment involves removing the source of exposure.
Arsenic poisoning causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, garlic odor of breath and stool, QTc prolongation, shock, ARDS; chronic arsenic poisoning causes hyperpigmented and hypopigmented skin lesions, hyperkeratosis of skin, Mee's or Beau's lines (on nails), symmetrical sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Exposures include: contaminated drinking water via pesticides, pressure-treated wood, semiconductors, fuel combustion, metallurgy, smelting.
Mercuty poisoning causes stomatitis, inflammation of the gums, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, conjunctivitis, dermatitis. Chronic symptoms incude: neuropsychiatric features including anxiety, irritability, insomnia, depression, tremor, pathologic shyness, memory loss. Exposure to organic mercury: swordfish, shark, mackerel, tuna. Exposure to elemental mercury: smelting operations, electroplating operations, tooth fillings in dental offices.
The antidote to all of these is chelating agents: succimer, dimercaprol
The 2 tests for latent TB are the tuberculin skin test using purified protein derivative (PPD) and the interferon-gamma release assay. Both tests look for an immune reaction to mycobacterial antigens, which requires prior or ongoing infection. Both tests will be positive with either active or latent TB, and neither test can tell the difference between them. The first step after a positive PPD test or interferon-gamma release assay is to determine if there is ongoing active TB. This step is usually done through history and examination and with limited imaging, such as a chest x-ray. If active TB is ruled out, treatment for latent TB is recommended if the risks of treatment are outweighed by the risks of reactivation. In all cases, these risks and benefits of treatment should be discussed with the patient. In general, treatment does not cure latent TB, but it significantly decreases the risk of eventual reactivation.
The more immunosuppressed a person is, the smaller the area of induration needed for a positive test. This approach is based on the idea that with escalating immunosuppression, the reaction to the antigen will be less, leading to a smaller reaction.
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Toxicity Case Reports Journal
Toxicity Case Reports Journal publishes case reports in Toxicity journal, images in Toxicity Case Reports Journal , journal of Toxicity case reports, case reports in Toxicology journal, journal of Toxicology case reports etc. Toxicity literally means poisonous or noxious and logos refers to the underlying science that explains the adverse effects of toxicity at the organismal level. 
Toxicology is therefore a multidisciplinary field which is at the interface of Biology, Chemistry and Medicine, with a special focus on Pharmacology. The subject discusses the presence of physical, biological and chemical agents in the Biological system and the way they affect its functions. Toxicology places special emphasis on the dosage of toxic substances, the route of exposure, species, age, sex, and the environment.
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Toxicology: Case Reports Journal
Journal of Toxicology Case Reports is an Open Access journal published. The Journal publishes original research articles, review articles, and clinical studies in all areas of toxicology. Open access publishing proposes a relatively new model for scholarly journal publishing that provides immediate, worldwide, barrier-free access to the full-text of all published articles. 
Open access allows all interested readers to view, download, print, and redistribute any article without a subscription, enabling far greater distribution of an author's work than the traditional subscription-based publishing model. The journal uses an editorial tracking system that helps in providing good quality in the review process.
Toxicity Case Reports Journal Highlights: Aflatoxins, Cardiac Toxicity, Chemical Toxicology, Developmental Toxicology, Drug Toxicity, Heavy Metal Toxicity, Heavy Metal Toxins, Industrial Hygiene Toxicology, Insecticides Toxicology, Metal Toxicology, Nano Toxicology, Pesticidal Toxicology, Renal Toxicity, Reproductive Toxicology, Skin Toxicology, Tetanus Toxin, Toxicogenomics, Toxicology Reports, Toxicology Testing.
Journal of Forensic Toxicology & Pharmacology
Journal of Forensic Toxicology & Pharmacology: Journal of Forensic Toxicology and Pharmacology is a peer-reviewed scholarly journal and aims to publish articles in all areas of forensic toxicology, forensic science and pharmacology. The field of forensic science has come a long way and this is particularly true in the area of forensic toxicology, which is both fascinating and important for many applications. 
Forensic toxicology is a discipline of forensic science which aids in medical or legal death investigation including disciplines such as analytical chemistry, pharmacology and clinical chemistry. Journal highlights include: Analytical Chemistry, Anthropometry, Clinical Chemistry, Clinical Pharmacology, Computer Forensics, Digital Forensics, Drug Chemistry, Drugs of abuse, Environmental Forensics Fingerprints, Forensic Criminology, Forensic Death Investigation, Forensic Dentistry, Forensic Engineering, Forensic Genetics, Forensic Medicine, Forensic Neuropsychology, Forensic Pathology, Forensic Pharmacology, Forensic Psychiatry, Forensic Science, Forensic Toxicology, Medical and Clinical Toxicology
Related Journals: Forensic Toxicology, Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Forensic Science International, Forensic Science International: Genetics, Journal of Forensic Sciences, Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology, Journal of Analytical Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology, Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicological Studies
International Journal of Chemical Sciences: International Journal of Chemical Sciences is a peer reviewed Quarterly Research Journal encompassing all the branches of Chemical Sciences like Inorganic, Organic, Physical, Analytical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, Industrial, Environmental, Agro and Soil Chemistry as well as Chemical Physics and Engineering etc
American Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics
American Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics: American Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics is an open access peer reviewed and bi-monthly published research journal that publishes articles in the field of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. It is an international journal to encourage research publication to research scholars, academicians, professionals and students engaged in their respective fields.
Our mission is to advance research by working to develop and maintain competence, ethics and integrity and the highest professional standards in the specialty for the benefit of the public. The faculty seeks, through its activities, to bring about an improvement in research of the public.
American Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics is an international, peer-reviewed, open access online journal publishing original research, reviews focusing on all aspects of drug delivery systems.
Specific topics in the journal include: The properties and design of drugs, Excipients and drug penetration enhancers, Vaccines, Nanotechnology in therapeutics, Polymers for drug delivery, Drug delivery systems including oral, nasal, pulmonary, parenteral, topical and transdermal Controlled release systems; nanoparticles, microparticles, microcapsules, liposomes. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, Biopharmaceutics, Medical devices.
Der Chemica Sinica
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The language of the Der chemica Sinica is English.Der chemica Sinica is an Open Access that aims to publish a complete and reliable source of information on discoveries and current developments as original articles, review articles, case reports, short communications, etc. in all areas of the chemistry science and making them available online without any subscriptions to the researchers worldwide. The editors welcome articles in this multidisciplinary field of chemistry.
Chemical Informatics
Chemical Informatics: Chemical Informatics is a vast field that aims to disseminate information regarding the design, structures, creation, dissemination, analysis, visualisation and the use of chemical information. 
Chemical Informatics Journal aims to supply scientists of resources in order to provide the scientific knowledge through the publication of peer-reviewed, high quality, scientific papers and other material on all topics related to Chemical information, Software and databases, Molecular modelling, Computer- aided drug design, Molecular graphics, Data mining techniques, QSAR, Use of chemical structures and their representation in chemical substance and chemical reaction databases. Journal Highlights: Models of Chemistry, Chemical Databases and Maintenance, Chemical Information, QSAR, Data Mining Techniques, Database Software
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Journal of Medical Toxicology and Clinical Forensic Medicine
Journal of Medical Toxicology and Clinical Forensic Medicine: Journal of Medical Toxicology and Clinical Forensic Medicine is a Scholarly Open Access scientific journal which deals with both toxicology and Forensic medicine. Medical Toxicology is nothing but a medical subspecialty concentrating on the analysis, supervision and prevention of harming and additional adversative health issues due to medicines, work-related and ecological contaminants, and organic causes. 
Clinical Forensic Medicine (CFM) is a health field which deals with the collaboration of clinical medicine and the law. It is also involved in the examination of healthcare doctors who are believed to be impaired or may be a possible risk to the public for other reasons. Journal Highlights includes: Forensic Analysis, Forensic Pathology, Toxicology, Forensic Technologies, Forensic Science, Clinical Forensic Analysis, DNA FingerPrinting, Crime investigation, Toxicity Analysis, Jurisdiction
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Journal of Heavy Metal Toxicity and Diseases
Journal of Heavy Metal Toxicity and Diseases: Heavy Metal Toxicity refers to an overexposure to lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, chromium or other high density or metallic element that causes irritation or damage to the body. 
Heavy metals can be found naturally in the environment, in homes, or at the workplace. Sudden severe exposures as well as moderate exposures over time can cause toxicity. Depending on the exposure, metals can increase cancer risk, impair production of red and white blood cells, causes Nausea, Vomiting, Rice-water diarrhoea, Encephalopathy, MODS, LoQTS, Painful neuropathy, Blue vomitus, GI irritation/ Haemorrhage, Hemolysis, MODS (ingested); MFF (inhaled), Vomiting, GI Haemorrhage, Cardiac depression, Metabolic acidosis, Very high doses: Haemorrhage, Bone marrow Suppression, Pulmonary Edema, Hepatorenal necrosis.The main aim of this journal is to provide the quality of data on Heavy Metal Toxicity and related diseases due to severe exposure to Heavy Metals.
Related Journals: The New England Journal of Medicine, Blood Transfusion, Medicine and Healthcare Journal, Iron Chelation Therapy Journal, Blood Journal, Scientific World Journal, Global Journal of Medical Research, Occupational Medicine & Health Affairs Journal, Journal of Experimental Botany, Iranian Journal of Toxicology, Journal of Heavy Metals Toxicity and the Environment, International Journal of Toxicology Heavy Metal Poisoning and Cardiovascular Disease, Heavy metal poisoning from Ayurvedic medicines.
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Diabetic Foot - Overview, Cause, Consult Your Doctor
Foot issues are normal in individuals with diabetes. The affected persons may fear losing a toe, foot, or leg to diabetes. However, an individual can reduce the chances of having diabetes-pertaining foot problems by caring for the feet daily. Handling blood glucose levels, known as blood sugar, can ensure your feet are healthy. Gradually, diabetes could result in nerve damage, known as diabetic neuropathy, that can lead to tingling and pain, making the person lose feeling in the feet. Cuts and sores could become infected.
Diabetes can lessen the blood flow in the feet, the healing process could be slow, and the infection might result in gangrene. Foot ulcers and gangrene that are not treated properly can lead to an amputation of a part of the leg. A doctor might conduct an amputation to prevent a severe infection from spreading to the other parts of the body, thereby saving your life.
Another rare medical condition is the nerve damage due to diabetes could change the shape of the feet, known as Charcot’s foot.
Keeping the Feet Healthy
Collaborate with your doctor to create a diabetes self-care plan. The plan should consist of foot care. A foot doctor, known as a podiatrist, must be part of the medical team.
Observe the Foot Daily
Inspecting the feet every day would enable spotting problems before they become worse. Sometimes you might have foot problems but having no pain in the feet.
Examine For Problems Like:
Cuts or sores
Swelling or blisters
Nails growing into the skin
Corns
Athlete’s foot
Warm spots
Washing the Feet Daily
Wash your feet in warm water with soap. Ensure the water is not too hot and avoid soaking the feet since your skin can get too dry. Once you have washed and dried your feet, use talcum powder between the toes to prevent any infection.
Corns
Corns are thick patches of skin that grow on the feet. Consult a foot doctor about the most suitable method for caring for foot problems. Some doctors might recommend using a pumice stone to smooth corns.
Avoid/strong
Cutting the corns
Using medicated pads like corn plasters
Using liquid corn removers
Trimming the Toenails /strong
Trim your toenails if required after washing and drying the feet. Trim the toenails straight across without cutting into the corners of the toenail.
Wear Shoes and Socks Always
It would be appropriate to wear shoes and socks always. Avoid walking barefoot even if you are indoors. Inspect the inside of the shoes to ensure the lining is smooth and there are no sharp or unwanted objects.
Safeguard the Feet from Hot and Cold
Any nerve damage due to diabetes might lead to burning of the feet
Wear shoes before going to the beach or on a hot footpath
Use sunscreen to avoid sunburn
Do not place the feet near heaters and open fires
Ensure Blood Flows to the Feet
Put your feet up while sitting
Move your ankles to improve blood circulation
Avoid wearing tight socks
Participate in physical activities like walking, dancing, yoga, swimming
Do not smoke
Yearly once get a detailed foot examination, including assessing the feeling and pulses in the feet.
Best Diabetes Hospital in Chennai - Best Diabetologist in Chennai
Our doctors provide comprehensive care and treatment of Diabetes Type 1, Diabetes Type 11 and attendant complications and consequences such as retinopathy, renal disorders and peripheral pathology for both adults and children. Our team of doctors believes in providing holistic diabetes care and assist patients in lifestyle transformation and management of potential risks.
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thepostedia · 2 years
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Renal lithiasis, why cases of this pathology increase in summer
Renal lithiasis, why cases of this pathology increase in summer
Summer is not only synonymous with good weather, outdoor activities and long days. Heat and sweat are also associated with certain skin and health problems, and this good weather can increase the risk of kidney stones. It is established that the cases of people with this pathology increases by 40% due to increase in temperature in these hot months. What are kidney stones? Kidney stones are…
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carehospitals-india · 17 minutes
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Epithelial Cells in Urine: Types, Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
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When you think about urine, you might assume it consists solely of waste products from your body. However, there is more to urine than meets the eye. Epithelial cells, a crucial component of urine, provide valuable insights into your urinary health. Their presence, types, and quantities offer insights into various pathologies, including infections, inflammation, and renal disorders. 
What are Epithelial Cells in Urine?
To understand the significance of epithelial cells in urine, it's essential first to grasp what these cells are. Epithelial cells are specialized cells that line various organs and structures in the body, forming a protective barrier. They also line the urinary tract, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Typically, a small number of epithelial cells may be present in urine, but when their levels become abnormal, it can indicate an underlying health issue.
Types of Epithelial Cells in Urine
Epithelial cells in urine can be of three main types: squamous, transitional, and renal tubular. 
Squamous epithelial cells are flat, scale-like cells typically present in the urethra. 
Transitional epithelial cells are larger and rounder and line the urinary bladder and ureters. These are more common in older adults. 
Renal tubular epithelial cells are cuboidal or columnar in shape and originate from the renal tubules in the kidneys. An increased number of these cells in urine might indicate kidney disorder. 
Causes of Epithelial Cells High in Urine
Various factors can cause increased epithelial cells in urine. One primary cause is a urinary tract infection (UTI). When bacteria reach the urinary tract, they can cause inflammation and lead to shedding epithelial cells into the urine. 
Other possible causes of epithelial cells in urine include kidney infections, bladder infections, kidney stones, and certain kidney diseases. 
In some cases, high levels of epithelial cells may also result from contamination while collecting a urine sample.
Symptoms of Epithelial Cells in Urine
Epithelial cells in urine may not always cause noticeable symptoms. However, underlying conditions contributing to an abnormal number of epithelial cells can manifest with specific symptoms. For example, a UTI associated with increased epithelial cells may lead to various symptoms, such as frequent urination, pain or burning sensation during micturition, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, and pelvic discomfort. Pay attention to any changes in urinary habits and consult a healthcare professional if you experience persistent symptoms.
Treatment for Epithelial Cells in Urine
The treatment for epithelial cells high in urine depends on the underlying cause. If a urinary tract infection is detected, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics to remove the infection and reduce the presence of epithelial cells. 
If kidney stones or other kidney-related issues are the cause, your doctor may recommend specific treatments targeting these conditions. 
It's essential to follow your doctor's advice and complete the prescribed epithelial cells in urine treatment to ensure the proper resolution of the underlying problem.
When to Consult a Doctor
If you notice an increased presence of epithelial cells in your urine, it is advisable to consult a doctor. While it may be a benign condition in some cases, it can also indicate an underlying health issue that requires medical attention. Additionally, if you experience any accompanying symptoms, such as pain, discomfort, or changes in urinary habits, you should seek medical advice promptly. Early detection and intervention can help keep your urinary system healthy and prevent potential complications. 
Conclusion
Epithelial cells in urine play a significant role in providing valuable insights into your urinary health. Monitoring the presence and levels of epithelial cells can help detect and diagnose underlying conditions such as urinary tract infections, kidney stones, and kidney diseases. Consult a healthcare provider if you observe any changes in your urine, such as increased epithelial cells or accompanying symptoms. By understanding the role of epithelial cells in urine, you can take proactive steps towards maintaining your urinary health.
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digitalprojects · 20 days
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About Urinary Lithuania
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Introducing Urinary Lithuania refers to the presence in the urinary tract (kidneys, bladder, ureter) of small stones formed by the abnormal agglomeration of matter. These stones are either naturally present in the body or produced by bacteria. The diet definitely plays a role in the prevention and remission of this disease.
The various types
There are two types, accounting for 70-80% of urinary lithiasis: oxalate and calcium stones.
Oxalate
These stones contain abundant oxalate. Oxalate is a crystal composed of calcium, and is the cause of renal lithiasis. Oxalate occurs in 30-60% of cases. People with this type of urinary calculus need a diet low in oxalate. The foods that contain the most are chocolate, asparagus, watercress, rhubarb, tea, coffee, beet, sorrel and parsley.
Calcium
Calcium-rich stones are the result of excessive calcium intake, probably due to high consumption of dairy products. The recommended daily calcium intake for a healthy adult is 900 mg.
They may also be the result of excessive protein intake, particularly of animal origin. Excess salt can also be a factor in the elimination of calcium from the blood. They may be due to bone calcium loss. This loss needs to be identified and managed, to prevent the development of osteoporosis. In this sense, calcium lithiasis can help prevent the further development of bone pathology. What about protein? According to ANSES recommendations, protein intake should be 0.8 to 1 g/kg/day, with meat limited to 150 grams per day, and salt intake limited. Salt should be limited to cooking, and should not be available at the table. Consumption of processed foods, which are generally high in salt, is not recommended on a daily basis.
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