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#oxytetracycline for sheep
intracinpharma · 3 years
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Imoly: Oxytetracycline Injection by Intracin for infections caused by organisms sensitive to oxytetracycline for goats, sheep, rabbit, cattle, birds, camel, dogs, horses and cats. The use of tetracyclines during the period of tooth and bone development, including late pregnancy, may lead to discolouration. Oxytetracycline injection is active against range of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms including staphyicocccus.
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lookchem-cas · 3 years
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Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride (Oxytetracycline HCL)
Product Name:Oxytetracycline hydrochloride
Synonyms:hydrocyclin;liquamycininjectable;mepatar;nsc9169;5-hydroxytetracycline hydrochloride;[4s-(4alpha,4aalpha,5alpha,5aalpha,6beta,12aalpha)]-4-(dimethylamino)-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydro-3,5,6,10,12,12a-hexahydroxy-6-methyl-1,11-dioxo-2-naphthacenecarboxamide monohydrochloride;GEOMYCIN;AQUACYCLINE
CAS:2058-46-0
MF:C22H25ClN2O9
MW:496.89
EINECS:218-161-2
Mol File:2058-46-0.mol
Product Categories:Pharmaceutical intermediate;Amines;Chiral Reagents;Intermediates & Fine Chemicals;Pharmaceuticals;L - ZEPA;NeatsAntibiotics;TetracyclinesMore...Close...;1694 Pharmaceuticals&Personal Care Products;Antibacterial;Antibiotics;Antibiotics A to;Antibiotics by Application;Antibiotics N-SAntibiotics;Chemical Structure Class;Genetic Marker SelectionAntibiotics;Interferes with Protein SynthesisSpectrum of Activity;Mechanism of Action
Function:
This product is a yellow crystalline powder; Odourless, slightly bitter taste; Micro has led to wet; A dark in the sun, in the alkali soluble easy damage failure. This product soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, insoluble in chloroform or ether.
Oxytetracycline HCl belongs to the tetracyclines class of drugs. The medication is effective against a wide range of bacteria including those infecting the eyes, bones, sinuses, respiratory tract and blood cells. It works by interfering with the production of proteins that the bacteria need to multiply and divide, thus hampering the spread of the infection. Besides being used for preventing bacterial growth in cats and dogs, Oxytetracycline HCl is effective for the treatment of bacterial enteritis and bacterial pneumonia in pigs, cows, sheep, chicken, turkey, and even honey bees.
Oxytetracycline hydrochloride is a salt prepared from oxytetracycline taking advantage of the basic dimethylamino group which protonates readily to form the salt in solutions. The hydrochloride is the preferred formulation for pharmaceutical applications. Like all tetracyclines,oxytetracycline shows broad spectrum antibacterial and antiprotozoan activity and acts by binding to the 30S and 50S ribosomal sub-units,blocking protein synthesis.
Oxytetracycline hydrochloride is an antibiotic belonging to the tetracycline class.Oxytetracycline hydrochloride strongly inhibits gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.Oxytetracycline hydrochloride is a protein synthesis inhibitor that prevents aminoacil-tRNA from binding to complex ribosomal RNA. Oxytetracycline hydrochloride also has anti-HSV-1 activity. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, and its antibacterial spectrum,antibacterial principle and application are basically the same as tetracycline.Many rickettsia species, mycoplasma species, chlamydia species, spirochetes,amoeba parasites and certain malaria parasites are also sensitive to this product.Enterococcus is resistant to it. Others such as Actinomyces.
Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium, Nocardia, Vibrio, Brucella, Campylobacter,Yersinia, etc. are sensitive to this product. This product has certain antibacterial activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae and meningococcus, but penicillin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae is also resistant to oxytetracycline. Over the years,due to the wide application of tetracyclines, common clinical pathogens are highly resistant to oxytetracycline, including gram-positive bacteria such asstaphylococci and most gram-negative bacilli. There is cross-resistance between different varieties of tetracycline antibiotics. The mechanism of action of this product is that the drug can specifically bind to the A position of the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit the growth of the peptide chain and affect the synthesis of bacterial protein. This product has a slightly stronger effect on intestinal infections,including amoebic dysentery than tetracycline. It has close cross-resistance with tetracycline.
More details:https://dongxingbio.lookchem.com/
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iheartvmt · 6 years
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Leptospirosis Other names: Weill’s disease (severe form in humans) Cause: Leptospira spp (multiple serovars exist) Species: Swine, dogs, horses, cattle, humans. Many other species are also affected and/or asymptomatic carriers. Signs: Swine – abortion (usually in last 3 weeks of pregnancy), stillbirths, weak piglets that die soon after birth or grow slowly. Other than reproductive losses affected swine often appear healthy; anorexia, lethargy, and mild scours of a few day duration is sometimes seen. Dogs – Acute kidney injury that, if survived, may progress to chronic kidney disease.  Acute liver disease.  Icteris, increased bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase, lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, polyuria/oliguria/anuria, cylindruria, proteinuria, or glycosuria; azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, acidosis, hyperkalemia, neutrophilia, lymphopenia, monocytosis, and mild anemia, muscle pain, stiffness, weakness, trembling, reluctance to move, weight loss, fever or  hypothermia, oculonasal discharge lymphadenopathy, effusions, and edema. Rarely bleeding disorders, uveitis, cough, dyspnea. Commonly fatal. Horses – recurrent uveitis, abortion (usually after 9 months gestation); occasionally, fever and acute renal failure Cattle – Most commonly abortion,  stillbirth, increased services per conception, prolonged calving intervals, agalactia/blood-tinged milk. Often a large portion of the herd is affected. Less commonly, high fever, hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinuria, jaundice, pulmonary congestion, meningitis, death. Humans – high fever, headache, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, myalgia, uveitis, jaundice, rash; may resolve and then relapse with greater severity; kidney failure (nonoliguric, hyponatremia, hypokalemia), liver failure, pulmonary hemorrhages, meningitis, death Transmission: Bacteria is shed in  infected animal’s urine and enters an uninfected animal through the the mucous membranes or skin wounds, often via contaminated water. Venereal transmission can occur in swine and cattle. Among dogs, hunting dogs, farm/herding dogs, and pet dogs that explore the outdoors are at greatest risk. Diagnosis: PCR or antibody level testing required for definitive diagnosis Treatment: Swine – Streptomycin injections, tetracycline feed additives Cattle – tetracycline, oxytetracycline, penicillin, ceftiofur, tilmicosin, tulathromycin Dogs – Doxycycline, supportive care  (fluid therapy, antiemetics, GI protectants, phosphate binders, hepatic support diets and medications) Humans – Penicillin, doxycycline, supportive care Prevention: Vaccination is the best method of control in animals! Additional management practices help reduce risk – good facility sanitation and rodent control. Maintenance of pens to prevent injuries. Do not allow pigs contact with cattle, horses, dogs, or cats. Do not graze cattle with sheep. Do not allow pigs into the areas used to house other susceptible species. Avoid open drains and communal drinking troughs to limit spread between pens; limit mixing of pigs from different herds or pens as much as possible. Maintain closed herds, and do not share bulls or boars. Humans – No vaccine available. Use PPE whenever working around pigs (especially when handling urine, afterbirth, aborted fetuses, performing artificial insemination, or assisting with dystocias) or any individuals of other species suspected to have leptospirosis. Avoid drinking or wading/swimming in contaminated water. Sources: State of Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Merck Veterinary Manual, MSD Animal Health (image of dog), horsesidevetguide.com (horse image), NADIS (cattle images), leptospirosis.org (human image), CDC
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kennethresearch · 3 years
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Global Veterinary Anti-infectives market Analysis, Geographical Segmentation, Drivers, Challenges, Trends Forecasts 2021 - 2030
The Global Veterinary Anti-Infective Market was valued at US$ XX Mn in 2017 and is expected to reach US$ XX Mn by 2022 growing at a CAGR of XX% during the forecast period. Anti-infective is a general term for any medicine or drugs which are capable of inhibiting the growth, proliferation, spread of an infectious organism or destroying it outright. This term includes antibiotics, antifungals, anthelmintics, antimalarials, antiprotozoals, antituberculosis agents, and antivirals. The primary end users are the veterinary clinics, animal farms etc.
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Market Dynamics
The following factors are significant in deciding the fate of the market: Market Drivers: During the breeding practises in the farms or the transportation of the animals or even randomly, they get infected by dangerous pathogens and strains of influenza viruses. The growing meat consumption of animal meat like chicken and pork adds human beings to the exposure of these harmful pathogens, which could be really fatal at times. So veterinary checkups have become extremely important to reduce or prevent these.
The acceptance of the pets as family members has encouraged the spending on their healthcare too. Owing to global awareness sometimes regular veterinary services are availed simply due to the deterrence of occurrence of diseases. Drug regulations are much more lenient compared to the human scenario. As a result much fewer hurdles are faced for new drug, additives and medicine launches for the animals. Market Restraints: Rising costs of the researches, strict policies in some countries are the major hindrances in the market
Market Opportunities
Market opportunities mainly lie in government incentives and advancements in biotechnology. Market Segmentation: The market can be segmented into the following categories: Based on disease: Rabies Brucellosis Leptospirosis Influenza Rift Valley fever Newcastle disease Nipah virus infection Hendra virus infection Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus On the basis of products: Bymarbofloxacin FlorfenicolSprays Freeze-dried ceftiofurCollars Beta-lactams Oxytetracycline Aminosidine On the basis of animals: Companion animals Dogs Cats Horses Others Farm animals Cattle Swine Poultry Fish Sheep On the basis of the geographic distribution of the markets: North America Latin America Europe Asia Pacific Middle East and Africa
Geographic Analysis
North America is the current global leader in the market followed by Latin America. The Asia Pacific nations are the fastest growing market in this sector and are predicted to bypass the North America in the near future.
Key Players
Some of the key players in the market are: Bayer Healthcare BoehringerIngelheim Ceva Animal Health, Inc. Elanco Merck Merial (Animal Health Division of Sanofi) Report ContentsRegional AnalysisReport Highlights
Market segments
Market Drivers, Restraints and Opportunities Market Size & Forecast 2016 to 2022 Supply & Demand Value Chain Market - Current Trends Competition & Major Companies Technology and R&D Status Porters Five Force Analysis Strategic and Critical Success Factor Analysis of Key Players
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Deramatophilosis in Draught and Dairy Cattle in Tamil Nadu Delta Districts of India- Juniper Publishers
Deramatophilosis in Draught and Dairy Cattle in Tamil Nadu Delta Districts of India
Authored by S Krishna Kumar
Abstract
Chronic dermatitis caused by Dermatophilosis in dairy and drought animals were studied in delta districts of Tamilnadu. Dermatophilosis is a contagious zoonotic skin disease caused by Dermatophilus congolensis with wide host range and most commonly affects cattle, sheep and horse. The disease is characterized by exudative dermatitis with scab formation. Factors such as prolonged wetting by rain, high humidity, high temperature, mechanical injury to the skin, concurrent disease, stress and tick infestation that reduce or permeate the natural barrier of the integument influence the development, prevalence, seasonal incidence and transmission of Dermatophilosis. A cross sectional study on prevalence of Deramtophilosis was carried out and epidemiologic risk factors like age, breed, sex and seasonal coditions were corelated with the prevalence of Dermatophilosis. This study concludes that winter season, higher age group, female and jersey cross bred will be the risk factors for Dermatophilosis prevalence and oxytetracycline is the chioce of antibiotic for clinical management.   
Introduction
Agrarian economy of the detal districts of Tamilnadu remain heavily depended on draught cattle and livestock. Dairy animals remain bread winners for the agriculture labours and the landless people. The economic value of these cattle were observed to be subvalued due to the presense of damaging lesions in the skin due to Dermatophilosis (also known as Streptothrichosis). Dermatophilosis caused by the bacterium Dermatophilus congolensis, is an exudative, pustular dermatitis that mainly affects cattle, sheep and horses, but also goats, dogs and cats, many wild mammals, reptiles occasionally, humans also affected
[1] . The clinical picture includes matting of the hair or wool, scab and crust formation and generalized massive crust formation in chronic cases which leads to loss of hair and even local loss of the upper skin layers predisposing to secondary infections. Several factors like mechanical injury to the skin, rainfall, tick infestation, concurrent diseases and stress are involved in the pathogenesis of Dermatophilosis and claimed to be a major predisposing factor in the epidemiology of Dermatophilosis [2]. Moisture facilitates release of zoospores from preexisting lesions and theiy subsequently penetrates the epidermis and establishments new infection [3]. Diagnosis made based on clinical appearance of the lesion and demonstrating the causal organism from the lesions beneath the scabs [4]. Confirmatory diagnosis of the disease may be achieved by culturing and identification of the pathogen on blood agar bacteriological media.   
Materials and Methods
The study area covered the delta regions of Tamilnadu with the Thanjavur district as the main target. Clinical samples of dermatological lesions were collected with epidemiological data and subjected to laboratory examinations. The distribution of lesions on affected animals were recorded. The selected samples were processed for identification of Dermatophilosis.
Supected skin samples of affected area were collected and placed in the petridishes with normal slaine for over night. Deep impression smear was collected form the soaked materials [5]. The smears were stainined with Giemsa staining and susequently confirmed in Sheep blood agar [6].   
Results
Detal districts of Tamilnadu has recorded with higer prevalnce of Dermatophilosis in dairy cattle. A sum of 108 cattle were screened for various dermatological disorders and 28 cases were found to be afflected with Dermatophilosis (Table 1). Winter season (71.5%) had a higher prevalence than the summer (28.5%). All age groups in both male and females were affected. Higher age group (<5 years) showed 52.3% morbidity than younger age group. Females were found to have a higher rate (90.5%) of infection than male (9.5%).
Out of 21 dermatiphilosis posititve animals 17 (80.9%) were Jersey crossbred cows and (19.1%) were Holsteinfresian crossbred. Typically clinical presentation included the formation of dense scabs on the skin (Figure 1) especially moist lesions with thickened, folded skin in areas like neck, udder and perineum was observed. After a time gap, dry scab peeled off and dry/wet exudative lesions were seen (Figure 2). Severe itching, hair loss, reduction in milk production was common among dairy animals. The processed samples were shown gram positive cocci in a specified manner was noticed (Figure 3). The strains of Dermatophilus congolensis grew on blood agar with washed sheep erythrocytes with marked total hemolysis and gave a significant synergistic effect of a characteristic shape (Figure 4).
    Discussion
This reaearch work targets the dairy cow and drought animals to ascertain the prevalence of dermatophilosis in delta region.Clinical samples like dry scab and wet impression smear were coleected and sujected to bacteriological examination. Higher incidence of dermatophilosis recorded during winter because of prolonged wetting makes break in the skin to establish the infection and multiplication of the organism in the epidermis and concomitant increase in tick and insect infestation [5]. Humidity, high ambient temperature, ectoparasites, carrier animals, malnutrition, intense rainfalls and mechanical traumas are important factors which was recorded by Andrew AH [7]. All theses factors are more prevalent in delta districts of Tamil Nadu, particularly in Thanjavur. During the monsoon season, water flow in the irrigation canals augments the disease prevalence, as majority of these cases were obsereved during such times. Dairy and draught cattle of Thanjavur districts were observed to have an epidemic pattern of skin lesions particularly during rainy seasons and during the periods where in heavy water flow is present in irrigation channels across agricultural fields.
These bacteria are usually found under the skin surfaces and under favorable environmental risk factors like relative humidity and rain fall, these organism grow well and produce clinical disease. Ecologically Thanjavur, Nagapattinam and Tiruvarur delta districts of Tamil Nadu are located in sea shore area and have high humidity thought the year These districts also experiences abnormal rain fall during monsoon seasons [8]. Because of the prevalent community or group grazing pattern, practised by livestock keepers in these areas it paves way for easy transmission to other animals. Eventhough some of the animals showed self limiting pattern, most of the animals had anorexia, loss of milk yield and poor skin and coat.Eventhough most of the researchers found tick infestation along with Dermatophilosis [3] but this study was not witnessed with tick infestation.
Most of the skin lesions were seen on the rump and back in dairy cows and drought animals probably due to the introduction of infection through minor skin abrasions caused by mounting, other penetrating lesions caused by yolk respectively. Typical clinical symptoms in this study consists of circular, dome shaped scab about 3-9cm in diameter may be due to yellowish exudates, leaving a row, bleeding epidermis and normal skin surface has been disrupted and activated zoospores gain access to the epidermis, infection can develop and the zoospores are apparently attracted to the low carbon dioxide [6]. Pin point colonies surrounded by small zones beta hemolysis are evident after twenty four hour incubation at 370C was noiced as noticed [2].
Dermatiphilosis cases were successfully treated with Oxytetracycline with parental Oxytetracycline / Strepto- peneicillin at standard doses with external application of sulphur ointment and feed supplements had helped in better recovery from the disease as recommended by Susan EA [5].
Prevention and control of dermatophilosis is by isolation and treatment of affected animals, maintaining good plan of nutrition with mineral supplementations and avoiding community / group grazing practices.
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josephkitchen0 · 5 years
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How to Prevent Foot Rot in Goats
By Judy Bowman — Although more commonly thought of as affecting sheep, foot rot in goats and related conditions can cause problems in the goat herd. Recognition of foot rot in goats along with proper treatment and management can help avoid serious economic loss. Whether you’re learning how to raise goats in your backyard or raising goats for profit, you’ll want to learn how to identify and treat foot rot in goats, along with other diseases and conditions.
What Causes Foot Rot in Goats?
Foot rot in goats is generally the result of the bacteria Fusobacterium necrophorum in combination with various other bacteria. Fusobacterium necrophorum is an anaerobic bacteria (one that survives in the absence of oxygen) that is part of the normal environmental flora of goats. Given the right conditions, these organisms invade the tissues of the hoof, usually gaining access through the interdigital tissues — the area between the toes.
Fusobacterium necrophorum in combination with the bacteria Cornybacterium pyogenes can result in a condition known as interdigital dermatitis or foot scald. Symptoms include lameness, and one or more feet may be affected. Foot scald commonly occurs during cold damp weather. Mechanical injury to the interdigital skin from stubble, burrs, accumulations of mud, etc. can also be a factor. The interdigital skin initially appears red and swollen and may later become grayish and necrotic, or dead looking. In advanced cases, sloughing or erosion of the infected skin may be seen. In contrast to certain other hoof conditions, there is no foul odor, drainage of pus, or separation of the hoof associated with foot scald.
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A severe complication of foot scald is a condition known as foot abscess. Foot abscess usually affects only one toe of one foot and is characterized by severe, acute lameness. It occurs when the foot scald infection extends into the deeper tissues and the joint. In this advanced infection, pus may be expressed from between the toes or, in later stages, from above the coronet or upper edge of the hoof. Foot abscess can actually cause rupture of the ligaments of the foot leading to permanent disability. Unfortunately, the chances of complete recovery are poor, even with professional veterinary care.
Two other infections, benign and virulent foot rot in goats, are caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum in combination with another anaerobic bacteria, Bacteroides nodosus. While Fusobacterium necrophorum is normally present in the goat’s environment, Bacteroides nodosus can survive for only a few days on the ground without a host. In benign foot rot in goats, a milder strain of Bacteroides nodosus is present. This infection occurs most often in warm, moist weather and symptoms are similar to those of foot scald. Benign foot rot is usually confined to the interdigital skin; however, unlike foot scald, a foul odor may be noted.
When the infection involves a more virulent or aggressive strain of Bacteroides nodosus, a condition known as virulent foot rot in goats occurs affecting both the interdigital skin and the hoof matrix. In the presence of the warm, moist environment the skin between the toes becomes macerated or waterlogged, not unlike human skin that is immersed for a length of time in dish- or bath-water.  Under these conditions Fusobacterium necrohorum invades initially, causing foot scald. If at this point, Bacteroides nodosus invades the already infected skin, the condition progresses to virulent foot rot. This synergy or cooperation between bacteria is characteristic of virulent foot rot. Severe lameness affects one or more feet, and, in addition to the inflammation of the skin between the toes a foul-smelling, grayish-yellow pus may be noted. Body temperature may be elevated, lactation may cease and, eventually, the hoof may start to detach. Virulent foot is very contagious, and some animals may even become carriers.
Treatment of Foot Rot in Goats
Treatment for all the above infections starts with a thorough exam. Affected hooves should be trimmed and thoroughly scrubbed clean. Check for puncture wounds, foreign bodies, inflammation, drainage, and swelling. Remember that lameness in goats can also be caused by conditions such as CAE or mastitis and by injury.
When caring for goats with foot rot, move the affected animal(s) to clean, dry bedding after walking them through a foot bath of 5-10 percent formaldehyde, 10 percent zinc sulfate, or 10-20 percent copper sulfate.  Visibly infected hooves should be soaked in the foot bath solution for at least 10 minutes. Some sources recommend soaking up to one hour. A little laundry detergent may be added to the soaking solution to increase penetration of the medication. Injectable antibiotics may shorten the course of the infection. The Merck Veterinary Manual recommends either oxytetracycline (5-10mg per kg every 24 hours) or benzathine penicillin G (10,000-40,000 IU per kg every 48 to 72 hours.) Check the product insert for further information and remember withdrawal times for lactating animals. Inexperienced goat owners should consult their veterinarian for specific treatment recommendations. A vaccine — Footvax — is available; however, it won’t provide complete control and should be used in conjunction with other measures. Recheck all treated animals in one to two weeks and repeat the foot bath/soak, then recheck every two weeks for two months.
Can You Prevent Foot Rot in Goats?
Good management practices can help prevent foot infections in goats. As these infections tend to occur in wet environments, provide for good drainage in pastures and lots. If feasible, rotating pastures and lots can also help, as the ground is considered decontaminated after three to four weeks. Quarantine all new animals for one month, after careful hoof trimming and a preventative foot bath. Provide regular hoof care and trimming for all animals in the herd. Finally, and probably most importantly, good management hinges on careful daily observation of your herd to identify any potential problems before they have a chance to escalate.
How to Prevent Foot Rot in Goats was originally posted by All About Chickens
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intracinpharma · 3 years
Link
Imoly: Oxytetracycline Injection by Intracin for infections caused by organisms sensitive to oxytetracycline for goats, sheep, rabbit, cattle, birds, camel, dogs, horses and cats. The use of tetracyclines during the period of tooth and bone development, including late pregnancy, may lead to discolouration. Oxytetracycline injection is active against range of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms including staphyicocccus.
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Veterinary Medicine Articles in JBGSR
Review on Q Fever: Epidemiology, Public Health Importance and Preventive Measures by Gizaw Mekonnen* in Open Access Journal of Biogeneric Science and Research (JBGSR)
Summary
Q fever is worldwide zoonotic disease which is caused by obligate intracellular gram-negative bacteria, called Coxiella burnetii. Q fever is air born disease and thus inhalation is considered as primary mode of transmission in both animal and human, sometimes through ingestion they may be infected and ticks play essential role in transmission. The agent is spread a long distance through the wind. The geographical distribution of Q fever is worldwide except New Zealand. The main reservoirs for human infections are cattle, goat, sheep, and pets and ticks are the natural primary reservoir for animal. Coxiella burnetii in ruminant cause reproductive problems like miscarriage, infertility and reduced milk production. The organism can be found in the milk, urine, feces placenta and birth fluids of animals. The airborne transmission of C. burnetii associated with its highly resistance to environments and the ability to easily produce huge quantities of C. burnetii in the after birth of aborted ewes or goats have led to classify C. burnetii as a Category-B, biological terrorism agent. The incubation period of Q fever is depending on the size of infectious. The recommended treatment for ruminant administering two injection of Oxytetracycline during the last month of gestation, also Doxycycline is the best drug. C. burnetii can be reduced in the farm environment by regular cleaning and disinfection of animal facilities. Q fever is global health problem and it is an OIE notifiable disease. Q fever is one of infectious disease which is considered as being having economic and public health importance in Ethiopia. Therefore, awareness creation and, application of prevention and control method has paramount importance in reduce the hazardous effect of this disease.
Abbreviations: SCV: Small cell variant; LCV: Large cell variant; CFSPH: Central food security public Heath; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; IFA: Indirect fluorescent antibody; OIE: Office international des Epizooties
Introduction
Q fever is a serious zoonotic disease caused by an obligate intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii and it is presumed to be one of the most widespread zoonosis in the world. The disease has known since the 1930s and has a worldwide distribution, with the exception of the Antarctica and possibly New Zealand [1]. The disease first identified in Queensland, Australia, in 1935, after an outbreak of febrile illness among slaughterhouse workers [2]. Some authors suggested that the Q stood of Queensland, the state in which the disease was first founds [3], but after testing all those who were affected and could not arrive at a diagnosis from the patients’ history, physical examination, and a few investigations, Derrick termed the illness “Q” for Query fever, because its etiopathogenesis was not known at the time [4]. It also known by several synonyms such as Abattoir fever, Australian Q fever, Balkan influenza, Coxiellosis, Nine-mile fever, and Pneumorickettsiosis [5].
Domestic animals such as cattle, sheep and goats are considered as the mainreservoir for the pathogen which can infect a large variety of animals, humans, birds, and arthropods [5]. Q fever is a mainly airborne zoonosis; infection is most acquired by breathing infectious aerosols or contaminated dust [6]. Infection can occur also in individuals not having direct contact with animals, such as persons living along a road used by farm vehicles or those handling contaminated clothing. The infection result from inhalation of endospores and from contact with the milk, urine, feces, vaginal mucus or semen of infected animals [7]. The pathogen is highly resistant to adverse physical conditions and chemical agents, so it can survive for months and even years in the environment which create conducive condition for infection [8].
Q fever is frequently asymptomatic, in sheep and goats it causes abortion, stillbirth, premature delivery, and delivery of weak offspring and in cattle and camel may develop infertility, metritis, and mastitis [9]. The majority of human coxiella burnetii infections are asymptomatic, especially among high-risk groups such as veterinary and slaughterhouse workers, other livestock handlers, and laboratory workers [10]. In more recent dates Q fever is classified as a “Category “B” critical biological agent” by the Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC) and is considered a potential weapon for bioterrorism [11]. The disease so is considered has having public health concern throughout the worldalongside with its economic importance. On top this, although Qfever is an OIE notifiable disease, it remains poorly reported and its surveillance is frequently severely neglected [12]. Review of the disease epidemiologic status, public health significance is lacking in different countries, including Ethiopia.
Therefore, the objectives of this seminar paper are: i. To overview Q Fevers Epidemiology, Public health importance, and preventive measures ii. To highlight current status of Q fever in Ethiopia
History of Q Fever
Q fever was first described in 1935 by Edward Holbrook Derrick [2] in abattoir workers in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The “Q” stands for “query” and was applied at a time when the causative agent was unknown; it was chosen over suggestions of “abattoir fever” and “Queensland rickettsial fever,” to avoid directing negative connotations at either the cattle industry or the state of Queensland [13]. Derrick inoculated guinea pigs with blood or urine from the "Q" fever patients. The guinea pigs became febrile. Derrick was unable to isolate the agent responsible for the fever so he sent a saline emulsion of infected guinea pig liver to Macfarlane Burnet in Melbourne. Burnet was able to isolate organisms, which "appeared to be of rickettsia nature" [7].
In 1936, Herald Rea Cox joined Davis at the Rocky Mountain Laboratory to additional characterize the “Nine Mile agent.” Burnet and Freeman, as well as Davis and Cox, demonstrated that the etiological agent was filterable and displayed properties of both viruses and rickettsiae. A major advance obtained in 1938, when Cox succeeded in propagating the infectious agent in embryonated eggs. Cox termed the Nine Mile Agent Rickettsia diaporica (diaporica means having the ability to pass through) a reference to the filterable property of the agent. In intervening time in Australia, Derrick suggested the name of Rickettsia burnetii for the Q fever agent. In 1948, Cornelius B. Philip proposed that R. burnetii considered as the single species of a distinct genus since it was now apparent that this organism was unique among the rickettsiae. He proposed the name Coxiella. The Q fever agent is known as Coxiella burnetii. C. burnetii, a namewhichhonors bothCox and Burnet who had identified the Q fever agent as a new rickettsial species [14]. For more Veterinary articles in JBGSR Click on https://biogenericpublishers.com/ To know more about this article click on https://biogenericpublishers.com/jbgsr.ms.id.00153.text/ https://biogenericpublishers.com/pdf/JBGSR.MS.ID.00153.pdf For Online Submissions Click on https://biogenericpublishers.com/submit-manuscript/
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kennethresearch · 3 years
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Global Veterinary Anti-infectives Market By Manufacturers, Types, Regions and Application and Forecast 2021 to 2030
The Global Veterinary Anti-infective Market was valued at US$ XX Mn in 2017 and is expected to reach US$ XX Mn by 2022 growing at a CAGR of XX% during the forecast period. Anti-infective is a general term for any medicine or drugs which are capable of inhibiting the growth, proliferation, spread of an infectious organism or destroying it outright. This term includes antibiotics, antifungals, anthelmintics, antimalarials, antiprotozoals, antituberculosis agents, and antivirals. The primary end users are the veterinary clinics, animal farms etc.
Market Dynamics
The following factors are significant in deciding the fate of the market: Market Drivers: During the breeding practises in the farms or the transportation of the animals or even randomly, they get infected by dangerous pathogens and strains of influenza viruses. The growing meat consumption of animal meat like chicken and pork adds human beings to the exposure of these harmful pathogens, which could be really fatal at times. So veterinary checkups have become extremely important to reduce or prevent these.
The acceptance of the pets as family members has encouraged the spending on their healthcare too. Owing to global awareness sometimes regular veterinary services are availed simply due to the deterrence of occurrence of diseases. Drug regulations are much more lenient compared to the human scenario. As a result much fewer hurdles are faced for new drug, additives and medicine launches for the animals. Market Restraints: Rising costs of the researches, strict policies in some countries are the major hindrances in the market
Market Opportunities
Market opportunities mainly lie in government incentives and advancements in biotechnology. Market Segmentation: The market can be segmented into the following categories: Based on disease: Rabies Brucellosis Leptospirosis Influenza Rift Valley fever Newcastle disease Nipah virus infection Hendra virus infection Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus On the basis of products: Bymarbofloxacin FlorfenicolSprays Freeze-dried ceftiofurCollars Beta-lactams Oxytetracycline Aminosidine On the basis of animals: Companion animals Dogs Cats Horses Others Farm animals Cattle Swine Poultry Fish Sheep On the basis of the geographic distribution of the markets: North America Latin America Europe Asia Pacific Middle East and Africa
Geographic Analysis
North America is the current global leader in the market followed by Latin America. The Asia Pacific nations are the fastest growing market in this sector and are predicted to bypass the North America in the near future.
Key Players
Some of the key players in the market are: Bayer Healthcare BoehringerIngelheim Ceva Animal Health, Inc. Elanco Merck Merial (Animal Health Division of Sanofi) Report ContentsRegional AnalysisReport Highlights Market segments Market Drivers, Restraints and Opportunities Market Size & Forecast 2016 to 2022 Supply & Demand Value Chain Market - Current Trends Competition & Major Companies Technology and R&D Status Porters Five Force Analysis Strategic and Critical Success Factor Analysis of Key Players
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josephkitchen0 · 5 years
Text
A Guide to Eye Problems and Eye Infections in Goats
By Cheryl K. Smith
The most important part of owning goats is keeping them healthy, and the best way to do this is to examine them regularly and act fast when you see a problem developing. Look at each goat at least twice a day—during feeding time—searching for any change in routine or sign of illness or injury. This includes the eyes. While eye infections in goats are common, they are generally easy to treat and, if caught early, leave no lasting problems.
To determine whether you’re dealing with eye infections or other eye problems, look for squinting, wateriness or crustiness, cloudiness, hair loss, redness or swelling in or around the eye. Other more subtle indicators of an eye problem include holding its head abnormally, walking into things, or a hesitance to walk through a gate, door or other areas. If you notice a problem from a distance, examine that animal more closely. Despite frequent checking, any goat owner will invariably find that one of their goats has developed an eye problem.
Every few years I have a goat or two that develops mild eye problems. I have so far had success with early and consistent home treatment, with no lasting effects.
Goats have three eyelids that protect their eyes. The upper and lower eyelids can be closed to provide protection from harsh environmental factors. Their movement over the eye also helps keep it moistened by tears and also helps manage light entering the eye. The third eyelid is also known as the “nictitating membrane.” The purpose of the third eyelid is to further protect and lubricate the eye. It contains tear glands and closes in sync with the other eyelids. Tears also protect the eyes and even contain immunoglobulins, which undoubtedly help to prevent eye infection in goats.
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COMMON EYE PROBLEMS IN GOATS
Entropion (or inverted eyelids) is a condition in which the eyelid—usually the lower eyelid—is turned inward. It is usually found in baby goats that are one to two weeks old. In some cases, both eyes are affected. Entropion causes the lashes to rub on the eye and cause watering, irritation, and damage to the eye, if not corrected.
While known to be genetic in some sheep breeds, entropion can also be caused by too much exposure to heat lamps or ultraviolet radiation. Goat breeders who encounter cases of neonatal entropion in their animals may want to consider not keeping those kids for breeding.
The first signs of entropion include watery eye(s), cloudiness of the eye(s) and, in some cases, it may even lead to blindness. Closely examining the eyes of young kids—particularly if they show signs of excessive tears—will help with getting early intervention and avoiding blindness or other eye damage.
A veterinarian can often treat entropion by injecting 1 cc to 2 ccs of procaine penicillin under the skin of the eyelid. This is slowly absorbed, causing the eyelid to swell and pull the eyelid out so the lashes no longer irritate the eye. This procedure is not recommended for the goat owner with no veterinary training.
In more difficult cases of entropion, the veterinarian will need to suture or staple the eyelid into proper position. Finally, in the most severe cases, surgery is needed.
Ectropion is a less common eye problem in goats. In this condition, the eyelid (most often lower) turns outward, rather than inward. The pocket causes by ectropion can collect bacteria and other debris, which can lead to eye damage. In more severe cases, surgery may be required to remove some of the skin around the eyelid, along with antibiotic treatment. The earlier the procedures are performed, the more likely a successful outcome.
Pinkeye (also called infectious keratoconjunctivitis) is a common problem in goats. It is an inflammation of the eye that may have a variety of causes, including irritation, which can lead to eye infection in goats. Irritants can include entropion, hay dust, bright light, or wind (often occurring during transport), among others. Once the eye is infected, flies or secretions from the eye can contaminate hay and bedding, leading to an outbreak of pinkeye among the herd. This is why it is more common after goat shows, when the animals are exposed to other unrelated goats and come into contact with common irritants.
The most common bacteria that cause eye infections in goats in the United States are mycoplasma and chlamydophila, according to Goat Medicine, although other agents can also be implicated. Some goats can be carriers of mycoplasma, with no apparent problem. Others will have a mild form of infection that lasts only about 10 days, or a more severe type that also affects other parts of the body, such as the udder or the joints.
Treatment of pinkeye includes washing the eye with sterile saline (the same as used for contact lens washing) and then application of antibiotic drops or ointment, such as Terramycin eye ointment, several times a day until after the eye is improved. Some people have reported success treating with drops of Port wine or antibiotic injectable such as oxytetracycline two to three times a day. In more severe cases, a veterinarian will be needed to prescribe steroids, when no ulcers are present, or to perform surgery.
Another condition affecting goats’ eyes is inflammation of the eyelids or blepharitis. It can have a variety of causes, including mite infestations that include the eyelids, fungus, bacteria, zinc deficiency or even pinkeye that has spread to that tissue. It may even be a combination of several of these problems, for example, a mite infestation that has led to bacterial eye infection in goats. Treatment for blepharitis will depend on the cause.
Tumors can occur on the eyelids or even behind the eye. Many eyelid tumors are not cancerous, do not grow beyond a limited size and are nothing to be concerned about. Those that continue to grow or seem to be spreading, or appear along with other tumors, should be investigated by a veterinarian. They may be removed surgically with a good outcome if the owner is willing to make that expenditure. Papillomavirus can also cause wartlike growths on the eyelids.
Tumors behind the eye or in the nasal cavity are not common but are of serious concern. They can cause the eye to protrude abnormally and are usually found upon inspection of the eye by a vet.
INJURY AND TRAUMA
Because goats are curious and adventurous, they can be prone to injuries. This includes the eye, which is more fragile than other parts of the body because it is only protected when the eye is closed. On the farm, they can find all kinds of mischief to get into, including getting caught in your homestead fencing, walking into sticks or branches, or getting poked or butted by a herd mate.
Mild scratches to the eye may show up as watery eyes, cloudiness or squinting. Treating eye infections in goats, such as pinkeye, can be done with antibiotic ointment. If this doesn’t work, a veterinarian will be needed to determine whether there is a foreign body in the eye or the damage is more severe.
In some cases of trauma, the white of the eye (sclera) will turn red where the blood vessels broke. Some suggest using an ice pack, but time will usually resolve the problem as the blood is reabsorbed. To avoid an infection, apply eye ointment several times a day.
Other eye trauma can be caused by plant seeds or stickers that can become lodged under the eyelid. The symptoms are the same as any other eye irritation and should also be treated the same—rinsing with saline solution and treatment several times a day with antibiotic ointment. If you can see what is causing the irritation, you can try to remove it with a cotton swab or your fingers. Make sure to irrigate the eye after doing so.
Blindness is not uncommon in goats, and I have friends who have successfully raised a blind goat. Often, in large meat herds, the damage is done before the owners are even aware that there is a problem because they are not able to examine each goat individually.
Blindness can be caused by vitamin A deficiency in the goat’s diet, tapeworm, polioencephalomalacia (thiamine deficiency) or other neurological disease, optic nerve damage, collapse of the eyeball, overheating of the brain from disbudding or various other conditions. In the neurological conditions such as polioencephalomalacia, if the goat is treated soon enough, the blindness may be only temporary.
Conclusion. Always check regularly and look for signs that a problem is brewing to avoid eye infections in goats and a visit from the vet.
Have you experienced eye infections in goats on your farm?
Cheryl K. Smith is a freelance writer and has been raising miniature dairy goats in the coast range of Oregon since 1998. She is the author of Goat Health Care and Raising Goats for Dummies and is a frequent contributor to Countryside and Small Stock Journal.
Originally published in 2016 and regularly vetted for accuracy.
A Guide to Eye Problems and Eye Infections in Goats was originally posted by All About Chickens
0 notes
josephkitchen0 · 6 years
Text
How to Prevent Foot Rot in Goats
By Judy Bowman — Although more commonly thought of as affecting sheep, foot rot in goats and related conditions can cause problems in the goat herd. Recognition of foot rot in goats along with proper treatment and management can help avoid serious economic loss. Whether you’re learning how to raise goats in your backyard or raising goats for profit, you’ll want to learn how to identify and treat foot rot in goats, along with other diseases and conditions.
What Causes Foot Rot in Goats?
Foot rot in goats is generally the result of the bacteria Fusobacterium necrophorum in combination with various other bacteria. Fusobacterium necrophorum is an anaerobic bacteria (one that survives in the absence of oxygen) that is part of the normal environmental flora of goats. Given the right conditions, these organisms invade the tissues of the hoof, usually gaining access through the interdigital tissues — the area between the toes.
Fusobacterium necrophorum in combination with the bacteria Cornybacterium pyogenes can result in a condition known as interdigital dermatitis or foot scald. Symptoms include lameness, and one or more feet may be affected. Foot scald commonly occurs during cold damp weather. Mechanical injury to the interdigital skin from stubble, burrs, accumulations of mud, etc. can also be a factor. The interdigital skin initially appears red and swollen and may later become grayish and necrotic, or dead looking. In advanced cases, sloughing or erosion of the infected skin may be seen. In contrast to certain other hoof conditions, there is no foul odor, drainage of pus, or separation of the hoof associated with foot scald.
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A severe complication of foot scald is a condition known as foot abscess. Foot abscess usually affects only one toe of one foot and is characterized by severe, acute lameness. It occurs when the foot scald infection extends into the deeper tissues and the joint. In this advanced infection, pus may be expressed from between the toes or, in later stages, from above the coronet or upper edge of the hoof. Foot abscess can actually cause rupture of the ligaments of the foot leading to permanent disability. Unfortunately, the chances of complete recovery are poor, even with professional veterinary care.
Two other infections, benign and virulent foot rot in goats, are caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum in combination with another anaerobic bacteria, Bacteroides nodosus. While Fusobacterium necrophorum is normally present in the goat’s environment, Bacteroides nodosus can survive for only a few days on the ground without a host. In benign foot rot in goats, a milder strain of Bacteroides nodosus is present. This infection occurs most often in warm, moist weather and symptoms are similar to those of foot scald. Benign foot rot is usually confined to the interdigital skin; however, unlike foot scald, a foul odor may be noted.
When the infection involves a more virulent or aggressive strain of Bacteroides nodosus, a condition known as virulent foot rot in goats occurs affecting both the interdigital skin and the hoof matrix. In the presence of the warm, moist environment the skin between the toes becomes macerated or waterlogged, not unlike human skin that is immersed for a length of time in dish- or bath-water.  Under these conditions Fusobacterium necrohorum invades initially, causing foot scald. If at this point, Bacteroides nodosus invades the already infected skin, the condition progresses to virulent foot rot. This synergy or cooperation between bacteria is characteristic of virulent foot rot. Severe lameness affects one or more feet, and, in addition to the inflammation of the skin between the toes a foul-smelling, grayish-yellow pus may be noted. Body temperature may be elevated, lactation may cease and, eventually, the hoof may start to detach. Virulent foot is very contagious, and some animals may even become carriers.
Treatment of Foot Rot in Goats
Treatment for all the above infections starts with a thorough exam. Affected hooves should be trimmed and thoroughly scrubbed clean. Check for puncture wounds, foreign bodies, inflammation, drainage, and swelling. Remember that lameness in goats can also be caused by conditions such as CAE or mastitis and by injury.
When caring for goats with foot rot, move the affected animal(s) to clean, dry bedding after walking them through a foot bath of 5-10 percent formaldehyde, 10 percent zinc sulfate, or 10-20 percent copper sulfate.  Visibly infected hooves should be soaked in the foot bath solution for at least 10 minutes. Some sources recommend soaking up to one hour. A little laundry detergent may be added to the soaking solution to increase penetration of the medication. Injectable antibiotics may shorten the course of the infection. The Merck Veterinary Manual recommends either oxytetracycline (5-10mg per kg every 24 hours) or benzathine penicillin G (10,000-40,000 IU per kg every 48 to 72 hours.) Check the product insert for further information and remember withdrawal times for lactating animals. Inexperienced goat owners should consult their veterinarian for specific treatment recommendations. A vaccine — Footvax — is available; however, it won’t provide complete control and should be used in conjunction with other measures. Recheck all treated animals in one to two weeks and repeat the foot bath/soak, then recheck every two weeks for two months.
Can You Prevent Foot Rot in Goats?
Good management practices can help prevent foot infections in goats. As these infections tend to occur in wet environments, provide for good drainage in pastures and lots. If feasible, rotating pastures and lots can also help, as the ground is considered decontaminated after three to four weeks. Quarantine all new animals for one month, after careful hoof trimming and a preventative foot bath. Provide regular hoof care and trimming for all animals in the herd. Finally, and probably most importantly, good management hinges on careful daily observation of your herd to identify any potential problems before they have a chance to escalate.
How to Prevent Foot Rot in Goats was originally posted by All About Chickens
0 notes
josephkitchen0 · 6 years
Text
A Guide to Eye Problems and Eye Infections in Goats
By Cheryl K. Smith
The most important part of owning goats is keeping them healthy, and the best way to do this is to examine them regularly and act fast when you see a problem developing. Look at each goat at least twice a day—during feeding time—searching for any change in routine or sign of illness or injury. This includes the eyes. While eye infections in goats are common, they are generally easy to treat and, if caught early, leave no lasting problems.
To determine whether you’re dealing with eye infections or other eye problems, look for squinting, wateriness or crustiness, cloudiness, hair loss, redness or swelling in or around the eye. Other more subtle indicators of an eye problem include holding its head abnormally, walking into things, or a hesitance to walk through a gate, door or other areas. If you notice a problem from a distance, examine that animal more closely. Despite frequent checking, any goat owner will invariably find that one of their goats has developed an eye problem.
Every few years I have a goat or two that develops mild eye problems. I have so far had success with early and consistent home treatment, with no lasting effects.
Goats have three eyelids that protect their eyes. The upper and lower eyelids can be closed to provide protection from harsh environmental factors. Their movement over the eye also helps keep it moistened by tears and also helps manage light entering the eye. The third eyelid is also known as the “nictitating membrane.” The purpose of the third eyelid is to further protect and lubricate the eye. It contains tear glands and closes in sync with the other eyelids. Tears also protect the eyes and even contain immunoglobulins, which undoubtedly help to prevent eye infection in goats.
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COMMON EYE PROBLEMS IN GOATS
Entropion (or inverted eyelids) is a condition in which the eyelid—usually the lower eyelid—is turned inward. It is usually found in baby goats that are one to two weeks old. In some cases, both eyes are affected. Entropion causes the lashes to rub on the eye and cause watering, irritation, and damage to the eye, if not corrected.
While known to be genetic in some sheep breeds, entropion can also be caused by too much exposure to heat lamps or ultraviolet radiation. Goat breeders who encounter cases of neonatal entropion in their animals may want to consider not keeping those kids for breeding.
The first signs of entropion include watery eye(s), cloudiness of the eye(s) and, in some cases, it may even lead to blindness. Closely examining the eyes of young kids—particularly if they show signs of excessive tears—will help with getting early intervention and avoiding blindness or other eye damage.
A veterinarian can often treat entropion by injecting 1 cc to 2 ccs of procaine penicillin under the skin of the eyelid. This is slowly absorbed, causing the eyelid to swell and pull the eyelid out so the lashes no longer irritate the eye. This procedure is not recommended for the goat owner with no veterinary training.
In more difficult cases of entropion, the veterinarian will need to suture or staple the eyelid into proper position. Finally, in the most severe cases, surgery is needed.
Ectropion is a less common eye problem in goats. In this condition, the eyelid (most often lower) turns outward, rather than inward. The pocket causes by ectropion can collect bacteria and other debris, which can lead to eye damage. In more severe cases, surgery may be required to remove some of the skin around the eyelid, along with antibiotic treatment. The earlier the procedures are performed, the more likely a successful outcome.
Pinkeye (also called infectious keratoconjunctivitis) is a common problem in goats. It is an inflammation of the eye that may have a variety of causes, including irritation, which can lead to eye infection in goats. Irritants can include entropion, hay dust, bright light, or wind (often occurring during transport), among others. Once the eye is infected, flies or secretions from the eye can contaminate hay and bedding, leading to an outbreak of pinkeye among the herd. This is why it is more common after goat shows, when the animals are exposed to other unrelated goats and come into contact with common irritants.
The most common bacteria that cause eye infections in goats in the United States are mycoplasma and chlamydophila, according to Goat Medicine, although other agents can also be implicated. Some goats can be carriers of mycoplasma, with no apparent problem. Others will have a mild form of infection that lasts only about 10 days, or a more severe type that also affects other parts of the body, such as the udder or the joints.
Treatment of pinkeye includes washing the eye with sterile saline (the same as used for contact lens washing) and then application of antibiotic drops or ointment, such as Terramycin eye ointment, several times a day until after the eye is improved. Some people have reported success treating with drops of Port wine or antibiotic injectable such as oxytetracycline two to three times a day. In more severe cases, a veterinarian will be needed to prescribe steroids, when no ulcers are present, or to perform surgery.
Another condition affecting goats’ eyes is inflammation of the eyelids or blepharitis. It can have a variety of causes, including mite infestations that include the eyelids, fungus, bacteria, zinc deficiency or even pinkeye that has spread to that tissue. It may even be a combination of several of these problems, for example, a mite infestation that has led to bacterial eye infection in goats. Treatment for blepharitis will depend on the cause.
Tumors can occur on the eyelids or even behind the eye. Many eyelid tumors are not cancerous, do not grow beyond a limited size and are nothing to be concerned about. Those that continue to grow or seem to be spreading, or appear along with other tumors, should be investigated by a veterinarian. They may be removed surgically with a good outcome if the owner is willing to make that expenditure. Papillomavirus can also cause wartlike growths on the eyelids.
Tumors behind the eye or in the nasal cavity are not common but are of serious concern. They can cause the eye to protrude abnormally and are usually found upon inspection of the eye by a vet.
INJURY AND TRAUMA
Because goats are curious and adventurous, they can be prone to injuries. This includes the eye, which is more fragile than other parts of the body because it is only protected when the eye is closed. On the farm, they can find all kinds of mischief to get into, including getting caught in your homestead fencing, walking into sticks or branches, or getting poked or butted by a herd mate.
Mild scratches to the eye may show up as watery eyes, cloudiness or squinting. Treating eye infections in goats, such as pinkeye, can be done with antibiotic ointment. If this doesn’t work, a veterinarian will be needed to determine whether there is a foreign body in the eye or the damage is more severe.
In some cases of trauma, the white of the eye (sclera) will turn red where the blood vessels broke. Some suggest using an ice pack, but time will usually resolve the problem as the blood is reabsorbed. To avoid an infection, apply eye ointment several times a day.
Other eye trauma can be caused by plant seeds or stickers that can become lodged under the eyelid. The symptoms are the same as any other eye irritation and should also be treated the same—rinsing with saline solution and treatment several times a day with antibiotic ointment. If you can see what is causing the irritation, you can try to remove it with a cotton swab or your fingers. Make sure to irrigate the eye after doing so.
Blindness is not uncommon in goats, and I have friends who have successfully raised a blind goat. Often, in large meat herds, the damage is done before the owners are even aware that there is a problem because they are not able to examine each goat individually.
Blindness can be caused by vitamin A deficiency in the goat’s diet, tapeworm, polioencephalomalacia (thiamine deficiency) or other neurological disease, optic nerve damage, collapse of the eyeball, overheating of the brain from disbudding or various other conditions. In the neurological conditions such as polioencephalomalacia, if the goat is treated soon enough, the blindness may be only temporary.
Conclusion. Always check regularly and look for signs that a problem is brewing to avoid eye infections in goats and a visit from the vet.
Have you experienced eye infections in goats on your farm?
Cheryl K. Smith is a freelance writer and has been raising miniature dairy goats in the coast range of Oregon since 1998. She is the author of Goat Health Care and Raising Goats for Dummies and is a frequent contributor to Countryside and Small Stock Journal.
Originally published in 2016 and regularly vetted for accuracy.
A Guide to Eye Problems and Eye Infections in Goats was originally posted by All About Chickens
0 notes
josephkitchen0 · 6 years
Text
How to Prevent Foot Rot in Goats
By Judy Bowman — Although more commonly thought of as affecting sheep, foot rot in goats and related conditions can cause problems in the goat herd. Recognition of foot rot in goats along with proper treatment and management can help avoid serious economic loss. Whether you’re learning how to raise goats in your backyard or raising goats for profit, you’ll want to learn how to identify and treat foot rot in goats, along with other diseases and conditions.
What Causes Foot Rot in Goats?
Foot rot in goats is generally the result of the bacteria Fusobacterium necrophorum in combination with various other bacteria. Fusobacterium necrophorum is an anaerobic bacteria (one that survives in the absence of oxygen) that is part of the normal environmental flora of goats. Given the right conditions, these organisms invade the tissues of the hoof, usually gaining access through the interdigital tissues — the area between the toes.
Fusobacterium necrophorum in combination with the bacteria Cornybacterium pyogenes can result in a condition known as interdigital dermatitis or foot scald. Symptoms include lameness, and one or more feet may be affected. Foot scald commonly occurs during cold damp weather. Mechanical injury to the interdigital skin from stubble, burrs, accumulations of mud, etc. can also be a factor. The interdigital skin initially appears red and swollen and may later become grayish and necrotic, or dead looking. In advanced cases, sloughing or erosion of the infected skin may be seen. In contrast to certain other hoof conditions, there is no foul odor, drainage of pus, or separation of the hoof associated with foot scald.
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A severe complication of foot scald is a condition known as foot abscess. Foot abscess usually affects only one toe of one foot and is characterized by severe, acute lameness. It occurs when the foot scald infection extends into the deeper tissues and the joint. In this advanced infection, pus may be expressed from between the toes or, in later stages, from above the coronet or upper edge of the hoof. Foot abscess can actually cause rupture of the ligaments of the foot leading to permanent disability. Unfortunately, the chances of complete recovery are poor, even with professional veterinary care.
Two other infections, benign and virulent foot rot in goats, are caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum in combination with another anaerobic bacteria, Bacteroides nodosus. While Fusobacterium necrophorum is normally present in the goat’s environment, Bacteroides nodosus can survive for only a few days on the ground without a host. In benign foot rot in goats, a milder strain of Bacteroides nodosus is present. This infection occurs most often in warm, moist weather and symptoms are similar to those of foot scald. Benign foot rot is usually confined to the interdigital skin; however, unlike foot scald, a foul odor may be noted.
When the infection involves a more virulent or aggressive strain of Bacteroides nodosus, a condition known as virulent foot rot in goats occurs affecting both the interdigital skin and the hoof matrix. In the presence of the warm, moist environment the skin between the toes becomes macerated or waterlogged, not unlike human skin that is immersed for a length of time in dish- or bath-water.  Under these conditions Fusobacterium necrohorum invades initially, causing foot scald. If at this point, Bacteroides nodosus invades the already infected skin, the condition progresses to virulent foot rot. This synergy or cooperation between bacteria is characteristic of virulent foot rot. Severe lameness affects one or more feet, and, in addition to the inflammation of the skin between the toes a foul-smelling, grayish-yellow pus may be noted. Body temperature may be elevated, lactation may cease and, eventually, the hoof may start to detach. Virulent foot is very contagious, and some animals may even become carriers.
Treatment of Foot Rot in Goats
Treatment for all the above infections starts with a thorough exam. Affected hooves should be trimmed and thoroughly scrubbed clean. Check for puncture wounds, foreign bodies, inflammation, drainage, and swelling. Remember that lameness in goats can also be caused by conditions such as CAE or mastitis and by injury.
When caring for goats with foot rot, move the affected animal(s) to clean, dry bedding after walking them through a foot bath of 5-10 percent formaldehyde, 10 percent zinc sulfate, or 10-20 percent copper sulfate.  Visibly infected hooves should be soaked in the foot bath solution for at least 10 minutes. Some sources recommend soaking up to one hour. A little laundry detergent may be added to the soaking solution to increase penetration of the medication. Injectable antibiotics may shorten the course of the infection. The Merck Veterinary Manual recommends either oxytetracycline (5-10mg per kg every 24 hours) or benzathine penicillin G (10,000-40,000 IU per kg every 48 to 72 hours.) Check the product insert for further information and remember withdrawal times for lactating animals. Inexperienced goat owners should consult their veterinarian for specific treatment recommendations. A vaccine — Footvax — is available; however, it won’t provide complete control and should be used in conjunction with other measures. Recheck all treated animals in one to two weeks and repeat the foot bath/soak, then recheck every two weeks for two months.
Can You Prevent Foot Rot in Goats?
Good management practices can help prevent foot infections in goats. As these infections tend to occur in wet environments, provide for good drainage in pastures and lots. If feasible, rotating pastures and lots can also help, as the ground is considered decontaminated after three to four weeks. Quarantine all new animals for one month, after careful hoof trimming and a preventative foot bath. Provide regular hoof care and trimming for all animals in the herd. Finally, and probably most importantly, good management hinges on careful daily observation of your herd to identify any potential problems before they have a chance to escalate.
How to Prevent Foot Rot in Goats was originally posted by All About Chickens
0 notes