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#oxytetracycline for rabbits
collapsedsquid · 30 days
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On June 10, 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) finalized guidance for industry #263 (GFI 263), which outlines the process for animal drug sponsors to voluntarily change the approved marketing status of certain medically important antimicrobial drugs from over-the-counter (OTC) to prescription (Rx). Once this change is made, these important drugs can only be used in animals under the supervision of a licensed veterinarian, even if the animals are not intended for food production. From pet dogs and cats to backyard poultry, and from pet rabbits and pigs to large livestock farms, the same restrictions apply. All these medically important antibiotics will require a prescription from a veterinarian to be used. The guidance provides a two-year implementation period. All OTC antimicrobial drugs will be prescription-only as of June 2023, and some products may change to Rx during the course of 2022. The FDA has developed a list of medically important antimicrobial drugs whose labels will change from OTC to Rx-only by June 2023. Examples of affected products include injectable penicillin and oxytetracycline.
Learned about recent changes to rules to try and make it so that ranchers couldn't stockpile and constantly dose their animals with antibiotics from some conspiracy weirdos who were convinced this is part of the Deep State plan to starve Americans.
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intracinpharma · 3 years
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Imoly: Oxytetracycline Injection by Intracin for infections caused by organisms sensitive to oxytetracycline for goats, sheep, rabbit, cattle, birds, camel, dogs, horses and cats. The use of tetracyclines during the period of tooth and bone development, including late pregnancy, may lead to discolouration. Oxytetracycline injection is active against range of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms including staphyicocccus.
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Lupine Publishers | Studies on Antibiotic Residues in Beef and Effect of Cooking and Freezing on Antibiotic Residues Beef Samples
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Lupine Publishers | Scholarly Journal of Food and Nutrition
Abstract
The study was performed to determine the presence of antibiotic residues in 50 random samples of fresh beef marketed at Giza governorate, Egypt. The detection of antibiotics residues was carried out according to methods recommended by Hietzman (1994) (4-plates test) and USDA (2011) (Bioassay test).the obtained results indicated that the incidence of antibiotic residues in the examined samples was 3 samples of amino glycosides, 2 samples of B-Lactams (penicillin), one sample of Ciprofloxacin one sample of oxytetracycline. It was shown that 2% of the samples contain Sulphonamides and Ciprofloxacin, (B-Lactam +Oxytetracyclines), (Sulphonamides + Oxytetracycline), (Sulphonamides plusB-Lactam), (Aminoglycosides plus Ciprofloxacin),(Macrolides plus Ciprofloxacin) (Aminoglycosides plus B-Lactam), (Macrolides plus B-Lactams), (Macrolides plus Oxytetracycline. on the other hand, 4% of the samples were regarded for Aminoglycosides plus Oxytetracyclines, Macrolides plus Ciprofloxacin. The study revealed that 13 samples of beef out of 50. The experimental part of this study determines the residues of ciprofloxacin and Oxytetracyclines in experimentally treated rabbits’ samples (50 rabbit) after cooking treatments (Boiling; Microwave; Roasting) and freezing of the rabbit samples. The method of determination of the residues using HPLC. It found that, In Boiling for 30min : reduction of ciprofloxacin residues by 20.74% and oxy tetracyclines residues by 87.97%, and in Microwave for 20min reduction of ciprofloxacin residues by 38.14% and oxy tetracyclines residues by 86.95% , And Roasting for 30min. at 100 °C .reduction of ciprofloxacin residues by 12.84% and oxy tetracyclines residues by 73.98% , Three thigh and breast from each group were kept deep freeze at -20 °C. reduction of ciprofloxacin For 6 months freezing is 65.73% and 12 months freezing is 100% and reduction of oxy tetracycline’s residues For 6 months freezing is 4.41% and 12 months freezing is 30.01%. The public health significance of the antibiotic residues in beef and their probable sources of their presence as well as some recommendation to prevent to gain access to such food items were discussed.
Keywords: Beef; Residues; Oxytetracycline
Introduction
The veterinary drugs used in food producing animals has led to residues occurring in animal products as (meat, milk, eggs and honey), poses a health hazard to the consumer. Due to drug's properties and their pharmacokinetic characteristics, physicochemical or biological processes of animals and their products are subsidiary factors for occurring of residues of veterinary drugs and Improper drug usage and disrespect the withdrawal period. The major public health significances of drug residue are development of antimicrobial drug resistance, hypersensitivity reaction, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, and disruption of intestinal normal flora [1]. Nowadays Antibiotics are applying for control of infectious diseases in chickens' digestive system; incorrect use of these drugs deposits some residue in product. Impacts of different types of cooking and freezing on antibiotic residues in chicken meat were done by determination the residues of ciprofloxacin and oxytetracycline in experimentally treated chickens' muscles after cooking treatments (Boiling, Microwave, Roasting) and freezing of the chicken muscles [2]. Treatment of food animals with therapeutic and sub therapeutic dosage forms of antibiotic-antimicrobial drugs has increased in the last decade. This has been due to the advent of modern mass production operations that involve the maintenance of thousands of animals simultaneously and requires the utilization of carefully formulated and medicated diets that serve to maximize growth, minimize production costs, and provide an acceptable consumer product that is wholesome and affordable. Animal feed that contain antibiotics and other antimicrobials as a prophylactic are used routinely in beef, swine, chicken, and turkey production. In this way the antibiotics antimicrobials help to maintain the optimal health of the animals so treated antibiotics may be co-administered with antimicrobial drugs resulting in increase in drug effectiveness compared to individual drug administrations [3]. Indirect consumption of food contaminated with aflatoxins revealed public health risk to human. Aflatoxicos is leads to hepatocellular carcinoma and growth impairment. Many researches have suggested a link between antibiotic administration in food animals and increase in bacterial resistance in human populations. In this cross-sectional study, the screening for antibiotic residues in kidneys was done using Microbial Inhibition six (6) plate method to provide baseline data for the prevalence of antibiotic residues in animals slaughtered in Abattoir and non- Abattoir slaughterhouse in Negeri Sembilan district areas. Basically, the agar diffusion method uses six media which have been separately cultured with different types of bacteria that are relatively susceptible and resistant towards specific antimicrobial at certain pH level. Forty-one (41) kidney samples and another fourteen (14) samples were obtained from non-abattoir and approved (Senawang, Negeri Sembilan Abattoir) slaughterhouses respectively. 14 (34 %) of the 41 kidney samples from non-abattoir slaughterhouses and 1 (7%) of the 14 samples from non-abattoir slaughterhouses were positive for antibiotic residues. The result of the study revealed significant association (p<0.05) between types of slaughterhouse positive for antibiotic residues using chi-square test and confirmed using Binomial logistic Regression. The test divulged seven times possibility of the samples taken from non-abattoir slaughterhouse to test positive. However, there were no significant differences between all groups of antibiotics from the positive samples. From this study, it is imperative to include more study areas and sample size to conclude the safety of the meat for consumers in [4] boiling for 30 minutes caused a great degradation of tetracyclines residues "oxytetracycline" residues in rabbit meats but not complete destruction. Freezing at -20 ºC caused a lower degradation than that caused by boiling, so neither boiling nor freezing could be used as reliable methods to get rid of tetracyclines residues "oxytetracycline" residues in rabbit meats [5]. demonstrated that ordinary cooking procedures boiling decreased the initial concentrations of tetracycline residues by 56 to 82%. Also, microwaving degrades the initial concentrations of tetracycline residues by 56 to 82% [6].
Material and Methods
Collection of samples
A total of 50 fresh raw beef meat from different cuts of carcasses were collected from Giza governorates shops. The average weight of each sample 250g; each sample was put in sterile polyethylene bag then sealed and labeled. The samples were transferred to the laboratory in ice box without delay. The samples were frozen at (-18 °C) until examined within few days. The detection of antibiotics residues was carried out according to methods recommended by Hietzman (4-plates test) and USDA (2011) (Bioassay test).
Determination of ciprofloxacin: (Agar diffusion by Lieve Okerman, 1998)
samples were confirmed by HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) by pooling all positive samples for ciprofloxacin in only two samples [7].
Determination of (Tetracyclines) Oxytetracycline Residues in meat Tissues (USDA 2011)
samples were confirmed by HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) by pooling all positive samples for ciprofloxacin in only two samples [8].
Experimental study
This study was planned to determine the residues of ciprofloxacin and Oxytetracyclines in experimentally treated rabbits’ samples after cooking treatments (Boiling; Microwave; Roasting) and freezing of the rabbit samples. The method of determination of the residues using HPLC. The experiment was Planned as follow:
Rabbits: fifty rabbits (New Zealand species each weighed3kg) were divided into 3 groups (each 5 five rabbits) free from any antibiotics.
Drugs: Ciprofloxacin 10% ALNASR (Injection I/V) and Oxytetracyclines (20%, S/C, ADWIA).
Procedures: The first group was injected single dose (10mg/kg BWT(I/V) of ciprofloxacin. The second group was injected single dose oxytetracyclines S/C 5mg/kg Bwt. The third group was kept as control. The groups of rabbits were kept in cages for 24hr then slaughtered.
Samples: From each rabbit group (3 thighs and breast) was treated as follow:
Cooking: Boiling for 30min, Microwave for 20min, Roasting for 30minat 100 °C. Each cooked group was three of each (thigh and breast).
Freezing: Three thigh and breast from each group were kept deep freeze at -20 °C For 6 and 12 months. All for mentioned treated groups were either cooking or freezing were examined for the presence of ciprofloxacin and oxytetracyclines residues using HPLC according to [7].
Results
Discussion
Wrong use of antibiotics in food animal production causes wide spreading of resistant pathogens, resistance genes and antimicrobial resistant bacteria in food animals, whereas they enter the food chain so national authorities should put a serious laws and programs aimed to reduce the excessive using of antibiotics in food animals and ensure their risky usage. Due to farmers and meat producers don't follow the laws about withdrawal times of the products [9]. Spreading of antibiotic-resistant bacteria showed serious problems among public heath as mortality rates were increased in cases when resistant infections occurred and increase length of treatments so, require using more expensive antibiotics or antibiotic cocktails [10]. The Concentrations (ug/kg) of different antibiotics residues in each individual raw beef samples were illustrated in Table 1 and Chart1, the result showed 3 samples of amino glycosides, 2 samples of B-Lactams (penicillin),one sample of Ciprofloxacin were rejected according to EEC (1990).The Frequency Distribution of different types of antibiotics Residues in raw beef samples was shown in Table 2 and Chart 2, the frequency range of Aminoglycosides (Gentamicin), B-Lactam(Penicillin), Ciprofloxacin, Macrolides(Erythromycin),Oxytetracyclines, Sulphonamides were 4, 6, 6, 4, 5 and 3 respectively. 56% of samples were contained antibiotic residues [11]. Table 3 & 4 were viewed the effect of boiling on reduction for both ciprofloxacin and Oxytetracycline Residues in Rabbit muscle were 20.74% and 87.97%, respectively. The effect of microwave on reduction for both ciprofloxacin and Oxytetracycline Residues in Rabbit muscle were 38.14% and 86.95%, respectively that shown in (Table 5-8 chart 3), showed that the roasting effect on reduction for both ciprofloxacin and Oxytetracycline Residues in Rabbit muscle were 12.84% and 73.98%, respectively. Gehad [12] mentioned that Since the most of foods-producing animals are always cooked before consumption and the variations in oxytetracycline levels in the meat are dependent on type of cooking. More findings about the effect of cooking on oxytetracycline residue are needed to accurately determine consumer exposure to this drug. The boiling for 30 minutes and roasting at 150°C for 30 minutes caused a complete degradation of drug residues. After 6 months of freezing treatment at -18°C the ciprofloxacin reduced to 65.73% whereas after 12 months the same residues were not detected which viewed in Table 9 & 10. Aboul El [13] that said Controlling of ciprofloxacin residues by freezing at -18 c had a positive effect on degradation of its residues Morshdy et al. [5] said that Freezing at -20ºC caused a lower degradation than that caused by boiling so, neither boiling nor freezing could be used as reliable methods to get rid of oxytetracycline residues in rabbit meats [14,15].
 Conclusion and Recommendation
From results in this study it is concluded that:
a. Misuse of antibiotics in large animals for treatment without follow of the withdrawal periods of drugs
b. High incidence of antibiotic residues beef meat due to excessive use of antibiotics [16].
c. The effect of cooking on some groups of antibiotic residues (ciprofloxacin and oxytetracyclines), showed
d. Freezing are the only effective methods to degrade ciprofloxacin residues to safety level then microwave, ciprofloxacin is heat stable compound degrade less by heat treatment process.
e. Microwaving and boiling and roasting are the effective heat treatment methods on degrading oxytetracycline residues to safe level. Microwaving and boiling could degrade oxytetracycline residues higher than roasting but freezing had low degrading effect on oxytetracycline residues [17].
Recommendation
It was concluded that The Application of HACCP system is recommended for beef production and other meat products.
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You Don’t Want To Know What They Do To Oranges (And It’s About To Get Even Worse)
(Natural Blaze by Meadow Clark) Something is happening to oranges. The solution may be worse than the problem and there’s about to be a lot more solution.
Oranges are cast as the pinnacle of American wholesomeness. Orange juice is a marketing empire in its own right. The “OJ” industry has successfully made its product synonymous with life-giving vitamin C and a complete breakfast. But is that really the case?
The truth is, you don’t know what they do to oranges.
You probably think I’m talking about swaths of pesticides being sprayed on orange groves, but no, no, no. That’s only the tip of the iceberg.
Did you know that oranges are routinely sprayed with antibiotics?
Yeah, how odd, right?
The same antibiotics that are used to treat humans and animals for bacterial infections. We already ingest many antibiotics through our food if we are not careful, because of the antibiotics given to livestock, meat especially, but also eggs, farmed fish, milk, and cheese.
Now we ingest antibiotics from oranges?
Doesn’t that make the problem of antibiotic resistance much, much worse?
Yes, it does. And the problem isn’t just what we eat, it’s also the runoff of antibiotics into our waterways.
But how did that happen?
America’s orange groves have been facing a major problem with a widespread disease called citrus greening that has reportedly ripped through the citrus industry.
If you think that sounds bad, the Trump administration reportedly gave approval for an unprecedented amount of antibiotic use. Agricultural operations are allowed to spray two kinds of antibiotics on nearly a half-million acres of Florida citrus fruits.
Florida Phoenix Journal reports:
Federal officials are allowing greatly expanded use of streptomycin and oxytetracycline –  antibiotics often used on people — as a pesticide on commercially grown citrus. Agricultural operations plan to use the antibiotic sprays to combat the widespread disease called citrus greening, which has devastated the citrus industry. The antibiotics won’t cure the disease, and will have to be sprayed repeatedly over years just to keep the trees alive and producing fruit until they succumb to citrus greening.
Allowing so much antibiotic residue in Florida soils, runoff, and air is unprecedented. It’s unclear how much of the antibiotics – sprayed on leaves and taken up into the plant’s vascular system – will end up in fruit; it’s never been sprayed on this scale before. Test results the citrus industry provided to federal officials reported low antibiotic residues. (source)
The EPA expressed concerns for potential harm to the environment, people, and wildlife, but ultimately decided the economic benefits “outweighed” the risks.
The USDA reasons that the amount of antibiotics people will ingest from citrus will be far less than those ingested during prescription use.
Despite the outcry from various environmental and antibiotics interest groups, Florida’s Department of Agriculture and many citrus growers made the request to use more antibiotics.
Antibiotic resistance affects more than just humans.
The Journal continues:
…One EPA analysis notes that “uncertainty exists regarding the potential for development of resistance, or cross-resistance with other antibiotics, that could result from pesticide applications.”
Both the European Union and Brazil have banned the use of oxytetracycline and streptomycin for use as a pesticide on agricultural plants.
…The concern is that the antibiotics which now work on human problems like pneumonia, tuberculosis and other deadly infections will become ineffective. Another concern is that the antibiotics will affect bees, which pollinate citrus flowers, as well as small mammals like rabbits. In the environment, antibiotics can change the chemistry of soil and water, knocking ecosystems out of balance.
For citrus growers, the last 10 years have been a nightmare as citrus greening spread from South Florida north, affecting groves in dozens of counties. They spray pesticides to kill the imported insect that carries the disease, but it hasn’t stopped citrus greening’s forward march up the peninsula. They are also working to develop new strains of citrus that resist the disease. The antibiotics, they argued in numerous comment letters to federal officials, are the only known way to stay in business. The press office of the Florida Department of Agriculture did not respond to requests for comment. (source)
So, as you can see, farmers are in a hard place and they argue that a proposed solution of “cycling” between the two antibiotics may not work. But the short term fix may lead to either antibiotic resistance or… the development of even more genetically engineered crops.
You don’t want to know what they do to oranges
Did you know that orange juice is fake news?
In my article, “3 TOTALLY FAKE Foods in Just About Everybody’s Kitchen,” I reported on how orange juice is really made.
As Gizmodo explained a while back, OJ is anything but natural:
Once the juice is squeezed and stored in gigantic vats, they start removing oxygen. Why? Because removing oxygen from the juice allows the liquid to keep for up to a year without spoiling. But! Removing that oxygen also removes the natural flavors of oranges. Yeah, it’s all backwards. So in order to have OJ actually taste like oranges, drink companies hire flavor and fragrance companies, the same ones that make perfumes for Dior, to create these “flavor packs” to make juice taste like, well, juice again. (source)
This is why nearly all orange juice tastes exactly the same, no matter which carton you open. Some companies add pulp-dissolving enzymes to the mix.
Here’s an article with a photo of an orange juice factory that shows whole oranges sitting right in the juice.
If that’s a typical occurrence, then it stands to reason there are pesticides and antibiotics floating around in that glass of juice.
Don’t want the yuck that comes from conventional oranges?
Here are some ways you can mitigate some of these problems:
Choose organic oranges when possible
Reduce how often you handle citrus with your hands
Wash hands immediately after handling
If you have time, gently scrub oranges with baking soda and veggie wash before putting them in the fruit bowl
Only buy organic orange juice or brands from this list
Make your own fresh-squeezed juice.
Simply eat oranges instead of drinking orange juice.
Are citrus antibiotics going to cause more (genetically engineered) mosquitoes?
One more weird aspect to this news: genetically engineered mosquitoes have been released in testing trials in parts of Florida, the state that’s known for having the best oranges.
At first, the company pushing the mosquitoes argued that it would reduce scary diseases like Dengue fever and Chikungunya. But those haven’t occurred in Florida for years… Oh, look! here comes Zika, what a coincidence.
Anyway, these mosquitoes were developed by private biotech companies to mate with Florida mosquitoes so that the offspring will all die off.
But wait? Couldn’t that eventually kill off the entire mosquito population and cause a negative domino effect in the animal kingdom?
Here is something most people don’t know about these modified mosquitoes.
They can only be rescued from their genetically engineered die-off by being fed tetracycline…
Yes, the same family of antibiotics that oxytetracycline belongs!
Is this not a crazy situation, or what?
We now face a future where we must either keep feeding antibiotics to citrus groves to eat and face antibiotic resistance or use a similar antibiotic if something goes terribly wrong by the release of engineered pests into the wild…
Peachy.
You can read more from Meadow Clark at The Organic Prepper.
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paullassiterca · 5 years
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Why Are Your Oranges Covered With Antibiotics?
Oranges are one of the most popular fruits in the U.S., but be aware that soon you may be sinking your teeth into an orange doused in antibiotics such as streptomycin and oxytetracycline, medications that are medically important to humans.
In December 2018, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approved the “maximum level” of oxytetracycline for use in citrus fruits1 — just days after approving residues of the drug on fruit.2
The drug acts as a pesticide and is intended to suppress citrus greening disease, a devastating plant condition that’s been damaging citrus crops in Florida and other states. It’s unclear how much of the drugs will migrate to the orange flesh, and what the implications will be for the person who eats them, but on a larger scale it’s clear that spraying antibiotics freely into the environment on this scale is a recipe for disaster.
What Is Citrus Greening?
Citrus greening, also known as huanglongbing (HLB) or yellow dragon disease, is one of the “most serious citrus plant diseases in the world,” according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).3 It’s spread by the Asian citrus psyllid, which feed on the trees and can infect them with the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, which causes the disease.
Trees affected by citrus greening lose the ability to take in nutrients, causing problems with growth, resulting in smaller fruit, sour fruit and fewer fruits. Oranges, for instance, may remain green even when they’re ripe, and the fruit may be misshapen, bitter and hard. Leaves may become mottled and trees sparsely foliated.
Once infected, there’s no cure for citrus greening and most trees die within a few years. In the U.S., citrus production during the 2017 to 2018 season was expected to fall 24 percent to 3.5 million tons due in part to unfavorable weather, but also because citrus greening disease caused fruit in Florida to drop before it was ripe.4
Citrus growers are understandably desperately searching for a solution, which landed the trees on antibiotics. In 2015, Florida’s Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services asked the EPA for permission to spray 2.23 million pounds of antibiotics on orange groves to protect against the disease.5 Further, as reported by the Center for Biological Diversity:6
“In 2016 the EPA approved an emergency use of up to 1.6 million pounds of oxytetracycline and streptomycin, another medically important antibiotic, on citrus trees in Florida. This was followed by another emergency approval in 2017 for Florida, and for Florida and California in 2018.”
Antibiotics provide only a temporary band-aid, however, and won’t cure the disease. Instead, the antibiotics merely keep the trees alive and producing fruit a little bit longer, provided they’re repeatedly sprayed. Ultimately, even the antibiotic-treated trees will succumb to citrus greening.
“We’re using more of these antibiotics on fruit trees than to treat disease in humans,” Nathan Donley, a senior scientist at the Center, said in a news release. “Citrus greening disease is a serious issue, but using important antibiotics with limited effectiveness against the disease isn’t the solution.”7
Streptomycin Use May Also Be Expanded on Citrus Groves
The EPA proposed to expand the use of another antibiotic, streptomycin, to treat citrus greening disease and citrus canker, a bacterial disease that causes lesions on the fruit, leaves and stems along with premature leaf and fruit drop.
If approved, the proposal could mean more than 650,000 pounds of streptomycin could be applied to up to 480,000 acres of citrus trees in Florida each year, along with another 23,000 acres of citrus trees in California.8
The use of both oxytetracycline and streptomycin as pesticides on agricultural plants is banned in the European Union and Brazil, amid rising concerns over antibiotic resistance.
“This short-term agricultural fix is a horrible precedent that ignores the dangerous, long-term implications of overusing these medically important antibiotics,” Donley said. “The more we use these medicines in agriculture, the more likely they’ll lose their effectiveness when people fall desperately ill.”9
Oxytetracycline, for instance, is commonly used to treat respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia, along with some sexually transmitted infections. Streptomycin is typically used for serious bacterial infections for which other medicines may not work, such as tuberculosis.
“The … EPA is once again bowing to the pesticide industry’s wishes, with no regard for the consequences to human health, wildlife or the environment,” Donley said.10
Spraying Citrus Groves With Pesticides Could Accelerate Antibiotic Resistance, Harm Wildlife
Antibiotics have been sprayed on fruit orchards for years (streptomycin is registered for use on peaches, pears and apples, for instance), but at levels far lower than those currently approved.11
The nonprofit group Keep Antibiotics Working estimated that the state of Florida could end up using 36 times more streptomycin and four times more oxytetracycline on citrus trees than are used in Americans in a year. Steve Roach, food safety program director for the Food Animal Concerns Trust, told National Geographic:12
“Obviously this is a big problem for the citrus industry. But we are really concerned that they are asking to adopt routine antibiotic use, where they will pretty much have to be regularly spraying the whole industry. These are exactly the conditions we have been fighting against in animal agriculture: industrywide use of antibiotics on a regular basis.”
The antibiotics will also collect in soil and run off into surrounding waterways, and both the EPA and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have expressed concerns about the potential risks, the Center for Biological Diversity reported, adding:13
“In addition to increasing the risk of antibiotic-resistance, the EPA’s own analysis also indicated that the widespread use of streptomycin could have negative long-term effects on all mammals that forage in treated fields, including chipmunks and rabbits.”
Antibiotic Resistant Disease Is a Major Public Health Threat
In the U.S., according to CDC data, every year at least 2 million Americans acquire drug-resistant infections and 23,000 die as a result. Many others die from conditions that were complicated by antibiotic-resistant infections.14 Worldwide, 700,000 people die every year due to antibiotic-resistant disease, and it’s estimated that more people will be affected by it than cancer by 2050.15
Agriculture remains a driving force behind the surge in antibiotic-resistant disease, although typically this is talked about in regard to livestock living on concentrated animal feeding operations, rather than citrus groves.
In the former case, in November 2017 the World Health Organization (WHO) called on farmers and the food industry to stop the use of antibiotics for growth promotion and disease prevention in healthy animals. WHO explained, “The new … recommendations aim to help preserve the effectiveness of antibiotics that are important for human medicine by reducing their unnecessary use in animals.”16
They cited a 2017 study published in The Lancet Planetary Health, which found reducing antibiotic use in food-producing animals reduced antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the animals by up to 39 percent and may similarly reduce such bacteria in humans, particularly those who are directly exposed to food-producing animals.17
As it stands, the excessive use of antibiotics among CAFO animals has turned them into veritable “disease factories”18 and, in the U.S., when the FDA tests raw supermarket chicken, they routinely find antibiotic-resistant bacteria to be present.19
According to WHO, use of all classes of medically important antibiotics should be reduced in food-producing animals, while their use for growth promotion and disease prevention without diagnosed illness should be completely restricted. Allowing their use for widespread spraying on citrus trees, then, appears to contradict WHO’s goals in combating the spread of antibiotic resistant disease.
What’s at Stake if Antibiotic Resistance Spreads?
Already, tens of thousands of Americans may be vulnerable to life-threatening infections following surgery or chemotherapy due to antibiotic resistance. One study estimated that up to 50 percent of pathogens that cause surgical site infections, and 25 percent of those that cause infections following chemotherapy, are already resistant to common antibiotics.20
If antibiotic effectiveness drops by even another 10 percent, it could result in 40,000 more infections and 2,100 additional deaths following surgery and chemotherapy each year.
A 30 percent drop in effectiveness could mean another 120,000 infections and 6,300 deaths annually, the researchers concluded.21 Worse still, if antibiotic effectiveness declines by 70 percent, the U.S. could see 280,000 more infections and 15,000 more deaths as a result.
When spraying citrus with antibiotics, there’s also a risk that citrus greening disease could become resistant as well. To combat this, the industry has suggested cycling between oxytetracycline and streptomycin, but in a letter to the EPA, Keep Antibiotics Working suggests it’s not nearly this simple:22
“Florida makes the unsubstantiated claim that cycling between the two antibiotics streptomycin and oxytetracycline will ‘minimize any selection pressure’ and therefore can be considered ‘an effective resistance management program’ that will not only reduce resistance in the target organism but ‘should also help in preventing development of resistance in nontarget bacteria as well.’
The use of cycling of antibiotics as proposed here for the management of resistance is highly controversial even in human medicine and there is no clear evidence that it can be considered ‘an effective resistance management program.’”
What’s more, research from University of Canterbury researchers revealed that agrichemicals and antibiotics in combination increase the evolution of antibiotic resistance. In fact, bacteria may develop antibiotic resistance up to 100,000 times faster when they’re exposed to certain herbicides in the environment.23
The results suggest that herbicides enhance the ability of antibiotics to become antibiotic resistance and that such resistance may be acquired at rates much faster than those predicted in laboratory conditions. Previously, research found that commonly used herbicides promote antibiotic resistance by priming pathogens to more readily become resistant to antibiotics.24
Using antibiotics in another agricultural setting, where other agricultural chemicals are also being used, therefore has the potential to make antibiotic resistance exponentially worse — not to mention being harmful to wildlife and pollinating insects.
A Good Reason to Choose Organic Oranges
Typically, fruits with a thick peel, which you intend to remove before eating, are not the top priority for buying organic. However, it’s unknown whether agricultural antibiotics can be taken into the flesh of the fruit, so it’s better off to choose organic.
Even putting the health risks of consuming antibiotic residues aside, choosing organic means you’re not supporting the agricultural spraying of antibiotics that will only further the spread of antibiotic disease. It also means you’ll avoid exposure to citrus red No. 2, a toxic artificial dye that is sometimes sprayed on Florida oranges.
As Donley stated, the potential risks of this plan outweigh the benefits. “Our issue is that these drugs are a really lousy answer to a complex problem … This is just another example of the pesticide office of the EPA approving a pesticide that’s not been studied well enough for the agency to make a competent decision on its safety.”25
from Articles http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2019/01/15/citrus-greening-disease-treatment-health-risks.aspx source https://niapurenaturecom.tumblr.com/post/182024634881
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jerrytackettca · 5 years
Text
Why Are Your Oranges Covered With Antibiotics?
Oranges are one of the most popular fruits in the U.S., but be aware that soon you may be sinking your teeth into an orange doused in antibiotics such as streptomycin and oxytetracycline, medications that are medically important to humans.
In December 2018, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approved the “maximum level” of oxytetracycline for use in citrus fruits1 — just days after approving residues of the drug on fruit.2
The drug acts as a pesticide and is intended to suppress citrus greening disease, a devastating plant condition that’s been damaging citrus crops in Florida and other states. It’s unclear how much of the drugs will migrate to the orange flesh, and what the implications will be for the person who eats them, but on a larger scale it’s clear that spraying antibiotics freely into the environment on this scale is a recipe for disaster.
What Is Citrus Greening?
Citrus greening, also known as huanglongbing (HLB) or yellow dragon disease, is one of the “most serious citrus plant diseases in the world,” according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).3 It’s spread by the Asian citrus psyllid, which feed on the trees and can infect them with the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, which causes the disease.
Trees affected by citrus greening lose the ability to take in nutrients, causing problems with growth, resulting in smaller fruit, sour fruit and fewer fruits. Oranges, for instance, may remain green even when they’re ripe, and the fruit may be misshapen, bitter and hard. Leaves may become mottled and trees sparsely foliated.
Once infected, there’s no cure for citrus greening and most trees die within a few years. In the U.S., citrus production during the 2017 to 2018 season was expected to fall 24 percent to 3.5 million tons due in part to unfavorable weather, but also because citrus greening disease caused fruit in Florida to drop before it was ripe.4
Citrus growers are understandably desperately searching for a solution, which landed the trees on antibiotics. In 2015, Florida’s Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services asked the EPA for permission to spray 2.23 million pounds of antibiotics on orange groves to protect against the disease.5 Further, as reported by the Center for Biological Diversity:6
“In 2016 the EPA approved an emergency use of up to 1.6 million pounds of oxytetracycline and streptomycin, another medically important antibiotic, on citrus trees in Florida. This was followed by another emergency approval in 2017 for Florida, and for Florida and California in 2018.”
Antibiotics provide only a temporary band-aid, however, and won’t cure the disease. Instead, the antibiotics merely keep the trees alive and producing fruit a little bit longer, provided they’re repeatedly sprayed. Ultimately, even the antibiotic-treated trees will succumb to citrus greening.
“We’re using more of these antibiotics on fruit trees than to treat disease in humans,” Nathan Donley, a senior scientist at the Center, said in a news release. “Citrus greening disease is a serious issue, but using important antibiotics with limited effectiveness against the disease isn’t the solution.”7
Streptomycin Use May Also Be Expanded on Citrus Groves
The EPA proposed to expand the use of another antibiotic, streptomycin, to treat citrus greening disease and citrus canker, a bacterial disease that causes lesions on the fruit, leaves and stems along with premature leaf and fruit drop.
If approved, the proposal could mean more than 650,000 pounds of streptomycin could be applied to up to 480,000 acres of citrus trees in Florida each year, along with another 23,000 acres of citrus trees in California.8
The use of both oxytetracycline and streptomycin as pesticides on agricultural plants is banned in the European Union and Brazil, amid rising concerns over antibiotic resistance.
“This short-term agricultural fix is a horrible precedent that ignores the dangerous, long-term implications of overusing these medically important antibiotics,” Donley said. “The more we use these medicines in agriculture, the more likely they’ll lose their effectiveness when people fall desperately ill.”9
Oxytetracycline, for instance, is commonly used to treat respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia, along with some sexually transmitted infections. Streptomycin is typically used for serious bacterial infections for which other medicines may not work, such as tuberculosis.
“The … EPA is once again bowing to the pesticide industry’s wishes, with no regard for the consequences to human health, wildlife or the environment,” Donley said.10
Spraying Citrus Groves With Pesticides Could Accelerate Antibiotic Resistance, Harm Wildlife
Antibiotics have been sprayed on fruit orchards for years (streptomycin is registered for use on peaches, pears and apples, for instance), but at levels far lower than those currently approved.11
The nonprofit group Keep Antibiotics Working estimated that the state of Florida could end up using 36 times more streptomycin and four times more oxytetracycline on citrus trees than are used in Americans in a year. Steve Roach, food safety program director for the Food Animal Concerns Trust, told National Geographic:12
“Obviously this is a big problem for the citrus industry. But we are really concerned that they are asking to adopt routine antibiotic use, where they will pretty much have to be regularly spraying the whole industry. These are exactly the conditions we have been fighting against in animal agriculture: industrywide use of antibiotics on a regular basis.”
The antibiotics will also collect in soil and run off into surrounding waterways, and both the EPA and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have expressed concerns about the potential risks, the Center for Biological Diversity reported, adding:13
“In addition to increasing the risk of antibiotic-resistance, the EPA’s own analysis also indicated that the widespread use of streptomycin could have negative long-term effects on all mammals that forage in treated fields, including chipmunks and rabbits.”
Antibiotic Resistant Disease Is a Major Public Health Threat
In the U.S., according to CDC data, every year at least 2 million Americans acquire drug-resistant infections and 23,000 die as a result. Many others die from conditions that were complicated by antibiotic-resistant infections.14 Worldwide, 700,000 people die every year due to antibiotic-resistant disease, and it’s estimated that more people will be affected by it than cancer by 2050.15
Agriculture remains a driving force behind the surge in antibiotic-resistant disease, although typically this is talked about in regard to livestock living on concentrated animal feeding operations, rather than citrus groves.
In the former case, in November 2017 the World Health Organization (WHO) called on farmers and the food industry to stop the use of antibiotics for growth promotion and disease prevention in healthy animals. WHO explained, “The new … recommendations aim to help preserve the effectiveness of antibiotics that are important for human medicine by reducing their unnecessary use in animals.”16
They cited a 2017 study published in The Lancet Planetary Health, which found reducing antibiotic use in food-producing animals reduced antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the animals by up to 39 percent and may similarly reduce such bacteria in humans, particularly those who are directly exposed to food-producing animals.17
As it stands, the excessive use of antibiotics among CAFO animals has turned them into veritable “disease factories”18 and, in the U.S., when the FDA tests raw supermarket chicken, they routinely find antibiotic-resistant bacteria to be present.19
According to WHO, use of all classes of medically important antibiotics should be reduced in food-producing animals, while their use for growth promotion and disease prevention without diagnosed illness should be completely restricted. Allowing their use for widespread spraying on citrus trees, then, appears to contradict WHO’s goals in combating the spread of antibiotic resistant disease.
What’s at Stake if Antibiotic Resistance Spreads?
Already, tens of thousands of Americans may be vulnerable to life-threatening infections following surgery or chemotherapy due to antibiotic resistance. One study estimated that up to 50 percent of pathogens that cause surgical site infections, and 25 percent of those that cause infections following chemotherapy, are already resistant to common antibiotics.20
If antibiotic effectiveness drops by even another 10 percent, it could result in 40,000 more infections and 2,100 additional deaths following surgery and chemotherapy each year.
A 30 percent drop in effectiveness could mean another 120,000 infections and 6,300 deaths annually, the researchers concluded.21 Worse still, if antibiotic effectiveness declines by 70 percent, the U.S. could see 280,000 more infections and 15,000 more deaths as a result.
When spraying citrus with antibiotics, there’s also a risk that citrus greening disease could become resistant as well. To combat this, the industry has suggested cycling between oxytetracycline and streptomycin, but in a letter to the EPA, Keep Antibiotics Working suggests it’s not nearly this simple:22
“Florida makes the unsubstantiated claim that cycling between the two antibiotics streptomycin and oxytetracycline will ‘minimize any selection pressure’ and therefore can be considered ‘an effective resistance management program’ that will not only reduce resistance in the target organism but ‘should also help in preventing development of resistance in nontarget bacteria as well.’
The use of cycling of antibiotics as proposed here for the management of resistance is highly controversial even in human medicine and there is no clear evidence that it can be considered ‘an effective resistance management program.’”
What’s more, research from University of Canterbury researchers revealed that agrichemicals and antibiotics in combination increase the evolution of antibiotic resistance. In fact, bacteria may develop antibiotic resistance up to 100,000 times faster when they’re exposed to certain herbicides in the environment.23
The results suggest that herbicides enhance the ability of antibiotics to become antibiotic resistance and that such resistance may be acquired at rates much faster than those predicted in laboratory conditions. Previously, research found that commonly used herbicides promote antibiotic resistance by priming pathogens to more readily become resistant to antibiotics.24
Using antibiotics in another agricultural setting, where other agricultural chemicals are also being used, therefore has the potential to make antibiotic resistance exponentially worse — not to mention being harmful to wildlife and pollinating insects.
A Good Reason to Choose Organic Oranges
Typically, fruits with a thick peel, which you intend to remove before eating, are not the top priority for buying organic. However, it’s unknown whether agricultural antibiotics can be taken into the flesh of the fruit, so it’s better off to choose organic.
Even putting the health risks of consuming antibiotic residues aside, choosing organic means you’re not supporting the agricultural spraying of antibiotics that will only further the spread of antibiotic disease. It also means you’ll avoid exposure to citrus red No. 2, a toxic artificial dye that is sometimes sprayed on Florida oranges.
As Donley stated, the potential risks of this plan outweigh the benefits. “Our issue is that these drugs are a really lousy answer to a complex problem … This is just another example of the pesticide office of the EPA approving a pesticide that’s not been studied well enough for the agency to make a competent decision on its safety.”25
from http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2019/01/15/citrus-greening-disease-treatment-health-risks.aspx
source http://niapurenaturecom.weebly.com/blog/why-are-your-oranges-covered-with-antibiotics
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jakehglover · 5 years
Text
Why Are Your Oranges Covered With Antibiotics?
Oranges are one of the most popular fruits in the U.S., but be aware that soon you may be sinking your teeth into an orange doused in antibiotics such as streptomycin and oxytetracycline, medications that are medically important to humans.
In December 2018, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approved the “maximum level” of oxytetracycline for use in citrus fruits1 — just days after approving residues of the drug on fruit.2
The drug acts as a pesticide and is intended to suppress citrus greening disease, a devastating plant condition that’s been damaging citrus crops in Florida and other states. It’s unclear how much of the drugs will migrate to the orange flesh, and what the implications will be for the person who eats them, but on a larger scale it’s clear that spraying antibiotics freely into the environment on this scale is a recipe for disaster.
What Is Citrus Greening?
Citrus greening, also known as huanglongbing (HLB) or yellow dragon disease, is one of the “most serious citrus plant diseases in the world,” according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).3 It’s spread by the Asian citrus psyllid, which feed on the trees and can infect them with the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, which causes the disease.
Trees affected by citrus greening lose the ability to take in nutrients, causing problems with growth, resulting in smaller fruit, sour fruit and fewer fruits. Oranges, for instance, may remain green even when they’re ripe, and the fruit may be misshapen, bitter and hard. Leaves may become mottled and trees sparsely foliated.
Once infected, there’s no cure for citrus greening and most trees die within a few years. In the U.S., citrus production during the 2017 to 2018 season was expected to fall 24 percent to 3.5 million tons due in part to unfavorable weather, but also because citrus greening disease caused fruit in Florida to drop before it was ripe.4
Citrus growers are understandably desperately searching for a solution, which landed the trees on antibiotics. In 2015, Florida’s Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services asked the EPA for permission to spray 2.23 million pounds of antibiotics on orange groves to protect against the disease.5 Further, as reported by the Center for Biological Diversity:6
“In 2016 the EPA approved an emergency use of up to 1.6 million pounds of oxytetracycline and streptomycin, another medically important antibiotic, on citrus trees in Florida. This was followed by another emergency approval in 2017 for Florida, and for Florida and California in 2018.”
Antibiotics provide only a temporary band-aid, however, and won’t cure the disease. Instead, the antibiotics merely keep the trees alive and producing fruit a little bit longer, provided they’re repeatedly sprayed. Ultimately, even the antibiotic-treated trees will succumb to citrus greening.
“We’re using more of these antibiotics on fruit trees than to treat disease in humans,” Nathan Donley, a senior scientist at the Center, said in a news release. “Citrus greening disease is a serious issue, but using important antibiotics with limited effectiveness against the disease isn’t the solution.”7
Streptomycin Use May Also Be Expanded on Citrus Groves
The EPA proposed to expand the use of another antibiotic, streptomycin, to treat citrus greening disease and citrus canker, a bacterial disease that causes lesions on the fruit, leaves and stems along with premature leaf and fruit drop.
If approved, the proposal could mean more than 650,000 pounds of streptomycin could be applied to up to 480,000 acres of citrus trees in Florida each year, along with another 23,000 acres of citrus trees in California.8
The use of both oxytetracycline and streptomycin as pesticides on agricultural plants is banned in the European Union and Brazil, amid rising concerns over antibiotic resistance.
“This short-term agricultural fix is a horrible precedent that ignores the dangerous, long-term implications of overusing these medically important antibiotics,” Donley said. “The more we use these medicines in agriculture, the more likely they’ll lose their effectiveness when people fall desperately ill.”9
Oxytetracycline, for instance, is commonly used to treat respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia, along with some sexually transmitted infections. Streptomycin is typically used for serious bacterial infections for which other medicines may not work, such as tuberculosis.
“The … EPA is once again bowing to the pesticide industry’s wishes, with no regard for the consequences to human health, wildlife or the environment,” Donley said.10
Spraying Citrus Groves With Pesticides Could Accelerate Antibiotic Resistance, Harm Wildlife
Antibiotics have been sprayed on fruit orchards for years (streptomycin is registered for use on peaches, pears and apples, for instance), but at levels far lower than those currently approved.11
The nonprofit group Keep Antibiotics Working estimated that the state of Florida could end up using 36 times more streptomycin and four times more oxytetracycline on citrus trees than are used in Americans in a year. Steve Roach, food safety program director for the Food Animal Concerns Trust, told National Geographic:12
“Obviously this is a big problem for the citrus industry. But we are really concerned that they are asking to adopt routine antibiotic use, where they will pretty much have to be regularly spraying the whole industry. These are exactly the conditions we have been fighting against in animal agriculture: industrywide use of antibiotics on a regular basis.”
The antibiotics will also collect in soil and run off into surrounding waterways, and both the EPA and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have expressed concerns about the potential risks, the Center for Biological Diversity reported, adding:13
“In addition to increasing the risk of antibiotic-resistance, the EPA’s own analysis also indicated that the widespread use of streptomycin could have negative long-term effects on all mammals that forage in treated fields, including chipmunks and rabbits.”
Antibiotic Resistant Disease Is a Major Public Health Threat
In the U.S., according to CDC data, every year at least 2 million Americans acquire drug-resistant infections and 23,000 die as a result. Many others die from conditions that were complicated by antibiotic-resistant infections.14 Worldwide, 700,000 people die every year due to antibiotic-resistant disease, and it’s estimated that more people will be affected by it than cancer by 2050.15
Agriculture remains a driving force behind the surge in antibiotic-resistant disease, although typically this is talked about in regard to livestock living on concentrated animal feeding operations, rather than citrus groves.
In the former case, in November 2017 the World Health Organization (WHO) called on farmers and the food industry to stop the use of antibiotics for growth promotion and disease prevention in healthy animals. WHO explained, “The new … recommendations aim to help preserve the effectiveness of antibiotics that are important for human medicine by reducing their unnecessary use in animals.”16
They cited a 2017 study published in The Lancet Planetary Health, which found reducing antibiotic use in food-producing animals reduced antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the animals by up to 39 percent and may similarly reduce such bacteria in humans, particularly those who are directly exposed to food-producing animals.17
As it stands, the excessive use of antibiotics among CAFO animals has turned them into veritable “disease factories”18 and, in the U.S., when the FDA tests raw supermarket chicken, they routinely find antibiotic-resistant bacteria to be present.19
According to WHO, use of all classes of medically important antibiotics should be reduced in food-producing animals, while their use for growth promotion and disease prevention without diagnosed illness should be completely restricted. Allowing their use for widespread spraying on citrus trees, then, appears to contradict WHO’s goals in combating the spread of antibiotic resistant disease.
What’s at Stake if Antibiotic Resistance Spreads?
Already, tens of thousands of Americans may be vulnerable to life-threatening infections following surgery or chemotherapy due to antibiotic resistance. One study estimated that up to 50 percent of pathogens that cause surgical site infections, and 25 percent of those that cause infections following chemotherapy, are already resistant to common antibiotics.20
If antibiotic effectiveness drops by even another 10 percent, it could result in 40,000 more infections and 2,100 additional deaths following surgery and chemotherapy each year.
A 30 percent drop in effectiveness could mean another 120,000 infections and 6,300 deaths annually, the researchers concluded.21 Worse still, if antibiotic effectiveness declines by 70 percent, the U.S. could see 280,000 more infections and 15,000 more deaths as a result.
When spraying citrus with antibiotics, there’s also a risk that citrus greening disease could become resistant as well. To combat this, the industry has suggested cycling between oxytetracycline and streptomycin, but in a letter to the EPA, Keep Antibiotics Working suggests it’s not nearly this simple:22
“Florida makes the unsubstantiated claim that cycling between the two antibiotics streptomycin and oxytetracycline will ‘minimize any selection pressure’ and therefore can be considered ‘an effective resistance management program’ that will not only reduce resistance in the target organism but ‘should also help in preventing development of resistance in nontarget bacteria as well.’
The use of cycling of antibiotics as proposed here for the management of resistance is highly controversial even in human medicine and there is no clear evidence that it can be considered ‘an effective resistance management program.’”
What’s more, research from University of Canterbury researchers revealed that agrichemicals and antibiotics in combination increase the evolution of antibiotic resistance. In fact, bacteria may develop antibiotic resistance up to 100,000 times faster when they’re exposed to certain herbicides in the environment.23
The results suggest that herbicides enhance the ability of antibiotics to become antibiotic resistance and that such resistance may be acquired at rates much faster than those predicted in laboratory conditions. Previously, research found that commonly used herbicides promote antibiotic resistance by priming pathogens to more readily become resistant to antibiotics.24
Using antibiotics in another agricultural setting, where other agricultural chemicals are also being used, therefore has the potential to make antibiotic resistance exponentially worse — not to mention being harmful to wildlife and pollinating insects.
A Good Reason to Choose Organic Oranges
Typically, fruits with a thick peel, which you intend to remove before eating, are not the top priority for buying organic. However, it’s unknown whether agricultural antibiotics can be taken into the flesh of the fruit, so it’s better off to choose organic.
Even putting the health risks of consuming antibiotic residues aside, choosing organic means you’re not supporting the agricultural spraying of antibiotics that will only further the spread of antibiotic disease. It also means you’ll avoid exposure to citrus red No. 2, a toxic artificial dye that is sometimes sprayed on Florida oranges.
As Donley stated, the potential risks of this plan outweigh the benefits. “Our issue is that these drugs are a really lousy answer to a complex problem … This is just another example of the pesticide office of the EPA approving a pesticide that’s not been studied well enough for the agency to make a competent decision on its safety.”25
from HealthyLife via Jake Glover on Inoreader http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2019/01/15/citrus-greening-disease-treatment-health-risks.aspx
0 notes
intracinpharma · 3 years
Link
Imoly: Oxytetracycline Injection by Intracin for infections caused by organisms sensitive to oxytetracycline for goats, sheep, rabbit, cattle, birds, camel, dogs, horses and cats. The use of tetracyclines during the period of tooth and bone development, including late pregnancy, may lead to discolouration. Oxytetracycline injection is active against range of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms including staphyicocccus.
0 notes