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vavaclasses · 2 months

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NCERT-Metals and non-metals class 10 notes

Introduction to Metals and Non-Metals Class 10 Notes:

Metals and Non-Metals form a fundamental classification of elements, playing a pivotal role in understanding the diverse world of chemistry. In Class 10, students delve into the distinct characteristics, properties, and reactions that define these two broad categories. Metals, with their conductivity and malleability, stand in stark contrast to the non-metals, which exhibit varying physical and chemical traits. These notes provide a concise exploration of the essential attributes of metals and non-metals, offering a foundational understanding for students to navigate the complexities of chemical interactions and classifications in the realm of science.

Here are some condensed notes on the topic of Metals and Non-Metals Class 10:

Difference between metals and non-metals

Metals:

1. Physical Properties:

Solid at room temperature (except mercury).

Good conductors of heat and electricity.

Malleable and ductile.

Usually have a shiny luster.

2. Chemical Properties:

Tend to lose electrons to form positive ions.

React with acids to produce hydrogen gas.

Can undergo corrosion when exposed to moist air.

3. Examples:

Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Aluminum (Al), Gold (Au), Silver (Ag), etc.

Non-Metals:

Physical Properties:

Can be solids, liquids, or gases at room temperature.

Poor conductors of heat and electricity.

Generally not malleable or ductile.

Lack metallic luster.

2. Chemical Properties:

Tend to gain electrons to form negative ions.

Do not react with acids to produce hydrogen gas.

Many non-metals are essential components of living organisms.

3. Examples:

Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Carbon (C), Sulfur (S), etc.

Metalloids:

1. Elements with properties of both metals and non-metals.

2. Examples: Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge).

Reactivity Series:

1. Arrangement of metals based on their reactivity.

2. Highly reactive metals at the top (e.g., potassium), less reactive at the bottom (e.g., gold).

Important Reactions:

1. Metal + Oxygen → Metal Oxide

Example: 4Na+ O2→2Na2O)

2. Metal + Water → Metal Hydroxide + Hydrogen Gas

Example: 2K + 2H2O→ 2KOH+ H2

Metal + Acid → Salt + Hydrogen Gas

Example: Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2

Difference between metallic and non-metallic minerals

The distinction between metallic and non-metallic minerals lies in their composition and physical properties. Here are the key differences between metallic and non-metallic minerals:

1. Composition:

Metallic Minerals:

Composed of metals in their chemical structure.

Examples include iron ore (hematite, magnetite), copper ore (chalcopyrite), and gold.

Non-Metallic Minerals:

Do not contain metals as a part of their chemical composition.

Examples include quartz, mica, gypsum, and limestone.

2. Physical Properties:

Metallic Minerals:

Typically have a shiny or metallic luster.

Good conductors of heat and electricity.

Often exhibit ductility and malleability.

Non-Metallic Minerals:

Generally have a non-metallic luster, which can be vitreous (glassy), pearly, silky, or dull.

Poor conductors of heat and electricity.

Lack malleability and ductility.

3. Color:

Metallic Minerals:

Can have a variety of colors, but many have a characteristic metallic color (e.g., iron is often reddish-brown, copper is reddish-orange).

Non-Metallic Minerals:

Exhibit a wide range of colors, not necessarily related to their mineral composition.

4. Hardness:

Metallic Minerals:

Generally have a high hardness.

Non-Metallic Minerals:

Can have varying hardness, but many are softer compared to metallic minerals.

5. Usage:

Metallic Minerals:

Primarily used as a source of metal extraction for industrial and economic purposes.

Examples include iron ore for iron and aluminum ore for aluminum production.

Non-Metallic Minerals:

Used in various industries for different purposes, such as construction, ceramics, fertilizers, and cosmetics.

Examples include limestone for construction, quartz for glass and silicon production, and gypsum for plaster.

Understanding the distinction between metallic and non-metallic minerals is essential for various industries that rely on these resources for manufacturing and economic activities. These concepts is crucial for classifying elements, predicting reactions, and explaining the behaviour of various substances in chemical reactions.

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spacenutspod · 6 months

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A recent study published in Nature investigates recent observations from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and ground-based telescopes of heavy elements within the ejected material of a recent gamma-ray burst (GRB), classified as GRB 230307A, that was likely produced by a kilonova with GRB 230307A being designated as the second-brightest GRB ever detected. The heavy element in question is the chemical element tellurium, which is classified as a metalloid on the periodic table. However, scientists also hypothesize that the element iodine, which is a requirement for most of life on the Earth and classified as a reactive nonmetal, could also exist within the kilonova’s explosion, with both elements residing side-by-side on the periodic table. “Just over 150 years since Dmitri Mendeleev wrote down the periodic table of elements, we are now finally in a position to start filling in those last blanks of understanding where everything was made, thanks to Webb,” said Dr. Andrew Levan, who is a professor of astrophysics at the Radboud University in the Netherlands and an honorary professor at the University of Warwick in the United Kingdom, and lead author of the study. Tellurium is one of the rarest elements on Earth, even rarer than platinum, and is used for a variety of metal alloy applications, including semiconductors, oil refining, and solar cells, just to name a few. While rare on Earth, tellurium has been detected in planetary nebulae and ancient stars. The other element detected with these recent observations, iodine, is a requirement for life on the Earth, as it has been found to help alleviate inflammation or stress in humans. As Carl Sagan famously stated in his 1980 series Cosmos, “We are made of star stuff.” Spectral data of GRB 230307A’s kilonova as observed by JWST with a kilonova model alongside of it. (Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, J. Olmsted (STScI)) GRB 230307A is estimated to have lasted for 200 seconds and approximately 1000 times brighter than traditional GRBs. It was first detected by NASA’s Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope in March 2023, and astronomers used JWST’s mid-infrared (mid-IR) imaging and spectroscopy instruments to conduct follow-up observations 29 and 61 days after the burst occurred. As noted, GRB 230307A is the second-brightest GRB ever detected, with the brightest ever being detected in 2022 and was quickly called the BOAT (Brightest of all time). GRB observations date back more than 50 years with the first-ever GRB being detected on July 2, 1967 and confirmation of the event coming in 1969. GRBs are classified as short and long, with short GRBs lasting less than two seconds and long GRBs lasting for several minutes. “This burst is way into the long category. It’s not near the border. But it seems to be coming from a merging neutron star,” said Dr. Eric Burns, who is an assistant professor of physics & astronomy at Louisiana State University, a member of the Fermi team, and a co-author on the study. Kilonovas are the result of the merging of two neutron stars and have been hypothesized to produce elements that are both rare and considerably heavier than the element iron. However, much like the rare elements they allegedly produce, kilonovas are also incredibly rare and difficult to detect, which makes this infrared detection by JWST even more exciting. In this case, JWST detected the origin of the two neutron stars responsible for this kilonova as being approximately 120,000 light-years from the location of the merger, or outside of our Milky Way Galaxy. Going forward, astronomers anticipate they will detect more kilonovas due to the increased collaboration between ground- and space-based observatories. “Webb provides a phenomenal boost and may find even heavier elements,” said Dr. Ben Gompertz, who is an assistant professor in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Birmingham and a co-author on the study. “As we get more frequent observations, the models will improve and the spectrum may evolve more in time. Webb has certainly opened the door to do a lot more, and its abilities will be completely transformative for our understanding of the Universe.” What new discoveries will astronomers make about GRBs, kilonovas, and rare elements in the coming years and decades? Only time will tell, and this is why we science! As always, keep doing science & keep looking up! The post JWST Confirms the Formation of Heavy Elements in a Kilonova appeared first on Universe Today.

#space #astronomy #news #science

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twowk · 9 months

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Check out this listing I just added to my Poshmark closet: Book: Theodore Gray's Elements Vault Interactive Book with Samples.

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greyscatch · 2 years

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Periodic table chemistry regents practice questions

#Periodic table chemistry regents practice questions pdf#

With Clean clear, easy-to-learn and easy-to-understand explanations for students.Finally, something new and different for Chemistry students. The elements on the Periodic Table are arranged in order of increasing answer choices atomic mass atomic number oxidation number formula units Question 2 180 seconds Q. With Clean clear, easy-to-learn and easy-to-understand explanations for students.ģ0 Days of Practice Question Set for the New York State Chemistry Regents Exam, The Physical setting. Practice 20 Questions Show answers Question 1 180 seconds Q. Surviving Chemistry Regents Exam One Day At A Timeģ0 Days of Practice Question Set for the New York State Chemistry Regents Exam, The Physical setting. I am unaware of the original author and do not claim to be the original author. Be Prepared Students taking the exam should come with a 4- function or scientific calculator (not a graphing calculator), pen, and pencil. Some questions may require the use of the 2011 Edition Reference Tables. Based off of a handout I had my first year of teaching. Directions (51 - 65): Record your answers in the spaces provided in your answer booklet. The element in the modern periodic table are arranged according to their answer choices atomic number oxidation number atomic mass nuclear mass Question 2 30 seconds Q. Outline of the basic topics on Kinetics and Equilibrium. 29 Questions Show answers Question 1 30 seconds Q. I am unaware of the original author and do not claim to be the original author. Based off of a handout I had my first year of teaching. Outline of the basic topics on Chemical Bonding. including a periodic table CHEM 205 Winter 2008 MIDTERM EXAM Student ID. Outline of the basic topics on Acids, Bases and Salts. Name Chem117-Exam 1 You should read through each chapter, look over old tests. The elements in Group 2 are classified as answer choices metals metalloids nonmetals noble gases Question 3 180 seconds Q. Based off of a handout I had my first year of teaching. The elements on the Periodic Table are arranged in order of increasing answer choices atomic mass atomic number oxidation number formula units Question 2 180 seconds Q. Outline of the basic topics on the Periodic Table. The links provided below are for student use and are free. The CRT is also used on the Chemistry Regents Exam. The booklet is frequently used during classes, tests, and lab assignments. It contains important measurements, equations, and identification table s. Outline of the basic topics on Atomic Structure and History. The Chemistry Reference Table s (CRT) is an invaluable tool to the chemistry student. test if the student does not meet other requirements. Multiple Choice Test for assessment and exam preparation Periodic Table Basics Worksheet Answer Key Chemistry Worksheets Teaching Chemistry Chemistry Classroom. also be given information pertaining to Graduation Requirements, Regents. Weight measure of matter and Earth’s gravitational pull. Mass measurement showing the amount of matter. 3) the Cd atom loses two electron and its radius decreases. 2) the Cd atom gains two electrons and its radius increases. 1) the Cd atom gains two electrons and its radius decreases. Matter & its characteristics Matter- anything that has mass and takes up space. Which changes occur as a cadmium atom Cd, becomes a cadmium ion, Cd+2.

#Periodic table chemistry regents practice questions pdf#

Please ensure that you are using Adobe Acrobat Reader/Professional X or higher prior to attempting to access these secure PDF files.200 Ways to Pass the Chemistry Physical Setting Regents Exam Chapter 1 Intro to Chemistry Chemistry & Matter Chemistry the study of matter and its changes. If you are using an earlier version of Adobe Acrobat Reader/Professional, you will not be able to open the secure PDF files. Please note: You must use Adobe Acrobat Reader/Professional X or higher to open the secure PDF files of scoring materials.

#Periodic table chemistry regents practice questions

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er-cryptid · 3 years

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Patreon | Ko-fi

#studyblr #notes #chemistry #chemistry notes #chem #chem notes #metalloids #metalloid elements #elements #elements notes #chemical elements #chemical elements notes #metalloid elements notes #antimony #arsenic #silicon #tellurium #astatine #boron

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isrrael120 · 3 years

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My RowdyRuff Boy Sona (RRBsona) by isrrael120

oh well i'm still with the quick ideas of my inserts this time the idea i had was with "The PowerPuff Girls" but on the bad side with "The RowdyRuff Boys" includes his teen version! >:3 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Name: Isrrael

Nickname: Earth Boy, Rockhead, Bread Fan, Unnatural, Trash Boy

Age: 6 - 26

Sex/Gender: Male/Boy

Sexual Orientation: Heterosexual

Relationship Status: Single

Team(s): ????

Team(s) Role: The Relaxed

Signature color: Intense Dark Brown

Ingredients: Meteorites, Wolf Hair, Periodic Table and The Chemical X

General Powers: Basic PPG/RRB/PPNKG Powers (Super Speed, Super Strength, Flight, Laser, Vision, etc)!

Earth Manipulation: He can create, shape and manipulate earth and “earthen” elements including most solid objects, specifically all minerals and mineral compositions regardless of their state (mountain, boulder, sand or dust), dirt, soil, etc!

Chemistry Manipulation: He can manipulate chemistry, a discipline of science that deals with elements and compounds made up of atoms, molecules, and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior, and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other substances. Therefore, he can also manipulate things that chemistry masters, such as chemicals, which can create new elemental or chemical substances, toxic, combustible or explosive. He can also manipulate chemical reactions as a result!

Shapeshift, Appearance and Transformation: He can change his shape, size, color, density, texture, cellular composition and/or atomic composition to imitate qualities, impersonate other entities, with the ability to totally or partially change his physical appearance to take the forms of animals, objects and people!

Periodic Table Powers: He can create, shape, and manipulate the elements of the periodic table: pure chemical substances consisting of a single type of atom that are distinguished by their atomic number, which is the number of protons in their atomic nucleus, and are divided into metals, metalloids and non-metals!

Personality: Relaxed, Funny, Quiet, Sentimental, Curious, Intelligence, Clumsy

Aura Color: Dark Brown

Hobbies: Watch TV, Drawing, Playing Video Games

Likes: Food, Internet, Draw, People, Games, Space, TV

Dislikes: Soup

Side Details: - He loves the References, Cartoons, Reality Shows, themes about Space and Other. - He loves breads too much.

Notes: -Other Instant Idea. -Link Info: https://tmblr.co/ZMgalYagHXGNmW00 or https://toyhou.se/12309959.isrrael-rowdyruffboy-sona-

Isrrael (RowdyRuff Boy Sona or RRBsona) - Me Art - Me The Powerpuff Girls © Craig McCracken/Cartoon Network

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thesunlounge · 3 years

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Reviews 367: The Visitor

A couple of years ago, Ai released II, which for me is one of the very best albums of space rock, psychedelia, and kosmische ever conceived…a sort of epic paean to all that is great about the tripped out planetarium sonics of both the early 70s and the early 90s. The album was put out by Hauch Records, an experimentally-minded label operating in the German underground that explores much else besides cosmic rock, including minimal drone, ambient, and dub amongst a range of other moods and styles. The label has a longstanding relationship with Ai, having also released the band’s self-titled LP in 2015. But even before that–back in 2011–Hauch released a record called Imitation of Nature from Ai’s keyboard shaman and synthesizer sorcerer Frank Bauer, who on his own explores imaginative worlds of modular magic as The Visitor. Earlier in 2020 and after an extended period of silence, Bauer and The Visitor returned with Installationen, a new LP+digital release on Hauch featuring music that accompanied an art exhibition in 2019, and that sees Bauer rigging his modular setup to play itself, which to paraphrase the liner notes, creates structures based on dualisms between repetition and evolution, and between composition and spontaneous generation. I’ll also mention here that for those who want more of these mystical modular incantations, Installationen was immediately preceded by a an EP called Instrumentals that contains four further pieces from the same sessions.

The Visitor - Installationen (Hauch, 2020) “Installation I” opens with twinkling bell tones drifting in a fog, while android idiophones vibrate through a cold cosmic wind. Liquid oscillations evoke UFO landings as they periodically swoosh upon the mix, and also serve to provide the track with the barest semblance of structure. Industrial scrapes transform into fractal shards as they travel radially outwards, and airy pulses of bass signal mysterious pauses. Distorted feedback fades into mist and snaps of synthetic air land amidst cascading layers of growing and overblowing ambiance…all as chemtrails soar through a cloudy winter sky. Machines purr and coo while gong mallets strike massive metal pipes, creating waves of subsonic wonderment. Ghostly vocalizations intermingle with animalistic growls while organic clouds of bass hum emerge then disperse. Computers flicker and pulse as they execute strange algorithms which cause glitching tracers that repeate at hyperspeed, and the music alternately evokes for me the work of Experimental Audio Research, and Natural Snow Buildings at their most cold and abstract. Then, as everything starts fading, the track airs out, with temple tones sitting beneath a hopeful wash of synthesis.

In “Installation II,” a randomized robot orchestra tunes to the dawn, as machine strings and modular horns swirl into a mysterious miasma. Shadowy tones and glowing strands of starlight intermingle as buzzing blankets of interstellar warmth meet glacial walls of shimmer and shine, with sinister bass synthetics evoking the shadowspells of Igor Wakhevitch. Billowing banks of laser light, silent screams of feedbacking static, and fluid flashes of molten crystal flow together before giving way to moments of sickly tonal meditation, as bass buzz and midrange hum move through chromatic slides and disturbing harmonic abstractions. Hovering clouds of reverb and delay shade in the empty spaces with spectral hues and obscuring layers of interstellar dust, pillowy pads drift over one another in a deep lullaby dance, and blinding rainbows are birthed from decaying plumes of smoke while elsewhere, thousands of viols scream and scratch into a wall of drone mesmerism. Sorrowful whale songs distort beyond comprehension as they diffuse through star oceans and slow motion oscillations are born of resonances and misaligned vibrato until the track devolves into a primitive loop, which is chopped even further by a locked groove.

In “Installation III,” percussive sequences and modular electronics evoke tropical jungle hand drum ceremonials and minimalist mallet cascades as a shaman casts spells of fourth world magic overhead. Swaths of static blow in like a psychedelic breeze, satellite broadcasts flow around muted computations, and cracks in the ground spew vapors of all possible color. Bassline shadowforms add a further sense of groove…these barely there thuds and pulses repurposed for a forest fusion jam out…while blips and pings create virtual tapestries of insect chatter and birdsong. Millions of modular marimbas are chopped and looped in real time, creating a mesmeric collage of futurist exotica, while elsewhere, swirling shimmers, mirage sonics, and sonar pings smear into cooling haze. It’s as if a hyperspeed conga line is working its way through an island rainforest paradise, wherein metalloid liquids drip from palm fronds into boiling pools of alien fluid, creating strange reverberations that diffuse in every direction.

The vinyl trip ends with “Installation IV” and a calming bath of buzz accented by twinkles and brass synthesis. Reversing wisps dance in the air, bell tones are stretched into infinitely tall vertical structures, and hypnotizing sparkles pan through wavering whooshes and subdued thumps. It’s a study in using constant motion to achieve sonic stasis, with every single element sparkling, swishing, and vibrating, yet somehow causing time to stand still. Healing tones of feedback grow in intensity before dispersing into glimmering bodies of glass, and the modular synths again evoke idiophones–this time mbiras playing some faintly heard paean to the shining sun. Piercing globules of light move backwards and forwards in temporal displacement and a serene storm of synthesis emerges…like an automaton orchestra activated by a slow and stately sunrise. Ascending phaser streaks and drunken bass synths execute a randomized dream dance while all around, clustered gemstones refract solar light into an infinite web of chiming magnificence. And just as the A-side terminates with a locked groove, so does the B-side, with washed out loops cycling peacefully and eternally.

The trip continues into the digital realm with three further tracks, the first of which is “Installation V.” Smoldering drones and feedbacking flute tones move through atonal harmonizations, while a slowly growing pulse of fevered ambiance enters the scene. Melody is mostly abandoned in favor of texture and resonance, as a malarial fog of silvery synthesis and smoke-shrouded distortion generates flashes of white light and voids of deep darkness. The vibe progressively turns more hopeful as the harmonizing layers ease their oppressive dissonance amidst the calming dances of sci-fi pixie dusk. And from here, the track begins to resemble a mystic sound ceremony, with modulars mimicking gongs, bowed cymbals, and Tibetan bowls while sea crystal pan-pipes are effected into radar bleeps…the whole thing like the Theatre of Eternal Music or Pelt transformed into a machine meditation. As for “Installation VI,” plink plonking and madcap Berlin schools sequences fire, with cut-off manipulations moving the sounds between starlight sparkles, percussive pops, and broken morse code transmissions. The sense of motion and energy is completely arresting in comparison to the preceding track’s sonorous serenity, especially as tick tocking twinkles of multi-colored diamond rotate in maddening patterns. Mysterious vocal tones hover in the background…like chopped and looped mermaid choirs…their gothic ocean arias pulsing at lightspeed and calling to mind Klaus Schulze’s earliest epics, as well as Popol Vuh’s soundtrack work. Indeed, the track almost resembles a Herzog-ian river trek at times, only as if proceeding in hypersonic stop motion, and with minimal melodic development interrupting the interlocking sequential stardance.

The final piece is “Installation VII,” which begins with howling winds and phase-shifting cymbal splashes. Subsuming drones of darkness sit beneath zipping lasers and rushes of white noise, while percussive electronics ping-pong back and forth…their tones evoking hand drums and rainforest mallet instruments. Subsonic slides give a lazed shape to the groove–as well as a feeling of portending doom–and liquid gurgles join hydraulic machines and their vented puffs of compressed air. Sprays of crystalline vapor are as harsh as they are transfixing, and resonant fog banks quiver while obscuring all sight as gaseous blasts of light spread towards some infinitely distant horizon. At times glowing clouds of tonal mesmerism enter…these golden washes of hovering feedback and oceanic vibration that intermingle with sonar synths and wobbling walls of mutating drone mysterium...and again, the modulars evoke the meditative tones of gongs and temple idiophones. Granular blasts of galactic sound arc across the spectrum, ghostly melodies emerge at times while giving off an oscillatory glow, and towards the end, shimmering clouds of sound flow in, churn in place, then mysteriously disappear.

(images from my person copy with download code purposefully erased)

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earthstory · 6 years

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Gratonite A rarity only found in appreciable size in one place on Earth (the Excelsior mine at Cerro de Pasco in Peru), it is a sulphide of lead and arsenic, hence the grey colour and metallic lustre. Needless to say the mineral is toxic, so basic precautions like handwashing after handling and not licking are advised. First noted in 1939, it was named after a distinguished professor of mining geology at Harvard with a long relationship with the mine, and as you might guess it is both dense (6.3 times more than water) and soft (2.5 on Mohs scale). Its typical habit is as clusters of rhombohedral crystals like the 2.2 x 1.4 x 1.1 cm (large for the species) specimen in the photo. It is in an odd category of minerals known as sulphosalts...indeed they often contain the elements known as metalloids such as arsenic, bismuth and antimony that can act as a metal or not, depending on chemical circumstance. In these cases the arsenic is acting metallic. Minor occurrences are found in Cuba, Poland, Bulgaria, Germany, Switzerland, the Isle of Man, Spain, Namibia, and Japan. The exceptional piece featured is historic, mine in the late 19th century CE. Loz Image credit: Rob lavinsky/iRocks.com https://www.mindat.org/min-1741.html http://www.galleries.com/Gratonite

#Gratonite #mineral #mineralogy #crystla #lead #arsenic #toxic #the earth story

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ggliveblog · 6 years

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Gunnerkrigg Court: Chapter 3 part 1 (title page)

So considering how fascinating the title page is I decided to dedicate the first post to it.

I’m sure those of you who know how I work are not surprised.

Stuff like this is like cocaine to me. :D

Before we continue I wish to address something I discovered while reading chapter 2. It’s an alchemy symbol. I recognize most symbols since I find them fascinating. But it was so late at night I didn’t look into it until yesterday.

And then I saw the title page for chapter 3

MORE SYMBOLS I AM SO HAPPY! XD

So the symbol turned out to be for the element Antimony. Which also happens to be the element our MC is named after. Very interesting. Let’s investigate further.

And thanks to this neat little site. I have been made aware it also symbolizes wild spirit. Wolves in particular. Very interesting and I’ll say why.

Wolf lecture time :D

Many peoples throughout the world respected and thought very positively of wolves. Among the various peoples and tribes of North America, wolf represents not only creation, but also death and rebirth. Wolf is also seen as a teacher-animal to the peoples of California and the Great Plains. They saw the wolf retreat into the mountains and hills to get away from humans, and made the connection between wolves and high places (in other words, spirit). In the Lakota language, the word for wolf, sunkmanitu, means “divine dog.”

In western Europe, wolves were not seen as positively. In both German and Norse mythology, wolf was a symbol of destruction and death. Vikings saw wolf as a representation of Fenris (their Chaos), who would bite through his chains and consume the sun at the end of time. In an unusual story exhibiting the wolf’s loyalty, in Great Britain, Merlin in his time of madness is kept company by a she-wolf, who stays by his side until he becomes well again. Romulus and Remus, the famous twins in pre-Roman times, were said to have been raised by a she-wolf--even suckled by her.

Wolves are respected nearly everywhere except Europe, where they are instead feared. They are seen as teachers, instructing us in our daily lives and all the troubles that go with them. The lessons wolf teaches are not always easy to swallow, but nevertheless necessary. Wolf is a symbol of guardianship, ritual, loyalty, and spirit. Wolf has the ability to make quick and firm emotional attachments, and often need to trust their own instincts. Thus they teach us to do the same, to trust our hearts and minds, and have control over our own lives.

Antimony is a regarded as a cooperative metal because it works best when it is combined with another metal, notably lead, brass and bronze. It is actually a metalloid that does not react chemically as a metal but has metal-like appearance & physical properties. It is a protective metal and teaches the values of transformation and adaptability. It teaches of wisdom and strength that can be gained from others and also given in return. Antimony represents the free spirit, wild nature or animal power dwelling within all humans. A person can benefit by wearing this symbol when feeling meek.

Governed by the planet Saturn, Lead has dark connections and is related to death and transformation. This toxic metal represents impurities, of the metals as well as the humans and its burning is metaphoric with cleansing and removal of imperfections. It was associated with divination spells. The lead was one of the earliest metals known to man and was widely used by the ancient Romans, Egyptians, Greek, and Chinese.

Now I couldn’t find an animal like with the others but if I looked up the planet it’s connected to then I get this. Saturn historically governs snakes, mice, foxes, dragons, and nocturnal birds of prey such as the owl. It is interesting to note that the owl is commonly misunderstood as a symbol of death.

ANTIMONY is also used for hardening LEAD.

Associated with the planet of the same name, Mercury is an unusual metal that exists in the liquid form at room temperature. It is a toxic metal and is associated with death, mystery, and transformation. It is connected with divination and scrying. Mercury is also related to travel and movement, be it of physical or spiritual nature. The metal was known to the ancient Romans, Greeks, Hindus, and Chinese. The alchemists considered it one of the three principal substances on Earth, along with salt and sulfur. The metal is often also represented by a serpent or snake.

The Roman god he was often accompanied by a cockerel, herald of the new day, a ram or goat, symbolizing fertility, and a tortoise

Similiarities between all three: Common heavy metals, toxic trace elements. (Side note all three along with another element cadmium can be found in never-pregnant women of fertile age.)

Next we have the title. And here is where it gets extra interesting.

Now what’s interesting is that Lead is connected to foxes... and this tale is about a man who is a werefox.

Makes me wonder if we are going to run into a character who will have ties to the element. And if we are going by the legend they will try to attract others. Even though they are a dangerous person with possible ill intentions that could lead to death.

Anyways let’s move on to the ballad itself to see how it relates to the story now.

In a historical context, a rake (short for rakehell, analogous to "hellraiser") was a man who was habituated to immoral conduct, particularly womanising. Often, a rake was also prodigal, wasting his (usually inherited) fortune on gambling, wine, women and song, and incurring lavish debts in the process.

And the werefox claims to want concealment... the action of hiding something or preventing it from being known.

This Reynardine is quite the chrismatic... and seems to merge well with Lead symbolism. Hmmmmm... Interesting.

Anyways Antimony may end up running into someone of a “foxy” nature. Badoom psh.

Also she may have connections with wolves... just saying.

I love Alchemy and wonder how much we will see intertwined with the story. :D

#gunnerkrigg court liveblog #gunnerkrigg court chapter 3 #gc003 #gg liveblogs gunnerkrigg court #gg liveblogs gunnerkrigg court chapter 3 #gg liveblogs

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floating-city-of-nem · 6 years

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Aesthetics - Fiona Delaine

BOLD what applies to your muse. Remember to REPOST. Feel free to add to the list.

[ COLOR ] red. brown. orange. yellow. green. blue. purple. pink. black. white. teal. silver. gold. grey. lilac. metallic. matte. royal blue. royal purple. strawberry red. charcoal grey. forest green. apple red. navy blue. crimson. cream. mint green. magenta. pastels. bubblegum pink. blood red. ivory. sky blue.

[ ELEMENTAL ] fire. ice. water. air. earth. rain. snow. wind. moon. stars. sun. heat. cold. steam. frost. lightning. sunlight. moonlight. dawn. dusk. day. twilight. midnight. sunrise. sunset. dewdrops. clouds. light. smoke. umbra. penumbra. char. darkness. ash.

[ BODY ] claws. long fingers. fangs. teeth. wings. tails. lips. bare feet. freckles. bruises. canine. scars. scratches. ears. wounds. burns. spikes. sweat. tears. feline. permanent wounds. chubby. curvy. short. tall. height. feathers. webs. eyes. hands. muscular. slender. trained. piercings. tattoos. strong. weak. birdlike. shapeshifting. junoesque. svelte. long hair. short hair. dark circles. big. voluptuous. small. prosthetic. experimented. cyborg. halos. horns. wolfish. effeminate. frightening. ethereal. angelic. demonic. metallic. angular. scales. barbs. vertebrae. tendrils. tentacles. sharp. soft. unusual. shapely. unnatural. disproportionate. spindly. monstrous.

[ WEAPONRY ] fists. swords. daggers. spear. scythe. bow and arrow. hammer. shield. poison. guns. axes. throwing axes. whips. knives. throwing knives. pepper sprays. tasers. machine guns. slingshots. katanas. maces. staffs. wands. powers. magical items. magic. rocks. power loader. flamethrower. metal rods. shotguns. needles. prowess. ability. instinct. bloodthirst. supernatural. inhuman. talons. speed. agility. cunning. reflexes. biomech tendrils.

[ MATERIALS ] gold. silver. platinum. titanium. diamonds. pearls. rubies. sapphires. emeralds. amethyst. metal. iron. rust. steel. glass. wood. porcelain. paper. wool. fur. lace. leather. copper. silk. satin. velvet. denim. linen. cotton. charcoal. clay. stone. asphalt. brick. marble. dust. glitter. blood. dirt. mud. smoke. ash. shadow. carbonate. rubber. synthetics. yarn. slime. ivory. aether crystal. dark matter. lapis lazuli. adamantite. wootz. brass. lamé. guipé. bone. moonstone. metalloids. alloys. ceramic. alabaster. aluminum. bismuth. bronze. polonium. chrome. osmium. sand.

[ NATURE/ENVIRONMENT ] grass. leaves. trees. bark. roses. daisies. tulips. holly. lavender. lilies. petals. thorns. sunflowers. seeds. hay. sand. rocks. snow. ice. roots. flowers. ocean. river. lake. meadow. forest. desert. tundra. savanna. steppe. rain forest. swamp. caves. underwater. coral reef. beach. waves.space. stars. clouds. mountains. fungi. cliffs. sunlight. moonlight. darkness. wasteland. void.

[ ANIMALS/CREATURES ] lions. wolves. black panther. eagles. owls. falcons. hawks. swans. snakes. turtles. ducks. bugs. roaches. tarantulas. scarabs. spiders. birds. whales. dolphins. fish. sharks. horses. cats. dogs. bunnies. praying mantis. crows. ravens. mice. lizards. frogs. bears. werewolves. unicorns. pegasus. dinosaurs. dragons. felines. foxes. centaurs. antelope. chimeras. demons. angels. parakeets. harpy eagles. seagulls. warblers. birds of paradise. parrots. toucans. orioles. cobras. black mambas. goldfish.

[ FOOD/DRINK ] sugar. salt. water. candy. bubblegum. wine. milk.champagne. hard liquor. beer. coffee. tea. spices. herbs. apple. orange. lemon. cherry. strawberry. watermelon. vegetables. fruits. meat. fish. pies. desserts. chocolate. cream. caramel. berries. nuts. cinnamon. steak. burgers. burritos. pizza. vanilla. cookies. chocolate. tiramisu. cheesecake. sushi. tempura. pasta. garlic. bread. muffins. noodles. cardamom. cheese.

[ HOBBIES ] music. art. piercing. watercolors. gardening. knitting. smithing. sculpting. painting. sketching. murder. fighting. fencing. riding. flying. writing.composing. cooking. sewing. training. dancing. acting. singing. martial arts. self-defense. electronics. technology. cameras. video cameras. tinkering.video games. computer. phone. movies. theater. libraries. books. magazines. poetry. philosophy. cds. records. vinyls. cassettes. piano. organ. violin. cello. guitar. electronic guitar. bass guitar. harmonica. synthesizers. harp. woodwinds. brass. trumpet. flute. drums. bells. playing cards. poker chips. chess. dice. motorcycle riding. eating. climbing. tree climbing. running. vivisection. reading. learning. lecturing. teaching. torment. tracking. swimming. baking.parties.

[ STYLE ] lingerie. armor. cape. dress. robes. suit. tunic. vest. shirt. boots. heels. leggings. trousers. jeans. skirt. shorts. jewelry. earrings. necklace. bracelet. ring. pendant. hat. crown. circlet. helmet. scarf. neck tie. brocade. cloaks. corsets. doublet. chest plate. belt. sash. coat. jacket. hood. gloves. socks. masks. cowls. braces. watches. glasses. sunglasses. visor. eye contacts. makeup. pantyhose. stockings. thigh highs. eyepatch. collar. bangle. torque. gorget. bracers. cuffs. body jewelry. crop tops.

[ MISC ] balloons. bubbles. cityscape. landscape. diligence. light. dark. candles. war. peace. money. power. percussion. clocks. photos. mirrors. pets. diary. fairy lights. madness. sanity. sadness. happiness. optimism. pessimism. realism. misanthropy. loneliness. anger. family. synthetic. friends. assistants. co-workers. plushies. enemies. lovers. loyalty. smoking. alcohol. drugs. kindness. love. embracing. magitek. futuristic. ancient. science. voidsent. cruelty. trust. mistrust. strength. doubt. reverence. ferocity. danger. automatons. metallic. allure. value. intelligent. revolutionary. defiant. advanced. engines. naïve. temporary. changing. split personality. paradigm shift. freedom. belief. protection.

Tagged by: @moth-to-a-flame-ffxiv

Tagging: @isuke-ejinn, @thrill-of-battle, @liasahrgo, @aylawendaucourt, @duskwightwoodsman, @shelqioronir, @kotone-shimayasu, @ultimasheir, @whispersofawindwitch, @brazenshieldffxiv, @vashesthyria, @thorcatte, @notkirova, @shadiyah-ffxiv, @which-can-eternal-lie, @fadewind, @ayselistarreader, @elegant-etienne (for Adi!), @shrine-maiden-seira, @degeneratemagicalcatgirl, @oleandre-ffxiv, @aurelle-ffxiv, @elezendad,@quinlan-xiv, @doctornhaviri, @fheylahaken, @xevtan, @anuspancake, @savothesewercat, @baien-tatakai-ffxiv, @brokenbutwhy, @melisie-ffxiv, @secretsmokeandmirrors, @ijazrahalffxiv, @belovedbartender, @skycatrhaz, @tessariel-aerlinn, @sky-dandy, @theqoipond, @analeil-ffxiv, @grump-qote, @auliander-ffxiv, @meowmonk, @swordandpen, @rolanberryshortcake, @juste-xiv, @paradymeshift, @roegadamn, @peacefulautumnsworld, @mihookochi, @fair-fae, @thedarkestknightxiv, @a-realm-reblogged, @rhalgr, @meandering-mind, @sigsdigsintothebrigs, @lance-of-fury, @sedatayuun, @videra, and YOU if you like! Wholeheartedly copied from moth’s! NOTE: If you’ve done this already, please disregard (and apologies)! Otherwise, if you’ve already done this for one character, feel free to do it for another you have!

#rp meme #ffxiv rp #that took some effort #but hey i dig it #thanks bort

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moth-to-a-flame-ffxiv · 6 years

Text

Aesthetics - Zihji’li Nhikna

BOLD what applies to your muse. Remember to REPOST. Feel free to add to the list.

[ BODY ] claws. long fingers. fangs. teeth. wings. tails. lips. bare feet. freckles. bruises. canine. scars. scratches. ears. wounds. burns. spikes. sweat. tears. feline. permanent wounds. chubby. curvy. short. tall. height. feathers. webs. eyes. hands. muscular. slender. trained. piercings. tattoos. strong. weak. birdlike. shapeshifting. junoesque. svelte. long hair. short hair. dark circles. big. voluptuous. small. prosthetic. experimented. cyborg. halos.horns. wolfish. effeminate. frightening. ethereal. angelic. demonic. metallic. angular. scales. barbs. vertebrae. tendrils. tentacles. sharp. soft. unusual. shapely. unnatural. disproportionate. spindly. monstrous.

[ NATURE/ENVIRONMENT ] grass. leaves. trees. bark. roses. daisies. tulips. holly. lavender. lilies. petals. thorns. sunflowers. seeds. hay. sand. rocks. snow. ice. roots. flowers. ocean. river. lake. meadow. forest. desert. tundra. savanna. steppe. rain forest. swamp. caves. underwater. coral reef. beach. waves. space. stars. clouds. mountains. fungi. cliffs. sunlight. moonlight. darkness. wasteland. void.

[ FOOD/DRINK ] sugar. salt. water. candy. bubblegum. wine. milk. champagne. hard liquor. beer. coffee. tea. spices. herbs. apple. orange. lemon. cherry. strawberry. watermelon. vegetables. fruits. meat. fish. pies. desserts. chocolate. cream. caramel. berries. nuts. cinnamon. steak. burgers. burritos. pizza. vanilla. cookies. chocolate. tiramisu. cheesecake. sushi. tempura. pasta. garlic. bread. muffins. noodles. cardamom. cheese.

[ HOBBIES ] music. art. piercing. watercolors. gardening. knitting. smithing. sculpting. painting. sketching. murder. fighting. fencing. riding. flying. writing. composing. cooking. sewing. training. dancing. acting. singing. martial arts. self-defense. electronics. technology. cameras. video cameras. tinkering. video games. computer. phone. movies. theater. libraries. books. magazines. poetry. philosophy. cds. records. vinyls. cassettes. piano. organ. violin. cello. guitar. electronic guitar. bass guitar. harmonica. synthesizers. harp. woodwinds. brass. trumpet. flute. drums. bells. playing cards. poker chips. chess. dice. motorcycle riding. eating. climbing. tree climbing. running. vivisection. reading. learning. lecturing. teaching. torment. tracking. swimming. baking. parties.

Tagged by: @elegant-etienne

Tagging: @isuke-ejinn, @thrill-of-battle, @liasahrgo, @aylawendaucourt, @duskwightwoodsman, @shelqioronir, @kotone-shimayasu, @ultimasheir, @whispersofawindwitch, @brazenshieldffxiv, @vashesthyria, @thorcatte, @notkirova, @shadiyah-ffxiv, @which-can-eternal-lie, @fadewind, @ayselistarreader, @elegant-etienne (for Adi!), @shrine-maiden-seira, @degeneratemagicalcatgirl, @oleandre-ffxiv, @aurelle-ffxiv, @elezendad, @quinlan-xiv, @doctornhaviri, @fheylahaken, @xevtan, @anuspancake, @savothesewercat, @baien-tatakai-ffxiv, @brokenbutwhy, @melisie-ffxiv, @secretsmokeandmirrors, @ijazrahalffxiv, @belovedbartender, @floating-city-of-nem, @skycatrhaz, @tessariel-aerlinn, @sky-dandy, @theqoipond, @analeil-ffxiv, @grump-qote, @auliander-ffxiv, @meowmonk, @swordandpen, @rolanberryshortcake, @juste-xiv, @paradymeshift, @roegadamn, @peacefulautumnsworld, @mihookochi, @fair-fae, @thedarkestknightxiv, @a-realm-reblogged, @rhalgr, @meandering-mind, @sigsdigsintothebrigs, @lance-of-fury, @sedatayuun, @videra, and YOU if you like! NOTE: If you’ve done this already, please disregard (and apologies)! Otherwise, if you’ve already done this for one character, feel free to do it for another you have!

#character prompts #sophic weaver #tagged #elegant etienne #thanks for the tag!#brain's fried after this one holy cow #if i tagged main blogs it's 'cause i couldn't tag the character blog #whoops

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twowk · 1 year

Link

Check out this listing I just added to my Poshmark closet: Theodore Gray's Elements Vault Interactive Book with Samples.

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juniperpublishers-imst · 3 years

Text

Plasma Extraction of Metals in Space

Abstract

Extraction of purified metals from extraterrestrial materials can be accomplished in several ways, such as beneficiation, hydrogen reduction, recovery of spent rockets, direct melting of iron meteorites, and plasma isotope separation. Presented here is a method for multiple simultaneous extraction of multiple metals and metalloids from regolith. Two patented approaches are described which can operate on a planetary surface, or in the microgravity environment of orbit. This approach to isotope separation applies to regolith fines but is advantageously applied to the effluent of a patented oxygen extraction method. In this way, a plurality of valuable raw materials can be obtained with a single system, suitable for operation on the Moon or at the surface of an asteroid. Silicon is of interest for studies of purity due to its importance in photovoltaics. A silicon-aluminum aerospace alloy can be produced directly, called Silumin, which has value in construction of habitats and space craft in space. Silicon can also be combined with carbon to form the wide-bandgap semiconductor SiC from which high-power and radiation-tolerant power transistors can be fabricated. Furthermore, this method lends itself to additive manufacturing whereby specific shapes of purified metals can be formed directly from the plasma extraction process.

Keywords: Extraterrestrial materials, Space solar power, Gravity, Radiation, Vacuum, Asteroids, Ammonia

Introduction

In situ resource utilization (ISRU) involves extraction of raw materials and the making of value-added components from materials found in space. Earth launch requires enormous energies and will always be costly. Employing indigenous extraterrestrial materials enables greater exploitation of space resources, which can be used in an orbital economy, or delivered back to markets on the home world. One lucrative prospect is to build vast solar farms which beam power gigawatts of power wirelessly to customers on the ground. Known as space solar power (SSP) [1,2] the economics at large scale is highly favorable if the photovoltaics, structural elements, wires, and power electronics can be fabricated from in situ resources [3]. This study explores a new method which is the subject of three US patents by the author [4-6].

Space resources include sunlight, vacuum, gases, variable gravity, radiation, and solid matter in the form of asteroids and planetary bodies. Asteroids are grouped into categories and may include: low atomic weight volatiles such as water, methane, and ammonia; carbon-rich amalgams with silicate-based rocks; stony iron bodies with substantial amounts of relatively pure transition metals; and rocky asteroids with mostly silicate-based minerals containing other elements including, but not limited to: calcium, magnesium, aluminum, and titanium [7-10]. Terrestrial methods of mining and extraction generally rely on strong gravity and water. Without these, mining and extraction in space is difficult. Delivery of water into orbit is expensive, and production of high gravity (e.g. 9.8 m/s2) requires a large centrifuge or rocket accelerations, so that extractive techniques call for a thorough re-thinking for ISRU.

Several extractive methods have been developed for use in space, such as oxygen for life support, water for rocket fuel, titanium for structures, ceramics and refractories for building blocks and roadways, and iron for railroads. This paper studies an energetic means by which multiple, simultaneous streams of pure metals can be extracted from the broken and shattered surface rock dust known as regolith. Regolith covers all airless bodies in space. Within this powdery tuff can be found a wide variety of chondrites, spherules, brecciated minerals, and free iron. The goal of this plasma extraction method is to heat such regolith enough to disaggregate into individual atoms which can be separated by mass. The energy penalty is high; however, the payoff is in a high yield of several useful raw materials in a manner well-suitable to further value-added operations.

Apparatus

High temperature is an equalizer for regolith because at sufficiently high temperatures, physical morphology is irrelevant. However, molten regolith is an excellent solvent, and will compromise most refractory crucibles. Liquid regolith simulant in yttria-stabilized zircon will melt together into a puddle. The only refractory known to withstand molten silicates is thorium dioxide [11]. Thoria has the highest melting point of any metal oxide and has no transition temperatures up to 2950 K [12,13]. When heated to these temperatures, molten regolith will spontaneously devolve oxygen gas. Oxygen can be captured by absorbents using a deLaval nozzle, drift tube, and expansion bell [14], as seen in the center of Figure 1. The effluent of oxygen extraction is ballistic nanometer-sized reduced-oxygen minerals (e.g. SiO, FeO), and this stream is the input to the isotope separation apparatus [15,16].

Figure 2 shows a cross-section schematic of the combined oxygen extraction “dust roaster” and the plasma metals extractor “isotope separator” in the same configuration as Figure 1. Material enters at the top left and exits at the gas expansion bell, and then at the metals collection receptacles (items 41). Operation of the oxygen dust roaster is to first liquefy the regolith via heater elements exterior to the thoria containment vessel. Apertures in the bottom of the liquefaction vessel admit magma to a vertical (thoria) tube which is heated by radiofrequency (rf) energy to engage the conductive liquid [17] as it falls in lunar gravity and raises the temperature to that of a vapor. Note that in zero gravity this portion would require a centrifugally rotating apparatus to provide the appropriate artificial gravity (approximately 0.18 of earth’s). Not all mineral species will be vaporized, so that oxides of calcium and magnesium will fall into a sealed pit from which it can be later extracted to make refractory bricks. The supersonic deLaval nozzle in the vertical tube provides escape for vaporized materials, which pass through a short drift tube to cool slightly. This cooling region is on the order of several centimeters, during which the sub-oxide minerals will begin to coalesce, like the exhaust plume of a solid-fuel rocket motor. Oxygen liberated from the minerals will experience expansion upon reaching the gas collection bell and is directed to absorption collectors made from praesidium-cerium oxide. These collectors must be periodically detached to thermally release their load of pure oxygen [18]. The coalescing minerals become ballistic, meaning they are no longer entrained by the gases, and escape the gas collection bell through an aperture. The velocity of this stream carries material into the isotope separator. Note that the isotope separator is designed to also accept regolith fines which have been beneficiated to sub-micron dimension but without the preliminary step of extracting the oxygen. In that case, an optional impeller is provided to deliver the initial kinetic velocity to these particles (item 10 in Figure 2).

The isotope separator works in a similar manner to a mass spectrometer, wherein ionized elements are accelerated in a plasma beam which is passed through a transverse electric or magnetic field (item 38 in Figure 2) to deflect the ions. Lighter ions are deflected further than heavier ions, so the result is a spectrum of elements (dotted lines 42 in Figure 2), with those having higher atomic numbers clustered closer to the beam axis, and the low atomic number elements deflected at larger and larger angles. Because of this, the separation efficiency is greatest for metals such as silicon and aluminum. Hot ions impinge on the collection receptacles, which are optionally cooled to accrete amorphous masses of purified metals. The metals must be separated from the receptacle, which may be advantageously formed from the refractory CaO and MgO mentioned above. Nonionized material will not be deflected and can be captured in receptacle 46. The workpiece receiving non-ionized material can be manipulated in orientation to produce convex shapes of this slag. Such items may find use as building or shielding materials for space settlements.

Methods

To study plasma dissociation of sub-oxide minerals, the silicon monoxide (SiO) molecule is most prevalent from regolith, and important because of the silicon it contains. The dissociation energy of SiO is 460 kJ per mole of the molecule. This value can be used to estimate the minimum power to break apart molecules into their constituent atoms as a function of beam flow rate in moles/second. These atoms must then be ionized, and the ionization energy for silicon is 786 kJ/mol. The moving beam of ionized elements represents a current, which, induced onto the stream to motivate the ions in the direction intended, adds a third component of electrical power for the most energyintensive operations in the isotope separator. For a reference case of 11.5 g/sec of regolith (total), this requires a primary power of 139kW, with silicon extraction of 10.4 kg/hour.

Separation of isotopes goes by the quotient of electric charge by ion mass, called the charge-mass ratio (q/m). The Lorentz force deflects ions from a collimated beam, creating a geometrically simple separation, either by radius in the case of a transverse magnetic field, or by angle in the case of a transverse electric field. Figure 3 shows the elements adjacent to silicon, along with their global average abundance on the moon. The ionization energy mentioned above must be imparted to each ion for separation to occur, so the first ionization energy is also listed in Figure 3. Figure 3 does not tell the entire story of isotope separation. There can exist resonances wherein the second ionization (q=+2) of an element twice as massive can coincide with the stream of a singly ionized lighter element. For example, heavy iron (Fe58) is 1.999 the mass of Si29; fortunately, the second ionization energy for iron is 1561.9 kJ/mol. In practice, the amount of energy imparted by rf fields is to be carefully calibrated to avoid resonances.

Results

Three means of obtaining pure elements are:

a) physical apertures, with the drawback of buildup

b) isolated receptacles

c) capturing an entire spectrum of element and excising those slivers of desired purity

Silicon is bracketed by phosphorus and aluminum. Both P and Al are dopants in semiconductor silicon, p-type and n-type respectively, therefore silicon intended for photovoltaics or integrated circuits should be free of these elements. Assuming method (2) above, the results of q/m from a transverse electric field are shown in Figure 4. The left plot shows the separation by q/m “bins” for P, Si, and Al with per mol ionization energy less than 1100 kJ. The right plot in Figure 4 shows what happens if ionization energy exceeds that of Fe and Ni but remains lesser than the (generally much greater) third ionization energy of elements three times as massive as Si. It is seen that the purity of each element depends on the overlap of similar isotope q/m ratios, as well as the fineness of the aperture dividing one isotope from the next. Another factor is the spread in the velocity distribution. Although this method of plasma separation of isotopes is not in equilibrium, tendencies in that direction will approach a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of velocities, which has an appreciable dispersion. This issue can be partly ameliorated by beam profile techniques, or by velocity filter mechanisms. Beam diameter is another parameter which will affect purity because of parallax between ions emerging from different points across a beam cross section. It can be appreciated that a trade exists between yield and purity. Furthermore, selfshielding by the beam of material will raise the energy required for full dissociation and ionization. Thus, it can be further appreciated that there exists a trade space between throughput and efficiency.

Conclusion

For beam ionizations below 1100 kJ/mol a clean separation of silicon from other elements is possible. Pure aluminum is similarly accessible, as is the small amount of phosphorus found in most regolith samples. Together, these three elements can become the basis for complete solar cells and rudimentary integrated circuits. A mining operation producing these materials may find customers willing to produce solar power and computer chips in space. One example is the solar power satellite known as the “tin can” [19], with the potential to provide gigawatts of power to paying terrestrial customers. By combining the receptacles for q/m ratios 3.55 and 3.75, in various degrees of overlap, an aluminum alloy containing silicon (“Silumin”) can be produced. Silumin has been used for aerospace applications and may be of interest to customers building habitats or spacecraft on the moon or at orbital platforms. Heavier elements such as iron, nickel and cobalt will not separate well, but may be blended in a fashion like the alloying of Silumin to make various steels and ferromagnetic metals of use in rail launchers and circumpolar railroads for remaining in constant sunlight while remaining on the moon. Further optimization work is planned through simulation and modeling tools to explore the trade spaces identified by this work.

To Know More About Insights in Mining Science & Technology Please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/imst/index.php

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#Juniper publishers #Open access Journals #Peer review journal #Juniper publisher reviews #Juniper publisher journals

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