#mangen | Explore Tumblr Posts and Blogs

handforthstudy · 1 year

Text

How do digital vs paper mediums impact reading?

The digital world is here to stay. PDFs and e-readers allow access to books without the space and weight constraints of traditional texts. Given this and that students are constantly surrounded by the virtual world, it is unsurprising that many students prefer digital books (Singer & Alexander, 2017a; Singer-Trakhman et al, 2019). Teachers, however, must question when digital texts are most effective and if there are drawbacks to them that we have not considered.

While this post is primarily aimed at teachers (blame my MEd), it can be useful for parents and students too! A summary is given in the section below, allong with a more detailed analysis after the second picture.

Image credit: geralt (n.d.). [A book and a mobile device with a bookshelf background]. Retrieved Feb 11, 2023, from https://pixabay.com/photos/books-smartphone-hand-keep-mobile-3348990/

The TL;DR

The brain process information presented on paper differently than that presented digitally, although we are still determining why this happens. All else equal, students have consistently better reading comprehension when working on paper.

High school and post-secondary students tend to rank themselves higher on comprehension when reading digitally, even though it does not reflect reality.

The genre of the text matters. There is no statistically significant difference in reading comprehension for narrative texts between paper and digital mediums. Meanwhile, there is a very significant difference for informative texts.

The longer a digital reading is, the exponentially greater the resources required to keep the brain on task. Comprehension on short digital readings is at least close to paper readings; comprehension on longer passages is not.

Digital enhancement is not a replacement for a knowledgeable mentor. Students reading on paper with a teacher to guide them consistently outperformed reading on any digital medium.

On the other hand, texts designed to take avantage of digital enhancements - such as with activities, videos, and a built-in digital dictionary - do acheive better comprehension than reading the same text on paper without a teacher’s support.

Digital mediums do not influence test-taking positively or negatively. Outcomes correlate to whether the student studied on paper or digitally, regardless of the test’s format.

Want to know more? Read on!

Image credit: zapCulture (n.d.). [Girl working on laptop with School Supplies]. Retrieved Feburary 12, 2023, from https://pixabay.com/photos/girl-laptop-school-supplies-student-5662435/

Comprehension

The overwhelming consensus amongst the studies surveyed is that reading comprehension is better when texts are on paper (Clinton, 2019; Delgado et al, 2018; Furenes et al, 2021; Gudinavičius, 2016; Mangen et al, 2013; Singer & Alexander, 2017a; Singer-Trakhman et al, 2019). Most worryingly, the effect size of reading digitally is –0.21, about equivalent to two-thirds of a year’s reading comprehension progress (Delgado et al, 2018)! There are, however, nuances within these results — reading digitally does not appear to impact comprehension for narrative texts the same way it does for informative texts (Clinton, 2019; Delgado et al, 2018). The inclusion of a digital dictionary can disrupt the flow of reading and decrease comprehension, but it does improve vocabulary building. Likewise, reading with an adult mentor yields higher comprehension than any form of digital reading, but digital enhancements aimed at improving comprehension produce better results than reading unguided on paper (Furenes, 2021).

Attention

Screen reading also appears to impact the attentiveness of the reader to the text. Gudinavičius’ (2016) research indicates there are significant differences in the level of attention required when reading in different formats with the most pronounced being between reading in print vs on an iPhone. This corresponds with meta-analysis indicating that information is more shallowly processed in the digital medium, making it more difficult to engage with sustained challenging tasks (Delgado et al, 2018). This implies that deeper and more critical thought is demanding in the digital format because more cognitive resources are required to keep the brain on task. It also follows that the longer a passage is, the exponentially more difficult it will become to process in digital format, a key consideration for teachers to bear in mind.

Test Taking

One question teachers may have given the rise of digital tests is if reading on a screen influences test results. Current research suggests that the medium a student takes a test in does not influence the end result. Likewise, it does not matter if students take tests in the same medium they studied in initially (Ben-Yehudah & Eshet-Alkalai, 2020). What does matter is whether they read digitally or on paper while studying, with hardcopies producing better results regardless of test format (Ben-Yehudah & Eshet-Alkalai, 2020; Mangen et al, 2013).

Image credit: sik-life(n.d.). [ebook plugged into paper books]. Retrieved March 1, 2023, from https://pixabay.com/photos/girl-laptop-school-supplies-student-5662435/

A Note of Caution

All of the conclusions we can draw about reading on screens vs paper have studies presenting contradictory evidence (Chen & Catrambone, 2015; Schwabe et al, 2021). Several meta-analyses (Singer & Alexander, 2017b; Furenes et al, 2021) provide a possible explanation: studies have failed to define what they count as reading in the first place and are inconsistent about the texts and formats they use in their studies. It is essential for teachers to be aware above all else that the question of how reading on screens impacts comprehension is a complex issue that we are just beginning to unpack. There are many caveats to be aware of when assessing the media format a text should be presented in. Our answers in this field are tentative, not definitive, so remaining abreast of current research will be essential.

Implications for Teaching

Research seems to clearly indicate that when studying academic material, working from paper is best, especially if details are required. Furthermore, the advantage that physical texts have over digital is also more pronounced when time constraints are a factor (Delgado et al, 2018). This is especially worrying when paired with the tendency for students to be overconfident in their knowledge when working digitally (Clinton, 2019; Singer & Alexander, 2017a; Singer-Trakhman et al, 2019). This is a clear warning sign for teachers — we must encourage the use of physical books for academic topics, especially when working digitally would be more convenient. The instinct for students to cram at the last minute by rereading their class’ slides is strong and may leave students feeling positive, but it does not translate to better performance.

Teachers must also consider what type of texts their students use digitally. A digital format is much more appropriate for narrative stories in Language Arts than it is for learning about activation energies in Chemistry. Teachers should be especially aware that while providing students with a PDF of their textbook is appropriate — emergencies happen and PDFs are useful for a variety accommodations, including speech-to-text — unless there is a specific reason to use PDFs, they should be a last resort, not the student’s goto for deskwork. A textbook that has been enhanced to take advantage of digital interactivity, on the other hand, may be much more appropriate for students to use a home when they do not have access to their teacher.

References

Ben‐Yehudah, G., & Eshet‐Alkalai, Y. (2020). Print versus digital reading comprehension tests: Does the congruency of study and test medium matter? British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(1), 426–440. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13014

Chen, D.-W., & Catrambone, R. (2015). Paper vs. Screen: effects on Reading Comprehension, Metacognition, and Reader Behavior. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 59(1), 332–336. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931215591069

Clinton, V. (2019). Reading from paper compared to screens: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Research in Reading, 42(2), 288–325. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9817.12269

Delgado, P., Vargas, C., Ackerman, R., & Salmerón, L. (2018). Don't throw away your printed books: A meta-analysis on the effects of reading media on reading comprehension. Educational Research Review, 25, 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.09.003

Furenes, M. I., Kucirkova, N., & Bus, A. G. (2021). A comparison of children’s reading on paper versus Screen: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 003465432199807. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654321998074

Gudinavičius, A. (2016). Towards understanding the differences between reading on paper and screen. Libellarium: Časopis Za Istraživanja u Području Informacijskih i Srodnih Znanosti, 9(1), 175–184. https://doi.org/10.15291/libellarium.v9i1.240

Mangen, A., Walgermo, B. R., & Brønnick, K. (2013). Reading linear texts on paper versus computer screen: Effects on reading comprehension. International Journal of Educational Research, 58, 61–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2012.12.002

Schwabe, A., Brandl, L., Boomgaarden, H. G., & Stocker, G. (2021). Experiencing literature on the e‐reader: The effects of reading narrative texts on screen. Journal of Research in Reading, 44(2), 319–338. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9817.12337

Singer Trakhman, L. M., Alexander, P. A., & Berkowitz, L. E. (2019). Effects of processing time on comprehension and calibration in print and digital mediums. The Journal of Experimental Education, 87(1), 101–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2017.1411877

Singer, L. M., & Alexander, P. A. (2017). Reading across mediums: Effects of reading Digital and print texts on comprehension and calibration. The Journal of Experimental Education, 85(1), 155–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2016.1143794Singer, L. M., & Alexander, P. A. (2017). Reading on paper and digitally: What the past decades of empirical research reveal. Review of Educational Research, 87(6), 1007–1041. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654317722961

#Reading #Digital #ebook #textbook #literacy #education #studying #for teachers #for students

38 notes · View notes

alanaartdream · 9 months

Text

My little pony collection so far

I would like to put a couple of ponies from each generation of my little pony into my collection

So far I have mostly gen 4 and some of the redo Gen 1 my little pony’s in there (there is one tiny Gen 3 figure I mangened to find at 2nd hand market)

Still on the hunt for some Gen 2 & gen 1 as well as trying to find some Gen 5 sunny & Izzy (just trying to find one of them without all the hair clips they’ve added in that still has hair to bush and isn’t too big is kinda difficult)

#my little pony #my little pony toys #TikTok #my little pony tiktok #my little pony collection

10 notes · View notes

asoiaf-fancasts · 2 years

Text

Jeyne Westerling - Fancasts

Age:16 - 17

Appearance: She’s pretty.She is slender and willowy but has good hips. She has chestnut curly hair, a heart-shaped face, a shy smile and doe-like soft brown eyes.

Character: Juliet Capulet

Actress: Haliee Steinfeld

Movie: Romeo and Juliet [2013]

[She was 16 during this movie so the right age for Jeyne.She is pretty.She is slender with good hips but not willowy.She has curly chestnut hair with a heart-shaped face.She has doe-like brown eyes and a shy smile.She wears late medieval ish clothes.]

Character: Seppia

Character: Hannah Mangen Lawrence

Show: Spartacus [2010]

[She’s 17 - 18 in season 1 & 2 so good for Jeyne in the future books.She is pretty.She is slender and willowy but does not have good hips.She has curly chestnut hair with a heart-shaped face and brown doe-like eyes plus a shy smile at times. A lot of her scenes don’t fit Jeyne vibe wise but their are plenty that do so it’s use able. She wears Ancient Greek ish clothes.]

Character: Clara

Actress: Mackenzie Foy

Movie: The Nutcracker and the Four Realms [2018]

[She’s 16 during this movie so good for Jeyne. She is pretty.She is slender with good hips. She has chestnut brown hair but it’s not curly.She has a heart-shaped face and brown doe-like eyes with a shy smile.She wears Fantasy and Victorian ish clothes.]

#please suggest other fancasts #jeyne westerling #jeyne westerling fancasts #asoiaf fancast #game of thrones #a song of ice and fire #asoiaf #fancast resource

44 notes · View notes

celamity · 1 year

Text

Eg brukte detta bunadbeltet når eg va litå (nåke så bjynne å bli ganske mangen år siå) og i dag har eg brukt ca tri timer på å reparera perlebroderiet så litlå mi ska se fin ut i konfirmasjon i helgå. Eg e ganske fornøyde om eg ska sei det sjøl, heila greiå e nå behørig festa, og eg har fått erstatta perlene som mangla med dei førti år gamle originalperlene så mor mi klarte å finna i ein skuff.

- ganske passende at eg gjor detta akkurat i dag sånn sett, hadde tenkt å brifa på engelsk men siå det e i dag kjøre me challenge mode :D

E elles veldig glad for at bryststykket ikkje hadde nåke som måtte fiksast!

#spyld #speak your language day #dialekt #hardangerbunad

5 notes · View notes

444names · 9 months

Text

the entire article on the baljuna covenant from wikipedia

Ablat Accenda Aceing Achisted Acted Acurvin Acycludands Aderower Aftai Aftatitent Afted Aftegaink Agent Agents Ainexigns Akiliturvin Akisectit Alsoultury Alzings Ament Amits Amiture Ancisman Ancts Apinai Apity Arevermisto Aringolon Arroda Asafteme Asoughted Assians Asting Atees Atter Aughre Aught Autnueners Avound Avounkhely Bably Bacter Bastou Beacce Beent Beits Betaing Betrik Bitably Bited Bleding Blogh Boderle Borchal Bords Brabadidefe Brable Bumoubut Busse Butnusue Capaus Capha Caphy Cetion Chans Chaternal Chave Chingoloved Chishmers Choninalled Chusans Cidly Cistioner Cistor Clatizentai Closseted Cluengod Clusent Comend Cominged Comity Commew Compans Comparrial Compician Comple Conembet Conempt Conons Conspect Cormary Coutai Crountion Daile Darly Darrourgut Dautuigh Deartillose Defend Dellong Dents Depiceei Derad Dereits Dessix Devedectful Devese Diany Didecongran Diussionly Douslicts Doutual Dratood Dructepin Drumnandely Eateng Eitly Engolortly Eptury Ereep Ersoded Esentum Espuda Ession Esteatery Evaill Eventiour Exchi Feaved Fecia Ficitlet Fiested Finqal Folion Follossiber Fouburu Frobas Froops Froted Froulty Frowikhip Futnuescem Gaimancy Gaining Gards Gentrat Glostiont Gloyall Gried Gropped Haign Haninglig Haniting Hasaftaw Hasiburp Hasongold Hasumna Hatoring Haventic Heity Herstifid Hesely Heted Himath Hinamemüng Hings Hispic Histor Hitly Hittle Holda Hosed Hough Houss Ifere Ificed Ikerly Ilisposting Illited Inecesce Inghterist Inion Ishgantly Jaman Jambleters Jamedid Jamukhign Jects Jejecesse Jejejejecte Jidelly Jingeng Jocaphy Jocidevers Jociver Jocrunk Junis Jurviven Jusly Khards Khasentried Khashied Khimating Khing Khishment Khoictived Khoss Khosted Khowears Kiplarly Kirulters Kuchans Kuition Kuity Lacrapaut Lating Leacru Leashipped Letin Letry Light Limmud Liturving Logiced Lonus Lords Lossed Loweved Loyated Malike Mangenated Mannecen Mards Marrincyclo Ments Mewhieded Mided Midend Mident Mielainghts Mistrund Mitle Moded Monang Monly Motaigh Mound Moventin Muspichants Musumpicem Müjing Müngollown Netené Nexights Nincer Nothans Nowere Oationg Oatteme Offeadece Offined Ogendsm Ognonly Ogreater Onwal Opormal Orial Oriance Orsecom Othdratory Oughts Outured Overetrack Owera Paimenmisky Paiments Paings Panclat Panctiall Parde Parriers Paugh Picirasibet Plackgred Ploclower Porece Posed Posing Posiout Possen Poted Preekin Proda Promied Pronexcharn Propoemn Prossent Proury Prout Prowinciang Prown Pubse Purist Qabance Qalthed Qalty Ranting Readed Reath Recals Recen Recionai Redial Rehed Reher Remen Renuddy Rernided Reted Retiany Retral Rioted Rivinhe Rought Ruchounid Safer Salbuse Santer Sawasce Scaphy Seque Sheatocle Shipped Shiting Shlitted Sireating Sixtum Somen Somente Somity Sonwatene Soost Sough Sounder Soundial Soure Soureit Souted Souterdeld Spinies Staig Stial Stormas Stotemer Strains Stratine Stritivise Suchosse Suctoted Sughrolly Sught Suptifeary Suringummen Swards Sweak Swere Swords Sworisped Swors Sworth Swout Teroady Thdrulakily Thenced Theorthed Therhercep Thers Thishand Thood Thoste Thoutnue Thricting Thromild Thureving Thurpe Thusceeshem Tichistaing Tinaimse Tinothesse Tocrosens Toged Toodurp Toons Trasived Trasured Tratif Tribut Tring Troquese Trout Twoonvishal Ultinflimid Uncep Unied Unknowaljin Untrablacts Ureare Urest Uruld Uslimathei Ustimsents Vellity Waind Warnempt Warribly Warrodaught Wasiblan Wasiners Wayed Werees Wevention Whans Wheme Whold Wholl Whound Whout Winctful Wingumod Witers Withead Worathisted Worchined Woreake Wormal Wormigh Wortly Woughre Woughtent Woughu Wounat Woutee Yearge Yualturchal

#444 names #444names

2 notes · View notes

dudewhoabides · 1 year

Text

streetart by by Adnate & Eric Mangen in Sydney, Australia

#street art #streetart

6 notes · View notes

hoetachi · 1 year

Note

Free Tory . Mangen The Stallion

she still making more money no matter what you call her

plus….. ya mans lil sister distraught cries became this

#L RATIO + GET A LIFE + YOURE NOT HIM + ZERO RIZZ #{💥}— 𝐘𝐎𝐔 𝐒𝐀𝐈𝐃 𝐖𝐀𝐍𝐍𝐀 𝐆𝐄𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐏𝐏𝐄𝐃 𝐈𝐍 𝐘𝐎 𝐌𝐎𝐔𝐓𝐇?

2 notes · View notes

roshniquotes · 3 months

Text

Best Happy New Year Urdu Poetry in Urdu Text | New Year Sad Shayari - RoshniQuotes

Viewers, yeh naya saal ki Urdu poetry ka ek collection hai jo aapke liye tayar kiya gaya hai. Yeh khaas taur par New Year Sad Poetry par focus karta hai jo aapke mood ko badalne mein kafi hai. Ummed hai ki aapko yeh New Year Quotes in Urdu Text collection pasand aayegi aur aap ise apne dosto ke saath share karenge, hamare moral ko aur bhi badhane ki koshish karenge.

Agar aap aur poetry aur quotes padhna chahte hain to hamare website aur dusre pages par visit karen. Wahan aapko Urdu Quotes, Urdu Poetry, Motivational Quotes, Islamic Quotes, God Quotes, English Quotes, Rumi Quotes, Life Quotes, Love Quotes, Sad Poetry, Sufi Poetry, Attitude Poetry, aur hamare website ke dusre poetry aur quotes se judi aur bhi cheezein milengi. Hamari website rozana poetry aur quotes ke topics par update hoti hai.

Urdu Islamic Quotes – Top Motivational Quotes To Defend Islam

Motivational Quotes in Urdu About Life | Wisdom Quotes | Deep Quotes

Best Sad Poetry in Urdu Text Shayari | 2 Lines Sad Poetry

30 Best Life Quotes in Urdu | Urdu Quotes | Poetry Quotes in Urdu

50+ Best Urdu Quotes With Images That Will Touch Your Heart

دل میں ہے ابھی سالِ گزشتہ کی اذیت

مجھ سے نہ کہے کوئی نیا سال مبارک

Dil Main Hai Abhi Saal-e-Guzashta Ki Aziyat

Mujh Se Na Kahe Koi Naya Saal Mubarak

ــــــــــــــــــــ٭٭٭ــــــــــــــــــــ

آج اک اور برس بیت گیا اس کے بغیر

جس کے ہوتے ہوئے ہوتے زمانے میرے

Aaj Ek Aur Barss Beet Gaya Us K Bgair

Jis K Hoty Howe Hoty Zamane Mere

ــــــــــــــــــــ٭٭٭ــــــــــــــــــــ

وقت وہیں ہے ٹھہرا ہوا

پر سال ایک اور بدل گیا

Waqat Wahen Hai Tehra Howa

Par Saal Aik Aur Badal Gaya

ــــــــــــــــــــ٭٭٭ــــــــــــــــــــ

جاتے سال کی آخری شب ہے

کل کا سورج جانے کیسا ہوگا

Jaaty Saal Ki Akhri Shab Hai

Kal Ka Soraj Jaane Kaisa Hoga

ــــــــــــــــــــ٭٭٭ــــــــــــــــــــ

نہ کوئی رنج کا لمحہ کسی کے پاس آئے

خدا کرے کہ نیا سال سب کو راس آئے

Na Koi Ranjj Ka Lamha Kisi K Pass Aye

Khuda Kare K Naaya Saal Sab Ko Raas Aye

ــــــــــــــــــــ٭٭٭ــــــــــــــــــــ

Best Posts For You

کچھ خوشیاں کچھ آنسو دے کر ٹال گیا

جیون کا اک اور سنہرا سال گیا

Kuch Khushiyan Kuch Aanso De Kar Taal Gaya

Jeevan Ka Ek Aur Sunehra Saal Gaya

ــــــــــــــــــــ٭٭٭ــــــــــــــــــــ

لوگ نئے سال میں بہت کچھ نیا مانگیں گے

اور مجھے وہی تمہارا ساتھ پرانا چاہیے

Log Naye Saal Main Kuch Naya Mangen Gay

Aur Mujhe Wohi Tumhara Sath Purana Chahye

ــــــــــــــــــــ٭٭٭ـــــــــــــــــ

ــ

نئے سال کی بس اتنی کہانی ہے

کیلنڈر نیا ہے کیل وہی پرانی ہے

Naye Saal Ki Bas Itni Kahani Hai

Kalendar Naya Hai Keel Wohi Purani Hai

ــــــــــــــــــــ٭٭٭ــــــــــــــــــــ

اے نئے سال بتا تجھ میں نیا پن کیا ہے؟

ہر طرف خلق نے کیوں شور مچا رکھا ہے

Ay Naye Saal Btaa Tujh Main Naya Pann Kya Hai?

Har Tarf Khalq Ne Kiun Shoor Macha Rakha Hai

ــــــــــــــــــــ٭٭٭ــــــــــــــــــــ

آپ سال بدلتا دیکھ رہے ہیں

میں نے سال بھر لوگوں کو بدلتے دیکھا ہے

Ap Saal Badlta Dekh Rahy Hain

Main Ne Saal Bhar Logon Ko Badlte Dekha Hai

ــــــــــــــــــــ٭٭٭ـــــــــــ

ــــــــ

پچھلے برس یہ ڈر تھا تجھے کھونا دوں کہیں

اب کے برس دعا ہے کہ تیرا سامنا نہ ہو

Pichly Barss Yeh Dar Tha Tujhe Khoo Na Du Kahen

Ab K Barss Dua Hai K Tera Saamna Na Ho

ــــــــــــــــــــ٭٭٭ــــــــــــــــــــ

خود کو بدلنا سیکھو

سال تو ہر سال بدلتا ہے

Khud Ko Badlna Seekho

Saal To Har Saal Badlta Hai

ــــــــــــــــــــ٭٭٭ــــــــــــــــــــ

تینوں چڑھیا سال مبارک

سانوں ساڈا حال مبارک

Tenu Charya Saal Mubarak

Sanu Saada Haal Mubarak

ــــــــــــــــــــ٭٭٭ــــــــــــــــــــ

اک سال گیا اک سال نیا ہے آنے کو

پر وقت کا اب بھی ہوش نہیں دیوانے کو

Ek Saal Gaya Ek Saal Naya Hai Aany Ko

Par Waqat Ka Ab Bhi Hosh Nahi Deewany Ko

ــــــــــــــــــــ٭٭٭ــــــــــــــــــــ

TAGS: sad-new-year-poetry-in-urdu,happy-new-year-sad-poetry-in-urdu,sad-poetry-happy-new-year,happy-new-year-poetry,new-year-poetry-in-urdu,new-year-sad-poetry-in-urdu-2-lines,love-poetry-happy-new-year,happy-new-year-poetry-in-urdu,new-happy-new-year-poetry,happy-new-year-poetry-in-urdu-2023,new-sad-poetry-in-urdu-lines,alwida-happy-new-year-poetry-in-urdu

0 notes