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libertasrpg · 4 years
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We welcome Rita Morales to the city. She’s 26 years old and is a sound engineer. Rita is often mistaken for Danna Paola. She’s open.
→ Background Information
Rita’s mother passed away after giving birth to her youngest brother. There were dive of them all together. Rita had two younger brothers, and two older. It was a big family. It wasn’t one her father could cope with very well either. So Rita basically played the role of a second parent to all her brothers from the age of 11. Due to her situation, Rita’s upbringing was exactly like most other girls her age. Her hair was always above shoulder length because she didn’t have time for the upkeep. She never owned a single Barbie doll. She knew how to hot wire a car and set up home entertainment systems before knowing how to plait her own hair. There was a small amount of bullying at school for how tom-boyish she was, but Rita’s brothers were quick to teach her how to deal with it in a physical manner.
→ Relocation Explanation
Rita adored her brothers, but also couldn’t stand them. She loved them from a distance. Some of them went away to University and Rita thought things were going to calm down. She would be able to take care of their father alone. Things got easier. Then, they came back from University and things got manic again. It was at this point Rita decided enough was enough. She’d heard about Libertas. Upon applying, she was unfortunately turned away. The place seemed great though and Rita wasn’t the kind to give up easily. So she snuck in instead.
→ Living Situation
Because Rita didn’t move to Libertas through the proper systems, she wouldn’t be able to just get a place like every other person there. She spent her first night in the city sleeping on a park bench. The next day, she looked into a few potential leads. Then she came across Solomon Fagin. He had also come to the city without official sign off, but had managed to get hold of a place. He was letting beds out to others in a similar position to him. All Fagin asked in return was some money towards rent and help with meals. Obviously Rita had spent much of her life cooking for her, her father and her brothers so she was happy to help prepare food for everyone in the house.
→ Her Personality
You’d be a fool to decide to mess with Rita. Not only is she physically strong enough to take you on, but she could also tear your ego down with words in seconds. The woman doesn’t take lightly to funny business. Despite all this ferocity however, Rita is incredibly caring. She would go to the end of the earth for those she loves without a moment’s consideration. Raising five men taught her the important of acting with compassion. It also taught her the importance of budgeting. She knows that one slip up can leave you eating noodles for two weeks. Even though she’s managed to secure a part time job at the Libertas Community Theatre, she’s still as frugal as ever.
→ Her Qualities
Compassionate, caring, protective
Prideful, bossy, parsimonious
→ Her Relationships
Oliver Twist (Friend): The last thing Rita expected was for someone as sweet as Oliver to be bought into her life, especially by Dodger. He’s incredibly innocent despite the rough childhood he had before being adopted. So now, Rita wants to protect this innocence as much as possible. While it’s fun having him around, Rita doesn’t want him liking this way of life too much. He deserves better.
Solomon Fagin (Landlord & housemate): Fagin was expecting money from the first moment Rita moved in. He’s a lovely guy, but has a lot of issues. Rita has a feeling he’s involved with some bad people too. Rita was at her wits end when she first moved in to get the money he expected so ended up joining Jack on a couple of jobs.
Jack Dawkins (Best friend & housemate): It was through Jack, or Dodger as he’s better known, that Rita learned all the pickpocketing and con tricks she knows. The pair are actually an incredible team. They get along like a house on fire and you’ll regularly find them bonding over a bottle of tequila at the end of the day. She’s tried to get him to get an actual job as best she can but knows this won’t happen anytime soon.
Willian Einstein, Francis Einstein & Ignacio de Tito (Friends & housemates): The last thing Rita wanted really was to move from one house full of boys to another, so she wasn’t exactly thrilled when she realised who she’d be sharing her new home with. All the guys are really lovely. They don’t get on her nerves in the same ways her brothers did though. They’re all slowly learning to adjust to each other. While they might not be her actual brothers, Rita loves them all as if they were.
→ Possible Connections
Georgette Foxworth (Friend): Rita had never met a woman like Georgette before in her life, so found her incredibly interesting. She had immediate respect for how confident in herself she was. The pair are actually similar in more ways than they might think.
Jennifer Foxworth (Acquaintance): If there’s anything Rita can appreciate, it’s someone with a heart. Jenny has a big one of those, shown by when she took in young Oliver.
Roscoe Dobermann & Miguel de Soto (Enemies): Well aware of Fagin’s past, Rita always thought that regardless of the move, trouble would still follow him. It’s not a matter of if it catches up with them in her opinion, it’s more a matter of when. She’s preparing herself for that day.
→ Faceclaim Change:
Allowed | Not allowed | POC must | Discuss with admin
Suggestions: TBA
Rita is based on Rita from Oliver & Company.
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travelworldnetwork · 5 years
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By Rossi Thomson
4 February 2019
From the 2nd Century AD to the end of the Middle Ages, it was an accepted tenet that monkeys had the inner workings quite like those of man. This was the anatomical point of departure established by the 2nd-Century Greek physician Claudius Galenus – commonly referred to as Galen – who at the time was the authority on all things medical in Western Europe and Byzantium. Yet due to religious, legal and cultural taboos, he had never systematically dissected human bodies. Instead, his writings and dissections of monkeys, specifically Barbary and rhesus macaques, guided the development and practice of medicine for around 1,400 years.
And then something ground-breaking happened.
A scientific revolution burst through the self-imposed limits of ancient knowledge. After human dissections being frowned upon for hundreds of years, in the 16th Century a shift to scientific research and observation allowed the real picture of human anatomy to emerge for the first time, paving the way for the practice of medicine we see today.
At the forefront of it all was one Italian city – Padua – and its university.
View image of During the 16th Century, Padua, Italy, was on the forefront of a scientific revolution (Credit: Credit: Enrico Della Pietra/Alamy)
You may also be interested in: • The island that forever changed science • How France created the metric system • The revolution that mapped the world
Padua has a rich artistic, religious and literary heritage. It’s best known as the setting of Shakespeare’s The Taming of the Shrew and where Italian artist Giotto – recognised as the Father of the Renaissance – frescoed the Scrovegni Chapel with biblical scenes loaded with human emotions. What is most remarkable about this northern Italian city, though, is that it’s the cradle of modern medicine.
Medicine had been studied in Padua – once a free commune – for many centuries. This tradition was upheld when the University of Padua was founded in 1222. A renowned centre of the sciences, the University of Padua enjoyed unparalleled autonomy and religious tolerance even after it came under the rule of the Carrara dynasty during the 14th Century. When Padua was conquered by the Republic of Venice in 1405, the Venetians kept the university as the main educational hub of the Republic and managed it under the motto of Libertas docendi et investigandi (Freedom of teaching and researching).
“The Republic understood that the university was a fundamental opportunity to foster a culture that celebrated Venice’s government,” explained Fabio Zampieri, associate professor of history of medicine in the Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences at University of Padua Medical School. “The best professors were called from all around Europe, captivated by the guarantee of freedom of research. The fame of the best professors attracted the best local and international students, too.”
As a result, the University of Padua became the centre of what Zampieri describes as ‘the Scientific Renaissance’, part of the larger Renaissance period.
View image of Founded in 1222, the University of Padua was the main educational hub of the Republic of Venice (Credit: Credit: Brenda Kean/Alamy)
This was a time of major change. While the Middle Ages relied on theology and knowledge that was acquired through the reading of theoretical books, the Renaissance period brought with it a shift to a scientific method that relied on practical testing and experimentation.
Zampieri continued, “During the Renaissance, Galileo taught mathematics here and spread his new quantitative method, which deeply influenced also medicine. William Harvey – who first described fully the human blood circulatory system – was a student of medicine in Padua. Santorio Santorio – a professor at the university – invented the thermometer. Giovanni Battista Morgagni – a professor of anatomy here – founded modern anatomical pathology in the 18th Century. The first human heart transplant in Italy was performed in Padua in 1985.”
A brisk 15-minute walk took me from the Padua train station to Palazzo Bo in the city’s heart. The historical seat of the University of Padua, Palazzo Bo is the place where medicine finally received the systematic approach it needed to grow into a modern science. On my tour, I could feel the echo of galvanising lectures and ground-breaking scientific and medical discoveries that took place here.
Stepping into the monumental courtyard decorated with the colourful heraldic crests of former students, I stopped for a moment. This is where in the 16th Century, Andreas Vesalius performed systematic dissections of human bodies in a temporary anatomic theatre in front of crowds of 500 people or more.
View image of Many famous scientists passed through the University of Padua, including Galileo Galilei (Credit: Credit: Rossi Thomson/Reproduced by concession of the University of Padua)
Born in Brussels, Vesalius arrived in Padua in September 1537 where he completed a doctorate in medicine in December that same year. He immediately became chair of the university’s Anatomy and Surgery Department – a position he held until the early 1540s.
During his time in Italy, Vesalius wrote his revolutionary work De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem (On the Fabric of the Human Body in Seven Books), which was published in 1543. The seven books explained the workings of our bodies in unprecedented detail, with help from meticulous illustrations executed by artist Titian’s studio in Venice under the close guidance of Vesalius himself.
Greek physicians Herophilus and Erasistratus performed systematic dissections of human bodies in the first half of the 3rd Century BC in the Greek School of Medicine in Alexandria, Egypt. However, the writings about their findings were lost in the great fire that devastated the library of Alexandria – the ultimate scientific and cultural hub of the Ancient World.
Human dissection fell into disfavour in both Greece and Rome, becoming such a cultural taboo by the 2nd Century AD that Galen had no other choice but to dissect animals in his quest to understand the human body. This led to several errors in his findings, and because there was no acceptable way to refute them, Galen’s assumptions persisted as medical knowledge for more than 1,400 years.
View image of Andreas Vesalius performed dissections of human bodies in the courtyard of the Palazzo Bo (Credit: Credit: Rossi Thomson/Reproduced by concession of the University of Padua)
It was only towards the end of the Middle Ages that a wind of change could be felt. By the 1300s, human dissections were introduced as a valuable teaching exercise for medical students. However, dissections were not a common occurrence, and anatomists merely directed the proceedings by reading verbatim from Galen’s texts, leaving the actual dissection to a surgeon. It wasn’t until Vesalius came along that people truly began to question the existing knowledge of the human body.
“Vesalius revolutionised the teaching of anatomy by performing the dissection himself. Vesalius commented on the cadaver in front of him, thus putting for the first time the human body as the book of nature at the centre of anatomical research,” Zampieri explained. “He also revolutionised the content of anatomy, by demonstrating that Galen never dissected human bodies and that the animals which he dissected presented many anatomical differences with man.”
On the Fabric of the Human Body in Seven Books caused quite the stir in the 16th-Century world of medicine, provoking a strong rebuttal from Western Europe’s most illustrious medical professors and practitioners who were devoted Galenists. Vesalius felt ostracised, and abandoned his academic career. But his departure didn’t stop the advance of medical science at the University of Padua. Anatomists and physicians like Gabriele Fallopio (who first described the Fallopian tubes) and Bartolomeo Eustachi (who was the first to accurately study the anatomy of the teeth) took the proverbial baton and then passed it on. Nowadays, portraits of these luminaries of modern medicine adorn the Hall of Medicine at Palazzo Bo.
View image of Andreas Vesalius revolutionised the teaching of anatomy (Credit: Credit: Universal History Archive/Getty Images)
Just over 50 years after Vesalius performed dissections in a temporary anatomical theatre in the university courtyard, the world’s first permanent structure designed for public anatomical dissections was erected inside the Palazzo Bo between 1594 and 1595 next door to the Hall of Medicine.
The guide led our group to the ‘kitchen’ – a room with dark-coloured walls where the cadavers would be prepped for the dissections. We accessed the anatomical theatre from the door through which bodies were once carried and crowded right below the spot where the dissection table used to be placed.
This was a time of major change
In the dim light, I could glimpse the six narrow tiers on which up to 250 medical students and other spectators would congregate. There were no seats, no space to take notes and, initially, no windows. Shaped like a funnel and beautifully carved from wood, the concentric, gradually expanding tiers had amply-high balustrades to ensure that the spectators, if they fainted, could not fall and disrupt the dissection. Students, professors, aristocrats, visiting dignitaries and even noble ladies would attend the candlelit dissections. A violin orchestra would play on the top-most tier to make the atmosphere feel less nauseating.
Each body would be dissected over several days in winter, traditionally during the Carnival season – a licentious period when social mores would be more relaxed and dissections could be performed despite the still-existing taboos around them.
A range of emotions took over the group as we listened to the guide describe what took place where we stood. The more squeamish ones among us squinted their eyes and looked a bit put off. One surgeon who had travelled all the way from Canada to see this sanctuary of medicine for himself couldn’t get enough of the tales about the world’s first permanent anatomical theatre.
View image of The world’s first permanent anatomical theatre was built in the Palazzo Bo in the late 16th Century (Credit: Credit: DEA / A. DAGLI ORTI/Getty Images)
After touring Palazzo Bo, I ventured back into the city where a number of other sites highlight Padua’s influence on modern medicine. I made my way to the Museum of History of Medicine (MUSME), which relies on hundreds of artefacts and dozens of interactive displays to tell the complex story of how we came to understand and treat the human body. From there, I strolled through Padua’s porticoes, past the Basilica of St Anthony to the university’s botanical garden.
Founded in 1545 and now a Unesco World Heritage site, the botanical garden was vital to medical students’ studies of botany – particularly the therapeutic and healing power of plants. Many new botanical species were introduced to Italy via this beautiful place, including sunflowers, potatoes and sesame, as well as jasmine and lilac.
According to Zampieri, Europeans even have this botanical garden to thank for coffee. “It’s a fact that the first mention in Europe of coffee was in [the 16th-Century work] De Medicina Aegyptiorum by Prospero Alpini, who was the garden’s director.”
View image of The University of Padua’s botanical garden was founded in 1545 to help scientists study the healing power of plants (Credit: Credit: Hilke Maunder/Alamy)
As I left the botanical garden, I thought of what Herbert Butterfield, history professor and vice-chancellor of the University of Cambridge, wrote in his book The Origins of Modern Science 1300-1800, published in 1959: “In so far as any single place could claim the honour of being the seat of the Scientific Revolution, the distinction must belong to Padua.”
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artsvark · 7 years
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NELSON MANDELA – The Song Lives On
Nelson Mandela – The Song Lives On at the Drostdy Theatre in Stellenbosch. Picture by Mark Wessels. 23/09/2016.
A new collaboration by Concord Nkabinde and David Klassen sees the two South African creative artists dig deep into their collective years of musical performance and production to deliver a performance that re-visits the essence and depth found in the words of Tata Nelson Mandela.
This production seeks to ensure that the impact created by the words of power, love, courage and healing that Madiba left us with, last for generations to come.
NELSON MANDELA – The Song Lives On is a public concert that marries the well-known sound of Madiba’s voice with live music and spoken word.
In the words of South Africa’s former president himself; “Music is a great blessing. It has the power to elevate and liberate us. It sets people free to dream. It can unite us to sing with one voice. Such is the value of music.”
On 22 January 2017, forming part of the Oude Libertas Summer Season, Nkabinde and Klassen will present this work that carefully and respectively interweaves new compositions as well as existing songs with an audio-visual presentation.
Suitable for all ages, this concert promises to be a special experience, one that carries history lessons from South Africa’s past whilst inspiring us to work together to create a future of bright possibilities.
“This will be just as exciting for the audience as it will be for us, as together we re-examine the words and ideals of an Icon,” says Nkabinde.
Concord Nkabinde, Nomfundo Xaluva, Mark Fransman, Bulelwa Basse and David Klassen. Photo by Mark Wessels
Along with Klassen, Nkabinde has invited three well-established and respected Cape Town-based artists to collaborate on this concert; Mark Fransman, a highly accomplished saxophonist, pianist, flautist, vocalist, composer and music educator; Nomfundo Xaluva, a dynamic new voice in the music scene, who is also a pianist, composer and music educator; and Bulelwa Basse, a prolific performance poet, language facilitator, speaker and community builder.
The result of this collaboration is a concoction of different musical styles, well-thought out musical compositions and arrangements, expertly glued together by moments of improvisation. This five-piece outfit will deliver an experience that will remain in the hearts and minds of many, for years to come.
Klassen shares his sentiments on the project; “I am excited about it. It’s got meaning and purpose. We are honoring the values and humanitarian ideals of a man who deserves to be honored in this manner.”
In the development of the content of this project, interaction and counsel from the Nelson Mandela Foundation as well as the UWC Robben Island Mayibuye Archives has ensured a holistic way forward. While renowned photographers, Siphiwe Mhlambi and Mark Wessels provided amazing images that have added depth to this production.
Support in kind has been provided by Sennheiser SA and The Famous Idea Trading Co.
Event details: Nelson Mandela – The Song Lives On Sunday, 22 January 2017  18h30 Oude Libertas, Stellenbosch R180 Book at Computicket:
Address: Corner Adam Tas and Oude Libertas Roads #click-here-for-detailed-directions
Follow the event online with the hashtag #mandelasongliveson
NELSON MANDELA – The Song Lives On was originally published on Artsvark
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libertasrpg · 4 years
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We welcome Blair Fairfield to the city. She’s 26 years old and is an Elementary School Teacher. Blue is often mistaken for Sasha Pieterse. She’s open.
→ Background Information
Blair has no one else to thank for her wholesome upbringing than her own parents and doting grandparents. She’ll always be the first to acknowledge how lucky she’s been to have her family and isn’t one to go around showing that luck off. Humble is how Blair has always been about nearly everything in her life. Her mother has been a nurse Blair’s whole life and her father a history teacher and baseball coach. Being raised by parents in the public service field has had both perks and drawbacks. Her mother occasionally has to miss holidays due to her work schedule but even at 26 years old, Blair helps her family work around it and do their best to spend ample time together. Holidays, birthdays, and special occasions have always been of high importance to Blair, including celebrating with friends. If there’s a party, Blair is there to make sure everything runs smoothly and everyone has the best time possible.
→ Relocation Explanation
Ever since meeting in school Blair has felt a need to be there for Pinocchio and support him and since university that has included living together and making sure they’re there for events and special occasions for each other. When Pin made the decision to move to Libertas in hopes of building his own little theatre community, Blair figured it might be a good time to follow suit, continuing to live with her best friend, and finding a new group of littles, as she calls her students, to teach and love.
→ Living Situation
When it comes to roommates, Blair hasn’t always been so fortunate but since meeting Pin back in school she’s felt as though she’s hit the jackpot. He’s tidy, fun, honest, and has quite the taste for home decor. It was really the perfect storm when the Libertas move was confirmed and the two decided they’d make the move together. Honestly Blair isn’t sure she’d be able to live with anyone else.
→ Her Personality
If there were pictures next to definitions or descriptions, especially of different kinds of people, Blair’s picture would be right next to “the mom friend.” Blair was always there for her friends whether it was simply answering a phone call just to chat, meeting them for lunch or coffee, taking them to the airport, giving them a place to stay or a ride somewhere - you name it, Blair is there. She’s kindhearted but also isn’t afraid to tell someone what they need to hear. She’s not really one to sugar coat something but at the same time she isn’t unkind about it. She’ll do her best to assess a person and see how they need to be spoken to. The last thing she wants to do is hurt someone. It’s not unheard of for Blair to make a rash decision every now and then but she does her best to think things through before acting. Problem solving is one of her favorite things and it’s a combination of all of these traits which makes her an excellent teacher for the little kids.
→ Her Qualities
Thoughtful, Selfless, Loving, Imaginative
Compulsive, Over-Critical, Envious
→ Her Relationships
Pinocchio Caruso (Best Friend & Roommate): Blair has always been a very grounded person which has made her an excellent partner for Pinocchio, someone who will do anything on a whim. Ever since the pair met when they were in school, Blair has loved living vicariously through Pin. Of course Blair can be the life of the party herself but she’s always put her friends before herself, ensuring that they are doing well living their best life.  
Jiminy Croquet (Close Friend): Blair has always been fond of Jiminy, admiring his dedication to their friend Pin and his talent in his craft in film making, even if he’s just getting started. Though Blair will always pride herself in her teaching she’ll also acknowledge that she’s got a knack for sewing and will sometimes sit down with Jiminy to alter clothes for a shoot or help repair something. When all three are together, Jim, Pin, and Blair, they’re thick as thieves.
→ Possible Connections
John Worthington & Gideon Godfrey (Acquaintances): Blair met Gideon when he was doing his best to be friends with Pin while the group was in college and honestly she had never been a fan of him. Pin was always the optimist though and for a bit did his best to try to convince Blair that she was overthinking him but once everything with the fake job posting transpired he would go on about how right she was. Blair never met John but she knows all about what he did and could say the same for him. She hopes to never see the pair again.
Fawn Hawk (Friend): Blair met Fawn under unlikely circumstances, but she couldn’t be more thankful for her now, both for the work she has done and her friendship. After an unfortunate situation, Blair’s dog ended up with a broken leg but after all was well and cleared by her vet, she recommended Blair take her dog to Fawn as she was a new therapist for animals in town and could help improve her dog’s mobility of her leg. Fawn worked wonders with Bella and Blair made sure that wasn’t the extent of their encounters. She loves grabbing a coffee with her friend every now and then.
Vidia Anluan (Fitness Coach): Blair doesn’t know Vidia so much on a super personal level but she does know her as her coach, someone who encourages her to keep herself going at the gym and beyond. Though she sometimes curses her under her breath when she’s mid workout (understandably so) she’s thankful for her guidance.
→ Faceclaim Change:
Allowed | Not allowed | POC must | Discuss with admin
Suggestions: TBA
Blair is based on The Blue Fairy from Pinocchio.
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libertasrpg · 4 years
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We welcome Francis Einstein to the city. He’s 32 years old and is a community theatre actor. Francis is often mistaken for Scott Eastwood. He’s open.
→ Background Information
Miss Einstein never knew who the fathers of William and Francis were, so both boys were bought up without a Dad. It was a very happy life though. They were short on money, but managed to get by. The boys enjoyed the simpler things in life like reading or cooking. Francis would much prefer a new book for Christmas than a fancy game. This is something that hasn’t changed over the years. Francis has always been one to keep his head down. Despite a messy home life, Francis got top grades in every class in school. There was even talk of him going away to college. However, his dedication to his family meant it was an idea that he quickly brushed off.
→ Living Situation
Lack of funds meant that Francis and his brother wouldn’t be able to enter Libertas through official channels. It seemed like a nice city though and when he came across the deal with Solomon Fagin, Francis just had to take it. The pair wanted to get out of their home city asap. Obviously it wasn’t ideal to be living with so many people but Francis and William had kept to themselves for the majority of their life. So Francis figured it’d be good, for his brother especially, to have some new people in their lives. Even if his bedroom his small, Francis really actually quite likes his little room. It’s neat and tidy, and his. As children, Francis and William had always shared a room so Francis was grateful to finally have his own room.
→ Relocation Explanation
Francis adored his mother. Being brought up by a single parent taught him many many lessons that he’s eternally grateful for. So when she passed away, it was a real kick in the ass. Neither him or William could bare walking the same streets they’d walked with her. So, they looked for ways out of the city. Unfortunately the Einstein family wasn’t really one of money. Finding a new place would be tough. Then Francis came across a guy, called Fagin, in a city, called Libertas. The city only usually accepted people with applications but Fagin was willing to accept people without them. The rent was good, the place was decent, and the city was nice. So - They took it.
→ His Personality
Francis really is a classic gentlemen. He enjoys reading Shakespeare in his spare time, and loves reciting a sonnet or two to whoever will listen. People have long teased him for being so old-fashioned. He just thinks things were better back then. Generally though, he’s a very warm soul. He loves those around him - But that doesn’t mean they don’t get on his nerves. Francis can have a short fuse, especially interrupted during rehearsals. Rehearsal time is holy time. Acting has long been a comfort for Francis so anyone who disrupts him will be reprimanded. After all, Francis is a brilliant actor. He needs to get his practice in to make sure he shines on stage. 
→ His Qualities
Funny, kind, caring
Strict, irritable, boastful
→ His Relationships
Oliver Twist (Acquaintance): Oliver has started appearing around the house more and more. He seems like a sweet kid. He’s stayed out of their way for the majority, most of his time being spend with Dodger. Oliver brings a nice happy energy to the house though. It’s an energy that Francis appreciates and he’s a fan of anyone who helps with his work.
Solomon Fagin (Landlord): Francis is incredibly grateful that he found somewhere to stay, even if it was off the books. Fagin’s an okay guy. Francis could tell immediately that he has some issues. He’s always very caring when they actually have a chat though so Francis can’t fault him too much. He’s just got a rough past, that hopefully stays in the past.
William Einstein (Older brother & housemate): As any siblings do, William and Einstein have their fair share of arguments. They’re quite different people after all. But they have each other’s back through thick and thin. Francis would never let anything bad happen to William.
Jack Dawkins, Rita Morales & Ignacio de Tito (Friends & housemates): The one thing that Francis loves about his flatmates is how interesting all of them are. He could study their personalities for days. Also, Francis is a fan of that regardless of how busy everyone is, they all sit down for dinner at the table together at least once a week. Francis also appreciates the support from them. As an actor, he can’t  always make and so he reluctantly joins his housemates on con jobs.
→ Possible Connections
Jennifer Foxworth (Friend): Jenny is incredibly mature, and also cares a lot about Oliver. Francis enjoys a good chat with her. He knows that, unlike his friends, she won’t tease him for sounding too old-fashioned.
Georgette Foxworth (Acquaintance): Francis understands why some of the others aren’t hugely keen on Georgette. But, she’s the only other person who appreciates the finer things in life almost as much as he does. So, you might find them sharing some caviar together occasionally.
Roscoe Dobermann & Miguel de Soto (Enemies): Everyone in the house is aware of Fagin’s past. They spend every second that it doesn’t catch up with him - Because it definitely will not be pretty.
Francis is based on Francis from Oliver & Company.
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travelworldnetwork · 5 years
Link
By Rossi Thomson
4 February 2019
From the 2nd Century AD to the end of the Middle Ages, it was an accepted tenet that monkeys had the inner workings quite like those of man. This was the anatomical point of departure established by the 2nd-Century Greek physician Claudius Galenus – commonly referred to as Galen – who at the time was the authority on all things medical in Western Europe and Byzantium. Yet due to religious, legal and cultural taboos, he had never systematically dissected human bodies. Instead, his writings and dissections of monkeys, specifically Barbary and rhesus macaques, guided the development and practice of medicine for around 1,400 years.
And then something ground-breaking happened.
A scientific revolution burst through the self-imposed limits of ancient knowledge. After human dissections being frowned upon for hundreds of years, in the 16th Century a shift to scientific research and observation allowed the real picture of human anatomy to emerge for the first time, paving the way for the practice of medicine we see today.
At the forefront of it all was one Italian city – Padua – and its university.
View image of During the 16th Century, Padua, Italy, was on the forefront of a scientific revolution (Credit: Credit: Enrico Della Pietra/Alamy)
You may also be interested in: • The island that forever changed science • How France created the metric system • The revolution that mapped the world
Padua has a rich artistic, religious and literary heritage. It’s best known as the setting of Shakespeare’s The Taming of the Shrew and where Italian artist Giotto – recognised as the Father of the Renaissance – frescoed the Scrovegni Chapel with biblical scenes loaded with human emotions. What is most remarkable about this northern Italian city, though, is that it’s the cradle of modern medicine.
Medicine had been studied in Padua – once a free commune – for many centuries. This tradition was upheld when the University of Padua was founded in 1222. A renowned centre of the sciences, the University of Padua enjoyed unparalleled autonomy and religious tolerance even after it came under the rule of the Carrara dynasty during the 14th Century. When Padua was conquered by the Republic of Venice in 1405, the Venetians kept the university as the main educational hub of the Republic and managed it under the motto of Libertas docendi et investigandi (Freedom of teaching and researching).
“The Republic understood that the university was a fundamental opportunity to foster a culture that celebrated Venice’s government,” explained Fabio Zampieri, associate professor of history of medicine in the Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences at University of Padua Medical School. “The best professors were called from all around Europe, captivated by the guarantee of freedom of research. The fame of the best professors attracted the best local and international students, too.”
As a result, the University of Padua became the centre of what Zampieri describes as ‘the Scientific Renaissance’, part of the larger Renaissance period.
View image of Founded in 1222, the University of Padua was the main educational hub of the Republic of Venice (Credit: Credit: Brenda Kean/Alamy)
This was a time of major change. While the Middle Ages relied on theology and knowledge that was acquired through the reading of theoretical books, the Renaissance period brought with it a shift to a scientific method that relied on practical testing and experimentation.
Zampieri continued, “During the Renaissance, Galileo taught mathematics here and spread his new quantitative method, which deeply influenced also medicine. William Harvey – who first described fully the human blood circulatory system – was a student of medicine in Padua. Santorio Santorio – a professor at the university – invented the thermometer. Giovanni Battista Morgagni – a professor of anatomy here – founded modern anatomical pathology in the 18th Century. The first human heart transplant in Italy was performed in Padua in 1985.”
A brisk 15-minute walk took me from the Padua train station to Palazzo Bo in the city’s heart. The historical seat of the University of Padua, Palazzo Bo is the place where medicine finally received the systematic approach it needed to grow into a modern science. On my tour, I could feel the echo of galvanising lectures and ground-breaking scientific and medical discoveries that took place here.
Stepping into the monumental courtyard decorated with the colourful heraldic crests of former students, I stopped for a moment. This is where in the 16th Century, Andreas Vesalius performed systematic dissections of human bodies in a temporary anatomic theatre in front of crowds of 500 people or more.
View image of Many famous scientists passed through the University of Padua, including Galileo Galilei (Credit: Credit: Rossi Thomson/Reproduced by concession of the University of Padua)
Born in Brussels, Vesalius arrived in Padua in September 1537 where he completed a doctorate in medicine in December that same year. He immediately became chair of the university’s Anatomy and Surgery Department – a position he held until the early 1540s.
During his time in Italy, Vesalius wrote his revolutionary work De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem (On the Fabric of the Human Body in Seven Books), which was published in 1543. The seven books explained the workings of our bodies in unprecedented detail, with help from meticulous illustrations executed by artist Titian’s studio in Venice under the close guidance of Vesalius himself.
Greek physicians Herophilus and Erasistratus performed systematic dissections of human bodies in the first half of the 3rd Century BC in the Greek School of Medicine in Alexandria, Egypt. However, the writings about their findings were lost in the great fire that devastated the library of Alexandria – the ultimate scientific and cultural hub of the Ancient World.
Human dissection fell into disfavour in both Greece and Rome, becoming such a cultural taboo by the 2nd Century AD that Galen had no other choice but to dissect animals in his quest to understand the human body. This led to several errors in his findings, and because there was no acceptable way to refute them, Galen’s assumptions persisted as medical knowledge for more than 1,400 years.
View image of Andreas Vesalius performed dissections of human bodies in the courtyard of the Palazzo Bo (Credit: Credit: Rossi Thomson/Reproduced by concession of the University of Padua)
It was only towards the end of the Middle Ages that a wind of change could be felt. By the 1300s, human dissections were introduced as a valuable teaching exercise for medical students. However, dissections were not a common occurrence, and anatomists merely directed the proceedings by reading verbatim from Galen’s texts, leaving the actual dissection to a surgeon. It wasn’t until Vesalius came along that people truly began to question the existing knowledge of the human body.
“Vesalius revolutionised the teaching of anatomy by performing the dissection himself. Vesalius commented on the cadaver in front of him, thus putting for the first time the human body as the book of nature at the centre of anatomical research,” Zampieri explained. “He also revolutionised the content of anatomy, by demonstrating that Galen never dissected human bodies and that the animals which he dissected presented many anatomical differences with man.”
On the Fabric of the Human Body in Seven Books caused quite the stir in the 16th-Century world of medicine, provoking a strong rebuttal from Western Europe’s most illustrious medical professors and practitioners who were devoted Galenists. Vesalius felt ostracised, and abandoned his academic career. But his departure didn’t stop the advance of medical science at the University of Padua. Anatomists and physicians like Gabriele Fallopio (who first described the Fallopian tubes) and Bartolomeo Eustachi (who was the first to accurately study the anatomy of the teeth) took the proverbial baton and then passed it on. Nowadays, portraits of these luminaries of modern medicine adorn the Hall of Medicine at Palazzo Bo.
View image of Andreas Vesalius revolutionised the teaching of anatomy (Credit: Credit: Universal History Archive/Getty Images)
Just over 50 years after Vesalius performed dissections in a temporary anatomical theatre in the university courtyard, the world’s first permanent structure designed for public anatomical dissections was erected inside the Palazzo Bo between 1594 and 1595 next door to the Hall of Medicine.
The guide led our group to the ‘kitchen’ – a room with dark-coloured walls where the cadavers would be prepped for the dissections. We accessed the anatomical theatre from the door through which bodies were once carried and crowded right below the spot where the dissection table used to be placed.
This was a time of major change
In the dim light, I could glimpse the six narrow tiers on which up to 250 medical students and other spectators would congregate. There were no seats, no space to take notes and, initially, no windows. Shaped like a funnel and beautifully carved from wood, the concentric, gradually expanding tiers had amply-high balustrades to ensure that the spectators, if they fainted, could not fall and disrupt the dissection. Students, professors, aristocrats, visiting dignitaries and even noble ladies would attend the candlelit dissections. A violin orchestra would play on the top-most tier to make the atmosphere feel less nauseating.
Each body would be dissected over several days in winter, traditionally during the Carnival season – a licentious period when social mores would be more relaxed and dissections could be performed despite the still-existing taboos around them.
A range of emotions took over the group as we listened to the guide describe what took place where we stood. The more squeamish ones among us squinted their eyes and looked a bit put off. One surgeon who had travelled all the way from Canada to see this sanctuary of medicine for himself couldn’t get enough of the tales about the world’s first permanent anatomical theatre.
View image of The world’s first permanent anatomical theatre was built in the Palazzo Bo in the late 16th Century (Credit: Credit: DEA / A. DAGLI ORTI/Getty Images)
After touring Palazzo Bo, I ventured back into the city where a number of other sites highlight Padua’s influence on modern medicine. I made my way to the Museum of History of Medicine (MUSME), which relies on hundreds of artefacts and dozens of interactive displays to tell the complex story of how we came to understand and treat the human body. From there, I strolled through Padua’s porticoes, past the Basilica of St Anthony to the university’s botanical garden.
Founded in 1545 and now a Unesco World Heritage site, the botanical garden was vital to medical students’ studies of botany – particularly the therapeutic and healing power of plants. Many new botanical species were introduced to Italy via this beautiful place, including sunflowers, potatoes and sesame, as well as jasmine and lilac.
According to Zampieri, Europeans even have this botanical garden to thank for coffee. “It’s a fact that the first mention in Europe of coffee was in [the 16th-Century work] De Medicina Aegyptiorum by Prospero Alpini, who was the garden’s director.”
View image of The University of Padua’s botanical garden was founded in 1545 to help scientists study the healing power of plants (Credit: Credit: Hilke Maunder/Alamy)
As I left the botanical garden, I thought of what Herbert Butterfield, history professor and vice-chancellor of the University of Cambridge, wrote in his book The Origins of Modern Science 1300-1800, published in 1959: “In so far as any single place could claim the honour of being the seat of the Scientific Revolution, the distinction must belong to Padua.”
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