#ld50

[rudegoose]

riddle me this, queen. if too much love will kill you, then what’s the LD50 of love?

#biochemistry #chemistry #ld50 #biology #environment #environmental science #science #apes #ecology #ecosystem #toxicity #queen band #freddie mercury #brian may #john deacon #roger taylor #advanced placement #this is what i think about instead of doing my apes hw

[jim-root-enthusiast]

This pic of chad gray has been on my mind FOR FUCKING EVER. He looks so hot with blonde hair😮‍💨😩

#chad gray #chadnesss #kud #mudvayne #greg tribbett #ryan martinie #matthew mcdonough #sPaG #RyKnow #Gurrg #ld50

[dweeeeeb]

Motivational Music in the Morning ... #Mudvayne, #Dig ... from the album #LD50 [Official Music Video] (2000) #MMitM1

#youtube #MMitM1 #Mudvayne #Dig #LD50 #Official #Music Video #2000

[happy-smile-flowers]

The Significance of LD50 and ED50 in Drug Toxicology Studies

The LD50 and ED50 are vital to research indicators in drug toxicity studies to assess drug safety and efficacy. Toxicology is a science that studies the effects and mechanisms of damage to biological systems and ecosystems by exogenous factors such as chemical, physical and biological factors, as well as the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of poisoning. 

Drug toxicology is the science of studying the damaging effects of drugs on the organism. LD50 and ED50 are indicators of toxicology research, and understanding these parameters is crucial to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs and regulatory compliance. This blog will provide a comprehensive overview of LD50 and ED50, their significance in drug toxicology, and how they are measured and interpreted.

LD50 refers to the dose at which half of the test animal samples die, while ED50 is the dose at which half are effective. The safety index of a drug TI = LD50/ ED50. The higher the value, the safer it is. The therapeutic index is generally obtained from animal tests, and a new drug with a TI greater than five can be considered for the study's next step.

LD50

The LD50 is the dose at which half of the test animals die. It is an essential indicator of the acute toxicity of a drug and the strength of its effect, as well as a critical parameter for evaluating the merits of a drug. As an indicator of toxicological research, the greater the LD50 value indicates that the toxicity is less, that is, the higher the drug's safety.

LD50 is a value calculated by mathematical processing of test results, and the results vary significantly between test conditions, test institutions, and research centers for the same drug. A mouse model of stable fungal infection has been developed by some researchers [1]. The method used healthy 6~8 weeks old BALB/c female mice weighing 16~18g, selected for intravenous and intranasal administration. Death observation was performed daily for 26~31d, and the half lethality of mice was calculated.

The results were that all mice in the high dose group (2×10^7) of mice administered with Candida albicans via tail vein died, four mice in the medium dose group (2×10^6) died, and no mice in the low dose group (2×10^5) died. No mice in the high and low doses of the nasal feeding administration group died, indicating that the death of mice with high and low doses and routes of administration were directly related to the appearance of death in mice. It demonstrates that when using mice for experiments on fungal infections, nasal administration is chosen whenever possible.

Other researchers have studied the alkaloid of Thermopsis lanceolate's toxicity mice as test animals to determine the LD50 of its alkaloid fraction [2]. The method was used to study the toxicity of the chloroform-extracted fraction of lanceolate xanthophyll by extracting the plant with ethanol at a volume fraction of 95% combined with ultrasound, using mice as test animals. The test measured the LD50 of the extracted fraction of lanceolate xanthophyll as 127.04 mg/kg with 95% confidence limits of 115.41-139.72 mg/kg. It was found that the results of this test differed significantly from the reported data, which may be related to the test method, the actual concentration of the extracted solution, and other factors. 

The LD50 can evaluate the substance's acute toxicity but does not reflect the chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of the essence. There is uncertainty in the LD50 due to biological uncertainty, animal quality differences, test conditions, and subject preparation.

Due to LD50 uncertainty, there may be risks if the LD50 value is used as a reference for subsequent non-clinical or clinical dose design for precise calculation. Therefore, it is not scientific to affirm or deny a chemical by LD50 alone, and it is not a good indicator to evaluate the toxicity of a substance. Medicilon offers toxicology study services and can perform GLP services, including acute toxicity tests, long-term toxicity tests, local skin irritation, immunotoxicity, and toxicokinetics tests. Our toxicology research can be conducted according to GLP GLP or GLP standards.

2. ED50

ED50, or half effective dose, is an essential indicator of toxicology research, referring to the quantity required for an exogenous chemical to cause a 50% change in a hand of the organism, and refers to the dose that makes the general animal produce a drug effect, the smaller the value, the better.

Some researchers have investigated the half-effective dose of intravenous ginseng injection in rats with cardiogenic shock. The method was 64 SD rats, randomly divided into a blank control group, a model group, and six dose administration groups (1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 25 ml/kg). The rat cardiogenic shock model was replicated by ligating the left coronary artery in all groups except the blank control group [3]. After successful modeling, real-time blood pressure values (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded using a polysomnographic recorder, and blood was taken from the apical part of the heart at the end of the experiment to determine serum endothelin-1 (ET-1) and nitric oxide content (NO). The Sigmoidal dose-response model was selected using GraphPadPrism 5.0 software to regress the dose on the values of each index to obtain the half-effective dose ED50.

It was found that the ED50 obtained from blood pressure values was more scientifically reasonable, with blood pressure corresponding to ED50=5.727 ml/kg, ED5%=3.368 ml/kg, and ED95%=9.738 ml/kg.

The therapeutic index (TI) refers to the ratio of LD50/ED50, a standard index used to evaluate the safety of drugs in test animals before they are used in patients. When the therapeutic index of a new drug is greater than 5, it can be considered for the following preclinical and experimental study; otherwise, toxicity and slope of the dose-response curve at the maximum practical amount need to be considered.

[1] Establishment of fungal models for different routes of infection in mice and determination of LD50 [J].

[2] Determination of the LD50 of an alkaloid of Thermopsis lanceolate's in mice [J].

[3] Determination of ED50 of Ginseng injection against cardiogenic shock in rats[J].

#LD50 #ED50 #toxicology research

[42frankee]

Dispatch Recordings Podcast 002 - Ant TC1, Nemy, Blesid & LD50 by Dispatch Recs | Ant TC1 https://ift.tt/ayIUfGB

#Drum & Bass #ant tc1 #SoundCloud #jungle #Nemy #ld50 #Blesid #podcast #002 #Rave #"Dispatch Reco

[inkcorperated-blog]

Alch3mist - Not Asleep

#youtube #Alch3mist #Heavy metal music #death metal #2022 #Omnia #Not Asleep #Inkcorperated Records #InkcorperatedMusic #League of Legends #suicide silence #all shall perish #Mudvayne #Mushroomhead #LD50 #Osirya #Deboro #10 Severed Heads #Purity The Rise of The Fallen #Inkcorperated #Thy Art is Murder #Devil Driver #Lamb of god #Slipknot #Static X #Vocal Covers #Guitarist #bassist #producer #blast beats

[bilaudad]

the real reason they had to cut the bookshop opening + crowley bringing chocolates scene is because it would have been so fucking cute it would exceed code and put everyone on set at risk :(

#good omens #the ld50 for aziracrow being cute is astonishingly low #but what a way to go

[the-old-man-has-the-phonebox]

The whole “it’s rotten work // not to me, not if it’s you” dynamic doesn’t exist and will never exist outside of fiction.

Stop pretending it does.

No one in modern society wants someone broken. No one wants “Damaged goods”.

Flawed? Yes, all humans are inherently flawed.

I’m talking people with trauma, abuse survivors, disabled people, those with neurological differences and personality disorders. People like me that exist outside the parameters of society’s ‘normal’.

We will only be ever seen as broken. Wrong. Unwanted. Vile. Disgusting. Unlovable.

And nothing more.

#I take back my earlier post #time to look up LD50s again #; op’s pathetic existence

[feraligatrfangs]

i'm too sick to go to school today

#pkmn irl #brainblast #sharpedo week hoo ha ha #i can't actually hit my LD50 that's over 40 grams in one day but i can TRY

[nynehells]

Do i get a haircut or do i continue to go to interviews pretending I am a soft, small, and totally nonthreatening femme— despite being the most venomous enby east of the continental divide

#My presence in the business professional world has a LD50 #anyway money is tight so #i cant afford it lmfao

[ca-dmv-bot]

Customer: PERSCRIPTION FOR POISON DMV: LD50-"An LD50 is a standard measurement of acute toxicity that is stated in milligrams (mg) of pesticide per kilogram (kg) of body weight. An LD50 represents the individual dose required to kill 50 percent of a population of test animals (e.g., rats, fish, mice, cockroaches)" Verdict: DENIED

#California license plate with text RX4LD5O #bot #ca-dmv-bot #california #dmv #funny #government #lol #public records

[goosegoblin]

just a gentle note on caffeine-

for people without complicating health issues, it's nearly impossible to overdose on caffeine by drinking beverages. if you drink too much, you will feel shitty/ shaky/ panic-y etc, but it's very unlikely to cause you lasting harm.

the LD50 for caffeine- the dose at which 50% of people will die, commonly used to discuss toxicity- is estimated to be somewhere between 150 - 200mg/kg. one of the lowest recorded deaths occured at 57mg/ kg- going by that number, an 80kg person would have to consume 4560mg. an average shot of espresso is around 65mg. that is seventy shots.

nearly all caffeine death cases occur from caffeine powder or supplements. do not fuck around with these things.

the reason i'm writing this is just to respond to some of the anxiety and panic i see people experiencing around caffeine levels lately. it goes without saying that i am not a doctor! and you should follow the advice of a health professional above all else!

but in general, if you've drunk too much coffee: you're going to feel like shit for a while, but in the absence of a complicating health issue, you are almost certainly safe.

(sources consulted: Cabral et al 2022, Jones 2017, Kerrigan and Lindsey 2005, wikipedia)

#pls don't think i'm trying to defend panera i would rather die

[will-wood-confessions]

i can’t take anything seriously in science anymore because i was researching LD50s? BlackBoxWarrior reference. I was read watching Cotard’s Syndrome? This is a will wood reference.

#will wood confessions #ww confessions 160 - 169 #will wood and the tapeworms #will wood #wwattw #wwatt

[brightlotusmoon]

(9) Question

Cannabis is probably the least toxic therapeutically active substance known to man. Its Therapeutic Ratio (TR) is so high as to be virtually impossible to calculate but is believed to be between 1:20000 and 1:40000. Thus if 100mg of cannabis would produce an effect, between two to four kilos (taken at once) would be fatal. This amount is, of course, impossible to consume.

Therapeutic Ratio (TR) is the ratio of effective dose for 50% of users (ED50) to lethal dose for 50% of users (LD50). The TR of alcohol is 1:20. TR of heroin is 1:5.

Also, cannabis works on our body because it modulates the endocannabinoid system which consists of a network of CB1 and CB2 receptors throughout the body and endocannabinoids which are the body’s natural chemicals equivalent to the chemicals in the cannabis plant. The CB1 receptor is now believed to be the most prevalent receptor in the brain but does not exist in the brain stem which controls the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems. This is why, unlike opiates, alcohol or other drugs, cannabis cannot depress basic life functions to the point of death.

Many doctors are unaware of the endcocannabinoid system because it was only discovered in 1988 and so has only recently been documented in medical education. It is now believed to be the most important physiological system in our body, regulating the central nervous system, immune, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and reproductive systems. This is why mankind has found cannabis such a safe and effective medicine for at least 5,000 years for such a wide variety of conditions.

_

INTERESTING.

#hmmmm

[prettycottonmouthlamia]

It sucks to see an otherwise good post about caffeine fucking derailed by this shit. Why must every conversation around this be framed around addiction, as this blunt and always evil thing? Why do you have to say "overdose" jesus christ

Yes, caffeine can be addictive, and you can suffer some withdrawal symptoms from not having it. But, like, you've got to put it in fucking perspective here. Not all addictions are the same, they do not all manifest in the same way. The withdrawal symptoms of caffeine are pretty mild, and caffeine often can be dropped pretty easily from one's routine. Addiction is not a moral evil here folks. It's not a sin or a blight, it's a natural reality of what groups of chemicals do to our brains.

The framing around "overdose" too I just, okay let me explain things folks. Tons of shit kills you if you take too much of it. Literally tons, and a lot of isn't fucking addictive either. Eating too much salt will kill you. Drinking too much water will kill you. You can poison yourself on paracetamol and fucking Benadryl. This is ALSO a natural reality of our bodies. This is why so many substances have Ld50s. Caffeine is not perfect, it can harm you, like a shitton of other things. This isn't even going into substances that don't have an Ld50 but you definitely should just fucking jam like melatonin. Try taking a ton of melatonin at once, it's not fun.

The more time we spend, quite frankly, fearmongering and moralizing caffeine addiction, the less time we spend actually helping people with more serious addictions and the worse our attitudes get towards addicts as a whole.

[makaronypoflotskiofficial]

standing in the grocery store aisle googling LD50 of sparkling water