#intracellular

[mission-to-dietitian]

Serum/plasma sodium is about what fluid is doing!

You have intracellular and extracellular space (functionally, there are TWO compartments, but you have intravascular/plasma space and interstitial space, in addition to intracellular environment. There's normally around 28L of intraCELLULAR fluid.)

Adding normal saline is like giving your body "its own water," meaning it won't change your sodium concentration. Administering normal saline corrects hypovolemic hypernatremia (meaning fluid VOLUME is low, and sodium concentration appears very high. Giving more fluid will reduce serum/plasma sodium back to normal).

Sodium is a polar molecule and moves freely between intravascular and interstitial space. Wherever the sodium is highly concentrated, that is where water will go. Water shifts into interstitial fluid space when you have edema (AKA third spacing)

#dietetics #fluid #volume #hypovolemic #hypermatremia #sodium #intravascular #intracellular #interstitial #extracellular

[whats-in-a-sentence]

According to the starch-statolith hypothesis, these cells represent statocytes, or gravity-sensing cells (see Figure 18.18). (...) According to one hypothesis, contact or pressure resulting from the amyloplasts resting on the ER on the lower side of the cell triggers the response (see Figure 18.18). (...) Amyloplasts are the only organelles that consistently sediment in the columella cells of different plant species, and the rate of sedimentation correlates closely with the time required to perceive the gravitational stimulus (see Figure 18.18). (...) When the root is oriented horizontally, however, the signals from the cap redirect most of the auxin to the lower side, thus inhibiting the growth of that lower side (see Figure 18.18). (...) In a vertically oriented root, PIN3 is uniformly distributed around the columella cells, but when the root is placed on its side, PIN3 is preferentially targeted to the lower side of these cells (see Figure 18.18). (...) Changes in intracellular pH can be detected early in root columella cells responding to gravity (see Figure 18.18).

"Plant Physiology and Development" int'l 6e - Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., Murphy, A.

#book quotes #plant physiology and development #nonfiction #textbook #hypothesis #starch statolith hypothesis #statocytes #gravity #gravitropism #gravistimulation #amyloplasts #organelles #plant cells #columella #auxin #pin3 #ph #intracellular

[tenth-sentence]

Receptors often do this by modifying the activity of other proteins or by employing intracellular signaling molecules called second messengers; these molecules then alter cellular processes such as gene transcription.

"Plant Physiology and Development" int'l 6e - Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., Murphy, A.

#book quote #plant physiology and development #nonfiction #textbook #receptors #proteins #modification #alteration #intracellular #signal molecule #cellular processes #plant cells #gene transcription

[borgeslabyrinth]

Asking the real questions

#i'm making flash cards for my microbiology test lol #for those curious: it's an obligate intracellular parasite #gram negative #and has no peptidoglycan #there is nothing else anyone needs to know about chlamydia #oscar talks to himself #school blogging

[nutongzhi]

i can’t believe how fucking bad i bombed my quiz today you mean i have to know bio to do biophysics ?

#‘name 2 ways intracellular communication flows’ #IN AND OUT??? IDK

[cailynnjohnson]

Intracellular cytokine flow cytometry

Another elegant, functional approach to detect cytokine production in T-cells is by intracellular cytokine flow cytometry. Following brief antigen exposure, cytokines are trapped intracellularly by the addition of brefeldin A to block the secretory pathways. After permeabilization, specific anti-cytokine fluorescent antibody conjugates can pass into the cells.

#Intracellular cytokine flow cytometry

[oatmealswizard]

my favourite pomodoro stopped working 😭😭😭 it crashes around a minute from ending no matter what i do. i'm going to light a candle for it and for me

#i don't want any other app i am bonded with this one it's my buddy it's my limb it's my intracellular symbiont

[genderjester]

I love to listen and relisten to this podcast will kill u so much fr. Comfort podcast even tho the diseases they talk abt are obv often rly gnarly but i love. Microbiology and medical history<3

Also specifically relistening to the leishmaniasis episode made me once again go Ah! We should kill the profit driven pharma industry with hammers!

#its an odd mix sometimes between woah the like. biology of this disease is fascinating #and also being like well it is also absolutely awful and terrifying that ppl have to deal w those diseases #saw a poll going around a whiiile ago that was like haha whats ur favourite of these old timey diseases #and all of them but smallpox where things ppl are still dying from today #so like that left a rly bad taste in my mouth....like #the plague still exists...tuberculosis kills a lot of ppl a year...... #like idk man #anyways im rambling #sel talks #like i think intracellular bacteria are so cool but that does not mean rocky mountain spotted fever is cool

[raphavisses]

Our First Pre-Registration is Live! Replication of...

After months of efforts, my co-authors and I are absolutely delighted to share this preprint, which is special in many ways: Said, Maha, Mustafa Gharib, Samia Zrig, and Raphaël Lévy. 2023. “Replication of “Carbon-dot-based Dual-emission Nanohybrid Produces a Ratiometric Fluorescent Sensor for in Vivo Imaging of Cellular Copper Ions”” OSF Preprints. November 29. doi:10.31219/osf.io/kf9qe. This…

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#bionano #endosome #intracellular delivery #intracellular sensing #nanoparticle #registered report #replication

[hormonguru]

Brown Fat and Obesity

weight gain is related to stress and hypothyroidism. Investigation and treatment, via activation of brown fat, are possible.

Everyone knows about FAT: we all care about it and everyone worries about it. Fat is among the most popular topics in the urbanized world, perhaps slightly less of a concern to the rural population and in some societies, an asset to some few. Our conversations about FAT are limited, most of the time, to “White” Adipose Tissue, referred to in the medical literature as WAT; most of us know nothing…

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#anti-obesity therapy #brown fat #brown fat distribution #intracellular hypothyroidism #obesity #Stress #T3 #thermogenesis #White fat

[drkanuryrao]

#Dr. Kanury Rao #Intracellular Events #immunologist

[kutequbefani]

Bcecf am special packaging instructions

cytosolic pH of Shop.

Learn about or buy BCECF AM from Sapphire Bioscience. A widely-used fluorescent indicator for estimating intracellular pH; amenable to either

With a pKa of 6.98, the cell-permeant, dual-excitation ratiometric pH indicator BCECF, AM is ideal for measuring changes in the cytosolic pH of most cells.

loaded into viable cells, such as Calcein-AM, BCECF-AM,. Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE), BCECF-AM Special packaging orange-brown solid.BCECF, AM. Recommended Use: For Research Use Only. Not for human or veterinary use. Check out our current Promotions

BCECF, AM ester is membrane-permeant and thus can be loaded into cells via incubation. This product is a mixture of three molecular species,

</p><br>https://mupotunefep.tumblr.com/post/692464908996083712/stuva-grundlig-drawer-instructions, https://mupotunefep.tumblr.com/post/692464908996083712/stuva-grundlig-drawer-instructions, https://mupotunefep.tumblr.com/post/692464908996083712/stuva-grundlig-drawer-instructions, https://mupotunefep.tumblr.com/post/692464780505726976/singer-117-manual, https://mupotunefep.tumblr.com/post/692464780505726976/singer-117-manual.

#http://vk.cc/c7jKeU #nofollow #<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><center>BCECF AM SPECIAL PACKAGING INSTRUCTIONS >> <strong><u><a href= rel= target #<br> calcein am #<br> bcecf excitation emission #<br> bcecf sigma #<br> bcecf-am sigma #<br> a rapid method for measuring intracellular ph using bcecf-am #<br> corona green #<br> b1150 thermo #<br> #<br> </p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>With a pK a of ∼6.98 #the cell-permeant #dual-excitation ratiometric pH indicator BCECF #AM is ideal for measuring changes in the

[xseffort45]

Electrolytes and why they're important especially when water f4st!ng:

Electrolytes are electrically charged minerals, such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, and phosphate. They are involved in various physiological processes.

During a water f4st, the body can lose electrolytes through various means, such as urine, sweat, and even through breathing.

Without sufficient intake of electrolytes, the body may experience imbalances that can lead to various health issues including:

muscle cramps, dizziness, weakness, irregular heartbeats, and in severe cases, even life-threatening conditions such as de4th.

Here's a breakdown of each electrolyte and its role in the body:

Sodium (Na+):

Role: Sodium is the primary extracellular cation (positively charged ion) and plays a vital role in maintaining fluid balance and blood pressure. It is essential for nerve impulse transmission and muscle function.

Source: Commonly found in table salt (sodium chloride) and many processed foods.

Potassium (K+):

Role: Potassium is the primary intracellular cation. It helps regulate fluid balance, nerve impulses, muscle contractions (including the heart), and maintains proper cellular function.

Source: Found in various fruits and vegetables, such as bananas, oranges, potatoes, and spinach.

Calcium (Ca2+):

Role: Calcium is essential for maintaining strong bones and teeth. It also plays a key role in muscle contractions, nerve transmission, blood clotting, and cell signaling.

Source: Dairy products, leafy greens, nuts, and fortified non-dairy milk.

Magnesium (Mg2+):

Role: Magnesium is involved in hundreds of enzymatic reactions in the body, including energy production, protein synthesis, muscle and nerve function, and maintaining healthy bones.

Source: Found in nuts, seeds, whole grains, leafy greens, and legumes.

Chloride (Cl-):

Role: Chloride is the major extracellular anion (negatively charged ion) and works closely with sodium to help maintain fluid balance and osmotic pressure in cells.

Source: Commonly found in table salt (sodium chloride) and many processed foods.

Bicarbonate (HCO3-):

Role: Bicarbonate is involved in regulating the body's acid-base balance (pH level) and is a crucial component of the bicarbonate buffering system.

Source: The body produces bicarbonate as part of normal metabolic processes.

Phosphate (HPO42-):

Role: Phosphate is essential for bone and teeth mineralization, energy production (adenosine triphosphate, ATP), and serves as a component of DNA and RNA.

Source: Found in various foods, including meat, dairy products, nuts, and whole grains.

To prevent these complications and support the body during a water f4st, it is crucial to supplement with electrolytes.

Many people who practice prolonged water f4st!ng or intermittent f4st!ng find it helpful to take electrolyte supplements or consume electrolyte-rich drinks to ensure they maintain proper mineral balance throughout the f4!sting period. However, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any regimen or supplement routine, as individual needs may vary.

#making a list of signs/symptoms of low electrolytes next #ed not ed sheeran #ed not sheeren #ed no sheeran #disordered eating thoughts #tw ana shit #tw ed diet #ed bllog #anorex14 #ana trigger #ana shit #tw ana diary #4norexi4 #thin$spo #thinspø #th!n$spo #⭐ving #⭐ve #tw ed rant #ed vent

[rootsanalysis]

STATUS OF PATENTS THAT HAVE BEEN FILED / GRANTED FOR INTRACELLULAR DRUG DELIVERY TECHNOLOGIES

Targeting the delivery of a pharmacological substance to its intended physiological site of action ensures that adequate concentration of the therapeutic is made available to elicit the desired clinical benefit and limit off-target / systemic toxicity. Advances in cell biology and molecular probing techniques have revealed the presence of several potential therapeutic targets for a number of difficult-to-treat diseases, localized within the confines of the cell membrane. Therefore, efficient methods of facilitating intracellular drug delivery to various sub-cellular compartments are a prominent need within the modern biopharmaceutical industry.

 Need for Targeted Drug Delivery

Considering the fact that many modern pharmacological interventions are being designed against specific biological targets, there is an evident need for robust drug delivery technologies. Some of the key advantages offered by targeted drug delivery systems / devices are summarized below:

§  Reduction of Systemic Toxicity and Side Effects: Targeted drug delivery is particularly beneficial in the case of highly potent drugs, which include the chemotherapy drugs and biologics (such as cell therapies, gene therapies and immunotherapies), making it possible to altogether avoid off-target toxicity related concerns

§  Blood Brain Barrier Penetration: Over time, several types of drug delivery devices capable of facilitating the transport of drugs / therapeutic substances across the elusive blood braon barrier. Such technologies have revolutionized the treatment of many neurodegenerative, neuro-oncological disorders and other debilitating neurological conditions.

§  Simplification of Introducing Medication in the Subretinal Space: Traditionally, drug delivery to the retina was a complex process, requiring a surgeon to perform retinotomy – a complicated procedure, involving the removal of the vitreous humor of the eye to inject a drug / therapy into the through retina.

§  Intracellular drug delivery technologies use vehicles that encapsulate (52%) the drug payloads and facilitate them into the cytosol of the cell. Examples of technologies which utilize encapsulation includes (in alphabetical order) DeliverEX platform (Evox Therapeutics), Exosome Platform (ReNeuron), LUNAR (Arcturus Therapeutics) and SNIM RNA platform (ethris).

§  Provisions for Sustained Delivery: In most cancers, the dynamic nature of the tumor microenvironment renders it difficult for a drug’s therapeutic effect to persist for a therapeutically beneficial time frame. This is primarily due to the fact that tumor cells eventually become programmed to tolerate active pharmacological substances or excrete / eliminate them from the vicinity. In order to circumvent the development of therapeutic tolerance, medical researchers have developed the means to ensure that pharmacologically active substances are delivered in formulations / devices that enable sustained release of the API over a prolonged duration of time. In this direction, intratumoral implants are now available / under evaluation and are deemed to offer better and lasting therapeutic outcomes.

 Advanced Approaches for Delivery of Drug Payloads

§  Liposomes

Liposomes are described as aqueous-filled structures, surrounded by one or more double layers of amphiphilic lipids or phospholipids. These molecules are generally spherical in shape and their size ranges from 20 nm to 10 μm. Liposomes exhibit certain polymeric muco-adhesive properties, which prolong their retention time in the intestine. Further, they have been shown to be an effective method of delivery for both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs.

 §  Nanoparticles / Microparticles

Nanoparticles / microparticles are typically fabricated using certain organic / inorganic components, such as lipids or other polymers, which have a size range of 1 nm - 1,000 nm. These are essentially used to entrap or attach drug molecules, in order to facilitate their entry into target cells. Over time, several types of nanoparticles have been shown to be viable drug delivery agents, with reports of long circulating times.

 §  Poly-ethylene Glycol (PEG)

Linking peptides to PEG can help increase the bioavailability of proteins / peptides. When a molecule is fused with PEG, each PEG subunit firmly couples with water molecules. This enhances the solubility index of the drug and enlarges the molecular structure of the protein / peptide. The increase in the size of the molecule prevents its clearance from the kidney, increasing its in vivo half-life. A few examples of PEGylated proteins are PEGylation of IFN-α2a (used for the chronic hepatitis C disease as a preliminary therapy), Peginterferon α2b (PegIntron) and mono-PEGylated TNF-α (used for antitumor treatment).

   §  Cell Penetrating Peptides (CPPs)

Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short (10–30 amino acids), water-soluble, cationic or amphipathic peptides that are used as vehicles for the delivery of a wide range of macromolecular payloads into cells. These vehicles are able to penetrate the selectively permeable cell membrane through endocytosis and thereby, transport their respective cargos to the cytosol, where they are further processed into their clinically active forms.

  CPPs have been demonstrated to facilitate the delivery of biologics, (such as proteins, and oligonucleotides), and small molecule drugs. The carrier molecules themselves may be protein-derived, chimeric, and / or synthetic.

 Although several unique variants of CPPs have been identified, till date, only a few CPP-linked drugs have entered clinical trials. However, many preclinical studies have reported success in the delivery of fluorophore-labeled CPPs or CPP-cargo fusions, into specific target cells. One of the prominent limitations of CPPs is that at time the conjugates have been observed to remain trapped within endosomes, unable to deliver their cargo into the cytoplasm.

 For additional details, please visit https://www.rootsanalysis.com/reports/non-viral-drug-delivery-systems-market.html or email [email protected]

 You may also be interested in the following titles:

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  About Roots Analysis

Roots Analysis is one of the fastest growing market research companies, sharing fresh and independent perspectives in the bio-pharmaceutical industry. The in-depth research, analysis and insights are driven by an experienced leadership team which has gained many years of significant experience in this sector. If you’d like help with your growing business needs, get in touch at [email protected]

 Contact Information

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#intracellular drug delivery #drug delivery #drug delivery systems #RootsAnalysis

[cytgen]

#Keywords: children #juvenile idiopathic arthritis #genes #intracellular signaling pathways #autoimmunity #autoinflammation #panel exome sequencing

[glutathione12]

#Glutathione Master Antioxidant #Glutathione’s importance in maintaining health #Importance of Glutathione #what are the benefits of glutathione #glutathione supplements #glutathione dietary supplements #Raising cellular Glutathione levels with Gamma-Glutamylcysteine #Boost Glutathione #ways to increase intracellular glutathione #gamma-glutamylcysteine supplement #advantages of Gamma-glutamylcysteine #increase Glutathione levels with Gamma-Glutamylcysteine #rapidly boost gluatathione