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#history of the atomic model
teachersource · 1 year
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Niels Bohr was born on October 7, 1885. A Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922, Bohr was also a philosopher and a promoter of scientific research. He developed the Bohr model of the atom, in which he proposed that energy levels of electrons are discrete and that the electrons revolve in stable orbits around the atomic nucleus but can jump from one energy level (or orbit) to another. Although the Bohr model has been supplanted by other models, its underlying principles remain valid. He conceived the principle of complementarity: that items could be separately analysed in terms of contradictory properties, like behaving as a wave or a stream of particles.
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nasa · 22 hours
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LaRue Burbank, mathematician and computer, is just one of the many women who were instrumental to NASA missions.
4 Little Known Women Who Made Huge Contributions to NASA
Women have always played a significant role at NASA and its predecessor NACA, although for much of the agency’s history, they received neither the praise nor recognition that their contributions deserved. To celebrate Women’s History Month – and properly highlight some of the little-known women-led accomplishments of NASA’s early history – our archivists gathered the stories of four women whose work was critical to NASA’s success and paved the way for future generations.
LaRue Burbank: One of the Women Who Helped Land a Man on the Moon
LaRue Burbank was a trailblazing mathematician at NASA. Hired in 1954 at Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory (now NASA’s Langley Research Center), she, like many other young women at NACA, the predecessor to NASA, had a bachelor's degree in mathematics. But unlike most, she also had a physics degree. For the next four years, she worked as a "human computer," conducting complex data analyses for engineers using calculators, slide rules, and other instruments. After NASA's founding, she continued this vital work for Project Mercury.
In 1962, she transferred to the newly established Manned Spacecraft Center (now NASA’s Johnson Space Center) in Houston, becoming one of the few female professionals and managers there.  Her expertise in electronics engineering led her to develop critical display systems used by flight controllers in Mission Control to monitor spacecraft during missions. Her work on the Apollo missions was vital to achieving President Kennedy's goal of landing a man on the Moon.
Eilene Galloway: How NASA became… NASA
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Eilene Galloway wasn't a NASA employee, but she played a huge role in its very creation. In 1957, after the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, Senator Richard Russell Jr. called on Galloway, an expert on the Atomic Energy Act, to write a report on the U.S. response to the space race. Initially, legislators aimed to essentially re-write the Atomic Energy Act to handle the U.S. space goals. However, Galloway argued that the existing military framework wouldn't suffice – a new agency was needed to oversee both military and civilian aspects of space exploration. This included not just defense, but also meteorology, communications, and international cooperation.
Her work on the National Aeronautics and Space Act ensured NASA had the power to accomplish all these goals, without limitations from the Department of Defense or restrictions on international agreements. Galloway is even to thank for the name "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", as initially NASA was to be called “National Aeronautics and Space Agency” which was deemed to not carry enough weight and status for the wide-ranging role that NASA was to fill.
Barbara Scott: The “Star Trek Nerd” Who Led Our Understanding of the Stars
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A self-described "Star Trek nerd," Barbara Scott's passion for space wasn't steered toward engineering by her guidance counselor. But that didn't stop her!  Fueled by her love of math and computer science, she landed at Goddard Spaceflight Center in 1977.  One of the first women working on flight software, Barbara's coding skills became instrumental on missions like the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) and the Thermal Canister Experiment on the Space Shuttle's STS-3.  For the final decade of her impressive career, Scott managed the flight software for the iconic Hubble Space Telescope, a testament to her dedication to space exploration.
Dr. Claire Parkinson: An Early Pioneer in Climate Science Whose Work is Still Saving Lives
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Dr. Claire Parkinson's love of math blossomed into a passion for climate science. Inspired by the Moon landing, and the fight for civil rights, she pursued a graduate degree in climatology.  In 1978, her talents landed her at Goddard, where she continued her research on sea ice modeling. But Parkinson's impact goes beyond theory.  She began analyzing satellite data, leading to a groundbreaking discovery: a decline in Arctic sea ice coverage between 1973 and 1987. This critical finding caught the attention of Senator Al Gore, highlighting the urgency of climate change.
Parkinson's leadership extended beyond research.  As Project Scientist for the Aqua satellite, she championed making its data freely available. This real-time information has benefitted countless projects, from wildfire management to weather forecasting, even aiding in monitoring the COVID-19 pandemic. Parkinson's dedication to understanding sea ice patterns and the impact of climate change continues to be a valuable resource for our planet.
Make sure to follow us on Tumblr for your regular dose of space! 
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lavender-jukebox · 7 months
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How about parental decepticon stuff? I like the episodes where Tarantulas and Starscream end up as mentor figures
I love this idea...I hope I did it right-
Characters are Starscream, Soundwave, Tarantulas, Shockwave, Breakdown
(Reader is human btw-)
Enjoy!
Starscream
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Will gladly answer any questions you have about himself or about the history of Cybertron
He's protective of you weither you're bot or human.
he'll take you for flights in his cockpit when you've had a bad day and let's you vent whatever you need to.
He tries his best to be a role model for you but thinks because he was a decepticon he isn't good at it
You two have deep talks about the past and listen to eachother
Seems like he doesn't care for platonic cuddles but actually loves them
Likes to praise you for things you've done
Gives headpats
If you ever do anything that could involve you getting hurt, get ready for a stern lecture and a shit tone of scolds when you explain your reasoning
He just wants you to be safe and happy :)
Soundwave
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Probably the most parental decepticon out of them all
NEVER let's you out of his sight and insists you either stay beside him or sit on his shoulder
Gets a little worried if you and Frenzy ever rough house (cause you is a fleshie)
If you wanted, he would teach you how to hack
Has unlimited patience and you test this. All the damn time.
He always knows when's somethings up, but won't force you to tell him if you don't want to
If you want any affection he'll give it to you
VERY PROTECTIVE and will kick someone's ass if they lay a atom on you
He can be stern in more serious situations but doesn't intend to make you upset
If you're ever hurt he goes into mom mode and patches your injuries no matter what size
Likes it when you sit on his shoulder and blabber nonsense. He's all ears to hear what you have to say, no matter how stupid it seems
Tarantulas
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Questions himself how he "adopted" a human but goes with it
Always keeps you within a distance where he can pluck you up if he senses danger
If you're energetic he'll let you climb and swing from his extra limbs
Some days you can convince him to play hide and seek
If he sense someone coming, he has a tiny burrow hole your size and hides you in there
A little paranoid if you leave the lab that G.H.O.S.T might find you so you have a little living space
Likes to poke you with his extra legs to make you giggle
Will teach you new things and walk you through whatever inventions he's making
Is happy if you offer to help him
More than happy to comfort you in a situation and has many limbs to hug you better
Shockwave
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He's like the strict dad who has eyes on the back of his head
Ironic for someone with only one eye but-
When you try and sneak out the lab or go for a walk, he'll ask where you're going or what you're doing without even turning
If you give him sass, he'll sass you back and you guys have a lot of playful bickers
Basically "home schools" you but not really
Just teaches you something new every day
Seems like he hates affection but will hold you in his hand or let you fall asleep on him as he works in the lab
Listens to every word you say and gives suggestions to help
You stump him all the time with shower thoughts
He makes sure you're healthy and makes you drink 8 cups of water a day as well as eating meals
Does not take no for an answer
Doesn't matter if you're 10 or a grown ass adult, he'll put you in a corner for time out
Oh he knows you're too old he just does it cause he's petty like that
Breakdown
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Not the best influence but definitely one of the more fun ones
He'll take you on energon runs as he explains to you not to turn out like him
Takes you to an empty street or raceway to absolutely speed
He cracks dad jokes all the time.
If you have a bad day he'll try to make you laugh by jokes or something
He's protective of you to the point where when he knows the littlest thing of G.H.O.S.T in the area, yall are gone
Teaches you how to fight in case of an event where he cannot be there for you
Doesn't mind carrying you or letting you sit on his shoulder
He might be a douche sometimes and moves the shoulder you're on to catch you off guard
Laughs when you swear
I wouldn't say he's like a parent but more so a parent / big brother type of guy
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yourtongzhihazel · 21 days
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i absolutely love how succintly you outline a lot of your thoughts on marxism and consider you a really good writer as a whole, but i will say one of your common expressions has kind of puzzled me and i'd love to get your insight on it.
often you'll refer to the bourgeoise with a particular level of capital (and there fore political power) as "the high priests of capitalism", and while i understand the point you try to make with that, that capitalists act in service to their political interests as ruling class, a very "money is the true god of the capitalist" rhetoric.
my issue comes from the fact that i feel that equating the relation the bourgeoise have with the capitalist system to one a church has with god, or the one members of a church have with their organization, is kind of ignoring the fact that the church exists as first and foremost a tool of the ruling class, and using the analogue of a church for economics feels a little aimless when the church arose and exists by economic interests, not viceversa.
again, maybe i'm missing something! it's just something your posts got me thinking. much love!
No worries!
I'm borrowing from (if i remember correctly that is) quotes from Parenti. You are correct! In a capitalist society, one avenue for dissipating worker anger, displeasure, complaints, etc. is through established religions and their institutions. Of course, this is the famous "religion is the opium of the masses" as Marx put it. Religion is absolutely one of many tools at the disposal of the bourgeoisie no doubt. But at the end of the day, religion is a supernatural, immaterial thing. You cannot back up all your actions using religion alone. After all, what power does your god hold to non-believers? Thus, you need to be able to justify your actions through material, "scientific" means.
So why are bourgeois scholars, economists, historians, etc. the "high priests of capitalism"?
First, we have to discuss the dissolution of the field of political-economy into constituent parts; into the social sciences of sociology, psychology, anthropology, history, economics, etc., etc.. Coming from physics, a common habit is to break down difficult questions into parts. A question as complicated as political-economy, then, merits breaking into parts, no? The difference is, when us physicists break down questions into parts and solve each part, we then have to reconstruct the parts together to form a coherent model. The same cannot be said of the constituent fields of political-economy. Because the "problem" of political-economy has now been atomized, each part of this shattered whole cannot sufficiently supply the necessary context, history, statistics, and data to answer any questions about political-economy in a holistic, coherent manner. Is it by design? I cannot say for certain. What matters more is that the breaking up of political-economy in the way it has been done in our current society, ultimately makes it harder to investigate problems related to political-economy. By design or not, it makes the task of the bourgeoisie simpler.
Second, we have to relate to how these "high priests of capitalism" are produced, how they interact with society, and the distinct purpose they serve under a DOTB. To clarify, its not necessary that these "high priests" be members of the bourgeoisie! Indeed, there are many bourgeoisie who can lay claim to be sociologists, anthropologists, etc., but so can many proletarians!
In our capitalist society, the heads of universities, newspapers, labs, journals, think tanks etc. are, if not bourgeoisie themselves, appointed by the bourgeoisie. This means, that they demonstrate that they will tow the bourgeoisie line. Those that do not tow the bourgeois line are demoted, fired, or otherwise compromised. These departments heads then curtail their department's output to match the bourgeois line. This is how bourgeois scientists are reproduced (I am short-handing the bourgeois scholars, economists, historians, etc. into "bourgeois scientists").
Bourgeois scientists go on to "investigate" their respective field using the tools presented by bourgeois ideology: liberalism. Their findings are then passed up and published and used as justification to reinforce the superstructure of capitalism under the guise of "scientific evaluation". Of course, liberalism doesn't follow a rigorous study of materialism. Therefore, the produced material is unscientific in nature and falls short in analysis/discussion due to the author's liberalism. Thus, there is a feedback loop of generating bourgeois scientists to reinforce capitalist ideology, which then brings up more bourgeois scientists, similar to the feedback loop between labor reinforcing capital and vice versa.
Just like the primitive accumulation of the peasants in pre-capitalist (or proto-capitalist) economies into capitalist economies which kick-started capitalism, so too was there a "primitive accumulation" of scholarship into bourgeois ideology. As a new mode of production replaced feudalism, people, naturally, sought to study and understand it. But, since the bourgeoisie have to capital to buy and use the printing presses, only those friendly to bourgeois interests are published and printed, filling the nascent field of political-economy with bourgeois scholars who now became famous from the explosion of information made possible by capitalism (yes, capitalism was progressive compared to feudalism).
Why are bourgeois scientists the "high priests of capitalism"? because they unscientifically publish and proclaim the "scientific" justification for the continued existence of capitalism and its expansion in imperialism. They follow and tow the bourgeois ideology of liberalism, and they reinforce the capitalist superstructure. When I call bourgeois scientists "high priests", I am directly attacking the unscientific nature of the bastardized social sciences, and I am drawing direct attention to the fact that they are put in place by the systems driven by capitalism and by the bourgeoisie in order to push their ideology.
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mysticstronomy · 10 months
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IS THE UNIVERSE A QUANTUM FLUCTUATION??
Blog#301
Wednesday, May 31st, 2023
Welcome back,
Can science figure out how the Universe came to be? The Big Bang model, as developed by George Gamow, Ralph Alpher, and Robert Herman, reconstructed the history of the Universe from about one ten-thousandth of a second after the “bang,” all the way to the formation of the first hydrogen atoms and the decoupling of photons when the Universe was about 400,000 years old. That last process gave rise to the cosmic microwave background radiation, which was discovered in 1965.
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In its infancy, the Universe was filled with a primordial soup of elementary particles and radiation, all furiously colliding. This picture of the early Universe has been amazingly successful, prompting physicists to push their models as far back in time as they might reach. But how far can they reach? How close to the very origin can scientific models arrive? Could they go all the way to t = 0, the beginning of everything? Or does the notion of time passing lose its meaning as we approach the origin?
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This is an old problem, one philosophy sometimes calls the First Cause. If there really is an abrupt beginning of everything, a Universe that becomes itself at some point in the past, it must be due to an uncaused cause — a cause that cannot be preceded by anything else. Any model for the origin of the Universe uses established physical laws and places them within the conceptual framework of physics. Science cannot avoid using something to describe things, and this something presumes the existence of a material substrate.
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In other words, to see something hatch, we need to start with an egg, and the question is where this egg comes from. It is easy to fall into an endless regression, a problem famously expressed as “turtles all the way down.”
origin of the Universe does not address the question of why this Universe operates the way it does. Science certainly provides many answers to the workings of nature, but we should not lose sight of its limitations. The question of why there is something rather than nothing should inspire us all to humility.
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Mathematically, extrapolating any of the traditional cosmological models to time t = 0 leads to what we call a singularity. Matter density becomes infinite, the curvature of spacetime becomes infinite, and the distance between any two observers goes to zero. Disturbing as this may sound, the existence of a singularity is not to be taken too seriously. It signals the breakdown of general relativity, and of physics as we know it, at the extreme conditions that prevailed during the very first moments of the Universe’s existence.
In essence, the singularity signals our ignorance of physics at these very high energy scales. Something else is needed here, and ideas abound.
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The most promising among them call for a blend of general relativity and quantum mechanics.
The most dramatic effect from quantum mechanics is an intrinsic fuzziness of matter that manifests itself at atomic and subatomic distances. Close to the Big Bang singularity, the whole geometry of the Universe is to be treated by quantum mechanics, and as such, the very concepts of space and time become blurry. It may be that quantum mechanics will blunt the sharpness of the singularity by making it fuzzy.
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There have been many attempts to marry Einstein’s general relativity with quantum mechanics, but so far their promise far outpaces their success. Some of the best minds in theoretical physics are at this moment very busy trying to make this marriage work. As all authors working in this field should agree, any claim to understand physical conditions near the singularity must be met with substantial skepticism. Yet we push forward. We must try to obtain at least some information about the peculiar physics that dominated the beginnings of the Universe.
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In 1973, Edward Tryon, then at Columbia University, proposed a pioneering idea of how to apply quantum mechanics to the beginning of the Universe. Tryon suggested that quantum fuzziness does not only occur when measuring positions and velocities, but also applies to measurements of energy and time. In the world of the very small, it is possible to violate the law of conservation of energy for very short times, Tryon proposed, even if the net energy of the Universe is zero.
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This is not as crazy as it seems. Think of a billiard ball lying quietly on the ground. If it is not moving, it has no kinetic energy. If we measure gravitational potential energy from the ground up, it also has no potential energy. The ball rests at a zero-energy state. Now turn the ball into an electron. According to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, we cannot localize an electron and tell its velocity simultaneously. The fuzziness inherent in the electron prohibits that.
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Thus, in quantum mechanics, there is no zero-energy state. There is only the lowest possible energy state of a system, its ground state. Now, if there is an inherent uncertainty in the energy of a system, then the energy of the ground state can fluctuate. If we call this ground state a quantum vacuum, it follows that the quantum vacuum always has some structure to it. There is no such thing as a true vacuum in the sense of complete emptiness. Quantum mechanics forbids nothingness.
Originally published on bigthink.com
COMING UP!!
(Saturday, June 3rd, 2023)
"DOES MASS INCREASE WHEN NEARING THE SPEED OF LIGHT??"
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blackswaneuroparedux · 8 months
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The bikini is the most important thing since the atom bomb.
Diana Vreeland
The origins of contemporary bikini day may be traced back to a French engineer, a Parisian exotic dancer, a nuclear testing site in the United States, and a postwar fabric shortage.
In 1946, Western Europeans joyously greeted the first war-free summer in years, and French designers came up with fashions to match the liberated mood of the people. Two French designers, Jacques Heim and Louis Réard, developed competing prototypes of the bikini. Heim called his the “atom” and advertised it as “the world’s smallest bathing suit.”
French fashion designer Louis Reard was determined to create an even more scandalous swimsuit. Réard's swimsuit, which was basically a bra top and two inverted triangles of cloth connected by string, was in fact significantly smaller. Made out of a scant 30 inches of fabric, Réard promoted his creation as “smaller than the world’s smallest bathing suit.”
Réard claimed that the bikini was named for Bikini Atoll, the site of nuclear tests by the United States in the Pacific Ocean.
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Louis Réard's bikini was so little that he couldn't find anyone brave enough to wear it. After being rejected by a number of fashion models, he came across Micheline Bernardini. She was a 19-year-old nudist at the Casino de Paris who consented to be the first to try on his daring bikini. Michelle Bernardini debuted this revealing costume at the Piscine Molitor in Paris during a poolside fashion show, and it revolutionised swimwear on 5 July 1946. The bikini was a hit, especially among men, and Bernardini received some 50,000 fan letters.
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Before long, bold young women in bikinis were causing a sensation along the Mediterranean coast. Spain and Italy passed measures prohibiting bikinis on public beaches but later capitulated to the changing times when the swimsuit grew into a mainstay of European beaches in the 1950s. Réard's business soared, and in advertisements he kept the bikini mystique alive by declaring that a two-piece suit wasn’t a genuine bikini “unless it could be pulled through a wedding ring.”
But it really took when what we would call cultural influencers took to it. It was in 1953, thanks to Brigitte Bardot, that the bikini became a "must-have" and the history of the bikini became historic, when she was photographed wearing one on the Carlton beach at the Cannes Film Festival. She also wore one in 1956, in the film "Et Dieu… créa la femme".
The United States also caught on to the trend, as it was only two years later that Ursula Andress posed in a white bikini on the poster for the James Bond film, Dr. No. The poster created a considerable marketing coup, and women adopted the bikini. According to a study by Time, 65% of younger women adopted the bikini in 1967.
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There is no question the bikini is hardly modern. Many think they date back to ancient Roman times because of the murals uncovered in excavated ruins in Sicily. This isn’t really true.
Despite the celebrated images from the mosaics in Piazza Armerina, of the ancient Roman girl wearing what looks like a bikini, the answer is, “not really”.  The ancient Roman girls weren’t even first to wear what to our eyes looks like a bikini. However, the fact that we seem to find “bikinis” in ancient depictions should make us rethink our hubristic bias that we in modern times have invented everything and that people in ancient times didn’t know how to live.
Archaeologists have found evidence of bikini-like garments that date to as far back as 5600 BC. That’s roughly 5000 years before the Romans did so. In the Chalcolithic era of around 5600 BC, the mother-goddess of Çatalhöyük, a large ancient settlement in southern Anatolia, was depicted astride two leopards while wearing a bikini-like costume.
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Two-piece garments worn by women for athletic purposes are depicted on Greek urns and paintings dating back to 1400 BC. In fact, even just the notion that women participated in sports in the ancient world should make us sit up and take notice.
Today we tend to imagine women in the ancient world as being practically sequestered in their homes, spinning, weaving and having babies. But this is a gross oversimplification of their role.
Active women of ancient Greece wore a breast band called a mastodeton or an apodesmos, which continued to be used as an undergarment in the Middle Ages. While men in ancient Greece abandoned the perizoma, partly high-cut briefs and partly loincloth, women performers and acrobats continued to wear it.
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In the famous mosaics to be found at Villa Romana del Casale in Piazza Armerina, the girls who seem to be wearing the “bikini” are Roman and the so-called bikini had already been around for at least 5,000 years by then. In the artwork “Coronation of the Winner” done in floor mosaic in the Chamber of the Ten Maidens (Sala delle Dieci Ragazze) in Sicily the bikini girls are depicted weight-lifting, discus throwing, and running.
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The bikini was gradually done away as Christianity became more influential as the centuries wore on. Christian attitudes towards swimming restricted the clothing of women for centuries, the bikini disappeared from the historical record after the Romans until the early 20th century with Louis Beard’s re-invention of the two piece bathing suit as the ‘bikini’.
Photos: In 1956 Emilio Pucci designed this bikini inspired by the mosaics of the Villa Romana Del Casale in Sicily.
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normal-horoscopes · 2 years
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Idk if you have ever answered this before but what got you into the occult?
One thing that really sticks out in my mind was a project I had to do in 8th grade science class. We had to do a project about the history of the atom.
I found it fascinating. Even now I'm kinda amazed seeing how human knowledge changes over time. Seeing the fundamental building blocks of the world go from platonic elements to electron orbital clouds was profound.
I remember it being really interesting seeing how scientists got from one step to the next. I enjoyed reading about their thought processes and seeing them prove exactly why a model was inaccurate.
What I LOVED though, was all the wrong answers. I was OBSESSED with shit like Aetherial Wind and Phlogiston Theory. The current model of the atom is built on hundreds of different models of the universe that we now know are false.
I think my obsession with now-false theories of cosmogeny is what got me into Alchemy which got me into everything else.
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diabolus1exmachina · 10 months
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Fairthorpe Electron Climax (1 of 7). 
The British automotive landscape of the 1950s was vastly different to what we have today. There were myriad car companies, each vying to be the best they could be. Some were in the business of luxury, others were trying to satiate post-war Britain’s need for a family transport, while others were focused solely on performance. And it’s that latter contingent that brings us to the car we have listed for auction here, namely a 1959 Fairthorpe Electron.
Fairthorpe is a rare but nonetheless notable name in the book of British motoring history. The company was founded by Donald Bennett, an Australian aviation pioneer and bomber pilot. Famed for becoming the youngest Air Vice Marshall in the Royal Air Force, Bennett was just as comfortable on the spanners as he was in the cockpit. And he put this passion to good use in 1950 with the birth of Fairthorpe Cars, based in Chalfont St. Peter.
Bennett wanted to build cars that would offer thrills and excitement. He also wanted to make cars that were, to provide those thrills, lightweight and agile. His first offerings were ambitious, but ultimately not brilliant. There was the Atom, a curious coupe with a two-cylinder motorcycle engine in the back, though it was most notable due to it being one of the first cars to utilise a fibreglass body. This was followed by a more traditional, front-engined model known as the Atomota. However, like its predecessor, it sold in small numbers.
Bennett wasn’t to be put off though, and in 1956 Fairthorpe launched the car we have here; the Coventry Climax powered Electron. It was fast, it was light, it was agile and care of the Microplas Mistral body, it was sleek. However, it was also expensive, and as such, Fairthorpe launched a cheaper Electron Minor version fitted with a Standard Ten engine.For a select few, though, the Coventry Climax Electron proved itself to be a formidable racer. Around twenty were built with upgrades such as the suspension, brakes and rear axle from a Triumph TR3. Sadly though, as is the case for cars of this ilk, they soon faded into obscurity. As such, only around seven are known to still exist today, of which the one listed here could possibly be the best. This is a true slice of automotive history.   
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"For bisexuals specifically, media representation has a long history of portraying us negatively," said Dr. Nora Madison, a media professor at Chestnut Hill College, told CBS News. "The most common stereotype is that bisexuals cannot be fully satisfied with only one partner because half of their desires must then obviously be denied. This is problematic on so many levels, but it begins with the definition of bisexuals as being attracted to both men and women, but with assumptions that bisexuals are only attracted to men and women, and are always equally attracted to men and women at the same time."
"Both of these assumptions are incorrect. The far more accepted definition is one made popular by Robyn Ochs, a prominent bisexual educator and author, who said that bisexuality is the potential to be attracted – romantically and/or sexually – to people of more than one gender, not necessarily at the same time, not necessarily in the same way, and not necessarily to the same degree."
Bisexual individuals make up almost 50% of people who identify as part of the LGBT community, according to research from the Williams Institute at the UCLA School of Law. Nearly 3.5% of adults in the U.S. identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender, which translates to approximately 9 million LGBTQ+ Americans. However, accurate media portrayal of bisexuality has long dragged behind data.
Gay, lesbian, or bisexual characters make up almost 8% of television characters, according to GLAAD's "Where We Are On TV" report from 2019. However, representation for bisexual people becomes far less likely in the breakdown. Not only do bisexual characters make up less than 26% of all LGBTQ+ characters, but there has been a steady decrease in representation since 2016. According to the Annenberg Report from USC, there were eight bisexual characters in the top 1,200 films of 2018 and only three in the top films of 2019, far less than what appears on television screens.
"Alongside these persistent connotations with excess and perversity, another factor challenging bisexual representation is that, unless a character explicitly identifies as bisexual, we tend to assume someone is straight or gay based on their current partner, something real life bisexuals also contend with," said Maria San Filippo, an associate professor and author of The B Word. "Television offers bisexuality more potential for representational legibility in this regard, I find, because its serial form allows for more expansive, ongoing narratives."
A year fraught with tropes that characterized bisexual people as flighty, unwilling to choose, in a phase, or worse, killed for the plot of the straight protagonist, 2016 marked a turning point in LGBTQ+ characters. It wasn't just enough to have them, consumers wanted them to be accurate. In the past four years, series like "Sex Education," "The Politician," "Stumptown," "Greys Anatomy," "Brooklyn 99" have all been praised for their accurate portrayal of bisexual characters, films like "Call Me By Your Name," "Colette," "Atomic Blonde," and "Booksmart" have featured explicitly bisexual characters.
For bisexual individuals unsure of their sexuality, experts say the representation they see on screen could make the world of difference. Bisexual people are more likely to have depression, anxiety, or other mental illnesses, according to a study from the San Francisco Human Rights Commission. Another Human Rights Campaign health brief found that bisexual people were more likely to commit substance abuse, have less emotional support and hide their sexual identity. The reason? One researcher points to minority stress theory, a model that says multiple public stressors and societal expectations can manifest negative reactions in minorities.
"I think (more accurate representation) is a big improvement because it's part of a larger move in more recent television which tolerates non-binary identities," said Katherine Sender, a professor with Cornell University's Feminist, Gender and Sexuality Studies Program. "I see it as part of that bigger idea. In the past, being trans or being bisexual was extremely problematic within those binary categories. One of the things that's happened, particularly in the rise of original programming on streaming services, like Netflix and Amazon, is there's a much greater tolerance or acceptance of people being on spectrums and not having to fit into one or another end of a binary."
Streaming programs have produced more bisexual characters than ever, but cable programs are still the most likely to show the most bisexual characters, according to the GLAAD report. The inconsistency can most likely be attributed to the more common nature of bisexuality on screen. Shows on original streaming services are more likely to portray more than one LGBTQ+ character, while cable shows, which portraying more LGBTQ+ characters overall, are more likely to feature one character per show, the report said. In all, representation, just like bisexuality, is a fluid spectrum. The decision to feature bisexuality, accurately or not, comes down to a myriad of factors, including writers, actors, show-runners, and industry heads. And while television might not intrinsically cover real life, experts say positive representation does have positive impacts.
"Diverse representation is important for everyone," said Madison. "The more people are exposed to a variety of sexualities, especially in positive or affirming contexts, the more opportunities individuals have to figure their own identities out as well as broaden their viewpoints about others. Media content producers are products of the society they grow up in, and historically many were white, straight males. I don't think positive bisexual representation was a priority until more individuals started asking, demanding, and celebrating it."
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thissliceofnonsense · 6 months
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Some Donnie Headcannons
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Donnie learned everything by memorizing it in song form. This is because Splinter would put on shows for the each of them so he could just... rest for a little bit. Donnie would always want to put on a science show with song and dance numbers and always loved things like that. (Also, I think the Atomic Lass character was a side character in some of the Jupiter Jim movies and that is probably his favorite of all time...and she probably had song and dance numbers of some sort... maybe... that's the head cannon)
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My siblings will sometimes ask me a question as if I'm the encyclopedia. I think the others would do the same to Donnie.
Mikey: Hey Donnie! Do you think I could do a *insert ridiculously difficult skateboard trick*
Donnie: Well, you'd have a 12% chance in perfect conditions, given your center of gravity and your average rate of acceleration... but these are less than optimal conditions Angelo, so my conclusion would be: not reccomend-
Mikey: *proceeds to do it*
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Donnie likes to infodump to Mikey as he's drawing. Mikey specifically - although he will infodump to anyone and everyone - because Mikey is somewhat listening, and it's nice to get thoughts into words without having to worry about criticism or being blatantly ignored.
(Mikey will pop in with random questions about if his art looks right, and sometimes gives Donnie wild suggestions that Donnie takes and runs with.)
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Tried to research the supernatural after discovering the hidden city, that's why he was able to get his goggles to work with the crystal, but he got frustrated after figuring out there aren't much rules with that.
ALSO ALSO: He doesn't like quantum physics, or chemistry (I don't remember any evidence to the contrary) because there are some blockages to what can be known, and he wants all the variables.
And he's so bad at history. Like ridiculously bad. He often has dreams of going to school and being with his 'intellectual peers who can actually have a conversation with me' but he would fail history.
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He has made an 'evolving bio' for all of his brothers and his dad, and all of the recordings go into filtering out necessary information to go into digital files for all of them. Definite plot points and concrete evidence to predict their future patterns and any consistent weaknesses.
This is the info he used to make his gifts with.
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Donnie would sit with April as she explains her homework and how to do it, and he would obsess over finding the information to solve the problem and be useful to her. April never had THAT much motivation to do homework, and Donnie had way more energy re-explaining it than her teachers.
Donnie also loved being right.
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Has made simulations trying to model social interactions before they happen so he can figure out how to communicate before the day starts.
(Basically pre-defining the variables he will need to call upon throughout the day so he doesn't get an error message.)
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Everything can be explained with science or coding or engineering. Everything.
(He has tried to formulate the science for fashion and dancing... in essence applying science logic to those things.)
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He may deny that he is wrong on the surface, and he will apologize for being wrong - as long as it isn't mystic beings that are replacing him-
But being wrong eats at him.
Donnie, the tech one, the one who is supposed to be smart, the one who has a subset that he is great at. This is his use, this is his value...
and he was wrong.
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teachersource · 9 months
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Maria Goeppert Mayer was born on June 28, 1906. A German-born American theoretical physicist, and Nobel laureate in Physics for proposing the nuclear shell model of the atomic nucleus. She was the second woman to win a Nobel Prize in physics (the first being Marie Curie). In 1986, the Maria Goeppert-Mayer Award for early-career women physicists was established in her honor. A graduate of the University of Göttingen, Goeppert Mayer wrote her doctoral thesis on the theory of possible two-photon absorption by atoms. Today, the unit for the two-photon absorption cross section is named the Goeppert Mayer (GM) unit.
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New measurement of cosmic distances in the dark energy survey gives clues about the nature of dark energy
We now have a standard model of cosmology, the current version of the Big Bang theory. Although it has proved very successful, its consequences are staggering. We know only 5% of the content of the universe, which is normal matter. The remaining 95% is made up of two exotic entities that have never been produced in the laboratory and whose physical nature is still unknown.
These are dark matter, which accounts for 25% of the content of the cosmos, and dark energy, which contributes 70%. In the standard model of cosmology, dark energy is the energy of empty space, and its density remains constant throughout the evolution of the universe.
According to this theory, sound waves propagated in the very early universe. In those early stages, the universe had an enormous temperature and density. The pressure in this initial gas tried to push the particles that formed it apart, while gravity tried to pull them together, and the competition between the two forces created sound waves that propagated from the beginning of the universe until about 400,000 years after the Big Bang.
At that time, the radiation and matter stopped interacting, and the waves were frozen, leaving an imprint on the spatial distribution of matter. This imprint is observed as a small preferential accumulation of galaxies separated by a characteristic distance, called the Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) scale by cosmologists, and corresponds to the distance traveled by the sound waves in those 400,000 years.
A new measurement of the cosmic distance
The Dark Energy Survey (DES) has just measured the BAO scale when the universe was half its present age with an accuracy of 2%, the most accurate determination yet at such an early epoch, and the first time an imaging-only measurement is competitive with large spectroscopy campaigns specifically designed to detect this signal.
The distance the sound wave travels in the early universe depends on well-known physical processes, so it can be determined with great precision, setting a yardstick for the universe. It is what cosmologists call a standard ruler. In this case, it has a length of about 500 million light-years.
By observing the angle that this standard ruler subtends in the sky at different distances (or, in other words, at different epochs in the universe), one can determine the history of the cosmic expansion and, with it, the physical properties of dark energy. In particular, it can be determined by analyzing the cosmic microwave background, the radiation released when atoms were formed, 400,000 years after the Big Bang that gives us a snapshot of the very early universe, as published by the Planck collaboration in 2018.
It can also be determined in the late universe by studying the BAO scale in galaxy mappings as DES has done. Analyzing the consistency of both determinations is one of the most demanding tests of the standard model of cosmology.
"It is a source of pride to see how, after almost twenty years of continuous effort, DES produces scientific results of the highest relevance in cosmology," says Eusebio Sánchez, head of the cosmology group at CIEMAT. "It is an excellent reward for the effort invested in the project."
"What we observed is that galaxies have a greater tendency to be separated from each other by an angle of 2.90 degrees on the sky compared to other distances," comments Santiago Ávila, a postdoctoral researcher at IFAE and one of the coordinators of the analysis. "That's the signal! The wave can be seen clearly in the data," he adds, referring to the first figure. "It's a subtle preference, but statistically relevant," he says, "and we can determine the wave pattern with an accuracy of 2%. For reference, the full moon occupies half a degree in diameter in the sky. So if we were able to see the galaxies with the naked eye, the BAO distance would look like six full moons."
16 million galaxies to measure the universe 7 billion years ago
To measure the BAO scale, DES has used 16 million galaxies, distributed over one-eighth of the sky, that have been specially selected to determine how far away they are with sufficient precision.
"It is important to select a sample of galaxies that allows us to measure the BAO scale as accurately as possible," says Juan Mena, who did his Ph.D. at CIEMAT on this study and is now a postdoctoral researcher at the Laboratory of Subatomic Physics and Cosmology in Grenoble (France). "Our sample is optimized to have a good compromise between a larger number of galaxies and the certainty with which we can determine their distance."
Cosmological distances are so large that light takes billions of years to reach us, thus allowing us to observe the cosmic past. The sample of galaxies used in this study opens a window into the universe seven billion years ago, slightly less than half its present age.
"One of the most complicated tasks in the process is to clean the galaxy sample of observational contaminants: distinguishing between galaxies and stars or mitigating the effects of the atmosphere on the images," says Martín Rodríguez Monroy, a postdoctoral researcher at the IFT in Madrid.
Clues about the mysterious dark energy
An interesting finding of this study is that the size these waves occupy on the sky is 4% larger than predicted from measurements made by ESA's Planck satellite in the early universe using the cosmic microwave background radiation. Given the sample of galaxies and the uncertainties of the analysis, this discrepancy has a 5% chance of being a mere statistical fluctuation. If it were not, we could be looking at one of the first clues that the current theory of cosmology is not quite complete, and the physical nature of the dark components is even more exotic than previously thought.
"For example, dark energy may not be the energy of the vacuum. Its density may change with the expansion of the universe, or even space may be slightly curved," says Anna Porredon, a Spanish researcher at the Ruhr University Bochum (RUB) in Germany. This researcher, a fellow of the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions program of the European Union, has been one of the coordinators of this analysis.
The BAO scale has been measured by other cosmological projects before DES at different ages of the universe, mainly the Baryonic Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) and its extension (eBOSS), which were designed for this purpose. However, the DES measurement is the most accurate at such an early age of the universe, with half the uncertainty of eBOSS at that time. The significant increase in precision has made it possible to reveal the possible discrepancy in the BAO scale with respect to the standard model of cosmology.
"To follow this lead, the next crucial step is to combine this information with other techniques explored by DES to understand the nature of dark energy," comments Hugo Camacho, a postdoctoral researcher at Brookhaven National Laboratory (U.S.), formerly at the Institute of Theoretical Physics at São Paulo State University in Brazil (IFT-UNESP) and member of the Laboratorio Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia (LIneA). "Moreover, DES also paves the way for a new era of discoveries in cosmology, which will be followed by future experiments with even more precise measurements."
The Dark Energy Survey
As its name suggests, DES is a large cosmological project specially conceived to study the properties of dark energy. It is an international collaboration of more than 400 scientists from seven countries with its headquarters at the US DOE's Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, near Chicago. The project is designed to use four mutually complementary methods: cosmological distances with supernovae, the number of galaxy clusters, the spatial distribution of galaxies, and the weak gravitational lensing effect.
In addition, these methods can be combined to obtain higher statistical power and better control of the observations, which are expected to be consistent. The combination of the gravitational lensing effect with the spatial distribution of galaxies is especially relevant. These analyses test the cosmological model in a very demanding way. Results using half of the DES data have already been published to great acclaim, and the final measurements, using the full data set of more than 150 million galaxies, are expected to be published later this year.
"DES allows us to understand for the first time whether the accelerating expansion of the universe, which began 6 billion years ago, is consistent with our current model for the origin of the universe," comments Martin Crocce, who co-coordinates this latest analysis from ICE.
To use all these techniques, the DES built the 570 Megapixel Dark Energy Camera (DECam), one of the largest and most sensitive cameras in the world. It is installed on the Víctor M. Blanco telescope, with a 4m diameter mirror, at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile, operated by the US NSF's NOIRLab.
DES has mapped one-eighth of the celestial vault to an unprecedented depth. It took 4-color images between 2013 and 2019 and is currently in the final phase of the scientific analysis of these images. Spanish institutions have been part of the project since its inception in 2005 and, in addition to having collaborated prominently in the design, manufacture, testing, and installation of DECam and data acquisition, have important responsibilities in DES scientific management to date.
TOP IMAGE....Signal from Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) in the Dark Energy Survey (DES) data. When plotting the number of galaxy pairs as a function of their angular separation in the sky, we find an excess of pairs at 2.90 degrees. This is caused by BAO waves that have traveled hundreds of millions of light-years since the Big Bang. These waves subtend a size on the sky somewhat larger than predicted by the standard model of cosmology and the Planck data. Credit: Dark Energy Survey Collaboration
LOWER IMAGE.....In gold, we see the Dark Energy Survey BAO scale measurement, which deviates from the standard model (horizontal line at 1 in this plot) by 4%, while the uncertainties associated with the analysis are 2% (indicated by the golden vertical bar). This discrepancy could be a clue about dark energy or a mere statistical fluctuation, with a 5% chance. This measurement has been made by observing galaxies that emitted their light when the Universe, which is 14 billion years old, was about half its present age. In blue are shown measurements from the Baryonic Oscillations Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) and its extension (eBOSS). DES gives us the most accurate measurement of when the Universe was about 7 billion years old. Credit: Dark Energy Survey Collaboration
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rederiswrites · 2 years
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Glass is a solid material that does not have long-range order in the atomic arrangement, as opposed to crystalline solids having ordered atomic configurations on a lattice (Doremus, 1994; Shelby, 2005). It has been shown experimentally (Huang et al., 2012) that amorphous solids can be described adequately by the model proposed by Zachariasen, the so-called random network theory (Zachariasen, 1932). Because of the contribution of configurational entropy, glass has a higher Gibbs free energy than a solid with the same composition. To decrease its free energy, glass tends inevitably to transform into the related crystalline form with time: the process is called devitrification. However, the kinetics of transformation at ambient temperature is very slow, so that the glass appears thermodynamically stable over the human life time. Glass can also be considered to be a metastable undercooled liquid, that is a liquid that has solidified below its melting temperature but did not have enough time to order (i.e. crystallize) because of the slow diffusion kinetics of the atoms.
-- Glass and other vitreous materials through history; Ivana ANGELINI, Bernard GRATUZE, and Gilberto ARTIOLI
There. Now you know. Glass is a noncrystalline solid, or a metastable liquid, depending on who you listen to. In other words, it fucks with our words for sorting things that aren’t bound to fit our sorting, as Tumblr should by now be used to.
That said, even the most ancient of stained glass windows do not, contrary to myth, show signs of flowing. Many windows are thicker at some points than others, especially towards the edges, because of the original manufacturing methods, not because of flow. Even the most ancient of glass artifacts do not show readily detectable sagging.
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hologramcowboy · 1 year
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https://at.tumblr.com/hologramcowboy/we-know-jensen-and-danneel-come-from-christian/h4inaut8ayhz
I’m sorry but I have to respectfully disagree with you here. You said not to box all Christians/Religious people into a box. But yet you are basically doing it by boxing Russians together in one box over a video game. Just because Jensen took part in a ad for a video game doesn’t mean he supports or endorses war. He isn’t even in the video game at all just the ad. Also the company who developed the game isn’t even based in Russia. I believe few of the people who work there are Russian I also think there are a few who are Ukrainian as well. That doesn’t mean they support what is happening either. If by taking part in the ad for a video game makes someone a supporter for war/violence then you are saying the same thing about everyone who worked on the game. If taking part in a video game about war means you support war then every single actor, designer, advertiser, developer & etc of games like Call of Duty supports war & violence to right?
Hogwarts Legacy is being attacked as well. Would you say that everyone who took part in making Hogwarts Legacy or everyone who buys it are automatically against the LGBTQ+ community? No. So everyone who worked on(including those who took part in the advertising or who buys Atomic Heart doesn’t mean they support or endorse war of any kind.
Anon, if your mother died but I came to your house and organized a party while you were holding the funeral in the same place, how would that make you feel? If I also backed up the people that ran her over how would you feel? Heavy example and I deeply apologize but just wanted to give you some perspective as to where people are coming from. Can you see how for Ukrainians, whether Jensen meant to or not, him taking on the name of a well known Russian who caused pains for so many is like Jensen saying he gives no f about the war they are enduring? Before defending a privileged white male who is perfectly fine, have you considered what it's like for those experiencing the negative effects of his choice?
Also, please do your research and follow the money as you seem to make claims while being fully misinformed. If you think bloodmoney should be commended then I am truly speechless.
Going to leave you with this: The name of Jensen's character is inspired by a very dark russian...do your research on that as well and you will see why people are taking an issue and why they are absolutely wise to do so.
The creators of this game chose to be tone deaf because there is no way their people did not inform them about history and certain associations as well as the pr issues they would potentially pose. Jensen also chose to be tone deaf. If you are looking to excuse him, you are on the wrong blog. This is about something much more important than a D lister, this is about lack of humanity and greed and encouraging or enabling that, I promise you, will not lead to any positive results for society. Like it or not, Jensen IS a role model, he needs to step into being one and stop making irresponsible choices.
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mysticstronomy · 1 year
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BIG BANG DOES NOT EXPLAIN COSMIC CREATION??
Blog#279
Wednesday, March 15th, 2023
Welcome back,
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Images taken by the James Webb Space Telescope show galaxies forming early in cosmic history, and they have been making plenty of news. Pictures of mature galaxies in a baby Universe shocked many cosmologists because they defy established theories about galaxy formation and cosmic history.
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Unfortunately, some media outlets have taken these images out of their context, reporting that they disprove the Big Bang itself. This could not be further from the truth, but the hubbub gives us a good opportunity to explain what the Big Bang Theory is actually about. There are plenty of surprises in the story.
We are often told that the Big Bang is a theory of cosmic creation — that it tells us how the Universe was created out of nothing and went on to evolve into all the galaxies, stars, and planets. The problem with that characterization is that only the second part of it is true. Yes, what we call the Big Bang is a theory of cosmic evolution. But the Inflationary Universe standard model that guides cosmology says nothing about cosmic origins. The birth of space, time, matter, and energy is simply not there.
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A little history will help us understand why.
The Big Bang’s first theoretical incarnation originated with Georges Lemaître, a shy Catholic priest and physicist. Lemaître had made a name for himself by showing that Einstein’s general relativity could easily account for Edwin Hubble’s famous finding that the Universe was expanding. Having caught the cosmology bug (there were very few scientists working in the field back then) Lemaître went further, proposing an idea he called the primeval atom.
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Even then, Lemaître understood a problem that still haunts cosmological accounts of the Universe’s origin. It is an issue called Kant’s First Antinomy. Two centuries before Lemaître, the philosopher Immanuel Kant asked how the Universe could be explained through a deterministic cause when it must be the very thing that embraces all causes. Since the Universe encompasses all things and, therefore, all causes, what can exist outside of it to set the Universe in motion?
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Lemaître got around this by using the new science of quantum mechanics. In his description, all matter and energy were initially in the form of a giant cosmic atom. Lemaître knew that quantum mechanics had already shown radioactive atoms can decay at any time without an actual cause. (Large groups of such atoms do decay along strict, statistically measurable times.)
So, Lemaître reasoned, the primeval atom jumped over the problem of Kant’s First Antinomy by decaying spontaneously.
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The products of that decay then decayed into further decay products that decayed as well, finally leaving us with all the particles we see today.
Of course, this is not the way cosmology tells the story now. But Lemaître already knew that his formulation did not really solve the First Antinomy, because it did not explain where the primeval atom came from.
Originally published on bigthink.com
COMING UP!!
(Saturday, March 18th, 2023)
"DARK ENERGY COULD LEAD TO A SECOND BIG BANG??"
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usafphantom2 · 8 months
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☝️ request to me was to get his stories out there. That is why I work so hard getting on the history of my Dad and the SR 71 out as much as I do because it was his last request .
My father was a navigator /bombardier in the B- 47. Remember that movie “Strategic Air Command”with Jimmy Stewart and June Allyson? Yes, that is the movie that my parents watched on their first movie date..This movie introduced B- 47 as the newest fastest bomber in the world. This aircraft was ready for serious business, armed with a MK 28 1.1 Mt atomic bomb.
My parents Dad, Richard Sheffield, and my mother, Rosie Chard, met each other on a blind date in Sacramento, California. Dad had a really nice bright red Oldsmobile that he bought the day he graduated from Cadets.
He had sold an old car a few years before while he was a college student at Wheaton. With no plans to get married and certainly no plans to start a family, the monthly payments were hefty. He wanted to treat himself with the car of his dreams. He agreed to go on the blind date reluctantly because his Buddy did not have a car. My mother also did not want to go on a blind date. Neither one of them had ever been on one before. A blind date is when you’re set up by your friends to go out with a stranger that your friends approve of but you’ve never met. When Dad saw my Mother, he knew she was the one for him. It was love at first sight. My mother had an excellent job as a secretary at Procter & Gamble. She was also going to modeling school. She looked like a movie star; after dating each other for four months, they eloped and got married at Reno,Nevada.
A year went by..My young parents are both 23 years old when they were anxiously awaiting the birth of their first child. ( myself) Alone in a southern town without any family the agreement was my mother and the baby would stay in the hospital until my father came back from flying bomb runs in Europe.
The Air Force could not wait for my mother to go into natural labor. This was a matter of national security. The doctors induced my mother into early labor, so that my father could see his firstborn child before he left for two weeks. The Air Force song I heard thousands of times during my childhood starts like this ….🎼off we go into the wild blue yonder flying high into the sky.
It was my destiny and honor to be born into the wild blue yonder. The Air Force was new and B 47 was new, and so was I.
Written by Linda Sheffield Miller
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