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#french and indian war
bantarleton · 3 months
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Let's start 2024 the right way, with some highlander art by Daniel Irwin. https://artstation.com/artwork/Qre9LL
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tricornonthecob · 2 months
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way to land a Manic Pixie Dream Dragoon, Lady Phillips
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atomic-chronoscaph · 2 years
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The Last of the Mohicans - art by N. C. Wyeth (1919)
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Washington’s 1753 Winter
When it came to winter weather, the beloved General did not have the best of luck. The winters in Morristown and Valley Forge were not kind to Washington or his army as historians have famously reported. The winter of 1799 is also arguably what killed him. Of course, not every winter was completely awful with the Delaware Crossing in 1776 being very successful for Washington. However, did you know that the Delaware was not Washington’s only river crossing? That is what I am going to talk about today.
In 1753, tensions between the French and British armies were rapidly rising about who would control the Ohio Valley Territory. George Washington, then 21, was selected by the British army to carry out the diplomatic mission of ordering the French army to vacate the Ohio Valley. On December 11th 1753, Washington and his traveling companion Christopher Gist would deliver the demand to the French commander Jacques Le Gardeur, who politely refused, forcing Washington and Gist to quickly start the journey a second time, back through the wintery wilderness and their home of Virginia.
It was 18 days later, on December 29th 1753 that the two men reached the Allegheny River, which like the Delaware River would be 23 years later, was filled with large chunks of floating ice. The two men had originally assumed the river would be frozen over to the point where they would be able to walk across, and were therefore ill prepared for the crossing, forcing them to build a wooden raft and paddle across.
About halfway across the river, George Washington was tossed into the river when their raft crashed into a large ice pack on the river. Washington was nearly hypothermic due to the icy waters, and had Gist not been there to assist in pulling George from the water, it is possible that the mixture of woolen clothing dragging the man, and hypothermia impacting his ability to move properly Washington would have drowned in the Allegheny River at just age 21.
Due to the struggle, the two men were too exhausted to free themselves from the ice pack, making it impossible to reach the opposite shore or return the way they had come. Luckily, they were able to wade through the freezing water and stay a night (though miserable) on an island. By the next morning, the river had luckily frozen over allowing Washington and Gist to successfully return to Virginia, where Washington would go on to become the man we all know, while Gist who remained a friend of Washington’s went on to hold successful commands during the French and Indian War died of Smallpox in 1759.
One final interesting thing that can be observed about Washington’s 1753 trip across the Allegheny River is that it overlaps quite heavily with the Turn: Washington’s Spies scene, which shows Benjamin Tallmadge taking a plunge into the Delaware River during the 1776 crossing, leaving one to wonder if his experience may have been based off of Washington’s real world experience.
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Source: “Washington's Winters.” George Washington's Mount Vernon, https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/so-hard-a-winter/.
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thebeautifulbook · 2 years
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THE LAST OF THE MOHICANS by James Fenimore Cooper. Illustrated by N.C. Wyeth.
Set in the 1750s, while the American colonies were in the throes of the French and Indian War, the novel takes place in the frontier wilds of New York.
Both sides use Native American scouts. When a British colonel’s daughters are captured, through the treachery of the Huron guide Magua, it’s up to a frontiersman Natty Bumpo (Hawk-eye) and his Mohigan friends —Chingachgook and his son Uncas — to rescue them.
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First published in 1826. This edition by Scribners.
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karagin22 · 10 months
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scriobh-an-iontas · 2 months
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And now that you've answered that, why not sit back and enjoy a brief history of the American Revolution:
First, the Seven Years War happens. It's mostly thought of as having been fought in Europe, but a campaign (not that kind) is also fought in North America. It is called "The French and Indian War" by the locals.
Britain wins the war against France, and subsequently gets the rights to all land east of the Mississippi river.
Colonialists start moving onto native land, probably with a lot of aggression and arrogance. This is ok so far as Britain is concerned, because they assume that the colonialists can play nice with the natives.
That is not the case. As such, the natives push back against them. 500+ colonialists die during this conflict.
Britain realizes that the colonialists CAN'T play nice and forbids them from going west of Appalachian mountains. Troops are sent to enforce this. Taxes are raised to support the troops, levied mostly on the colonies because they're the reason this mess exists at all.
Wealthy Land / Business Owners get frustrated by Britain imposing its will on the colonies and disallowing them from spreading West. Sure, taxes are bad, but it probably wasn't the little folks paying the lion's share of them, except insofar as the fees associated with them are concerned, but you pay sales taxes, so you know that heavy toll already.
Unhappy working class colonialists don't like paying those extra fees, like any USAmerican doesn't like, but this dislike is further stoked into unhappiness via propaganda until war is inevitable.
France, convinced by wealthy colonialists, backs to revolution as a "fuck you" to Britain ("We can't have land in the Americas? Fine. You don't get your precious colonies, either")
America is born! If you're a wealthy white man you're free to do whatever! Otherwise you can fuck off.
Imperialist conquest of the continent begins in earnest ("but really it's just our Manifest Destiny to control the whole continent so it's alright").
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Ultimately, if they don't benefit the wealthy, any establishment of rights in USAmerica regarding a disenfranchised group only happens after massive civil disruption.
Said rights are never seen as good by the establishment, only as the necessary price for keeping/restoring the peace.
For Example:
The north fought the civil war to keep the south in the union. The south fought the civil war to keep their slaves.
If Lincoln hadn't been killed and his VP hadn't bungled things as much as he did, there would be no amendment regarding slavery, it would be a purely legislative matter, not a constitutional one.
This means that, if Lincoln lived, we'd need to worry about republicans overturning anti-slavery laws too, in addition to everything else.
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vandaliatraveler · 2 years
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Icons of the National Road, Part 2. A bloody confrontation at this idyllic notch on the spine of Chestnut Ridge in May, 1754 set off the French and Indian War in North America, which contributed subsequently to the global conflagration between Great Britain and France known as the Seven Years’ War. A French expedition led by Joseph Coulon de Villiers, Sieur de Jumonville left Fort Duquesne (at present-day Pittsburgh) to warn a British colonial militia building fortifications to the east of Chestnut Ridge not encroach on French Territory to the West. The colonial militia was led by George Washington. Tipped off by their Native American allies, Washington’s men ambushed the French party in the secluded, boulder-strewn depression that would later become known as Jumonville Glen. Jumonville was killed along with about a dozen of his men, some of whom were reportedly scalped. The French would later protest that their party was on a diplomatic mission. Washington insisted they were spies. About a month later, a much large force of regular French soldiers, Canadians, and Native Americans defeated the colonial militia at the Battle of Great Meadows and secured Fort Necessity.
The site of the Battle of Jumonville Glen is now preserved as part of the Fort Necessity National Battlefield. 
Notes:
1. The site includes a seep where green false hellebore (Veratrum viride) grows in abundance. I really adore this deeply-pleated and highly toxic beauty.
2. The place is kind of creepy in the late afternoon. I’m not one given to supernatural inclinations, but I was tempted more than once to imagine the spirits of Jumonville and his men flitting through the glen’s secretive recesses. Probably just birds . . . 
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publius-library · 1 year
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hey do ya have good books on washington during the 7 years war? love to see a girlboss failling ngl lmao
DYING SHFSKJLHFKJS
I unfortunately don't have many books on Washington, and I don't know of any specifically about the 7 years war, but I do have recommendations.
I always always always recommend George Washington's Indispensable Men by Arthur S. Lefkowitz because it is so good and you actually do get a lot of information about Washington even though it's not technically about him.
Secondly, and I'm so sorry, there's Chernow's biography of Washington. LISTEN IM SORRY I HATE HIM TOO but his books are really thorough and provide a lot of information you can't get many other places, so if you wanna just check it out at a library and read only the chapters about the seven years war, that could be highly beneficial, and might take you the same amount of time as reading a full book.
I did get two books about Washington for Christmas that I haven't read, which are His Excellency by Joseph J. Ellis, and Washington's End by Jonathan Horn, so if you wanna beat me to those, go ahead and let me know your thoughts if you do.
Hope this helps! Enjoy reading :)
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historybizarre · 4 months
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In the 1750s, tensions between the British, the French, and Indigenous peoples over control of the Ohio Country in North America lead to the outbreak of a global war.
Full transcript
The French Canadian officer lay wounded in the Pennsylvania glen that in time would bear his name. The ground was still wet – it had rained all through the night – and his men had barely begun to cook their breakfast when the shots rang out. Perhaps he could still smell smoke from their campfires. Surely, he could smell gunpowder. Ensign Joseph Coulon de Jumonville was thirty-five years old on this, his last morning. It was May 28, 1754. Five days earlier, Jumonville had left Fort Duquesne, built at the Forks of the Ohio River near what is now Pittsburgh, and headed southeast with 35 mostly French-Canadian men. He carried a message for the commander of a Virginia regiment that he knew was nearby. The British and their colonists were to leave the area immediately, the message read. They were intruders in the colony of New France, and these lands belonged to His Most Christian Majesty, Louis XV.
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swforester · 11 months
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Old Indian Cemetery. Located in West Brookfield MA it was founded way back in 1710. Here's a brief sketch of it's history from Wikipedia:
"The Old Indian Cemetery or "Old Cemetery" is a historic cemetery at 50 Cottage Street in West Brookfield, Massachusetts.
The cemetery was established in 1710 and was an active burial ground until 1849. The cemetery "is the resting place of 16 French and Indian War soldiers, 11 Revolutionary War soldiers, and 6 men who were killed in 1710 by Indians and became known as the Haymakers. It is also the resting place for Jedediah Foster, his wife and daughter, and Diederick Leertouwer."[2] The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006."
There's some haunting gravestones decorated with beautiful, primitive funerary art to be found at this old burial ground. I really enjoyed my 1st visit to this cemetery.
5/16/23
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bantarleton · 4 months
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Massachusetts Provincials. Photo Brent Kemmer.
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tricornonthecob · 12 days
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I am inordinately proud of this expression.
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pub-lius · 1 year
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Goreg Washesaton for richie my beloved
so you may have noticed that this ongoing series of my research of "every historical figure" (/t) for @thereallvrb0y has been on pause for a few weeks and thats bc ive been STRUGGLING to find the rest of them, and i cant. so if anyone needs information on those people, i might just post the bullets from my notes bc im not doing all that work again FKSFKSH they still exist somewhere within my 3000 posts, but i cannot find them bc tumblr sucks <3 anyway, now for
George Washington (pt one)
Georgie was born at his family's plantation, Popes Creek, in Westmoreland County, Virginia, on February 22, 1732, a date that I have memorized for some reason when I don't even have my dad's birthday memorized (sorry dad). His parents were Augustine and Mary Ball Washington. Augustine was a very prominent plantation owner in the area, and also a justice of the county court, so he was a big deal. His first wife, Jane Butler, died and left him with two sons, Lawrence and Augustine Jr., and their daughter Jane.
George was the eldest of the kids from the second marriage. His other siblings were Elizabeth, Samuel, John Augustine, Charles, and Mildred.
The family eventually moved to another one of their properties, Little Hunting Creek, which would become Mount Vernon. They moved again four years later to Ferry Farm.
Augustine Sr. died when George was 11, leaving most of his property to the eldest sons from the first marriage. The remaining income maintained Mary and her children, and George would have been responsible for helping manage their plantation.
George never received a formal education since the funds for that were used on his older brothers. He only received instruction from private tutors. He would have studied reading, writing, basic legal forms, geometry, trigonometry, manners, penmanship, and comportment. I already made a post about his rules of civility, which was a big part of his education.
Mount Vernon, where I got most of my sources from on Washington, of course, has a lot of information on slavery, but I'm not really qualified to talk about all of that since I think it deserves its own separate research, but here's the link for that.
The Washingtons were, however, deeply entangled in the global "institution" (that phrasing makes me uncomfy, it sounds like a business yk). Washington inherited 10 enslaved people from his father, and went on to "inherit/purchase/rent/gain control of" more than 500 enslaved people.
Washington expressed racist sentiments up until the Revolutionary War, which greatly changed his perspective on the definition of liberty and who it applies to. He expressed wanting to free the enslaved people he was responsible for, but couldn't because of the backlash it would cause from him being an international celebrity. He would end up freeing the 123 enslaved people he was able to in his will (that's a whole complicated legal system designed to keep people and their families enslaved for as long as possible and it's honestly exhausting).
Anyway, back to the white people history. Washington got his first job as a surveyor, and it was the only thing he got formal training in. In the mid-1740s he got two surveying jobs (one of which was for a They were going to lay out lots within a large tract along the western frontier of Virginia, and into indigenous territory. He learned more surveying and gained important knowledge of the frontier (*foreboding dramatic movie sound effect*). At the end of the first day, he was shown "a bed of straw with one Threat Bear blanket with double its Weight of Vermin such as Lice Fleas etc. (sic)" He made a promise "not to Sleep so from that time forward chusing rather to sleep in the open Air before a fire. (sic)" This experience ended up being very important to him and getting him out of that cushy rich kid life (*another foreboding dramatic movie sound effect*)
His professional career began in 1749, and recieved a commission for the new Culpepper County (*insert Turn: Washington's spies theme song*), which was probably by the recommendation of Fairfax, who was working on the Governor's council. By 1752, he had completed nearly 200 surveys, totaling more than 60,000 acres. Honestly, I think that if he lived his entire life as just a surveyor, he wouldn't have gone gray in his 40's.
in 1753, Governor Robert fucking Dinwiddie that was this man's NAME in REAL LIFE learned that French troops had moved south from Canada to construct forts in the region south of Lake Erie, which was declared British territory. The area had commercial potential, and Dinwiddie was concerned that the French would fortify the forks of the Ohio River. So, he sent Washington, who was a major in the Virginia militia, to deliver a diplomatic eviction notice to the French in 1753. If that date sounds familiar its bc Georgie is about to have a few major fuck ups that you learned about in middle school. This was known as the Allegheny Expedition, but I have never called it that. It is and will always be the Ohio Eviction.
The expedition was aided by Christopher Gist and local indigenous people. They were escorted by O-non-dowa-gah (also known as Seneca) chief Tanacharison, two Haudenosaunee (Iroquois), and one from the Lenape (Delaware Nation).
This trip was rough. During the trip, Washington hiked for days through snowy woods, fell off a raft into the icy Allegheny River, nearly drowned, and had to spend a freezing night on an island without shelter on the 900 mile journey. I hate to say it, but this dad could beat up your dad. They reached Fort Le Boeuf on December 11, thank fuck. Washington's account was published by Dinwiddie in Williamsburg and London, giving him a reputation at the age of 22.
Despite all that effort, the French just ignored them lmao, bc like what's this little freak gonna do??? So, Dinwiddie dispatched Washington, now a Lieutenant Colonel to assert Virginia's claims a few months later with around 150 men.
They ended up skirmishing with French soldiers on the way, and killed 10 men, including the French commander, Joseph Coulon de Villiers, Sieur de Jumonville. The English under Washington (that's fun to say) retreated to a makeshift fort called Fort Necessity. Washington was forced to surrender when the French surrounded the fort with their indigenous allies. In those surrender terms, Washington accidentally admitted to assassination. This was the start of the French and Indian War, or the Seven Years War for my European fanbase (im so funny).
Washington resigned after that bc his dick was small and he was embarrassed. But, don't worry, his dick regrew and he returned to the frontier in 1755 to serve as a volunteer aide-de-camp (foreshadowing) to General Edward Braddock, who was kind of serving. Braddock had been sent from the King to drive the French from the Ohio Country.
A battle started near the Monongahela River (none of these places have easy names). There was a lot of confusion and troops fled in confusion back to Virginia. Washington was attempting to rally the troops, and had two horses shot out from under him and four bullets shot through his coat. Also Braddock died whoops.
Washington was given command of Virginia's entire military force. He was ordered to protect the entire 350 mile long frontier with a few hundred men, bc everything that happens to this man is fair. This provided him with very necessary experience in commanding troops in stupid ass situations. Eventually, the British took the forks of Ohio in 1758 and Washington retired.
He married our iconic queen Martha on January 6, 1759 and they kissed a lot. He spent 1759-1775 overseeing the farms at Mount Vernon. He constantly worked to improve and expand the mansion and surrounding plantation.
During this time, he established himself as an innovated farmer. In the 1760s, he switched from tobacco to wheat as his main cash crop. He experimented with new crops, fertilizers, crop rotation, tools, and livestock breeding. He actually had some hot takes, but I'm literally the only person who cares bc that shit is actually boring (in case you were wondering, chicken shit doesn't make good fertilizer).
He also expanded the planation to include flour milling and commercial fishing. THEN he built a gristmill, and then began making whiskey, producing over 11,000 gallons of rye whiskey at its peak. Mf slayed.
This era is referred to as the golden years, which I mentioned in Martha's post and everything is wonderful and fine and Washington is happily retired with his family :)....
SIKE time for part 2
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Pre-Pittsburgh: Memo and Personal Statement
This fake comic takes places two hundred and seventy ago, in my hometown. Pittsburgh’s cherished founding stories traditionally begin with a cameo from historical a-lister, young George Washington, on his hero’s journey. The Old Block House and the Fort Pitt museum literally stand today as physical testaments of imperial ambition in a bygone age that made the city what it is today. The stories of George Washington and Fort Pitt have been told over and over again since time immemorial, so what is there new to say in retelling this story in fake comic form?
First off, this fake-comic is rife with tooty-fruity images of “Ohio Country” between 1748 – 1755. Brick-by-brick and cell-by-cell the Pittsburgh tale slowly builds. While I usually start by just doing lots of studies of previous historical imagery of the place and time, my research left me wondering down other aspects less explored. While George Washington wasn’t the only military dude in the area, the traditional history tells of a syndicate of various military dudes that who came to the wild west of “Ohio Country” to establish imperial domain. There are also white traders and American chiefs as other “agents” that move the story along.
Pittsburgh is the 68th largest city in the United States, it’s one of many places that made contributions to a national historical narrative and it of course experienced national and global phenomena, aside from being home of the Steelers.
Generally, I’m more interested in social history over generation instead of the hijinks of individual military dudes. I just didn’t have the sources to make the entire narrative around Pittsburgh’s social structure of the eighteenth century. This fake-comic turned out to be more of an exercise in telling the old stories.
 The book for this time period that really broadened my horizons was Into the American Woods by James Merrell that narrates the translators and negotiators between the state of Pennsylvania and Native American groups, mainly the Haudenosaunee, who were centered in upstate New York, but had claims to the region. Merrell’s interpretation of the events at Fort Duquesne and Fort Pitt are very different from other interpretations on the cause and effects transpiring at the forks of the three rivers. The native people who lived in the region, who had broken free of Haudenosaunee and allied with the French, even helping expel Braddock’s forces in 1755 against the English. History would remember Braddock as Pittsburgh’s first jagoff.
Perhaps in second installment I can present how critical the Ohio Native Americans were in determining which empire would be the victor.
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thebeautifulbook · 1 year
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COOPER’S LEATHER-STOCKING TALES FOR BOYS AND GIRLS by James Fenimore Cooper (London/Glasgow/New York: Routledge, 1890)
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