#factors affecting smoking among students

[cardiologybd]

Progress in Cardiovascular Disease Management in Bangladesh

Progress in cardiovascular disease management in Bangladesh has become a significant concern worldwide, including in Bangladesh. In recent years, this South Asian nation has made remarkable strides in the management and prevention of cardiovascular diseases, significantly improving the overall health and well-being of its population.

The Growing Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases in Progress in Cardiovascular Disease Management in Bangladesh

Bangladesh, like many other developing countries, has been grappling with an increasing burden of cardiovascular diseases. Lifestyle changes, urbanization, and an aging population have contributed to the rising prevalence of heat-related illnesses, making it imperative for the nation to develop effective strategies to address this growing concern.

Enhanced Awareness and Prevention

Enhanced awareness and prevention of cardiovascular diseases have emerged as vital components in the management and mitigation of this widespread health concern in Bangladesh. This positive transformation is the result of various concerted efforts that have significantly impacted the country's healthcare landscape. Key to this transformation has been the remarkable increase in awareness among the citizens of Bangladesh. Public health campaigns, educational initiatives, and the tireless efforts of healthcare professionals have all played pivotal roles in this regard. These combined efforts have been instrumental in educating people about the risk factors associated with heart diseases. Public Health Campaigns Over the years, Bangladesh has witnessed the implementation of effective public health campaigns aimed at raising awareness about cardiovascular diseases. These campaigns use various media platforms, including television, radio, social media, and print, to disseminate information about the causes, symptoms, and prevention of heart-related conditions. They often feature heartwarming stories of survivors and testimonials from healthcare experts, making the information relatable and impactful. Educational Initiatives Education has been a cornerstone of the efforts to combat cardiovascular diseases in Bangladesh. Educational institutions, both formal and informal, have actively engaged in educating students and the general population about the significance of heart health. Schools, colleges, and universities have incorporated health education into their curriculum, ensuring that young people receive comprehensive information from an early age. Furthermore, workshops, seminars, and community health programs provide a platform for individuals to acquire knowledge about risk factors such as an unhealthy diet, a sedentary lifestyle, smoking, and high blood pressure. Empowering individuals with knowledge is considered the primary means of defense against heart diseases. Healthcare Professionals The healthcare community in Bangladesh, comprising doctors, nurses, and other medical practitioners, has taken a prominent position in the fight against cardiovascular diseases. They fulfill a vital function. In both the treatment of those affected and in the realm of preventive healthcare, healthcare professionals play a dual role. They not only provide routine health check-ups but also offer valuable guidance to patients concerning necessary lifestyle changes. Additionally, when required, they prescribe medications. Furthermore, these dedicated professionals are actively engaged in advocacy efforts, underlining the importance of regular health assessments, promoting healthy living, and encouraging adherence to prescribed treatment plans. Community Engagement Another important aspect of enhancing awareness and prevention is community engagement. Local organizations and NGOs collaborate with healthcare professionals to organize health camps, mobile clinics, and health fairs in rural and urban areas. These events provide free health assessments and consultations to underserved populations, emphasizing the significance of early detection and preventive measures. The cumulative effect of these efforts has led to a noticeable shift in the perception of cardiovascular diseases in Bangladesh. Citizens have now improved their ability to recognize the warning signs, understand the impact of lifestyle choices, and take proactive steps to protect their heart health. As awareness continues to grow, we anticipate that the burden of cardiovascular diseases will lessen, resulting in a healthier and more resilient society. Lifestyle Modifications Individuals are now more aware of the importance of a healthy lifestyle. Regular exercise, a balanced diet, and stress management techniques are being increasingly adopted to reduce the risk of heart diseases. This shift towards a healthier way of life has significantly contributed to the decline in the number of cardiovascular cases. Early Detection and Diagnosis Advancements in medical technology have facilitated early detection and diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. Regular health check-ups, ECG screenings, and access to modern diagnostic tools have helped identify potential issues at an earlier stage, enabling timely intervention.

Access to Quality Healthcare: Progress in cardiovascular disease management in Bangladesh

Bangladesh has made substantial investments in its healthcare infrastructure. Improved access to quality healthcare services, well-equipped hospitals, and skilled medical professionals have all played a pivotal role in enhancing cardiovascular disease management. Specialized Cardiac Care Centers The establishment of specialized cardiac care centers across the country has made a significant impact. These centers are equipped with state-of-the-art technology and staffed with experienced cardiologists, ensuring that patients receive the best possible care. Affordable Medication The availability of affordable medication has also been a game-changer. Patients can access essential drugs and treatments without breaking the bank, making it easier for them to manage their condition effectively.

Government Initiatives: Progress in cardiovascular disease management in Bangladesh

The government of Bangladesh has been proactive in addressing the cardiovascular disease epidemic. Various policies and programs have been initiated to improve public health and reduce the prevalence of heart diseases. Health Insurance Schemes The introduction of health insurance schemes has made healthcare more accessible to a larger section of the population. This has reduced the financial burden on individuals seeking treatment for cardiovascular diseases. Health Education in Schools Starting health education at the school level has been another progressive step. Teaching children about the importance of a healthy lifestyle and its impact on heart health is fostering a culture of prevention.

Future Prospects

The progress in cardiovascular disease management in Bangladesh is promising. With continued efforts, the nation is on track to further reduce the prevalence of heart-related illnesses and enhance the overall well-being of its citizens. The combination of awareness, prevention, access to quality healthcare. And government initiatives has created a comprehensive approach to tackling cardiovascular diseases.

Final Thoughts

In conclusion, Bangladesh has made significant strides in the management of cardiovascular diseases. By focusing on prevention, early detection, and improved healthcare access. The nation is well on its way to achieving better heart health for its people. These efforts demonstrate that with determination and concerted action. It is possible to overcome the challenges posed by cardiovascular diseases in a developing nation. Read the full article

#CardiovascularDisease #HealthCampaigns #HealthEducation #HealthInsurance #healthcarecommunity #Lifestyle

[focusdrinkselixir]

Unveiling the Caffeine and Nicotine Trap: Exploring the High Consumption of Tea, Coffee, and Smoking Among Indian Young Professionals and Students

In the fast-paced and demanding world we live in, it’s no secret that the consumption of tea, coffee, and smoking is prevalent among Indian young professionals and students. These habits have become an integral part of their daily routines, offering a temporary escape and a perceived source of energy. However, it is crucial to understand the underlying reasons behind this high consumption and the impact it has on their lives.

The Caffeine Craze: Tea and coffee have long been favored beverages in Indian culture, with their aromatic flavors and stimulating properties. For young professionals and students, caffeine serves as a quick and easily accessible solution to combat fatigue, stay awake during late-night study sessions, and cope with demanding workloads. The caffeine in these beverages acts as a stimulant, providing a short-term energy boost and temporarily improving alertness.

The Impact on Health and Well-being: While the immediate effects of caffeine consumption may seem beneficial, it is essential to recognize the long-term implications. Excessive reliance on tea and coffee can lead to disrupted sleep patterns, increased anxiety levels, digestive issues, and dependency. The constant need for caffeine to stay alert can result in a vicious cycle of dependence and withdrawal symptoms when attempting to reduce consumption. Moreover, the financial burden associated with daily tea or coffee purchases can accumulate over time.

Statistics and Sources: According to a study conducted by the Indian Journal of Community Medicine, it is estimated that around 80% of young professionals and students in India consume tea or coffee regularly[¹^]. This staggering statistic highlights the magnitude of the issue and its prevalence among this demographic.

The Nicotine Temptation: Apart from caffeine, smoking is another habit that is prevalent among Indian young professionals and students. The reasons for smoking can vary from individual to individual, but some common factors include social influences, peer pressure, stress relief, and the perception of smoking as a stress management tool.

The Impact on Health and Well-being: Smoking poses severe health risks, including an increased likelihood of respiratory diseases, cardiovascular problems, and various types of cancer. It not only affects the individuals themselves but also poses a threat to passive smokers, causing harm to their health as well. Moreover, the financial burden associated with purchasing cigarettes can strain personal finances, limiting opportunities for personal growth and development.

Statistics and Sources: According to the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) conducted by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, the prevalence of smoking among young adults (15–24 years) is approximately 14.6%[²^]. This data sheds light on the significant number of young individuals affected by smoking habits in India.

Conclusion: The high consumption of tea, coffee, and smoking among Indian young professionals and students is a pressing issue that needs attention. While these habits may provide temporary relief and an illusion of energy, their long-term consequences cannot be ignored. It is crucial to raise awareness about the potential health risks, financial implications, and dependency associated with excessive consumption of tea, coffee, and smoking.

As we strive for a healthier and more productive future, it is important to explore alternative solutions that promote well-being and vitality without relying on caffeine or nicotine. Elixir, our revolutionary product, aims to provide a natural, sustainable path to enhanced focus, increased productivity, and overall well-being. By offering a healthier choice, we aspire to empower individuals to break free from the caffeine and nicotine trap and embark on a journey of better health, success, and fulfillment.

Sources: [¹^] Indian Journal of Community Medicine: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4684037/ [²^] Global Adult Tobacco Survey

Focus Elixir contains nootropics. Nootropics are proven to improve cognitive and physical abilities, such as memory, learning and concentration, as well as boosting energy and increasing motivation. Great right! That’s why we decided to put it in the bottle.

[itsdentalcollegemuradnagar]

Importance of Dentist in Dental Care

Dentistry is one of the important parts of health care that includes the study on the analyzing, curing and treatment of the dental disorders and cavities. It includes the replacement of damaged or missed tooth, alignment of misaligned teeth and filling gaps. Since a good smile is the dream of every person, moreover smile has a large impact on the personality of the human being, everyone strives to have a better teeth structure to live confidently.

There are several factors that cause dental problems like smoking, extensive consumption of tobacco, coffee or tea, improper dental care and more. Due to consumption of tobacco, the teeth lose their original color and turn into black or start cracking. Even due to oral problems the people suffer from bad breath issues. The tooth also decays when plague accumulated on the tooth pairs with the sugar present in the food that we eat, as a result of which an acid formed in this process attacks on the tooth enamel and due to this, the tooth starts loosening.

Oral cavity is the most common issue found among the people at the huge rate such that it has become the major health issue these days. Oral cavity is also considered as the symbol of traditional diseases like cancer and diabetes and more. For example the gum problems are considered as the sign of diabetes and heart problems. So NHS dentist Medway usually considers the essential treatments for oral cavity. The count of oral cavity patients has been increasing day by day in fact across the planet and affecting more people. Thus, demand of the dentists has also been increased.

A team of dentists includes the tooth technician, assistant, therapist; all have a special role in providing the dental services. Most of the dental treatments provided by them are based on curing the two major tooth problems such as tooth damage and gum problems. The main treatments are restoration of damaged tooth by replacement with a new tooth, tooth filling, removal of cracked or dysfunctional tooth, enhanced alignment of teeth and root canal.

The dentistry students obtain the special coaching for two years during the college; however most prefer the bachelor degree. The dentistry degree is completed in four years and after completion the students called as the doctor of dental surgery or medicine. Dental practitioners also qualify in further courses and take the training to learn the typical dental treatments like oral implantation and sedation.

In the basic training the dentists learn the various procedures of dentistry like root canal treatment, crown, bridge, veneer, orthodontic, gum treatment, removal of damaged tooth and diagnosing the tooth functioning and restoration. They learn about the medicines required in different dental problems like antibiotics and more medicines to reduce the tooth ache.

The dentists are also responsible to prevent the dental problems by providing precise medication and periodic checkups to ensure the proper anticipation of the disease.

Useful Links

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[cprkansascity-blog]

Signs Or Symptoms Indicating Diabetes-Related Heart Disease

If you have diabetes, you might have to balance a variety of health issues. Your heart is at significant risk of developing coronary artery disease, heart attacks, and diabetic cardiomyopathy as a result of this juggling mess.

Diabetes is characterized as a condition when your body produces less insulin than is necessary. To help control your diabetes, you might need to take insulin. According to some research, people with diabetes have a two- to four-times higher risk of dying from heart disease than people without the condition.

How does Diabetes affect your heart?

Numerous ways exist for diabetes to impact your heart. Blood arteries and the heart may be harmed by high blood sugar levels. High blood sugar levels may worsen blood vessel inflammation, according to several types of research. In the end, it can prevent your heart's regular blood flow.

A buildup of cholesterol and plaque can result from persistent artery irritation. In other words, pumping blood requires more effort from your heart. Your risk of getting different heart conditions increases automatically.

Factors affecting Diabetic heart disease

The risk of diabetic heart disease among patients may be exacerbated by several factors. To safeguard yourself from any potentially fatal conditions, it is crucial to be aware of these aspects.

Excessive blood pressure

High blood pressure is one of the usual risk factors for heart disease in diabetics. Your heart has to work harder, and your blood vessels may get hurt. You become more vulnerable to a range of issues as a result, such as:

Cardiac     arrest

Stroke

Renal     problems

Issues     with vision

People with diabetes are twice as likely as non-diabetics to experience heart disease symptoms. To prevent any severe cardiac conditions, it is crucial to control your blood pressure.

Increased cholesterol

People with diabetes who have high cholesterol or who don't control it well are at risk. It can cause artery damage and the formation of a stiff plaque over time. Your likelihood of experiencing a heart attack may increase as a result. You can still control your cholesterol levels even though heredity can sometimes make them worse; instead, focus on leading a healthy lifestyle.

Obesity

The likelihood of being fat is higher than 90% for diabetes patients. Blood pressure, blood sugar, and cholesterol are all adversely affected by obesity. The risk of heart attacks or coronary artery disease is higher in obese adults with diabetes. Your nutritionist will develop a healthy weight plan for you if you want to manage your weight efficiently.

Smoking

The risk of developing diabetic heart disease is 30 to 40% higher in smokers than in nonsmokers. The chance of acquiring heart disease is also increased as a result. This is since plaque accumulation in the arteries is a result of both diabetes and smoking. It can also lead to several side effects, including heart attacks and strokes.

If not managed promptly, these risk factors can seriously harm your general health. Keeping an eye out for signs of diabetic heart disease is the first thing you can do.

CPR Louisville

It is imperative that the pupils who get enrolled also have thorough knowledge regarding the other facets of heart-healthy options. Be it

ACLS certification, or any other courses, it would help the students grow professionally. If it piques your interest, you can always reach CPR Louisville or dial 502-804-6132.

#ACLS certification

[lupinepublishers]

Lupine Publishers |Cancer Awareness among the Students of Baha Ud din Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan

Cancer Awareness among the Students of Baha Ud din Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan

Abstract

Uncontrolled division and proliferation of abnormal cells is called cancer. It is the second most common disorder after cardiovascular diseases. Common symptoms of cancer include extreme tiredness, weight loss, fever, pain, headache, eating problems and lumps or swelling on the body. Age, obesity, alcohol consumptions, smoking and radiations are one of the major risk factors for cancer. A survey was conducted to check the awareness level about cancer among the students of different departments of Baha ud din Zakariya University, Multan. A questionnaire consisting of 15 basic questions about cancer was designed. Total 500 students fill the questionnaire. The results of the survey show the awareness among university students. 69.2% students were aware of the risk factors of cancer, 63.25% students were aware about the most prevalent type of cancer in males and females, 87.66% students were aware of the different modes of treatment and 79.25% students were hopeful that cancer can be treated successfully. In our study, only 1% students have remained cancer patients, 3% students have relatives with cancer and 5% students’ neighbors were affected by this lethal disease. Awareness about cancer in students is not too good, therefore, there is a need to spread awareness among students by conducting seminars and diagnostic camps.

Keywords: Awareness; Survey; Cancer; Questionnaire; Students

Introduction

Cancer is the uncontrolled division of abnormal cells [1]. It is a lethal disease, if untreated leads to death [2]. Cancer occurs in two forms; either Benign or Malignant. Benign is a noncancerous localized mass of abnormal cells, which do not spread to other place in the body. Malignancy is a true cancerous condition in which cancerous cells spreads to other parts of the body from its place of origin. This process is called Metastasis [3]. Majorly types of cancer are; Carcinoma (is the cancer of epithelial cells or of the lining of internal organs), Sarcoma (is the cancer of soft tissues and bones), Lymphoma (is the cancer of lymph nodes or lymphocytes) and Leukemia (is the cancer of blood) [4]. Cancer can be treated through Chemotherapy (by using anti- cancerous drugs), Radiotherapy (usage of high doses of radiations to kill cancerous cells) and surgery (removal of cancerous cells or affected organ part) [5]. Cancer is also considered as hereditary disorder because it can also be transferred to next generations through defected genes from parents [6]. Death rate due to cancer is the second highest rate of death after cardiovascular disorders throughout the world [7]. Most common types of cancer among males and females are prostate and breast cancer respectively [8]. Lungs cancer is the most common type of cancer in males and females [9]. Cancer, if timely diagnosed can be treated successfully [10]. As in other parts of the world, cancer is also a major disease in Pakistan. Mostly it could not be diagnosed due to unawareness of people. Most of the people are unaware about this lethal disease and don not even know about the basics of cancer. Therefore, to check out the awareness about cancer in people, especially among the students of Baha ud din Zakariya University Multan, a survey was conducted about the basics of cancer. The purpose of this survey was to check out the awareness level about cancer among university students.

Methodology

A questionnaire about the basics of cancer was designed. It was consisted of 15 basic questions (Table 1). Questions were mainly consisted of the basics of cancer, its risk factors, prevalence, victims and hope towards the treatment. Decision was made to cover Biological (including Zoology, Botany, Biotechnology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and D-Pharm), arts, business, agricultural, engineering and Information technology departments. Selection of these departments was made on the basis that level of awareness about cancer among the students of different departments could be obtained. From each given department 50 students were selected; 25 males and 25 females. The inclusion criteria was to select only the students of Baha ud Din Zakariya University and exclusion criteria was not to take any student other than the mentioned university. In this way, total 500 students took part in this survey from these given departments. Survey was taken from males and females in equal ratio so that clear image about knowledge of cancer between these two genders could be obtain. Questions that were included in the questionnaire, are as follows.

Table 1: Questionnaire about awareness of cancer among university students.

Results

Results were taken from the students and calculated in the form of percentage. Table 2 consist of the response and understanding of students about the risk factors of cancer. Risk to progress cancer increase with age? 19% of the males said that yes age is a risk factor for cancer while 81% said there is no association between age and cancer. In females’ side, 27% of females answered yes and 73% of them answered no. Smoking is a risk factor for cancer? In case of males, 84% of them answered yes and 16% said no. In case of females, results were slightly differed. 87% of females answered yes to this question while 13% answered no. Alcohol consumption can cause cancer? As male side is more inclined towards alcohol consumption, therefore majority of the male side i-e 91% answered yes while 9% said that alcohol consumption did not cause cancer. In females, 70% of them answered yes and 30% No to this question. Radiation exposure for long time lead to cancer? People are aware that radiations are dangerous and causes serious health hazards therefore most of the males and females i-e 88% males and 90% females answered yes to this question. In other case, 12% males and 10% females answered no. The last question about the risk factors of cancer was, obesity is one of the aspects of cancer? 65% of the males answered that obesity is one of the aspects of cancer while 35% answered obesity is not the aspect of cancer. In females, 71% answered yes and 29% answered No to this question. In this way total awareness of this section was 69.2%. The results about the prevalent type of cancer in males and females are given in the Table 3.

Table 2: Awareness level about the risk factors of cancer among the students of BZU, Multan.

Table 3: Awareness level about the prevalent type of cancer in males and females.

Prevalent type of cancer in males is prostate cancer? The results of this question were very disappointed. 33% of males answered yes while 67% of them answered no. In case of females, 25% answered yes and 75% answered no. Both sides were not well aware to this question. The students from biological sciences were aware that which prevalent type of cancer in males while the students from other areas have not even familiar with the name of prostate cancer. While, the results about the second question were totally opposite. Most common type of cancer in females in breast cancer? 95% of the males answered yes to this question and 5% answered No to this question. 100% of the females who solved this questionnaire answered yes to this question, while no one answered No to this question. Hence, 63.25% was the total awareness of this section. Next questions were about the possible treatments for cancer. The results of these questions are given in the Table 4. Cancer can be treated with medication only? In male category, 94% of the males answered yes to this question and only 6% answered no. In female category, 97% of them answered yes while 3% answered No to this question. Second question was, cancer can be treated with surgery? All the participants who took part in this survey answered yes to this question. The last question of this section was, do you think radiations are the way to treat cancer? Results of this question were average because students were not well aware that radiations can be used for the treatment of cancer. 61% of males and 74% of females answered yes while 39% of males and 26% of females answered No to this question. So, 87.66% of total students were aware about the different treatment modes of cancer. Table 5 shows the awareness and response of the students about the victims of cancer.

Table 4: Awareness level about the possible treatments for cancer.

Table 5: level of awareness about the victims and sufferers of cancer.

Do you have cancer? The answer to this by male side was 100% no. While 1% of the females answered that they have suffered from this lethal disease. 99% among them answered No to this question. The next question was about family. Do any of your family member have cancer? 100% of males said that there is no any family member suffering from cancer. In female’s category, 3% of them answered yes and 97% answered no. Do any of your relative have cancer? In this question both male and female side answered that they do not have any relative who is suffering from cancer. The last question in this section was, do any member in your neighbor have cancer? 5% of males answered yes and 95% among them answered No to this question. While in female category, 6% of them answered yes and 94% answered No to this question. The last question of this questionnaire was about the hope of students that cancer could be successfully treated or not. The results of this question are given in the Table 6.

Table 6: Level of awareness about the hope for the treatment of cancer.

The last question of the questionnaire was, Cancer, if timely diagnosed can be treated successfully. 78% of the males answered, cancer can be treated successfully if it is diagnosed timely while 22% of them said, and cancer cannot be treated. In female’s side, 81% of them are hopeful that cancer can be treated successfully while 19% are not sure about the success of treatment against cancer. Of the total students, 79.5% were hopeful that cancer can be treated successfully.

Discussion

The findings of the present study clearly shows that students are only aware about the definition of cancer but majority of them are not well aware about the basics of cancer. After the two introductory questions, next questions were about the risk factors of cancer. According to the results, 23% of students said age, 85% of the students said smoking, 81% of the students said alcohol consumption, 84% of the students said radiation exposure and 63% of the students said obesity are one of the risk factors for cancer. Similarly, in a previous study, a survey was conducted on information, attitude and protective measures for cancer in the educational institutes of Lahore to evaluate the base line knowledge. Students of different age groups were selected. Results of this survey shows that only 27% students have “good”, 14% have “poor” and 59% have “fair” knowledge about cancer [11]. Similarly in another previous work, it was clearly established that there is link of Paan, Chaalia, Niswar, Gutka and Tumbaku in head and neck cancer. Proportion of people believes that use of these items has benefits, health hazards, and immediate side effects and have role in the cause of oral and neck cancer. 58% cases of this cancer caused due to these items [12]. Next two questions were about the most common type of cancer in male and female. 24% of the students answered, prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer in males while 95% of the students answered, breast cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer in females. In the period from 2010- 2015, Karachi cancer Registry was established to fix the common types of cancer in Pakistan. The database shows that, during this era 51.8% females and 48.1% males were affected by cancer. According to the database the percentages of widespread types of cancer in men were; prostate cancer 34%, head and neck cancer 32.6%, lung cancer 15%, gastrointestinal tract cancer 6.9%, lymphoma 6.1% and cancer of bone and soft tissues 4.9%. Similarly, most common types of cancer in female side were; breast cancer 38.2%, head and neck cancer 15.1%, cervical cancer 5.5%, ovarian cancer 4.9% and cancer of gastrointestinal tract 4.9%. If we examine the database according to the residential status of population then it declares that both urban and rural population never go for consistent health examinations [13]. Next portion of the questionnaire was about the possible ways of treatment of cancer. 95% of the students answered that medication is the way to treat cancer while 100% of the students said that surgical way is one of the best possible ways to treat cancer. Students were not much aware that radiations are one of the ways to treat cancer, therefore, only 33% students answered Yes to this question. A similar study was conducted in 2000 to understand the methods of therapy in Pakistani cancerous patients. One hundred and ninety-one cancerous patients were interviewed with a questionnaire. 54.5% of all patients were using unconventional way of treatment. Unconventional way of treatment refers to medical practices which are used as an alternative to the conventional medications for the diagnose and treatment of different medical disorders. 70.2% of the patients were using herbal medicines and 64.4% had remained under the treatment of homeopathic doctors. All these patients were influenced by their family members and relatives to adopt these unconventional ways of treatment [14]. The second last portion of the questionnaire was about the victims of cancer. Students were asked either they are their any family member, relative or neighbor is suffering from cancer. No male student was suffering from cancer while 1% of the females have suffered form breast cancer in their lives. 3% of the students have family members who were suffering from cancer while there was not a single case of cancer among the relatives of students. 5% of the total students have neighbors who were suffering from cancer. In the last portion of questionnaire, students were asked about their hope towards the successful treatment of cancer. 80% of the students were hopeful that cancer can be cured successfully if it is timely diagnosed. A similar study was conducted in 2014 about the emotions and expectations of females after the diagnosis of breast cancer. Total 21 females participated in this survey in which 17 were married and 4 were single. The results were surprising because after the diagnosis of breast cancer females were highly motivated against the treatment. The most common motivating factors among the married women were the caring and bringing up their children. Due to the uncertainty of the disease, they were worried about their children that who would take care of their children if they died before their children reached adulthood. That’s why, the women were highly motivated towards treatment [15].

Conclusion

This important study emphasized on the awareness about the lethal disease. Throughout the world, cancer is considered as one of the most widely spread disease which is also the second most leading cause of death. Although, new and better ways of treatment have developed to treat this lethal disease, but still the expectations of the victims towards the treatment are low. University students have an average awareness and knowledge about this disease. The results of our study clearly show that there is a need to arrange awareness programs like seminars about the risk factors of cancer, it’s major types, prevalence rate, mortality rate and possible ways of treatment so that, not only students but also people from surroundings could be benefited. The need of the time is to take action on these measures as early as possible so that we may able to diagnose and treat cancer timely.

For more information about The Research and Reviews on Healthcare: Open Access Journal Archive page click on below link https://lupinepublishers.com/research-and-reviews-journal/archive.php For more information about lupine publishers page click on below link https://lupinepublishers.com/index.php

#lupine publishers #lupine publishers LLC #lupine publishers group #the research and reviews on healthcare: open access journal #rrhoaj

[antoine-roquentin]

This powerful connection between work life and broader public welfare has been undeniable in the pandemic, as workplace clusters of employees with the coronavirus have often led to community spread. Many meatpacking employees, for instance, were required to work close together without adequate protection. The result? They brought the highly contagious virus home to their family, neighborhood and community.

A study published in May in the journal Food Policy found that the presence of a large beef-packing facility in a county, relative to comparable counties without such plants, increased per capita Covid-19 infection rates by 110 percent. The study estimated that 334,000 Covid infections in the United States were attributable to beef, pork and chicken processing plants.

In health care, countless examples demonstrate how conditions for workers, both bad and good, affect patient outcomes. Inadequate staffing ratios in hospitals and nursing homes cause stress and difficulties for workers; they also hurt patient care, as shown by numerous studies. For example, researchers who examined data from 161 Pennsylvania hospitals found a significant association between high nurse-patient ratios and infections of the urinary tract and surgical sites.

A study published this year found, on the other hand, that increased minimum wages reduced inspection violations, adverse health conditions, and mortality among nursing home residents, by decreasing turnover and improving continuity of care. And during the pandemic, researchers found that unionized nursing homes had lower Covid-19 mortality rates than those without unions.

Out on the highways, the low pay of truck drivers and long hours they work to earn more has created real dangers. In 2019, 5,005 people were killed and 159,000 injured in crashes involving large trucks.

Under federal rules, truck drivers are allowed to spend up to 11 hours per day driving, and up to 14 consecutive hours working. These drivers are generally not covered by federal overtime laws, so companies can require wildly long workweeks without busting their budgets.

The resulting fatigue is dangerous for everyone on the road. A scholarly review of N.T.S.B. investigations of transportation mishaps (including truck crashes) over more than a decade found that 20 percent identified fatigue as a probable cause or factor; another study on commercial vehicles specifically found that the risk of being in a “safety critical event” increased as work hours increased. When truck drivers are underpaid and overworked, it’s bad for them and also bad for us.

Researchers have found interesting connections between poor working conditions and seemingly unrelated social problems. For example, most people don’t think of the opioids crisis as a labor-related issue, but research has shown a connection between occupations with high workplace injury rates, like construction, and opioid overdose fatalities. (People get injured on the job; lacking sick days, they take opioids so they can work through the pain.)

At the same time, improved working conditions are correlated with a number of seemingly unrelated social benefits, from a reduction in the incidence of low-birth weight babies to a decrease in suicide rates. Unionization has been shown to increase civic participation, reduce the racial wealth gap and lessen racial resentment among white workers.

And when unionized workers fight for better conditions, the improvements often contribute to the benefit of all of us. Decades ago, the Association of Flight Attendants fought to ban smoking on airplanes. We all breathe easier because of that battle. More recently, teacher strikes and protests in a number of states in 2018 achieved not only higher salaries, but also increased education funding. Taking an approach called bargaining for the common good, teachers sought solutions that benefited not only themselves, but also students and the entire community.

Unionized workers fared much better during the pandemic: unions helped ensure that workers had the protective equipment they needed, paid sick days and more. And now, with vaccination as our national challenge, too many workers worry about not having paid sick days to get the vaccine or deal with side effects; those with adequate paid sick days or dedicated vaccination leave don’t face these barriers.

[curryhealthcenter]

Harm Reduction: Speak Up, Speak Out 

HealthNut guest writer: Michael Layeux 

HealthNut photo: pexels.com 

Guest writer and advocate for drug policy and harm reduction, Michael Layeux, has joined as a guest to give a brief overview of what harm reduction is, what we as students can do to help reduce harm, and how to educate yourself on this topic. If you have any further questions or concerns about this topic, please reach out to Curry Health Center or someone you trust on campus to get help and information. Now without further ado here is what Michael had to say. 

What exactly is harm reduction? Why is it important? What does it have to do with me? Let’s start by exploring what it means for us in the context of substance use. 

Harm reduction is a philosophy of action that takes many diverse forms. That philosophy of action stems from the fundamental belief that all humanity is valuable and worthy of life. A major component of drug harm reduction is identifying what potential harms may exist for people who use substances; whether it be harmful policies surrounding substances and use, the stigma people who use substances suffer, the risks of an unregulated drug market, transmission of disease, or equitable access to safe supplies and lifesaving resources. Once these harms are identified, it is necessary to find ways to reduce or eliminate them. 

A key facet of harm reduction is reducing stigma for those who use substances. It is important to note that by recent estimates, only 11% of people who use some of the most stigmatized drugs develop dependence or a substance use disorder (Csete. J. et al, 2016). By cultivating an open and compassionate atmosphere around substance use, we can emotionally and physically be there for our friends and family, as well as ourselves. Practicing empathy and understanding is an important piece of harm reduction. If you use substances, or have loved ones who do, strive to create support networks and an honest, non-judgmental space about substance use. If we honestly learn to listen and care for one another, we can look out for our community and ensure people live safer and healthier lives. 

This critical philosophy can be practiced by every individual, as well as by groups. As individuals, the simplest form of harm reduction is practicing healthy habits: ensuring you have adequate sleep, proper hydration, exercise, etc. On the group scale, harm reduction organizations ensure equitable access of harm reduction materials to the most stigmatized and marginalized communities. They work tirelessly to provide lifesaving resources, education, and safe supplies to those that are most affected by the war on drugs, and the stigmatization of substance use. This can take forms such as: regularly testing people for HIV/Hep C., providing clean injection supplies, providing safer smoking and snorting supplies, providing narcan/naloxone (an opioid overdoes reversal agent), providing fentanyl testing strips, assisting with housing for HIV+ members of the community, and much more. 

“So, why is it important?” Well, for one we are in the midst of an overdose crisis that is directly caused by current drug laws and the unregulated drug market. Across the country overdoes deaths have risen dramatically in the past few years, even causing the CDC to release notice to all medical professionals and organizations to prioritize harm reduction efforts and tactics (Center for Disease Control, December 2020). Even here in Missoula fatal overdoses have increased 77% since 2019 (Missoula City/County Rx TaskForce). It is important to remember that each one of these deaths is a human life: a mother, a daughter, a son, a friend, or a partner. Each of these people are worthy and deserving of life, and it was taken from them by current attitudes and policies surrounding substance use. 

It is also incredibly important to note that non-fatal drug overdoses are increasing as well. You may wonder, “Why are overdoses increasing so dramatically?” The answer to that is a complex one. One of the largest factors is the fact that in the U.S. there is no safe and regulated supply to most substances, or free testing of these substances, as they are often criminalized unless prescribed. This causes unregulated drug markets to complete amongst each other to meet the demand in our country, which leads to cut/poisoned drug supplies. Another substantial factor is the prevalence of the drug Fentanyl and its many analogues in the unregulated drug market. 

Fentanyl is a synthetic opiate, like opium or morphine, but with a potency nearly 100x more than morphine, and 10x more than heroin. Some of the fentanyl analogues, such as carfentanil, are even 100x more potent that fentanyl. (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2021). Fentanyl has been found in many drugs in the U.S. and here in Missoula. We know fentanyl to be in supplies of heroin, methamphetamine, cocaine, and even in pressed pills designed to replicate xanax or oxycodone, among other drugs. Due to the small amount of fentanyl required for a lethal dose (approximately 2 milligrams), many more people are overdosing. 

“How can we work to correct this issue?” “How do we know if the drugs we plan to take are adulterated?” The best thing we can do is to educate ourselves! Do personal research on the substances you would like to use, and take note of any interactions they might have with any prescriptions you may take or other substances you plan to use (Here are a few web resources: CAIRNmontana.org, Dancesafe.org, Erowid.org, combo.tripsit.me). Fentanyl testing strips are a cheap and effective way to check your drugs for fentanyl before ingesting them. Another incredibly valuable resource is narcan, an overdose reversal agent (in an easy to use nasal spray form). If you contact us at [email protected] we will confidentially ship fentanyl testing strips to you at no cost, and can help you in accessing narcan. Also Open Aid Alliance (OAA) is a tremendously valuable resource in Missoula, and can offer fentanyl strips and narcan among many other harm reduction supplies and educational materials at no cost. 

We are hosting “Harm Reduction at the Oval” with OAA at UM on 3/31, 4/7, and 4/14 from 10am-3pm. Swing by for the free educational materials, free fentanyl testing strips and narcan as well as training, and other harm reduction materials!

Remember to practice love and compassion for yourself and your community. Be safe UM! 

[irispublishersmedicaljournals]

Iris Publishers - Current Trends in Clinical & Medical Sciences (CTCMS)

The Prevalence of Prediabetes in Sudanese Patients attending Khartoum North Teaching Hospital Referred Clinics Sudan?

Authored by Mohammed Handady

Introduction

Prediabetes (PDM) is an important health issue which rarely draw health workers attention, and hence it is underestimation and under diagnosis. It is an important health issue given the associated complications which are the same for type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) and high rate for development T2DM. Unfortunately, there is no Sudanese studies has been published yet regarding prediabetes.

The first technical report for diagnostic criteria of Diabetes Mellitus was published by the World Health organization in 1965 [1]. “Borderline diabetes” and “Chemical Diabetes” were used to classify people with glucose levels in the non-diabetes range and had a higher risk of developing diabetes subsequently [2]. But the term impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) was first mentioned only in 1979 to include people who have plasma glucose between the diabetes range and the normal plasma glucose [3]. Again, IGT is recognized as a condition predisposing to T2DM but no further measures to manage this condition were described. It was not until 1999 that the term fasting plasma glucose (IFG) was introduced to explain the dysglycaemic fasting plasma glucose [4].

IFG and IGT have been interchangeably included under the conditions non-diabetic hyperglycaemia (NDH), impaired glucose regulation (IGR) and impaired glucose metabolism (IGM). It is recommended that the term PDM may be used to address the disorders of IGR when communicating to non-healthcare professionals [5]. However, PDM does not inevitably lead to T2DM [6]. PDM was recognized as a major healthcare problem in the late 90s and the early 2000 following publication of results of landmark prevention studies for T2DM. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of prediabetes and the risk factors that increase acquisition of T2DM in Khartoum North Teaching Hospital- Khartoum-Sudan.

Material and Methods

It was descriptive cross-sectional hospital-based study carried out at Khartoum North Teaching Hospital-Khartoum-Sudan during the period September 2016 to April 2017. Four hundred participants above 40 years of age were incorporated. Data was collected by structure questionnaire. Fasting blood glucose and two hours postprandial was obtained by a finger puncture under aseptic conditions. Those who were seriously ill or had recent history of hospitalization due to any ailments were excluded from the study. Demographic data, history or family history and treatment history of DM or hypertension as well as smoking habits and regular exercise were obtained from the participants by a structured questionnaire. The arterial blood pressure was measured using mercury sphygmomanometers. The American Heart Association Guidelines for In-Clinic Blood Pressure Measurement [4], were applied for the participants. Capillary blood glucose was obtained by a finger puncture under aseptic conditions to measure a fasting blood glucose and two hours postprandial.

The body mass index (BMI) is defined as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters (kg/m2). The BMI was determined by using World Health Organization (WHO) classification for obesity [4]. For the purpose of this study, diabetes diagnosed as fasting blood glucose concentration more than 7mmol /litre or>126mg/dl, impaired fasting glucose (IFG) is a fasting blood glucose between 110mg -125mg or 6.1mmol-6.9mmol. Statistical analysis was performed via SPSS software (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Continuous variables were compared using student’s t test (for paired data) or Mann-Whitney U test for non-parametric data. For categorical data, comparison was done using Chi-square test (X2) or Fisher’s Exact test when appropriate. A P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Ethical clearance and approval for conducting this research was obtained from the State Ministry of Health and the hospital and informed verbal consent was obtained from every respondent who agreed to participate in the study. Of course, the respondents informed that the study is not associated with experimental or therapeutic intervention while information was collected from them.

Results

A total of 400 participants had both FPG and 2HPP measured. The mean age was 51.4±1.85 years and the proportion of female participants was 51.2%, majority were housewives 41.2% and illiterate 36.2%. The mean BMI, 27.4±2.43kg/m2. Of the study population, (33.5%) had positive family history of diabetes mellitus, only (18.3%) were had positive family history of hypertensive. The prevalence of prediabetes was 27(6.75%), 24(6.00%) has impaired GT, and 0.75% has IFG. Fasting blood glucose test was normal in (98.8%), impaired in (0.75%), and in the range of diabetes in (0.25%). Two hours post prandial was normal in (92.75%), impaired in (6%), and in diabetes range in (1.25%) (Table 1).

Discussion

Prediabetic individuals are at increased risk for developing micro vascular and macro vascular complications prior to diagnosis , so diagnosis of pre diabetes is a good opportunity to identify patients at increased risk for type 2 diabetes and to implement interventions that can delay or prevent type 2 diabetes and its complication, unfortunately this opportunity is often unrecognized by health-care providers. Our study find that, among those investigated 373 (93.25%) were normal, 27 (6.75%) had impaired glucose regulation, of them, IFG was in 3 (0.75%), and 2HPP was impaired in 24 (6.0%), all 27 patients of impaired glucose regulation requested to do HbA1c, just seven of them showed up with the result, all were below 6.5%, i.e. normal.

Also, there were two fasting blood glucose results in the diabetes range, and five members has diabetic range when they investigated by blood glucose level after two hours 2HPP test. All had been counselled about their blood glucose status. The main results of the current study are the low prevalence of pre- diabetes (6.75%), housewife’s women, those who have positive family history of DM, who are obese, who with no regular exercise and more than 60 years were at higher risk of prediabetes. This was a hospital-based study and most Sudanese people go to primary health centre. This could explain the relatively low prevalence of prediabetes in our study.

Our data demonstrate a prevalence rate of pre diabetes (6.75%), 24 (6.00%) has impaired GT (2HPP) and 0.75% has IFG which it is comparable with the global prevalence of IGT 8.3% [16] , but was lower than that reported from most countries in the region [7,8]. A comparison of our data with these reports is difficult because of the different criteria used, the different age groups studied, and the different methodologies adopted. The difference between our study and other studies may be explained by multiple factors such as, the differences in environmental risk factors, genetic, socioeconomic factors, prevalence of other associated risk factors for prediabetes and the method of blood glucose determination. In this study, the majority of cases of IGR were housewives (41.0%) of them 3(100.0%) had IFG and 19(70.3%) had IGT, there were 5(18.5%) employees had IGR all has IGT, this shows a relation between decreased physical activity and IGR which is consistent with a study in Turkey by Kelestimur F et al, which showed similar result [9].

In the present study, females were more likely to have impaired fasting blood glucose than males. Previous reports were variable regarding gender differences in the prevalence of prediabetes. Our data are consistent with those reported from Iraq [10] and Abu- Dhabi [11]. As we are going through the other risk factors, we find that (55.8%) of our populations have high body mass index ranging from overweight to obese and the study demonstrate strong association between BMI and prediabetes (P value 0.02).

Moreover, the current study reveals that, there was statistically significant difference in the prevalence of prediabetes between normal weight and overweight or obese population, the prevalence of IFG and I 2HPP was higher amongst overweight and obese subjects. This finding has been reported by previous studies which states that (Obesity, mainly central obesity has long been considered a risk factor for prediabetes DM and other cardiovascular diseases) [7,12]. Lack of regular exercise and bad dietary habit can be others risk factors for insulin resistance.

The present study finds that (82.2%) of our study population has no regular exercise program as most of them are females in addition to cultural aspect. This is in keeping with other studies [13,14]. Based on genetics, family history of diabetes is a strong factor for development of IFG even in the absence of obesity [15]. In the present study, prevalence of prediabetes was higher among positive family history of DM.

Strength and limitation of this study

The strength of this study, data was collected by structure questionnaire. Fasting blood glucose and two hours postprandial was obtained by a finger puncture under aseptic conditions. World Health Organization criteria were adopted for the diagnosis of DM (fasting plasma glucose $7.8mmol L21 or plasma glucose of $11.1mmol L21, 2h after an oral anhydrous glucose load of 75g) and IGT (fasting plasma glucose, 7.8mmol L21 and plasma glucose between 7.8mmol L21 and 11.1mmol L21, 2h after an oral glucose load of 75g).This study had some limitations. The relatively few number of study participants, may affect negatively the probability of finding significant relationships between different factors or variables with the IGR.

Other limitation of the present study was confounded by inadequate sample size or selection bias. Small sample size is open to a beta-II type error: a failure to accurately identify a true difference (i.e., a false negative result). In spite of limitations like small sample size and uncentre model, this study takes an important step towards exploring the inter-relationship of various predictors for prediabetes and impaired glucose tolerance

To read more about this article: https://irispublishers.com/ctcms/fulltext/the-prevalence-of-prediabetes-in-sudanese-patients-attending-khartoum-north-teaching-hospital.ID.000514.php

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[focusdrinkselixir]

Unveiling the Smoking Epidemic Among Indian Young Professionals and Students

Cigarette smoking has reached alarming levels among young professionals and students in India, presenting a significant challenge to public health. Understanding the underlying factors that contribute to the high consumption of cigarettes in this demographic is crucial in devising effective strategies to combat this epidemic. In this article, we will explore in detail the reasons behind the prevalence of smoking, its impact on individuals, and the larger societal implications.

The Magnitude of the Problem: To truly grasp the magnitude of the smoking epidemic among Indian young professionals and students, let us examine some data that sheds light on the issue. The Global Adult Tobacco Survey conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO) in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of India reveals that approximately 13% of Indian adults are smokers (WHO, Global Adult Tobacco Survey India, 2016–17). This statistic serves as a wake-up call, as it indicates a significant portion of the population engaging in a habit with severe health implications.

Impact on Health and Well-being: Smoking among Indian young professionals and students exacts a heavy toll on their health and overall well-being. The harmful chemicals present in cigarettes, including nicotine and tar, expose individuals to a heightened risk of developing life-threatening conditions such as lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory disorders, and compromised immune systems. Furthermore, second-hand smoke affects those around them, posing additional health risks to family members, friends, and colleagues.

Beyond the physical health consequences, smoking also inflicts social and psychological repercussions. Young professionals and students who smoke often face social stigma and exclusion, as smoking is increasingly viewed as an undesirable habit. The resulting isolation can have a detrimental impact on mental health, leading to increased stress levels, anxiety, and depression. Thus, smoking exacerbates existing mental health issues, creating a vicious cycle of physical and psychological harm.

Understanding the Reasons for Smoking: To address the smoking epidemic among young professionals and students effectively, it is essential to delve into the underlying reasons that contribute to this behavior. By identifying and comprehending these factors, targeted interventions can be developed to prevent smoking initiation and support smoking cessation efforts. Here are some key reasons for the high consumption of cigarettes in this demographic:

Peer Influence and Social Pressure: The influence of peers plays a significant role in initiating and sustaining smoking habits among young individuals. Social pressures to conform to group norms and the desire to fit in can lead young professionals and students to experiment with smoking.

Stress and Coping Mechanisms: The demanding nature of work, academic pressures, and personal challenges create a highly stressful environment for young professionals and students. Smoking is often perceived as a way to cope with stress, providing a temporary escape and a sense of relaxation.

Lack of Awareness: Limited awareness about the detrimental effects of smoking, particularly among young individuals, contributes to its high prevalence. Insufficient education campaigns and the absence of targeted anti-smoking initiatives fail to provide young professionals and students with a comprehensive understanding of the long-term consequences associated with smoking.

Marketing and Advertising Tactics: Aggressive marketing strategies employed by tobacco companies, coupled with attractive packaging and promotional activities, entice young individuals into smoking. Clever marketing tactics manipulate perceptions, associating smoking with notions of glamour, sophistication, and social acceptance.

Conclusion: The widespread smoking epidemic among Indian young professionals and students necessitates immediate attention and comprehensive interventions. The data underscores the urgency of addressing this issue and its far-reaching impact on the physical and mental well-being of individuals. By understanding the underlying reasons for smoking initiation, implementing stringent tobacco control policies, raising awareness, and providing support systems for smoking cessation, we can mitigate the smoking epidemic and promote a healthier lifestyle among young professionals and students in India. Together, we can create a future where individuals can thrive, free from the clutches of smoking-related health hazards.

Focus Elixir contains nootropics. Nootropics are proven to improve cognitive and physical abilities, such as memory, learning and concentration, as well as boosting energy and increasing motivation. Great right! That’s why we decided to put it in the bottle

[rosieblower]

Does University Affect Student Mental Health and Wellbeing?

After being accepted to University, there are a few things that you need to do: register to classes, register with a GP, receive vaccinations, join societies, attend freshers fares, adhere to your new timetable, complete mass amounts of holiday tasks and eventually move in. It was an overwhelming possibility at the time. Still, my parents and I packed everything I owned into my surprisingly spacious, blue ford ka and set off to begin my new life. There were more storage boxes than I could count, the smell of polystyrene packaging lingered and an essential full length mirror split the vehicle in half, so mum and dad had to talk over it to ask me how excited I was.

Before I had chance to answer, we were at my accommodation, unpacking my possessions and greeting my new flat mates. My family, who I had lived with and seen every day of my life until now, proudly said goodbye and that these would be ‘the best years of your life’. I stood in the kitchen with six little chairs, six little cupboards and six little shelves in the fridge, where I would learn to cohabitate and I was unsure whether to feel ecstatic or scared. Instead I felt naked; all that covered me was a complimentary hoodie and a lanyard. I embraced it. I had been identified as a fresher and I intended to live like one. Even after summer, the fun shouldn’t stop so every day went something like this: 2pm wake up 3pm crawl to lecture 4pm go home 5pm see flat mates 6pm nap 7pm get ready 8pm pub 9pm pres 10pm pre drinking 11pm trebles (triple shots for the price of one) 12pm club 1am deep chats in the smoking area 2am after party 3am Maccies 4pm bed.

The University lifestyle consumed me as I attempted to survive, Bear Grills would not be impressed. My exiting English and Drama degree saw no routine, sleep, socialisation or food for weeks. Relationships broke down as quickly as I built them because freshers make friends then disappear for the holidays and we disperse all over the country like a millennial virus. I had never suffered from mental health problems before however, most of my friends were open about this and it allowed me to question my internal thoughts. Despite the struggle, I was educationally productive by devising pieces and throwing myself into work. One exercise occurred early morning for a workshop to help inspire ensembles to create their own piece, in which I and three others were chosen. One student walked an imaginary grid around the studio, one in slow motion, one speaking in a different language than myself, who was running to and fro whilst being prompted to improvise a monologue. It was based on the colour red. Connotations of love, fear and flowers popped into my head and out my mouth, as sweat rolled down my cheeks. I spoke about the taste of my mother’s cooking, how I was homesick because my friends were there and how relationships are irrelevant when you look at the bigger picture. They say the greatest thing you can do is move from your home town as it puts life into perspective. They tell you how wonderful life will be but not about the overwhelming need to visit your dog. Time passed as I scaled the room and an applause from my peers erupted once the other members of my group placed their arms around me. I only registered silence. This was now my coping mechanism... although I was unashamed to ask for additional support.

Entering The Student Wellbeing Center, I felt like a contestant on Stars in Your Eyes. ‘Tonight Matthew, I’m going to be...’ I step out of the lift; the cloud of smoke fades and a horseshoe shaped desk appears with sympathetic faces staring back. I approach Jackie with my fingers in a twist and she thankfully speaks first ‘hello, how can I help?’ I tried to form an answer in my head before tears reached my lips. ‘I’m not really sure; I’ve never done this before.’ The bitter taste of salt allowed me to compose myself as the woman spoke ‘I’m afraid you’ve come out of hours but if you let me scan your student card I can give you some information that may help you’. She handed me a leaflet and I hurried out of there, hoping no one I knew could see me.

The University of Lincoln Student Wellbeing Center offers counselling, academic support, multi-faith chaplaincy and documentation of your visits. Unknowing to me at the time, their drop in sessions are 12-2 Monday to Friday. Their website states ‘University life can be a fantastic experience, but it also comes with its own challenges, see what support is available here.’ It aids all students of diverse backgrounds from each gender, class and ethnicity. Upon contact I was informed ‘any questions would need to be processed and emailed to head office before being published’ and as they are understandably busy, their lack of response allowed me to carry out my own research. When asked ‘has University affected your mental health?’ in a 2019 poll on social media, 908 students voted yes against 93 voting no. This phenomenal response of a closed question shows the scale in which students are suffering from thoughts of self harm, negative ideas and the stress of deadlines. The question caused controversy as some students assume everyone agrees whereas other public members were open to further questions and contacted me with support. It must not be ignored that mental health effects all ages and social groups as an MQ landscape analysis 2015 found ‘1 in 4 people experience mental health problems each year – nearly 15 million people’. To gather an understanding of this population and unpick internal or external factors, I decided to meet those who suffer with mental health problems.

The library is a hive of potential and knowledge with students who gather to create a buzz. Between the honeycomb walls I have built a trust with two individuals who have openly shared their mental health experiences to help others however, their names have been changed for protection purposes. I met Chloe and Ross on my course and from a gendered perspective; they seemed like a good place to begin my research for finding ways in which university affects mental health.

I begin with Chloe by asking if the first year of university impacted her mental health; ‘At first I was in a better mental health state as I had problems at home and moving gave me the independence I needed, then as the year went by it started to deteriorate’. I thought back to when I had my jabs at the student medical center to avoid fresher's flu then the nurse slapped a plaster on after... asking this question felt a bit like that. Chloe continued ‘during freshers I was spiked and sexually assaulted which hugely affected my mental health’. I was already aware of these events; I had been at the other end of the phone when dark thoughts had crept into her head... it was just as hard hearing it the second time. I understand the appeal of £2 mixers in the club, but is it worth it when you leave wrapped in ambulance foil, looking like a jacket potato because someone has spiked you? On the plus side, £4 for two VK’s seems like a safer bet, as you can be more vigilant and protect yourself with a thumb over the head of a bottle. The need for recreational drugs shouldn’t give in to peer pressure and if you take them, it should be your own choice. The basics: always travel in groups, never walk home alone and don’t shit where you eat.

I find comfort in the next question, ‘did you seek help and if so, was the student wellbeing center useful?’ I ask. She thinks for a moment. ‘The waiting times are too long for a consultation. When I went to them, they were disorganized in sorting the appointment as they said it wouldn’t benefit my personal mental health issues’. Instead, she visited the University of Lincoln Student Health Centre where she was prescribed an initial dose of Mirtazapine: 15 mg orally once a day at bedtime. Side effects include loss of appetite and drowsiness alongside the recommendation of avoiding alcohol which impacts social ability if you’re a student. On the other hand, when asked what advice she would give to students who are suffering, she states ‘definitely get help when you feel yourself slipping. You don’t want to go too far.’ I wonder how such a small person handles such problems; I commend all 5ft 2 of her.

On his feet sits a pair of Dr Martens, fishnet tights and black attire stretches the length of his body. As a confident young man and aspiring actor, his assurance was affected when he started University as his friend died of Leukaemia which heightened his depression. Ross states that ‘coming to Uni has damaged my anxiety. I freaked out meeting new people and being in a different environment’. He adds ‘the first few weeks of university were uncomfortable but other than social drinking I wasn’t reliant on substances and improved my mental health on my own.’ Ready to further my education, University was the fresh start I needed therefore, I found it difficult to understand how Ross could move on from such a traumatic event.

Also, I couldn’t help differentiating the response between Ross and Chloe. I pointed this out to him and he nodded in response ‘men speaking about mental health has become a less taboo subject within society however, the practical mind-set some men inhabit, creates barriers.’ I asked him how he felt about seeking help as he shares his experience. ‘I didn’t go (to student wellbeing). I didn’t want to. I have a stigma that I can do this on my own. I sit and say I’m not alright to my friends but that’s about it’. His response supports the statistic that ‘In the UK, men are three times as likely to die by suicide as women. In the Republic of Ireland, the rate is four times higher among men than women’. This reminds me that some students are silent sufferers whereas other students have the confidence to become advocates for mental health awareness as it makes others less conscious when speaking out. University is a social construct and an unnatural situation so there is no wonder some students feel like a fish being asked to climb a tree. I support both personalities when approaching the subject of mental health.

Upon reflection I wrote this article in hope of self discovery, to empathise with others and to acknowledge the scale of this issue through research, facts and statistics. Although this piece seems to address first year students and their parents who may only identify the amazing, life changing experience of university, it is also a possibility that your child locks them self in their accommodation and doesn’t come into contact with anyone for days. This struggle applies to all audiences as every individual has good and bad days or negative thoughts without reasons behind them. The point is to check on your friends, even the ones who seem fine. From a young age we are shielded from the reality of suicide in society and the build up to this is ignoring mental health. The afore mentioned services appear in all Universities and they should be used alongside personal tutors provided by the faculty and the Student Help Desk that will address smaller issues such as losing your student card or solving timetable problems. From experience, first year is adapting, second year is the realisation of achieving deadlines that matter and third year is the worry of a dissertation. Despite the pressure, acknowledge what you have achieved and embrace the experience, because every day is a blessing when you struggle with a mental health problem.

By Rosie Blower

If you have been affected by any issues mentioned in this article please find support by visiting the student minds website: https://www.studentminds.org.uk/findsupport.html

[dannylumen-blog]

Research Project

DATASETS:

 For my research i have decided to choose the addhealth datasets, which explores various factors that may affect adolescent health.

RESEARCH QUESTION:

I will be investigating the relationship between adolescent access and consumption of various hard drugs and their academic achievement. Does the usage of drugs have any noticeable effect on adolescent academics? And can the degree of the effects be determined.

Some of the variables include absences in school, grades, and perceptions of safety in school as well as access and experiences with smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol, using illegal drugs, firearms

  Review of Literature:

The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention monitors health-risk behaviors of adolescents in United States, which include (1) violence; (2) tobacco use; (3) alcohol and other drug use; (4) sexual behaviors contributing to unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases; (5) inadequate physical activity; and (6) unhealthy dietary behaviors. 

 For decades, researchers have suggested that efforts designed to promote academic success among youth may also reduce the students' health-risk behaviors in 1990, in a report titled Code Blue, the National Commission on the Role of the School and the Community in Improving Adolescent Health stated, “Efforts to improve school performance that ignore health are ill-conceived, as are health improvement efforts that ignore education”. In 1992, the relationship between substance use and low academic performance was described in the literature as “mutually reinforcing”. In 1997, a task force convened by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences concluded, “Schooling is the only universal entitlement for children in the United States”. The committee believes that students, as a part of this entitlement, should receive the health-related programs and services necessary for them to derive maximum benefit from their education and to enable them to become healthy, productive adults”  

In 2005, Taras published a two-part review of research about the relationship of two health-risk behaviors—physical inactivity and unhealthy dietary behaviors—and academic achievement In 2007, a review of primary research by Murray and colleagues focused on specific school health interventions and their effects on academic achievement; the interventions targeted some but not all of the six health-risk behaviors.

In 2013 Bj Bradely published a journal “Journal Of Adolescent Health” and their studies show that for all six health-risk behaviors, 96.6% of the studies reported statistically significant inverse relationships between health-risk behaviors and academic achievement.

In conclusion among adolescents, health-risk behaviors are inversely related to academic achievement.

[maulionicious-blog]

PRENATAL

Prenatal development, this follows 2 developmental patterns are cephalocaudal pattern and proximidistal pattern. Cephalocaudal pattern growth that proceeds from the head downward. While Proximidistal pattern growth that proceeds from the body outward. The fetus is responsive to stimuli and appears to learn in the womb. Prenatal temperamental differences persist into infancy and childhood, and some aspects of the prenatal sensory environment maybe important to future development. There are risks associated with teratogenic material diseases these include rubella, AIDS, syphilis, gonorrhoea, genital herpes, and CMV. If a mother has poor nutrition, her fetus faces increased risks of stillbirth, low birth weight, and death during the first year of life.

               When I realized prenatal, I really don’t know if this past is real that I remember or not because before I come into this world I started seeing pink path flowing through the clouds of what I see it depicts that makes me travel at that time I was like watching from what just I saw passes me by. I don’t know if these are real or that was inside my head but from what i see that looks like stars maybe a nebula of some kind galaxies. When I was born I thought it was like a space shuttle which I was riding but that’s it that is how I end up either I imagine that or it was like I saw how I really travel from that part and even so I choose to forget it.

INFANCY  

In infancy, many were able to say first words or other making sounds like cooing and anything that the baby emotion has express. The humans are born with adaptive reflexes that help them survive. Automatically sucking any object that enters the mouth, disappear in infancy or childhood. Primitive reflexes controlled by the less sophisticated parts of the brain. Sensorimotor stage, infants use information from their senses and motor actions to learn about the world. Object Permanence understanding that objects continue to exist when they can’t be seen. The infant has attachment things to the parents to identify his or her parents.

I didn’t remember what I do but I experience how difficult I was since my first guardian abused me then my parents forced me to go in Tagum were my grandparents can take care of me while my parents can do their work on their own. I was lucky and happy which leads to me being naughty and I was a difficult child to handle. From that past I was never recognized who are my parents was because all I know my parents are my grandparents thought they were real to me. And from that day I was quiet and suddenly would be different than any other day.

 EARLY CHILDHOOD

           The measuring intelligence an assumption in studying differences in intelligence is that these differences can be measured. The first tests led by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon to identify children who might have difficulty in school. This intelligence was later called Intelligence Quotient (IQ). The intelligence of child affects the influences in the family it depends how they raised their child. Parenting styles differ in temperament themselves, so, just like their children; they vary in how they respond to situations. The four types of parenting styles are permissive parenting style, authoritarian parenting type, authoritative parenting type, and uninvolved parenting style.

             When I was elementary student I was a running around person until they set new rules for me. My parents were became permissive or strict in general term, they intended to bring me after class hours in the tutorial centre to guide me through my topics and some of that I became a nuisance to others who were studying there too I suppose that I never learn anything that days. It may be different from today because I realized that studying is important and I learn through their reasons why my parents are so very strict to me. As of today I realize something that even when in difficult struggle, can be trying harder again to accomplish once goal.

      MIDDLE CHILDHOOD

           Physical and cognitive changes the way for being a middle childhood. Many children participate in such clubs like sports, arts, and etc. This has intellectual interest about their health, fitness, and academic performances were concerned. The cognitive changes which term for their language on how they initialize their potential to make it in time. Achievement tests are designed to assess specific information learned in school. The relationships of parents and also friends are important to keep the bonds together and strong no matter the problems are and their child and friends help to sustain their courage to do so in the end.    

           Middle child hood for me is about the pressure and sometimes I ignore the mistakes I did but I never well go around. I focus more on ignoring stuff playing a gadget my prioritize time that I did than studying. I never concern about my health and fitness, I always drink soda and eating junk foods. I had friends before, friends that see u one time then ignore me instantly, only cares when I am bullied by my classmate then they come and when the problem solves they’re gone. Parents can courage to their child something more and something wonderful to be great.  

 ADOLESCENCE

           Adolescence is the transitional period between childhood and adulthood. They’re puberty changes as primary and secondary sex characteristics, which their hormone as menarche which is the beginning of menstrual cycles. Adolescent sexuality can be so tempting and there are risks factor which led to sexual situation. Teens nowadays engaged in sexual activities were often seeing on television shows like the Pretty Little Liars. An adolescent learns and changes their gender identity as they confirm themselves gay, lesbians, and bisexuals. Most of the teens engaged in drugs, alcohol, and tobacco which of them bring out the curiosity of teenagers are sensation seeking.

           As I experience there are things which is evolving around me my sexual characteristics that I don’t understand which leads me to confusion. After that when I saw some television shows that romantic love scene how to proper court someone and make fell in love. Creating sexual desires in their dream longing for someone to be loved and that is how is. I tried to be gay for a contest which I had someone make up for me and quite a lot of fun to give laughter for everyone in just a nick of a time. I am into alcohol but not a strong one; I usually drink if there is an occasion going on with my parent’s permission.

EARLY ADULTHOOD      

           Primary aging occurs most of them develop gray hair, wrinkles, and changes in visual acuity. While Secondary aging is the product of environmental influences, health habits, or disease, and it is neither inevitable nor experienced by all adults. Health habits shows the detection of illness can see what kind of illness is and can determine can be prevent it or not. Sexual Transmitted Disease which the humans never use contraceptives to protect from it and they were getting from it through sexual intercourse. Most intimate partners’ abuses which due to most reasons are jealousy of having their partners seeing someone. Career development focused on adapting to the workplace, managing career transitions, and pursuing personal goals through employment.

             I may develop gray hair but I always thought of something that an illness which of the disease may try to kill me in the only way to die but I always thought the diabetes is the reason why I die. I will never know which would be so my fate will be decided which one of the diseases. I had always doubt about my lifestyle and I am getting obese more than ever. Career development for me is different, imagine where would I be sitting and seeing I help people. I really dream about not only becoming a RPm but maybe becoming an air force pilot someday.

     MIDDLE ADULTHOOD

            Most of men and women having osteoporosis resulting in reduced bone mass and more brittle and porous bones. Vision and hearing can be sudden changes for adulthood which began to decrease the retina and person’s overall sensitivity to light waves. Health and Wellness can be so devastating when it comes to illnesses which started by imbalance diet or any hobbies like smoking that lead to lung cancer. Memory function drawing conclusions about memory rarely include middle-aged people. They were being generosity is their care, give what they can give for their grandkids. They struggle long enough to survive from their illness.

             I really imagine that what could be waiting for me if I suffer an illness which is different from early adulthood of mine. I should be hardly and slowing to move my body as I was beginning to had crack bones of mine with its sound. As I imagine a lot what would be the life of me in 60 years age of me look like exactly. I can be grown old, grumpy, and sad living in home for the aged or even live with grandkids of my own. It is really hard that thinking way more about it is just never ever will happen if I just don’t let it.  

 LATE ADULTHOOD

           Life expectancy and longevity improvements in these variables among the elderly themselves over the past several decades are responsible for changes in the expected lifespans of adults in their 60s and beyond. General slowing the biggest single behavioural effect of age-related physical changes is a general slowing down. Wisdom and creativity elders might have some advantages over the young because of their accumulation of knowledge and skills. Wisdom reflects understanding of “universal truths” or basic laws or patterns. Life satisfaction or a sense of well-being is also an important component of successful aging. Religious beliefs are the component of religious coping involves people’s beliefs and attitudes.

             Life can be full of surprises when realize about something that can be precious to our love ones and we expands our life expectancy to experience more and thank God that we exist long lives today and some of old of us can be slow to stimuli. We do believe our own will to find out how our experiences can show to others how we make it and offer as a good advice to others that may help to guide others away from dangerous paths they never cross. Life of our existence is constant and I would say that it is okay for me to live this life, I owe it to the end of my last breathe for I shall die happy person. Religious gives you the morality and the spirituality which gives the inner peace of our mind and channels our prayer to our God.

[lastsonlost]

In the 1990s, the late Stanford neuroscientist Ben Barres transitioned from female to male. He was in his 40s, mid-career, and afterward he marveled at the stark changes in his professional life. Now that society saw him as male, his ideas were taken more seriously. He was able to complete a whole sentence without being interrupted by a man. 

A colleague who didn’t know he was transgender even praised his work as “much better than his sister’s.”Clinics have reported an increase in people seeking medical gender transitions in recent years, and research suggests the number of people identifying as transgender has risen in the past decade. 

Touchstones such as Caitlyn Jenner’s transition, the bathroom controversy, and the Amazon series “Transparent” have also made the topic a bigger part of the political and cultural conversation.But it is not always evident when someone has undergone a transition — especially if they have gone from female to male.

“The transgender guys have a relatively straightforward process — we just simply add testosterone and watch their bodies shift,” said Joshua Safer, executive director at the Center for Transgender Medicine and Surgery at Mount Sinai Health System and Icahn School of Medicine in New York. “Within six months to a year they start to virilize — getting facial hair, a ruddier complexion, a change in body odor and a deepening of the voice.”

Transgender women have more difficulty “passing”; they tend to be bigger-boned and more masculine-looking, and these things are hard to reverse with hormone treatments, Safer said. “But the transgender men will go get jobs and the new boss doesn’t even know they’re trans.”

We spoke with four men who transitioned as adults to the bodies in which they feel more comfortable. Their experiences reveal that the gulf between how society treats women and men is in many ways as wide now as it was when Barres transitioned. But their diverse backgrounds provide further insight into how race and ethnicity inform the gender divide in subtle and sometimes surprising ways.

‘I’ll never call the police again’

Trystan Cotten, 50, Berkeley, Calif.

Professor of gender studies at California State University Stanislaus and editor of Transgress Press, which publishes books related to the transgender experience. Transitioned in 2008.

Life doesn’t get easier as an African American male. The way that police officers deal with me, the way that racism undermines my ability to feel safe in the world, affects my mobility, affects where I go. Other African American and Latino Americans grew up as boys and were taught to deal with that at an earlier age. I had to learn from my black and brown brothers about how to stay alive in my new body and retain some dignity while being demeaned by the cops.

One night somebody crashed a car into my neighbor’s house, and I called 911. I walk out to talk to the police officer, and he pulls a gun on me and says, “Stop! Stop! Get on the ground!” I turn around to see if there’s someone behind me, and he goes, “You! You! Get on the ground!” I’m in pajamas and barefoot. I get on the ground and he checks me, and afterward I said, “What was that all about?” He said, “You were moving kind of funny.” Later, people told me, “Man, you’re crazy. You never call the police.”

I get pulled over a lot more now. I got pulled over more in the first two years after my transition than I did the entire 20 years I was driving before that. Before, when I’d been stopped, even for real violations like driving 100 miles an hour, I got off. In fact, when it happened in Atlanta the officer and I got into a great conversation about the Braves. Now the first two questions they ask are: Do I have any weapons in the car, and am I on parole or probation?

Race influences how people choose to transition. I did an ethnographic study of trans men and found that 96 percent of African American and Latino men want to have surgery, while only 45 percent of white respondents do. That’s because a trans history can exacerbate racial profiling. When they pat you down, if you don’t have a penis it’s going to be obvious (or if you’re a trans woman and you have a penis, that becomes obvious). If they picked you up for popping a wheelie or smoking weed, if they find out you’re trans it can be worse for you.

There are also ways in which men deal with sexism and gender oppression that I was not aware of when I was walking around in a female body. A couple of years after my transition, I had a grad student I’d been mentoring. She started coming on to me, stalking me, sending me emails and texts. My adviser and the dean — both women — laughed it off. It went on for the better part of a year, and that was the year that I was going up for tenure. It was a very scary time. I felt very worried that if the student felt I was not returning her attentions she would claim that I had assaulted her. I felt like as a guy, I was not taken seriously. I had experienced harassment as a female person at another university and they had reacted immediately, sending a police escort with me to and from campus. I felt like if I had still been in my old body I would have gotten a lot more support.

Being a black man has changed the way I move in the world. I used to walk quickly or run to catch a bus. Now I walk at a slower pace, and if I’m late I don’t dare rush. I am hyper-aware of making sudden or abrupt movements, especially in airports, train stations and other public places. I avoid engaging with unfamiliar white folks, especially white women. If they catch my eye, white women usually clutch their purses and cross the street. While I love urban aesthetics, I stopped wearing hoodies and traded my baggy jeans, oversized jerseys and colorful skullcaps for closefitting jeans, khakis and sweaters. These changes blunt assumptions that I’m going to snatch purses or merchandise, or jump the subway turnstile. The less visible I am, the better my chances of surviving.

But it’s not foolproof. I’m an academic sitting at a desk so I exercise where I can. I walked to the post office to mail some books and I put on this 40-pound weight vest that I walk around in. It was about 3 or 4 in the afternoon and I’m walking back and all of a sudden police officers drove up, got out of their car, and stopped. I had my earphones on so I didn’t know they were talking to me. I looked up and there’s a helicopter above. And now I can kind of see why people run, because you might live if you run, even if you haven’t done anything. This was in Emeryville, one of the wealthiest enclaves in Northern California, where there’s security galore. Someone had seen me walking to the post office and called in and said they saw a Muslim with an explosives vest. One cop, a white guy, picked it up and laughed and said, “Oh, I think I know what this is. This is a weight belt.”

It’s not only humiliating, but it creates anxiety on a daily basis. Before, I used to feel safe going up to a police officer if I was lost or needed directions. But I don’t do that anymore. I hike a lot, and if I’m out hiking and I see a dead body, I’ll keep on walking. I’ll never call the police again.

‘It now feels as though I am on my own’

Zander Keig, 52, San Diego

Coast Guard veteran. Works at Naval Medical Center San Diego as a clinical social work case manager. Editor of anthologies about transgender men. Started transition in 2005.

Prior to my transition, I was an outspoken radical feminist. I spoke up often, loudly and with confidence. I was encouraged to speak up. I was given awards for my efforts, literally — it was like, “Oh, yeah, speak up, speak out.” When I speak up now, I am often given the direct or indirect message that I am “mansplaining,” “taking up too much space” or “asserting my white male heterosexual privilege.” Never mind that I am a first-generation Mexican American, a transsexual man, and married to the same woman I was with prior to my transition.

I find the assertion that I am now unable to speak out on issues I find important offensive and I refuse to allow anyone to silence me. My ability to empathize has grown exponentially, because I now factor men into my thinking and feeling about situations. Prior to my transition, I rarely considered how men experienced life or what they thought, wanted or liked about their lives. I have learned so much about the lives of men through my friendships with men, reading books and articles by and for men and through the men I serve as a licensed clinical social worker.

Social work is generally considered to be “female dominated,” with women making up about 80 percent of the profession in the United States. Currently I work exclusively with clinical nurse case managers, but in my previous position, as a medical social worker working with chronically homeless military veterans — mostly male — who were grappling with substance use disorder and severe mental illness, I was one of a few men among dozens of women.

Plenty of research shows that life events, medical conditions and family circumstances impact men and women differently. But when I would suggest that patient behavioral issues like anger or violence may be a symptom of trauma or depression, it would often get dismissed or outright challenged. The overarching theme was “men are violent” and there was “no excuse” for their actions.

I do notice that some women do expect me to acquiesce or concede to them more now: Let them speak first, let them board the bus first, let them sit down first, and so on. I also notice that in public spaces men are more collegial with me, which they express through verbal and nonverbal messages: head lifting when passing me on the sidewalk and using terms like “brother” and “boss man” to acknowledge me. As a former lesbian feminist, I was put off by the way that some women want to be treated by me, now that I am a man, because it violates a foundational belief I carry, which is that women are fully capable human beings who do not need men to acquiesce or concede to them.

What continues to strike me is the significant reduction in friendliness and kindness now extended to me in public spaces. It now feels as though I am on my own: No one, outside of family and close friends, is paying any attention to my well-being.

I can recall a moment where this difference hit home. A couple of years into my medical gender transition, I was traveling on a public bus early one weekend morning. There were six people on the bus, including me. One was a woman. She was talking on a mobile phone very loudly and remarked that “men are such a–holes.” I immediately looked up at her and then around at the other men. Not one had lifted his head to look at the woman or anyone else. The woman saw me look at her and then commented to the person she was speaking with about “some a–hole on the bus right now looking at me.” I was stunned, because I recall being in similar situations, but in the reverse, many times: A man would say or do something deemed obnoxious or offensive, and I would find solidarity with the women around me as we made eye contact, rolled our eyes and maybe even commented out loud on the situation. I’m not sure I understand why the men did not respond, but it made a lasting impression on me.

I took control of my career’

Chris Edwards, 49, Boston

Advertising creative director, public speaker and author of the memoir “Balls: It Takes Some to Get Some.” Transitioned in his mid-20s.

When I began my transition at age 26, a lot of my socialization came from the guys at work. For example, as a woman, I’d walk down the hall and bump into some of my female co-workers, and they’d say, “Hey, what’s up?” and I’d say, “Oh, I just got out of this client meeting. They killed all my scripts and now I have to go back and rewrite everything, blah blah blah. What’s up with you?” and then they’d tell me their stories. As a guy, I bump into a guy in the hall and he says, “What’s up?” and I launch into a story about my day and he’s already down the hall. And I’m thinking, well, that’s rude. So, I think, okay, well, I guess guys don’t really share, so next time I’ll keep it brief. By the third time, I realized you just nod.

The creative department is largely male, and the guys accepted me into the club. I learned by example and modeled my professional behavior accordingly. For example, I kept noticing that if guys wanted an assignment they’d just ask for it. If they wanted a raise or a promotion they’d ask for it. This was a foreign concept to me. As a woman, I never felt that it was polite to do that or that I had the power to do that. But after seeing it happen all around me I decided that if I felt I deserved something I was going to ask for it too. By doing that, I took control of my career. It was very empowering.

Apparently, people were only holding the door for me because I was a woman rather than out of common courtesy as I had assumed. Not just men, women too. I learned this the first time I left the house presenting as male, when a woman entered a department store in front of me and just let the door swing shut behind her. I was so caught off guard I walked into it face first.

When you’re socially transitioning, you want to blend in, not stand out, so it’s uncomfortable when little reminders pop up that you’re not like everybody else. I’m expected to know everything about sports. I like sports but I’m not in deep like a lot of guys. For example, I love watching football, but I never played the sport (wasn’t an option for girls back in my day) so there is a lot I don’t know. I remember the first time I was in a wedding as a groomsman. I was maybe three years into my transition and I was lined up for photos with all the other guys. And one of them shouted, “High school football pose!” and on cue everybody dropped down and squatted like the offensive line, and I was like, what the hell is going on? It was not instinctive to me since I never played. I tried to mirror what everyone was doing, but when you see the picture I’m kind of “offsides,” so to speak.

The hormones made me more impatient. I had lots of female friends and one of the qualities they loved about me was that I was a great listener. After being on testosterone, they informed me that my listening skills weren’t what they used to be. Here’s an example: I’m driving with one of my best friends, Beth, and I ask her “Is your sister meeting us for dinner?” Ten minutes later she’s still talking and I still have no idea if her sister is coming. So finally, I couldn’t take it anymore, and I snapped and said, “IS SHE COMING OR NOT?” And Beth was like, “You know, you used to like hearing all the backstory and how I’d get around to the answer. A lot of us have noticed you’ve become very impatient lately and we think it’s that damn testosterone!” It’s definitely true that some male behavior is governed by hormones. Instead of listening to a woman’s problem and being empathetic and nodding along, I would do the stereotypical guy thing — interrupt and provide a solution to cut the conversation short and move on. I’m trying to be better about this.

People ask if being a man made me more successful in my career. My answer is yes — but not for the reason you might think. As a man, I was finally comfortable in my own skin and that made me more confident. At work I noticed I was more direct: getting to the point, not apologizing before I said anything or tiptoeing around and trying to be delicate like I used to do. In meetings, I was more outspoken. I stopped posing my thoughts as questions. I’d say what I meant and what I wanted to happen instead of dropping hints and hoping people would read between the lines and pick up on what I really wanted. I was no longer shy about stating my opinions or defending my work. When I gave presentations I was brighter, funnier, more engaging. Not because I was a man. Because I was happy.

‘People assume I know the answer’

Alex Poon, 26, Boston

Project manager for Wayfair, an online home goods company. Alex is in the process of his physical transition; he did the chest surgery after college and started taking testosterone this spring.

Traditional Chinese culture is about conforming to your elders’ wishes and staying within gender boundaries. However, I grew up in the U.S., where I could explore my individuality and my own gender identity. When I was 15 I was attending an all-girls high school where we had to wear skirts, but I felt different from my peers. Around that point we began living with my Chinese grandfather towards the end of his life. He was so traditional and deeply set in his ways. I felt like I couldn’t cut my hair or dress how I wanted because I was afraid to upset him and have our last memories of each other be ruined.

Genetics are not in my favor for growing a lumberjack-style beard. Sometimes, Chinese faces are seen as “soft” with less defined jaw lines and a lack of facial fair. I worry that some of my feminine features like my “soft face” will make it hard to present as a masculine man, which is how I see myself. Instead, when people meet me for the first time, I’m often read as an effeminate man.

My voice has started cracking and becoming lower. Recently, I’ve been noticing the difference between being perceived as a woman versus being perceived as a man. I’ve been wondering how I can strike the right balance between remembering how it feels to be silenced and talked over with the privileges that come along with being perceived as a man. Now, when I lead meetings, I purposefully create pauses and moments where I try to draw others into the conversation and make space for everyone to contribute and ask questions.

People now assume I have logic, advice and seniority. They look at me and assume I know the answer, even when I don’t. I’ve been in meetings where everyone else in the room was a woman and more senior, yet I still got asked, “Alex, what do you think? We thought you would know.” I was at an all-team meeting with 40 people, and I was recognized by name for my team’s accomplishments. Whereas next to me, there was another successful team led by a woman, but she was never mentioned by name. I went up to her afterward and said, “Wow, that was not cool; your team actually did more than my team.” The stark difference made me feel uncomfortable and brought back feelings of when I had been in the same boat and not been given credit for my work.

When people thought I was a woman, they often gave me vague or roundabout answers when I asked a question. I’ve even had someone tell me, “If you just Googled it, you would know.” But now that I’m read as a man, I’ve found people give me direct and clear answers, even if it means they have to do some research on their own before getting back to me.

A part of me regrets not sharing with my grandfather who I truly am before he passed away. I wonder how our relationship might have been different if he had known this one piece about me and had still accepted me as his grandson. Traditionally, Chinese culture sees men as more valuable than women. Before, I was the youngest granddaughter, so the least important. Now, I’m the oldest grandson. I think about how he might have had different expectations or tried to instill certain traditional Chinese principles upon me more deeply, such as caring more about my grades or taking care of my siblings and elders. Though he never viewed me as a man, I ended up doing these things anyway.

Zander Keig contributed to this article in his personal capacity. The opinions expressed in this are the author’s own and do not reflect the view of the Department of Defense.