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#enrofloxacin veterinary
jvppeditor · 2 months
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Sebaceous gland adenitis is a rare condition found in large ruminants, eluding diagnosis and potentially progressing into neoplastic states if left untreated. The aim of the current study was to indicate the benefits of surgical excision of sebaceous gland adenitis in a Jersey crossbred cow.
Case report: A 6-year-old Jersey crossbred cow weighing 300 kg was admitted to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India, in December 2022 with a soft tissue mass in the right vulval lip. Initially observed as a small skin bump, the condition had progressively worsened over 2 months, becoming an extensive mass contaminated with external debris and live maggots. Palpation revealed the mass to be firm without eliciting pain. The physiological parameters, such as rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate were within normal limits. The hematological and serum biochemical parameters were normal. The mass was resected surgically, and the vulval lip was reconstructed. Postoperatively, the cow received a 5-day course of enrofloxacin (Enro, India) at a dosage of 5 mg/kg body weight, along with 3 days of intramuscular meloxicam at a dosage of 0.2 mg/kg body weight and topical application of antiseptic ointment (Lorexane, India). The animal had an uneventful recovery after 2 weeks. Histopathological analysis confirmed the diagnosis as sebaceous gland hyperplasia and chronic adenitis.
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that timely diagnosis and excision of the vulval tissue mass resulted in a complete recovery and preserved the animal's value. Chronic sebaceous gland adenitis may have a tendency to transform into a benign tumorous condition. The early presentation of the animal and successful surgical intervention prevented this transformation of sebaceous gland adenitis to a benign or malignant condition.
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arabellaflynn · 1 year
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For those who may have missed it over on Instagram, I took in two younger rattos in August. A nice young lady on one of my message boards had lost her housing and had to re-home her critters. Cheddar and Cheese came all the way up from New Jersey to meet me in Providence, and take an interminable train ride back up to Boston, where they were installed in the top floor of Schloß Ratter. Les Fromages seemed not terrible fussed by the move, and downright excited by all the rain that weekend, and mostly ignore Casper's attempts to annoy the neighbors from below.
(Mickie does not care. Mickie cares about very little, other than hammocks, snacks, and getting proper scritches right behind the ears. Mickie is very happy with his life, and we would all do well to learn from this.)
A few weeks ago, Les Fromages started making snoof noises. This, like most other rat malfunctions, is pretty easy to diagnose. Itchy rat? Probably mites! Bathe rat, clean cage, apply kitten Revolution. Somebody got nipped? Betadine, ibuprofen, amoxicillin if it looks sus. Etc.
Snoofy rat is almost always mycoplasmosis. Pretty much all fancy rats are colonized with the bacteria Mycoplasma pulmonis, but it's only a problem when it overgrows, at which point they basically get a nasty cold. If it progresses too far, they can end up with bacterial pneumonia. It's easy to treat, but the main antibiotic used for it, enrofloxacin (aka Baytril), was one of the few things I couldn't figure out how to get my hands on without going through a vet.
I keep a store of the most common veterinary antibiotics around, because rats are simple creatures and vets are expensive. Amoxicillin, doxycycline, and erythromycin are easy to get from aquarium suppliers. Apparently you dump them into fish tanks to take care of fin rot. I side eye the erythromycin a little, because I could only get it in powder packets and I can't find out what the inert filler is, but Fish-Mox and Fish-Dox are literally just bottles of the same off-brand generic antibiotics CVS would give you. They come in capsules that you can twist apart, and the contents dissolve in water -- or, in my case, sugar-free sno-cone syrup.��
Enrofloxacin is apparently not used for fish tanks. I could find a few places that would sell me tablets, but that's not very useful. Tablets are stupid hard to compound. You need a mortar and pestle to grind them back into powder, and the fillers used to press them into tablet shapes are usually not water-soluble. You wind up with a suspension instead of a solution, and I don't know of any good way to emulsify it, so getting it to stay mixed long enough to get a consistent dose is a little iffy. Baytril tastes appalling and is a little caustic, so keeping a known concentration is a little more important than with the other ones, which I'm betting don't taste great either but are not so hefty that getting ±10% in your dose is a big deal.
It turns out that my vet doesn't do mail order Rx, so I had to hunt around anyway -- but what I didn't know before was that injectable Baytril can be diluted and given orally. Injectable 5% and 10% solution is surprisingly easy to get, for reasons unclear. It might be that injectable is used more for livestock than pets, and farm supplies are under alarmingly loose control in the US. Or it might just be that if you're down to buying injectable antibiotics, they figure you either know what you're doing or you're too damn stupid to be stopped. Either way, I now have a bottle of shelf-stable liquid enrofloxacin, and know where to get more when it runs out.
Just in time, too. Cheddar had started making a constant snorggggggle noise whenever he ran around too much, a bad noise for a rat to be making. He wouldn't take his decongestant chocolate either, which was alarming. Chocolate is usually the very last thing rats stop eating. Turns out he just doesn't have much of a sweet tooth. After some trial and error, I did find the flavor that made everyone take their meds without complaint, and that flavor is: Ham. Cheddar hungers for flesh. Fine by me, baby food is cheap.
It took a few days, but I woke this morning to blessed silence. Nobody in the cage was snoring. Huzzah! We are back to just mysterious chewing noises and unpredictable squeaking sounds as Cheddar, who seems to be feeling much better, pins his brother down solely to chew on Cheese's head. The Toon Bros remain fine and completely unconcerned about anything besides their own food bowls.
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intracinpharma · 3 years
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Intracin Pharmaceuticals is the leading veterinary medicines exporter in Thailand. We develop, manufacture and distribute IrofloxSA Enrofloxacin Injection for cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, horses and camels.Enrofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections.
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drmannimal · 5 years
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Antibiotics - Fluoroquinolones
Antibiotics are something used very frequently in veterinary medicine. Making the appropriate choice for the disease that you are treating is not only important for the patient, but also for anti-microbial stewardship. It is important to make responsible, educated choices when using antibiotics.
This series of posts will briefly review the families of antibiotics and some commonly used drugs within each family.
Fluoroquinolones
Function by binding to DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II). These drugs are bactericidal. They are concentration dependent. 
Drugs include: enrofloxacin, orbifloxacin, marbofloxacin.
These drugs are broad spectrum - most gram negative, some gram positivem mycoplasma, chlamydia, rickettsia, usually MRSA. The only oral medication that is available and acts against pseudomonas.
Important adverse effects may include: articular cartilage lesions in young animals, lowered seizure threshold, predisposes to strep canine necrotizing fascitis. 
Extra label use banned in food animals in USA.
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allourpaws · 4 years
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Urinary Tract Infections in Cats
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Bacterial urinary tract infections can result from normal GI tract and skin flora that ascends the urinary tract and overcomes its natural defenses that typically prevent colonization. While bacterial UTIs are among the most common diseases that affect dogs, they are less common in young cats. However, they affect many older cats as they become more susceptible to infection due to aging or concomitant disease (diabetes, hyperthyroidism, or renal failure). In this article, we’ll look at the signs and symptoms of UTIs in cats, whether they can be prevented, how they can be treated, and other useful information for cat parents.
Causes
Many retrospective studies have found that one of the most common bacterial uropathogens in both dogs and cats is Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli is an epiphyte, which means that it naturally grows in different organs, and it can even be found on the skin of our pets. It is found in both feces and urine, and whenever the cat’s immune system isn’t on par, the urinary tract might be affected by an Escherichia coli infection. Some of the other common pathogens that are likely to cause UTIs are Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Proteus, Pseudomonas, and Klebsiella species. Ideally, an infection can be treated correctly only if the pet owner collects some urine and brings it to the vet (as soon as possible) for it to be analyzed in the lab. This means that the pathogen will be detected or that at least an antibiogram will be performed. With the right antimicrobial therapy, the cat can both recover faster, and recurrences can be prevented effectively.
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Clinical signs
Most cats are going to try to groom their genital area excessively, and this can be the first sign that a pet parent might notice. Some of the others include the following: Frequent attempts to urinate Urinating in unusual places (even next to the litter box) Vomiting Lethargy Discolored urine Pain (many cats will cry out when they use the litter box) Abnormal-smelling urine Cats that aren’t changed their cat litter frequently are more predisposed to getting a UTI simply because they come in direct contact with their urine and feces.
Detection
The most significant challenge that vets face when a cat experiencing urinary problems is brought in is trying to make the difference between a UTI, a Feline Urethral Obstruction, and a case of general FLUTD. Most cases will call for a urine sample, a urine culture, as well as a physical examination. In most situations where the cat suffers from a urinary tract infection, there is a painful and rather small bladder present. By contrast, in cases of obstruction, the bladder is distended and large. A urine sample can reveal several important details. One of them is the urine concentration, but other things such as the presence of red blood cells, white blood cells, as well as crystals, can be seen under the microscope, as well. Sometimes, the vet can even see actual bacteria under the microscope. A urine culture is by far the most helpful test when it comes to setting a correct diagnosis.
Treatment
If a urine culture was performed, it could be quite easy for the vet to do antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Some of the most common antibiotics used in the treatment of UTIs are amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephalexin, chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, tetracyclines, as well as trimethoprim-sulfonamides. The selected antimicrobial should also be easy for pet parents to administer and have as few side effects as possible. Depending on how complicated the infection is, the duration of the treatment can last anything from 7 to 14 days. Chronic and complicated cases of UTI and prostatitis could require antimicrobial treatment for as many as 4 to 6 weeks. It is paramount for the pet parent to understand that they shouldn’t stop the administration of the treatment for fear of the germ developing antibiotic resistance. It’s also recommended that after the first week of treatment, a urine sample is collected again to see whether the UTI has resolved or not. Generally, most cats that have had a urinary tract infection are likely to have another in the future. If possible, monitor your cat’s urinary tract health as best as possible.
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Prevention
Taking several steps to prevent UTIs in your cat is crucial. You can start by constantly keeping the litter box clean so that bacteria have almost no chance of spreading in the environment. The cat’s diet can be a contributing factor, as well. If your cat is slightly overweight or a diabetic, he or she might be at a greater risk of getting urinary tract disease. The urinary tract health of some cats can be affected by stress, as well. If you know that you’re going to be adding a new feline member to your family anytime soon, it would be a good idea to try to make the transition as smooth as possible. Make sure you provide plenty of clean water to your feline buddy every day. It’s widely known that cats don’t drink a lot of water, and if it’s not clean or fresh, they are probably not going to drink any. Evaluate your cat’s diet and get some recommendations from the vet, especially if you have a diabetic or an overweight pet. If you have more than one feline companion, it is highly recommended that you use several litter boxes, not just one. In the end, prevention is the best cure, so pay attention to any changes in your cat’s daily routine and urinary habits. Sometimes, catching a urinary tract problem in its early stage can prevent it from becoming complicated and it can also alleviate some of the pain. Cristina Vulpe is a former veterinarian turned content marketer. She manages a website about cats, My Feline Buddy, where she gives advice about cat health, managing cat behavior, and many other cat-related things. She has a PhD in veterinary oncology and is passionate about animal welfare, nutrition, parasitology, as well as infectious diseases. Read the full article
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bloojayoolie · 5 years
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Africa, Anaconda, and Bailey Jay: Outgoing, social, affectionate & very sweet. A sterling resume, a wonderful family pet Id 52882, 4 Yrs. 52 lbs. of Love, Spayed & Waiting for YOU, Manhattan ACC TO BE KILLED - 2/26/2019 Africa so adorable and she needs our help finding the right home <3 AFRICA’s intake photo doesn’t do her justice so we tried to get a screen capture off her adorable video with friend Don Draper. She’s incredibly beautiful, with a glossy, gleaming ebony coat and sparkling eyes. She looks to us to be a Labrador mix, and when she walks around in play yard, she literally prances like a pony, which caused us to burst out laughing. Outgoing, friendly, and very sweet, she is understandably a bit tense at the shelter with all the new people she is meeting. Her life, until now, was spent with her 2 parents, though they claimed she was found as a stray. We question every “stray” story we hear, here, at MLD, especially when a dog as magnificent as Africa is dropped off with glowing notes, a perfect and sterling resume of skills (housebroken, knows many commands, never guards her stuff, and likes to sleep in her dog bed). But whatever the reason for not wanting to care for this precious girl anymore, we would like to see her out of the shelter and into a home today. Please hurry and MESSAGE our page or email us at [email protected] if you can foster or beautiful Africa and give her back her life. A volunteer writes: Africa's soulful eyes look deep into your heart and ask only one question: Will you love me? She's a sweet velveteen beauty, shy at first but smart enough to know that hanging out with people means petting and treats and brave enough to approach whenever someone extends a hand in friendship. She always comes running when you call her, sits very politely for treats and was taught commands for stay and shake paw too. Toys are chased and then happily shared and in a home environment I bet she'll blossom into the same playful, highly active dog her former owner described. Africa greets other pups politely on leash or off, has lived with a small dog and is friendly toward her same size peers but mostly prefers nuzzling with human friends to roughhousing with the playgroup. Her favorite kind of petting is side rubs and if you appreciate a good 'leaner' as much as I do then she's definitely the gal for you! Africa is beautiful inside and out, a good girl ready to go home and enjoy some well-deserved TLC from a family as gentle and affectionate as she is. Will you be the one to love her forever? MY VIDEOS: Africa and Don Draper https://youtu.be/wCCWC3J5NXE Africa shows off her soft side <3 https://youtu.be/ktV1CiREjt0 AFRICA, ID # 52882, 4 Yrs. Old, 52.8 lbs. Manhattan ACC, Large Mixed Breed, Black, Spayed Female Owner Surrender Reason: Stray Shelter Assessment Rating: LEVEL 3 (Reference chart at bottom of post for Ratings information) Medical Behavior Rating: OWNER SURRENDER NOTES – BASIC INFORMATION: Africa is an approximately 4 Yr Old Large Mixed Breed Spayed dog. She previously lived with 2 adults. With strangers, Africa is outgoing and friendly. Africa has interacted with a small, old dog. The other dog was fearful of Africa and would retreat. Africa has no guarding issues. Africa has no bite history. She is housetrained and has a high level of energy – she is playful. Other Notes: Previous owner says 3 times a day, she give Afirca fresh water. Africa pulls hard on the leash. Africa pees on the grass. Africa knows how to sit, stay and give paw. Africa went to sleep on the dog bed. SHELTER ASSESSMENT: Date of assessment: 20-Jan-2019 Summaries: Leash Walking Strength and pulling: Moderate-hard Reactivity to humans: None Reactivity to dogs: None Leash walking comments: None Sociability Loose in room (15-20 seconds): Distracted, a bit fearful Call over: Approaches readily Sociability comments: Bit tense, approached with tail wagging but tense body Handling Soft handling: Tolerates contact Exuberant handling: Fearful Handling comments: Tense and pursed lips when her leg was touched Arousal Jog: Follows (low body) Arousal comments: None Knock: Tenses Knock Comments: Tense and hard stared during knock and when assistant walked in Toy: No response Toy comments: None PLAYGROUP NOTES – DOG TO DOG SUMMARIES: The previous owner of Africa reports interactions with an older fearful dog, without much detail. Africa has appeared fearful when introduced to other dogs in the care center, but has been tolerant of polite approach from respectful dogs. At this time, it is recommended Africa have slow introductions to dogs who are respectful and calm. 1/19: When introduced off leash to a male dog, Africa allows polite greeting but remains fearful and mostly avoids. 1/23: Africa allows polite greeting but mostly avoids the other dogs. 1/28 -29: Africa greets other calm dogs politely and mostly seeks attention from human handlers. INTAKE BEHAVIOR - Date of intake: 17-Jan-2019 Summary: Loose body for collaring, became tense when put in kennel/van, tail tucked, whale eyed MEDICAL BEHAVIOR - Date of initial: 20-Jan-2019 Summary: Very tense ENERGY LEVEL: Africa is described as having a very high level of activity. We recommend long-lasting chews, food puzzles, and hide-and-seek games, in additional to physical exercise, to positively direct her energy and enthusiasm. BEHAVIOR DETERMINATION: Level 3 Behavior Asilomar TM - Treatable-Manageable Recommendations: No children (under 13) Recommendations comments: No children: Due to the fearful behavior Africa has displayed at the care center (tensing, pursing lips, hard staring) we recommend an adult only home. Potential challenges: Handling/touch sensitivity, Fearful/potential for defensive aggression, Potential challenges comments: Africa tensed and pursed her lips when her leg was touched on her assessment. Please see handling on Handling/touch sensitivity. Africa has displayed very fearful behavior at the care center. Please see handout on Fearful/potential for defensive aggression. MEDICAL EXAM NOTES 5-Feb-2019 Progress Exam Hx: In foster care. Started coughing and sneezing about 3 days ago, and these symptoms have been increasing. Pt still energetic and eating well. S: Pulling on leash, jumping around, excited. Allows all handling, wagging tail, soft body. O: BAR-H, BCS 6/9, MMs pink and moist, CRT <2 sec EENT: Mild serous nasal discharge. Mild mucoid ocular discharge, erythematous conjunctiva. No discharge AU. Mild tartar and gingivitis. PLNs: Not significantly enlarged. H/L: NSR, NMA. Regular coughing. Panting. Normal resp effort. Difficult to auscult lung sounds due to coughing and panting. Abd: Soft, no pain on palpation, no masses palpated, not distended M/S/I: Amb x4. No skin lesions noted. UG: Female, small nipples and vulva, no discharge or masses. Neuro: Alert and appropriate, no sign neurological deficiencies A: 1. CIRDC; no sign of pneumonia 2. Slightly overweight Short-term prognosis: Good P: Canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC) is a term we use to describe an upper respiratory infection in a dog. At ACC we frequently see infections caused by a bacterium called Mycoplasma cynos. Sometimes there is a secondary viral infection as well. At ACC we treat CIRDC with an antibiotic to treat the bacterial component, but the virus just has to run its course, just like a head cold in a human. This may take 7-14 days. PLAN: Please give 2 tablets of doxycycline by mouth once daily for 14 days. The tablets are 100 mg tablets so that is a total of 200 mg per day. Additionally, please give 1.5 tablets of enrofloxacin (total of 204 mg) once daily for 14 days - this is another antibiotic - and 3/4 tab of Cerenia (total of 45 mg) once daily for 4 days - this is an anti-nausea medication. While your dog is sick, he or she may not want to eat because of the nasal discharge that makes it hard for him or her to smell the food. You can tempt your dog to eat with peanut butter, boiled chicken, plain ground hamburger, chicken broth on his or her regular food or other delicious items. Please seek veterinary care if your pet: a) is not “turning the corner†and starting to get better within 5 days b) is still sick and coughing in 2 weeks c) is extremely sick, weak, or not eating at any point and you are concerned 29-Jan-2019 Progress Exam Patient is still highly anxious, agitated and vocalising in kennel. A - High shelter anxiety P - Increase trazadone dose 10 mg/kg BID PO indefinitely 20-Jan-2019 DVM Intake Exam. Estimated age: 4-5 based on dentition. Microchip noted on Intake? N. Microchip Number (If Applicable): n. History : os. Subjective: BARH, Observed Behavior : very tense - for safety placed a muzzle and allowed for full PE. Evidence of Cruelty seen -n. Evidence of Trauma seen -n. Objective: T = -,P = wnl, R = wnl, BCS = 5/9. EENT: Eyes clear, ears clean, no nasal or ocular discharge noted. Oral Exam: muzzled - did not examine fully- mild calculus on the canines (1/5) otherwise teeth in good condition. PLN: No enlargements noted. H/L: NSR, NMA, CRT < 2, Lungs clear, eupnic. ABD: Non painful, no masses palpated. U/G: spay scar and tattoo - vulva unremarkable. MSI: Ambulatory x 4, skin free of parasites, no masses noted, healthy hair coat. CNS: Mentation appropriate - no signs of neurologic abnormalities. Rectal: externally normal. Assessment: Healthy. *** TO FOSTER OR ADOPT *** HOW TO RESERVE A “TO BE KILLED” DOG ONLINE (only for those who can get to the shelter IN PERSON to complete the adoption process, and only for the dogs on the list NOT marked New Hope Rescue Only). Follow our Step by Step directions below! *PLEASE NOTE – YOU MUST USE A PC OR TABLET – PHONE RESERVES WILL NOT WORK! ** STEP 1: CLICK ON THIS RESERVE LINK: https://newhope.shelterbuddy.com/Animal/List Step 2: Go to the red menu button on the top right corner, click register and fill in your info. Step 3: Go to your email and verify account \ Step 4: Go back to the website, click the menu button and view available dogs Step 5: Scroll to the animal you are interested and click reserve STEP 6 ( MOST IMPORTANT STEP ): GO TO THE MENU AGAIN AND VIEW YOUR CART. THE ANIMAL SHOULD NOW BE IN YOUR CART! Step 7: Fill in your credit card info and complete transaction HOW TO FOSTER OR ADOPT IF YOU *CANNOT* GET TO THE SHELTER IN PERSON, OR IF THE DOG IS NEW HOPE RESCUE ONLY! You must live within 3 – 4 hours of NY, NJ, PA, CT, RI, DE, MD, MA, NH, VT, ME or Norther VA. Please PM our page for assistance. You will need to fill out applications with a New Hope Rescue Partner to foster or adopt a dog on the To Be Killed list, including those labelled Rescue Only. Hurry please, time is short, and the Rescues need time to process the applications.
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ezatluba · 2 years
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Alarm at rise in seizures of illegal veterinary drugs at UK bordersThis article is more than 4 months old
Hormones, steroids and antibiotics intended for use on dogs, horses, pigeons and farm animals intercepted by officials
Robyn Vinter
29 Apr 2021 
The government has been urged to open an investigation into illegal imports of veterinary drugs, after the number seized at the UK border increased dramatically last year.
The Veterinary Medicines Directorate, the executive agency that regulates animal drugs, seized more than 40 different illegal medicines in the year to March 2021, compared with just one in 2019, one in 2018 and three in 2017.
Many of the packages were addressed to residential premises and came from as far afield as Australia, India, South Africa and Thailand. Some contained enough medicine for hundreds of doses.
It is an offence to import veterinary medicines without a licence in the UK and, while most of the medicines seized by border officials were not banned substances, many were prescription drugs that could provide a public health danger if not used responsibly.
Among the drugs seized were hormones, steroids and a number of different antibiotics intended for use on a wide range of animals, including dogs, horses, pigeons and food-producing animals.
Cóilín Nunan, scientific adviser to the Alliance to Save Our Antibiotics, a body made up of health and food organisations aiming to tackle antibiotic resistance, said it has been clear for years that illegal imports were happening but the true scale is still not known.
He said: “Illegal imports are a concern, particularly if this means that antibiotics are being imported and used without a veterinary prescription. It’s particularly irresponsible to be importing high-priority critically important antibiotics illegally, or to be importing drugs that are banned from all veterinary use in the UK.”
The numbers seized are extremely small in comparison with the total number of veterinary drugs prescribed in the UK, but as some were uncovered during routine “spot checks”, there is no way of knowing how many illegal medicines are slipping through border controls.
Nunan added: “If The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) has evidence that illegal imports of veterinary drugs are increasing, they should launch an investigation to determine the scale of the problem and to find out why this is happening, and how it can be stopped.”
One of the packages seized in 2017 contained enrofloxacin, not itself used in human medicine, but a class of antibiotics listed as high-priority critically important in human medicine.
The antibiotic, which is part of the fluoroquinolone family, is licensed for use in poultry in the UK, but a voluntary ban has been in place across the industry since 2016, though it is still widely available in other parts of the world.
A package seized in June last year contained doxycycline, another antibiotic that vets are avoiding prescribing where possible, to help tackle antibiotic resistance.
The British Veterinary Association president, James Russell, said even one medicine brought into the UK illegally is “one too many”.
“These are the high-priority critically important antimicrobials. We as a veterinary profession are working so hard to move away from those, and to protect those for human health.
“Antimicrobial resistance is a growing threat, and left unchecked could be one of the biggest threats to humanity by 2050. There’s a key role of veterinary surgeons, not just in the UK but everywhere, which is being the gatekeepers and the custodians of medicines, and we do that through responsible prescribing.”
Some drugs are more tightly restricted in food-producing animals to avoid them entering the human food chain. In some cases animals, for example milking cows, need to be taken out of the food chain while being treated – something that is usually tightly monitored by farmers and vets.
Defra denied there had been a rise in the amount of illegal veterinary medicines entering the UK and said the rise in seizures was down to a closer working relationship between the Veterinary Medicines Directorate and Border Force.
A Veterinary Medicines Directorate spokesperson said: “We work closely with the UK’s Border Force to ensure illegal veterinary medicines don’t enter the country. This includes briefing operational hubs across the UK to help them to better identify and seize illegal veterinary medicines at the border.
“It is this close working relationship that has led to a rise in the number of illegal veterinary medicines seized, and we continue to work hard alongside them to stamp out such criminal practices.”
Border Force said it was determined to crack down on illegal imports, and that officers were highly trained to detect smuggling.
It would not comment on the effectiveness of its spot checks or clarify how packages were inspected, citing security, but it said most checks were conducted according to risk levels or intelligence.
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iheartvmt · 6 years
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Canine Brucellosis Other names: Contagious canine abortion Cause: Brucella canis Note: Dogs can also be infected with the Brucellosis of swine, Brucella suis, which I've already done a write-up on. Species: Dogs, humans (rare; dog breeders and veterinarians at highest risk. Average pet owners not considered at risk unless immune compromised) Note: Beagles most commonly infected in the USA. In the USA rates of infection highest in the rural South. Also seen in Mexico, Japan, China, Tunisia, and several countries in South America and Europe. Signs: Dogs -- May appear healthy or only have vague signs of illness, especially females. Abortion (typically at 6-8  weeks gestation, but may occur at any time in the pregnancy), followed by vaginal discharge for several weeks. If pups survive pregnancy, they may be born weak and die, be asymptomatic carriers and later develop disease, or be uninfected. Unilateral or bilateral scrotal swelling and epididymitis, testicular atrophy, scrotal dermatitis. Decreased semen quality (decreased motility, increased immature sperm cells, inflammatory cells; aspermia without inflammatory cells if bilateral testicular atrophy present). Necrosis of the prostate parenchyma and seminiferous tubules. Males may shed bacteria for years. Both sexes may show infertility, anterior uveitis, retinitis, lethargy, loss of libido, granulometous lesions in genitourinary organs, swollen lymph nodes, splenomegaly, premature aging, spinal pain, diskospondylitis, posterior weakness, and ataxia. Humans -- Rare and usually mild (undulant fever, headache, weakness, malaise, and lymph node enlargement). In severe cases, joints, bones, and heart valves may be affected. Signs usually develop 3-4 weeks after exposure, but can occur as soon as 1 week or as long as several months. Transmission: Dogs -- nose/oral contact with reproductive discharges from an infected female when she is in heat, after an abortion, or during birth. Can also be transmitted via semen or urine. Puppies can be infected in utero. Humans -- Via contact of birthing fluids, fetal membranes, aborted fetuses, or vaginal discharges with mucous membranes or skin wounds. There is also a risk of exposure through feces, urine, and nasal secretions, though it is lower. Note: Like other Brucella species, this organism can remain infectious for several months in ideal environmental conditions (high humidity, low temperature, out of direct sunlight), so contaminated dust/dirt, water, clothing, and other fomites also pose a risk. Diagnosis: Dogs -- Serologic testing (high rate of false positives, unlike with other Brucella species) including RSAT, ELISA, cell wall antigen test, soluble antigen test (most accurate and recommended), mercaptoethanol tube agglutination test. Culture of organism from blood, vaginal fluids, semen, urine, or lymph node aspirate. Diskospondylitis on radiographs can indicate Brucellosis but is not diagnostic. Humans -- Blood culture prior to antibiotic therapy. Current serologic tests for Brucella species do not detect B. canis Treatment: Dog - Short of euthanasia, no method of control is guaranteed to be effective. Owners have an ethical obligation to reduce the risk of transmitting infection to humans or other dogs; this means not breeding infected dogs or selling/rehoming infected dogs (including pups that may have been infected in utero), and limiting contact with infected dogs to as few people as possible. Treatment is expensive and outcome is uncertain as some dogs do not clear the infection even with treatment, especially males due to persistent prostatic infections. Treatment is NOT recommended for breeding dogs; if euthanasia is unacceptable, spay/neuter as part of treatment. No single antibiotic regimen has reliable results. Most successful is a combination of a tetracycline or doxycyxline and dihydrostreptomycin for 4 weeks. Enrofloxacin and gentamicin have been tried, with mixed results (close monitoring of renal function necessary with gentamicin). Patient should be retested monthly for at least 3 months after antibiotic treatment is completed until they test negative. Relapses common; in these cases retreat or euthanize. Confine and isolate infected dogs to prevent the spread of the disease. Prognosis is best with acute infections and worst with chronically infected males. Successfully treated dogs are fully susceptible to reinfection. Humans -- Typically doxycyxline and rifampin in combination for 6-8 weeks, but other protocols also used. Prevention: Dogs -- No vaccine available. Purchase only dogs from reputable breeders. Test all brood bitches before they come into heat. Frequently test all males used for breeding. Quarantine and test all new dogs, only introduce to pack or breeding kennel when animal has had two negative tests a month apart. Practice good sanitation of all kennels, yards, etc. and line with pea rocks or concrete to prevent contamination of mud and dirt. Dry contaminated hard surfaces and disinfect with bleach. Launder contaminated blankets or burn. Do not take infected dogs to areas where they may contact people or other dogs, such as dog parks, beaches, or working/hunting trials or dog shows. DO NOT BREED INFECTED DOGS! Humans -- Use gloves when assisting with whelping or cleaning up urine, feces, reproductive tissues, or disposing of aborted fetuses. Wear facemasks and eye protection when spraying out kennels to prevent aerosolized bacteria from contacting your mouth or eyes. Practice good hygiene. Launder contaminated clothing. Limit contact of infected dogs to as few people as possible, and do not allow them to lick or mouth people.  Do not sell or rehome infected dogs. Sources: Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, Vetbook (images), Wisconsin Department of Health Services Division of Public Health, VCA, WebMD
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easyvetsupplies · 3 years
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Auriko Ear Drops For Dogs-PDF- Easyvetsupplies
Buy Auriko Ear Drops -Generic to Baytril at Lowest Price with Free Shipping at easyvetsupplies.com. This ear drop from vekocare is mostly used in cases of ear infections or yeast infections in dogs & puppies. Enrofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used in veterinary drop to treat animals afflicted with certain bacterial infections. Contains Enrofloxacin and Silver Sulphadiazine. Enrofloxacin is well-known for its anti-microbial properties. Please do ask your vet before starting any treatment.
https://issuu.com/rockysterner/docs/auriko_ear_drops_for_dogs-pdf-easyvetsupplies.com
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factmrresearch1 · 3 years
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Enrofloxacin Market Insight :-
The global enrofloxacin market size is expected to witness potential gains in the future, and register a significant CAGR over the forecast period (2019 - 2027).
Market Overview
Enrofloxacin (ENR) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic and a veterinary antibacterial agent. It is sold under the trade name Baytril by the Bayer Corporation. ENR is currently approved for treatment of individual pets and domestic animals in the U.S. by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). ENR is effective against a several gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella, and E.coli. It is used for the treatment of infections of skin and soft tissue, urinary tract infections in dogs and cats, Chlamydophila felis infections in cats, and ulcerative colitis caused by Escherichia coli in dogs. Significant growth in the poultry sector is expected to have positive impact on the market growth of enrofloxacin over the forecast period.
Market Dynamics
Increasing use of ENR in treatment of infections caused by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria is expected to boost the market growth. ENR is administered to cattle by subcutaneous injection and to pigs by intramuscular injection. It is administered orally to cattle, pigs, turkey, and chickens, for the treatment of infections of the respiratory and alimentary tract.
However, in rare instances, use of ENR in cats has been linked with retinal toxicity. The drug cannot be used in pets that are allergic to it. ENR is also associated with some side effects such as vomiting, diarrhea, and lack of appetite. Moreover, effective in September 2005, enrofloxacin was withdrawn from use in the U.S. poultry farms. These factors are expected to hinder growth of the enrofloxacin market over the forecast period.
Increasing trend of adopting pets is expected to offer lucrative opportunities for market players to enhance their market share.    
Market Outlook
Asia Pacific is expected to hold dominant position in the enrofloxacin market over the forecast period. Factors such as growing population and high demand for poultry meat are expected to impact the market growth. Moreover, significant growth in the pet industry in China is also expected to contribute to the market growth in Asia Pacific. Restrictions on the use of ENR in the U.S. is expected to adversely affect growth of the market in North America.
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Key Players
Some of the major players operating in the global enrofloxacin market include, Bayer Corporation, KRKA d.d., Novo mesto, Pro Zoon, Chanelle Pharmaceuticals, VetMedic, and VM Pharma.
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sriramnanda-blog · 4 years
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ANIMAL HEALTHCARE MARKET ANALYSIS
Animal healthcare focuses on effective animal health management through diagnosis and treatment of various diseases in animals.
Statistics:
The global animal healthcare market is estimated to account for US$ 61,168.31 Mn in terms of value by the end of 2027
Global Animal Healthcare Market: Drivers
Increasing consumption of meat, milk and other animal byproducts is expected to boost growth of the global animal healthcare market over the forecast period. For instance, the USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) estimated November 2019 U.S. milk production at 17.440 billion pounds, 0.5 percent higher than November 2018.
Moreover, increasing prevalence of foodborne and zoonotic diseases is also expected to propel growth of the market. For instance, according to May 2019 report of the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), salmonella infection (salmonellosis) causes approximately 1.2 million illnesses and 450 deaths annually, in the U.S. and in 2018, there were 18 reported outbreaks, 15 of which were linked to food.
Statistics:
North America held dominant position in the global animal healthcare market in 2019, accounting for 33.1% share in terms of value, followed by Europe and Asia Pacific, respectively
Figure 1. Global Animal Healthcare Market Share (%), by Region, 2019
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Source: Coherent Market Insights Analysis (2020)
Global Animal Healthcare Market: Restraints
A lack of surveillance and diagnostics for zoonotic diseases in developing economies is expected to hinder growth of the global animal healthcare market.
Moreover, stringent regulations over use of antibiotics in animal feed is also expected to limit growth of the market. For instance, in the U.S. state of California Senate Bill 27—known as SB 27—aims to minimize the feeding of antibiotics to animals and it prohibits the use of antibiotics “solely for purposes of promoting weight gain or improving feed efficiency.”
Statistics:
The Production Animal segment was valued at US$ 26,374.5 Mn in 2019 and is forecast to reach a value of US$ 39,159.8 Mn by 2027 at a CAGR of 5.1% between 2019 and 2027
Market Trends/Key Takeaways
In the U.S., beef export has declined, which is expected to hinder growth of the market. For instance, according to the USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), in November 2019, beef exports from the U.S. totaled 245 million pounds, 21 million pounds below the November 2018 total.
Asia Pacific is expected to witness significant growth in the market, owing to increasing production of milk. For instance, according to the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), in 2018, India produced 186 million tons of milk, which was 22% of that year's global total milk production of 843 million tons.
Regulations
North America
In order to reduce the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animals, the Danish Veterinary and Food Administration (DVFA) restricted the use of fluoroquinolones (banned) and cephalosporins in 2002. In 2010, an industrial voluntary ban (Sweden, France and Denmark) on the use of cephalosporins was implemented for a 2-year period, and a Yellow Card initiative was implemented in Denmark, targeting the largest consumers of antibiotics in the swine production industry. As a result, the consumption of antibiotics from January 2011 to June 2011 was 25 % lower compared to the same period the previous year.
2005: FDA banned the use of Baytril – a fluoroquinolone antibiotic – also known as enrofloxacin – in chicken and turkey. The antibiotic leads to the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria such as Campylobacter in humans, as its chemical composition is similar to that of Cipro – a human antibiotic – which is a common prescription drug to treat foodborne illnesses in humans.
2012: Maryland banned the usage of arsenic-based drugs in chicken feed. However, it is used across other states in the U.S. The drug received FDA approval as its arsenic content is within safe limits for human consumption.
2014: The FDA directed 26 major pharmaceutical companies in the U.S. to cease production of weight-gain drugs for animals by December 2016. It further directed the companies to stop OTC sales of antimicrobials such as Roxarsone (sold under the brand 3-Nitro) administered to livestock through feed and water, which are also used in human medicine. The objective of this move is to reduce health risks associated with the consumption of antimicrobial treated meat products.
Ractopamine hydrochloride – a growth promoter drug – is banned in Europe and 160 other countries such as China, Taiwan, Russia, India, Turkey, Iran, Egypt, Kenya and Zimbabwe. However, its use is permitted in the U.S., Brazil and Canada to increase muscle production in swine, turkey and cattle. Since December 2012, meat imports in Russia from countries such as the U.S. is subject to ractopamine-free certification.
U.S.
GROUP I. Drugs with No Allowable Extra-label Uses in Any Food-producing Animal Species
CHLORAMPHENICOL
CLENBUTEROL
DIETHYLSTILBESTEROL (DES)
FLUOROQUINOLONE–CLASS ANTIBIOTICS
GLYCOPEPTIDES — all agents, including VANCOMYCIN
MEDICATED FEEDS
NITROIMIDAZOLES-all agents, including DIMETRIDAZOLE, IPRONIDAZOLE, METRONIDAZOLE and others
NITROFURANS — all agents, including FURAZOLIDINE, NITROFURAZONE and others
GROUP III. Drugs with Special Restrictions for Grade "A" Dairy Operations
Grade A Pasteurized Milk Ordinance
NON-MEDICAL GRADE DIMETHYLSULFOXIDE (DMSO) — no use or storage allowable
DIPYRONE — no use allowable
COLLOIDAL SILVER — no use or storage allowable
SYSTEMICALLY–ACTING DRUGS THAT ARE APPLIED TOPICALLY (including Fenthion, Famphur and Xylene, Phosmet, Levamisole and all ivermectins and avermectins — no use allowable
GROUP II. Drugs with Restricted Extra-Label Uses in Food-Producing Animal Species
ADAMANTANE & NEURAMINIDASE INHIBITORS in all poultry, including ducks – these agents are approved for treatment or prevention of influenza A
CEPHALOSPORIN–CLASS ANTIBIOTICS except CEPHAPIRIN in all classes of cattle, chickens, pigs and turkeys – ELDU restrictions apply to ALL PRODUCTION CLASSES OF MAJOR FOOD-ANIMAL SPECIES.
1) No ELDU for purpose of disease prevention
2) No ELDU that involves unapproved dose, treatment duration, frequency or administration route
3) Agent must be approved for that species and production class
– ELDU restrictions DO NOT APPLY to minor–use food animal species.
GENTIAN VIOLET — prohibited for use in food or feed of food-producing animal species
INDEXED DRUGS — some exceptions for minor-use species
PHENYLBUTAZONE — in female dairy cattle (20 months of age or older)
SULFONAMIDE–CLASS ANTIBIOTICS — in lactating dairy cattle– approved uses are allowed for Sulfadimethoxine, Sulfabromomethazine and Sulfaethoxypyridazine
Segmentation:
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Global Animal Healthcare Market: Competitive Landscape
Major players operating in the global animal healthcare market include, Bayer AG, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Cargill, Inc., Ceva Santé Animale, Eli Lilly and Company, Koninklijke DSM N.V., Merck & Co., Inc., Novartis AG, Nutreco N.V., Sanofi S.A., SeQuent Scientific Ltd., Virbac S.A., Vétoquinol S.A., and Zoetis Inc.
Global Animal Healthcare Market: Key Developments
Major players in the market are focused on adopting partnership and collaboration strategies to expand their product portfolio. For instance, in 2018, Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health collaborated with Kamraan Veterinary Medicine Co. Group, a veterinary medicine wholesaler and retailer in U.A.E, for marketing veterinary medicines.
Major players in the market are also focused on launching new products to expand their product portfolio. For instance, in March 2020, Kinetic Vet, an animal health company, launched ArmourGuard RTU, an EPA-approved spray-on antimicrobial biosecurity solution that provides continual antimicrobial activity against microorganisms for up to 90 days.
About Us- Coherent Market Insights is a global market intelligence and consulting organization focused on assisting our plethora of clients achieve transformational growth by helping them make critical business decisions. What we provide: Customized Market Research Services Industry Analysis Services Business Consulting Services Market Intelligence Services Long term Engagement Model Country Specific Analysis Mr. Shah
Coherent Market Insights Pvt.Ltd. Address: 1001 4th Ave, #3200 Seattle, WA 98154, U.S. Phone: +1–206–701–6702 Email: [email protected]
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Exploration of Antibacterial and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Premna integrifolia Plant Extracts in Bubaline Mastitis- Juniper Publishers
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Abstract
Mastitis, which affects the milk production of dairy animals, is usually due to mammary gland invasion by bacterial pathogens. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria and side effects associated with the use of anti-inflammatory cortisones in mastitis prompted for use of alternate/complementary therapeutics. As the plant Premna integrifolia was reported to exhibit antibacterial, anti-inflammatory/immunomodulatory properties, its leaf and root aqueous extracts were tested for their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, either individually or in combination with the antibiotics. The anti-inflammatory properties of the extracts were also tested against the bubaline mammary epithelial cells (MEC) infected with S. aureus and E. coli. In microbroth dilution assays for assessing minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in vitro, the leaf and root extracts of Premna integrifolia didn’t exhibit any antimicrobial activity against S. aureus but showed significant antimicrobial activity on E. coli. In combination with the plant extract, the sensitivity of S. aureus to amoxicillin is not only increased but also the S. aureus isolates that were resistant to amoxicillin also became sensitive. The Premna integrifolia leaf and root extracts, however, showed antagonism on antimicrobial activity of enrofloxacin in combination. In addition the aqueous root extract of Premna integrifolia exhibited anti-inflammatory activity through down regulation of cytokines IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α in S. aureus and IL-6 and IL-8 in E. coli infected MEC. These studies reveal antimicrobial activity of leaf and root extracts of Premna integrifolia on E. coli. In combination with amoxicillin these plant extracts increased the sensitivity of S. aureus to amoxicillin. The anti-inflammatory activity of root extract of Premna integrifolia on MEC infected with S. aureus and E. coli is also demonstrated in these studies.
Keywords:Mastitis; S. aureus; E. coli; Premna integrifolia; Mammary epithelial cells; cytokines; Amoxicillin; Enrofloxacin
    Introduction
Mastitis in dairy animals is inflammatory reaction of the udder tissue against the invading microbial pathogens. Bacterial pathogens are majorly implicated in the mastitis of cows and buffaloes leading to major production losses in dairy animals resulting in huge economic losses to dairy farmers and industry [1]. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are the major bacterial pathogens of bovine/bubaline mastitis [2]. However, the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial pathogens that cause mastitis in dairy animals is a cause of grave concern [3-5]. Also controlling the inflammation in mastitis is very essential as the persistent inflammation of mammary gland tissue may result in permanent unproductivity in dairy animals [6-7]. Mastitis is the most frequent reason for the use of antimicrobial drugs in dairy herds, which eventually has resulted in antimicrobial resistance [8].
Development of new antibiotics will take long time and there is chance of further developing antimicrobial resistance against these molecules in due course. In this context exploration of natural compounds from medicinal plants that exhibit both antibacterial and anti-inflammatory/immunomodulatory properties may offer promising solution for therapeutic approach to mastitis in dairy animals. Medicinal uses of the plant Premna integrifolia that has prominent value in Indian system of medicine Ayurveda was reviewed by different researchers [9-11]. Reports on increased sensitivity of bacterial pathogens to antibiotics, when used in combination with anti-inflammatory compounds like Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) [12], also encourages us to take up research work on the natural compounds with anti-inflammatory activity. As the development of resistance to natural products of plant origin is highly remote and the issue of antibiotic residues in milk doesn’t arise with the natural compounds, the present investigation was taken up to study the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory/immunomodulatory activities of aqueous young leaf and root extracts of the plant Premna integrifolia. The study is aimed to test the anti-bacterial activity of the plant extracts on S. aureus and E. coli, either individually or in combination with the antibiotics. It is also aimed to test the anti-inflammatory/ immunomodulatory activity of the plant extracts on Mammary epithelial cells (MEC) cultured from fresh milk of buffaloes and further infected with the selected bacterial pathogens of mastitis.
    Materials and Methods
Plant material
Plant materials were collected from Maharastra region of India. The plant was identified as Premna integrifolia L. belonging to Verbenaceae by Dr. S. K. Srivastava, Scientist-E, BSI, Dehradun with accession no. 116123. Sample herbarium sheets deposited with Northern Regional Centre, Botanical Survey of India, Dehradun.
Preparation of Premna integrifolia extracts
The young roots and leaves of Premna integrifolia were sun dried for 15 days, powdered and successively extracted with soxhlet apparatus with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol and water in the increasing polarity index. These extracts were dried using a rotatory evaporator followed by lyophilization. Similarly, leaves were dried in shade for 10 days and extracted as above. In the present study the aqueous extracts were evaluated for their anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory effects./p>
Bacterial isolates
The bacterial pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were isolated from the mastitic milk samples of buffaloes and the bacteria were subjected to characterization by culturing on selective bacteriological media. Mannitol salt agar (MSA) and Eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar (Oxoid, UK) were used for culture of S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. These bacteria were further characterized in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test by reactivity with species-specific oligonucleotide primers [2].
Microbroth dilution method for measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotic/ minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotic/
The antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts was evaluated by microbroth dilution method in serial wells of microtitre plate (Axygen, USA) [13], with suitable modifications. Briefly, two-fold dilution of antibiotic/plant extract (10mg/ml) is made with cation adjusted Mulleur Hinton broth, in their respective wells of 96-well microtiter plate. The antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts was tested individually, also in combination with antibiotic. In the combination studies a fixed volume of 50μl of plant extract (10mg/ml) was added to the wells with serial dilution of respective antibiotic. Separate row(s) of wells with serial dilution of antibiotic alone were also maintained to compare the MIC values of antibiotic with the MIC values of plant extract or antibiotic & plant extract combination. Appropriate controls were also maintained. Amoxicillin and enrofloxacin (SRL, India) antibiotics in powder form were used for S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. To all the wells constant volume of 300μl of 0.5 McFarlands standard bacterial culture (S. aureus/E. coli) was added. The culture plates were incubated for 18hrs. and the absorbance readings were taken at 660 nm (Multiskan plate reader, Thermo). The MIC values of the antibiotic/plant extract or combination of antibiotic & plant extract corresponding to the absorbance readings of respective wells were noted. Then indicator dye p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet (INT) (SRL, India) was added to all the wells to visually appreciate the extent of antimicrobial activity of the compounds tested. The breakpoints of amoxicillin and enrofloxacin/ciprofloxacin in MIC assays were taken as per Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines 2012.
In Microbroth dilution method for measuring the MIC a loopful of inoculum was picked up from the wells in microtiter plates where there is inhibition of bacterial growth and streaked on bacteriological medium, further incubated to confirm the absence of live bacteria/bacterial growth in those wells.
Isolation and culture of mammary epithelial cells (MEC) from milch buffaloes
Mammary epithelial cells were isolated form the fresh milk of apparently healthy milch buffaloes maintained at Livestock Farm Complex, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram as per the established procedure [14] with suitable modifications. Briefly, the fresh milk samples were centrifuged at 500 x g and the cell pellet was washed with phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.2). Then the cell pellet was cultured in DMEM/F12 (Sigma, USA) medium with 10% Foetal Bovine Serum (Thermo Fisher) for 48 hrs. in 5% CO2 atmosphere. Four groups of the cultured mammary epithelial cells (MEC) were maintained. First group was maintained normal untreated. Second group was maintained as normal & treated (plant extract treated), third group was maintained as infected by infecting with 300μl of 0.5 Mcfarlands standard bacterial culture. The fourth group was maintained as plant extract treated & infected, where in MEC were treated with 300μl of plant extract (10mg/ml). After 6 hrs. of incubation with plant extract the MEC were infected with 300μl of 0.5 Mcfarlands standard bacterial culture and further incubated for 6 hrs. The S. aureus broth culture was used to infect MEC, whereas heat inactivated (65 °C/30 minutes) E. coli was used to treat the MEC.
Detection of cytokines expression in bubaline MEC by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR)
Two step qRT-PCR was carried out in this study. In the first step the total RNA from MEC of different groups of cells was extracted, separately, by using Trizol reagent (Invitrogen, USA) as per the manufacturer’s instructions. The quality of RNA was checked in Nanodrop (Thermo, USA). The cDNA from RNA of different groups of cells was synthesized by standard protocol using reagents/chemical/enzymes from Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA. Briefly, the 200 ng of RNA extracted was incubated with Random Hexamers, then treated with RNAase inhibitor RiboLock. The RNA was reverse transcribed to cDNA using M-MuLV Reverse Transcriptase RNaseH+ at 37 °C in a thermal cycler (Eppendorf Master cycler, Germany). Any contamination of genomic DNA was removed by using DNA free TM DNA removal kit. The resultant cDNA was quantified in Nanodrop.
In the second step the qRT-PCR tests were performed in 25μl of reaction volume in Quant Sudio3 Real Time PCR instrument (Applied Biosystems, USA). The levels of gene expression of cytokines Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Tumour Necrosis Factor - α (TNF-α) in MEC after 6 hrs. of infection with bacterial pathogens in normal and plant extracts treated MEC were studied. The house keeping β-actin gene was kept as endogenous control. The sequence of oligonucleotide primers used in this study (Bioserve Biotechnologies, India) were adopted from the earlier research reports (15). In the qRT-PCR tests KAPA SYBR Fast qPCR master mix based on SYBR Green technology was used under the test conditions of initial denaturation 95 °C/ 3 minutes; then 94 °C / 3 sec, 60 °C / 3 sec & 70 °C / 10 sec for 50 cycles, followed by standard melt curve conditions.
    results
A total of 42 isolates of S. aureus and 11 isolates of E. coli were isolated from mastitic milk samples of buffaloes in and around Gannavaram, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh. Certain mastitic milk samples were positive for mixed infections of S. aureus and E. coli. The S. aureus produced typical mannitol fermentation on MSA and the E. coli produced greenish metallic sheen on EMB agar, during the culture. In PCR test the S. aureus produced a specific PCR product of 1250 bp (Figure 1a) and E. coli produced a specific PCR product of 662 bp (Figure 1b).
In MIC assays, 31% isolates (n=13) of S. aureus were found to be resistant to amoxicillin. The isolates were GV28, GV40, GV42, GV43, GV45, TVCC41, TVCC47, TVCC49, TVCC53, PMNR1, KSP35, KSP36 and KSP39. Both the plant extracts (each extract separately) didn’t exhibit any significant antimicrobial activity against all the isolates (n=42) of S. aureus. However, for 45.2% of isolates (n=19) amoxicillin exhibited antimicrobial activity even at a lower concentration when combined with the plant leaf extract. The isolates were GV29, GV30, GV35, GV38, GV39, GV40, GV41, GV42, GV43, GV44, GV45, TVCC42, TVCC43, TVCC47, TVCC49, TVCC53, KSP35, KSP36 and KSP39. The MIC values of amoxicillin in antibiotic & leaf extract combination wells are found to be lower (to the extent of 0.00006μg/ml of concentration) than the MIC value of amoxicillin alone. Out of 13 isolates of S. aureus that were found to be resistant for amoxicillin, 10 isolates showed sensitivity to amoxicillin, when it is used in combination with the leaf extracts. For 23.8% isolates (n=10) of S. aureus there is no significant variation in MIC values of amoxicillin, when it is used alone or in combination with leaf extract. For 40.5% of isolates (n=17) amoxicillin exhibited antimicrobial activity at a lower concentration when combined with the plant root extract. The isolates were GV30, GV40, GV41, GV42, GV43, GV44, GV45, TVCC46, TVCC48, TVCC49, WG3, WG4, WG5, KSP35, KSP36, KSP39 and KSP43. The MIC values of amoxicillin in antibiotic & root extract combination wells are found to be lower than the MIC values of amoxicillin alone. Out of 13 isolates of S. aureus that were found to be resistant for amoxicillin, 9 isolates showed sensitivity to amoxicillin when it is used in combination with the root extract.
In MIC assays, all the E. coli isolates (n=11) were found to be sensitive to enrofloxacin. The isolates were GV26, GV27, GV28, GV29, WG1, KSP35, KSP38, GV46, GV47, KSP44 and KSP45. The leaf extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against 81.81% isolates (n=9) of E. coli. For these 9 isolates of E. coli the MIC values of leaf extract were significantly lower than the MIC values of enrofloxacin. The root aqueous extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against all the 11 isolates of E. coli. The MIC values of plant extracts was in the range of 31.25 to 0.98 μg/ml for different isolates of E. coli, whereas the MIC values of enrofloxacin are in the range of 500 - 62.5 μg/ml. In MIC assays with combination of enrofloxacin & plant extract (each extract separately), the enrofloxacin didn’t exhibit antimicrobial activity at its higher concentration but showed antimicrobial activity at its lower concentration.
After 48 hr. culture the MEC attained full confluence in tissue culture flaks and they were used for infection studies. The cDNA obtained from different groups of MEC was quantified by Nanodrop (Thermo) and same concentration cDNA from all the groups was used in qRT-PCR assays.
In MEC infection studies with S. aureus, the expression of cytokines IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α genes were upregulated in S. aureus infected MEC (Figure 2a). In plant (young root) extract treated & infected MEC the gene expression of these cytokines was significantly downregulated compared to infected MEC (Figure 2b).
In MEC infection studies with E. coli, the gene expression of cytokines IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α was upregulated in infected MEC compared to normal MEC (Figure 3a). Figure depicting upregulation of TNF-α gene expression was not shown. The gene expression of the cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 was downregulated in plant (young root) extract treated & infected MEC compared to infected MEC (Figure 3b). However, the gene expression of cytokine TNF-α was found to be upregulated in plant (young root) extract treated & infected MEC compared to infected MEC (Figure 3b).
    Discussion
Mastitis in dairy bovines is usually caused by bacterial pathogens leading to inflammation of udder tissue and its further damage [1,2]. As the use of conventional antibiotics and antiinflammatory agents have certain disadvantages like development of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria, presence of antibiotic residues in milk during treatment, immunosuppression associated with cortisone administration etc., it is proposed to explore the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory/immunomodulatory activity of leaf and root aqueous extracts of the plant Premna integrifolia. The antibacterial activity of the plant extracts was tested on clinical isolates of S. aureus and E. coli isolated from mastitic milk samples of buffaloes. The isolated S. aureus and E. coli from different samples in this study were further characterized and the results were in accordance with the earlier reports [2].
Out of 42 characterized isolates of S. aureus 31% showed resistance to amoxicillin. The MIC values for indicating the resistance to amoxicillin in S. aureus were as per the CLSI guidelines, 2012. Due to the emergence of anti-microbial resistance, it is not surprising to find resistance to amoxicillin in S. aureus isolates from mastitic milk samples of dairy bovines [4,5]. Though antibacterial activity was reported with different extracts of Premna integrifolia [11,15-17], in the present study both the leaf and root aqueous extracts of the plant didn’t show any antimicrobial activity against all the isolates of S. aureus. This may be due to use of different solvent in the process of extraction. Also, in the previous studies the antimicrobial activity of the leaf extract was investigated by disc diffusion method [11], whereas in the present study the antimicrobial activity of plant extracts was tested by micro broth dilution method. In addition, all the isolates used in the present study were clinical isolates.
For 45.2% of isolates of S. aureus, amoxicillin exhibited antimicrobial activity at a lower concentration when combined with the plant leaf extract. It was reported that anti-inflammatory drug celecoxib sensitizes S. aureus to antibiotics [12] and the combinatorial effect of celecoxib and ampicillin was further demonstrated [18,19]. Anti-inflammatory activity of Premna integrifolia root was also reported [9]. Therefore, the antimicrobial activity exhibited by amoxicillin at lower concentrations may be due to combinatorial effect of plant extract (with anti-inflammatory activity) and amoxicillin. This may be correlated to the finding that out of 13 isolates of S. aureus that were found to be resistant to amoxicillin, 10 isolates showed sensitivity to amoxicillin when used in combination with the leaf extracts and 9 isolates showed sensitivity to amoxicillin when used in combination with the root extract. However, further research is to be carried out to find out the precise mechanism of this combinatorial effect.
In MIC assays the antibiotic enrofloxacin exhibited antimicrobial activity against all the isolates of E. coli. The sensitivity of E. coli to enrofloxacin in antimicrobial assays was already established [5,20]. Although the leaf extract didn’t exhibit any significant antimicrobial activity against S. aureus isolates, it exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against 9 isolates of E. coli. In fact MIC values of leaf extract were significantly lower than the MIC values of enrofloxacin for these E. coli isolates. The antimicrobial activity exhibited by the leaf extracts against E. coli is in accordance with the earlier reports on antibacterial activity of Premna integrifolia [11,16,17]. The aqueous root extract of the plant also exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against all the 11 isolates of E. coli. Specific research reports on the antimicrobial activity of the root extract are not available. Though the enrofloxacin has an established antimicrobial activity against E. coli when used alone, it is very interesting to observe in the present study that the enrofloxacin in combination with the plant extract (each extract separately) didn’t exhibit antimicrobial activity at higher concentration but exhibited its antimicrobial activity at lower concentrations. So, in two-fold serial dilution wells of enrofloxacin with combination of constant concentration of plant extract (each extract separately), bacterial growth was not inhibited at higher concentrations of enrofloxacin, whereas at lower concentrations of enrofloxacin the bacterial growth was inhibited. However, usually in MIC assays as the dilution of antibiotic progresses in the series of wells its concentration decreases and the bacterial growth is not inhibited in wells of microtiter plates with lower concentration of antibiotic. These findings are also in contrary to the reports on synergism of natural products and antibiotics [21].
From the studies on antimicrobial activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin in combination with antioxidants it was reported that antioxidants exhibited antagonistic activity on ciprofloxacin [22,23]. It was observed that as the fluoroquinolones kill the bacteria by increasing the oxidative stress in bacterial cells, the concurrent/combinatorial use of antioxidants inhibit the oxidative stress induced by the ciprofloxacin. The antioxidant properties of Premna integrifolia were already reported [9- 11]. Therefore, it may be summrised that in the present study the antioxidant properties of the plant extracts antagonized the antimicrobial activity of enrofloxacin, which belongs to fluoroquinolones. This is supported by the observation that with plant extract combination E. coli growth was not inhibited in the microtiter plate wells with higher concentration of antibiotic, whereas in the wells with lower concentration of enrofloxacin the E. coli growth was inhibited. Perhaps there might be optimum levels of enrofloxacin and antioxidant plant extract combination in the microtiter plate wells with higher concentrations of enrofloxacin, leading to antagonistic action of plant extract on enrofloxacin. However, further studies are required for conclusive evidence on this aspect.
The aqueous leaf extract of the plant Premna integrifolia didn’t have any activity on downregulation in the expression of cytokines, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α genes in S. aureus and E. coli infection studies in MEC. However, in MEC infection studies with S. aureus the aqueous root extract of the plant Premna integrifolia showed antiinflammatory activity by downregulating the expression of genes of cytokines IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α. But in MEC infection studies with E. coli the aqueous root extract showed anti-inflammatory activity by downregulating the expression of cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 genes only but not TNF-α. This may be due to the potent action of endotoxin of E. coli on MEC even after heat inactivation. This study thus forms the first report on the pattern of expression of cytokines IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α genes in Premna integrifolia plant extract treated and infected cells of any system.
    Conclusion
In conclusion, although the young leaf and root extracts of the plant Premna integrifolia didn’t exhibit any antimicrobial activity on S. aureus, significant antimicrobial activity was exhibited by these extracts on E. coli in microbroth dilution assays for MIC in vitro. However, in combination with the plant extract, the sensitivity of S. aureus to amoxicillin is not only increased but also the S. aureus isolates that were resistant to amoxicillin also showed sensitivity to the same antibiotic in this combination. The effect of plant extracts on E. coli, however, were in contrast with the findings of S. aureus as the antioxidant natural products showed antagonism on antimicrobial activity of enrofloxacin in its combination with the plant extracts. The aqueous root extract of Premna integrifolia exhibited anti-inflammatory activity through down regulation of genes of cytokines IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α in S. aureus infected MEC. However, the down regulation of genes of cytokines was limited to only IL-6 and IL-8 only in E. coli infected MEC. Therefore, the plant extracts of Premna integrifolia offer promising solution for therapeutic approach to mastitis in dairy animals with a caution on its antioxidant property as it antagonizes the action of fluoroquinolone antibiotics.
    Acknowledgment
The authors acknowledge the funding by National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB), Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, New Delhi to carry out this research project (Z. 18017/187/CSS/ R&D/AP-01/2014-15).
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martynnx-blog · 5 years
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Enrofloxacin Market : Get Facts About Business Strategies 2019–2027
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The global enrofloxacin market size is expected to witness potential gains in the future, and register a significant CAGR over the forecast period (2019 – 2027).
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Market Overview
Enrofloxacin (ENR) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic and a veterinary antibacterial agent. It is sold under the trade name Baytril by the Bayer Corporation. ENR is currently approved for treatment of individual pets and domestic animals in the U.S. by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). ENR is effective against a several gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella, and E.coli. It is used for the treatment of infections of skin and soft tissue, urinary tract infections in dogs and cats, Chlamydophila felis infections in cats, and ulcerative colitis caused by Escherichia coli in dogs. Significant growth in the poultry sector is expected to have positive impact on the market growth of enrofloxacin over the forecast period.
Market Dynamics
Increasing use of ENR in treatment of infections caused by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria is expected to boost the market growth. ENR is administered to cattle by subcutaneous injection and to pigs by intramuscular injection. It is administered orally to cattle, pigs, turkey, and chickens, for the treatment of infections of the respiratory and alimentary tract.
However, in rare instances, use of ENR in cats has been linked with retinal toxicity. The drug cannot be used in pets that are allergic to it. ENR is also associated with some side effects such as vomiting, diarrhea, and lack of appetite. Moreover, effective in September 2005, enrofloxacin was withdrawn from use in the U.S. poultry farms. These factors are expected to hinder growth of the enrofloxacin market over the forecast period.
Increasing trend of adopting pets is expected to offer lucrative opportunities for market players to enhance their market share.
Market Outlook
Asia Pacific is expected to hold dominant position in the enrofloxacin market over the forecast period. Factors such as growing population and high demand for poultry meat are expected to impact the market growth. Moreover, significant growth in the pet industry in China is also expected to contribute to the market growth in Asia Pacific. Restrictions on the use of ENR in the U.S. is expected to adversely affect growth of the market in North America.
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Key Players
Some of the major players operating in the global enrofloxacin market include, Bayer Corporation, KRKA d.d., Novo mesto, Pro Zoon, Chanelle Pharmaceuticals, VetMedic, and VM Pharma.
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bloojayoolie · 5 years
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Apparently, Beautiful, and Click: finn A LEVEL 1 rated baby puppy in dire need of TLC, vetting & a family. A total sweetheart, who adores everyone. Id 60236 12 Mos., 35 1bs., Manhattan ACC TO BE KILLED 6/15/19 *** IN ISO – POSSIBLY PNEUMONIA *** Sweet, Level 1 rated puppy FINN needs a foster or adopter ASAP so he can get the veterinary care he needs! Adopted in April, returned in June due to his medical issues, sweetheart Finn isn't feeling too well…. This poor sweet boy has CIRDC, possibly Pneumonia, and he has swollen salivary glands, a painful condition that has not yet been diagnosed fully! This poor baby is so sweet – barely a year old, and full of joy despite his pain. He’s LEVEL 1 rated too – the very best score you can get. As a staff member writes: “Rock star? More like Cuddle Buddy. Rock star is the sweetest puppy I have met so far. He loves to curl up in your lap and pretend to be way smaller than he actually is. He is also very playful. Although toys may not be his thing, warm hugs and genuine love will satisfy him more than toys ever will. With those big beautiful ears you can tell that he is always searching for a new play mate. Come into the Manhattan ACC today and meet this wonderful boy. I guarantee that you will fall in love instantly.” Please don’t let him sit there a minute longer in pain and sick. If you can foster or adopt Finn, hurry and Message our page or email us at [email protected] for assistance. Remember, if you foster, the rescue that pulls pay medical. MY MOVIES Seven, Samosa and Rock Star aka Finn https://youtu.be/9n_vk86r2rk Belly and Rock Star aka Finn https://youtu.be/pgqt6LRIyrc FINN aka ROCK STAR, ID# 60236, 12 Mos., 35 lbs., Neutered Male Manhattan ACC, Medium Mixed Breed, Brown / White Owner Surrender Reason: Shelter Assessment Rating: LEVEL 1 Medical Behavior Rating: MEDICAL EXAM NOTES 8-Jun-2019 Per Dr. 1379 this patient was administered 1ml of Buprenorphine at 9:33 pm on 6/7 7-Jun-2019 Tech Exam. Temp: 101.7 F at 2:50 PM 7-Jun-2019 Progress Exam. Subjective Observations: hx of pneumonia and mandibular swelling. Had work up at referral hosp and cause of mandibular swelling has not been diagnosed definitively. Ate well overnight. BAR in kennel. Large, firm painful mandibular swelling rostral mandible. Dried mucoid nasal d/c present at both nares. Assessment: CIRDC +/-pneumonia, mandibular swelling. PLAN: Sedated mandible and chest rads. Chest rads no apparent consolidation of lung lobes. R/o pneumonia responsive to treatment. Lateral and VD skull rads show large lytic bone lesion on mandible. R/o infection v neoplasi v inflammatory. rec bone biopsy v continue treatment. 7-Jun-2019 Tech Exam. Sedated Finn with 0.3 mL butorphanol, 0.3 mL dexdomitor and 0.2 mL midazolam IM at 10:33 AM as per DVM 1697 for chest and jaw radiographs. Administered additional 0.3 mL dexdomitor at 11:07 AM. Uploaded rads to SB. 6-Jun-2019 Blood Work Interpretation. CBC: -Monocytosis (severe)-r/o chronic infection vs. inflammation vs. neoplasia, -Eosinopenia, Chemistry: -Hyperphosphatemia, -Hypochloremia, -Hyperglobulinemia. 6-Jun-2019 Tech Exam. Per Dr. 1379, did not administer Pyrantel and Trazadone due to oral condition. 6-Jun-2019 Tech Exam. Administered Buprenorphine 0.3 mg/ml 1ml IM @ 6:40PM. Administered Clavamox 250 mg 1T in vienna sausage and Enrofloxacin 204 mg 1T in vienna sausage. Performed CBC/Chem. 6-Jun-2019 DVM Intake Exam. Estimated age: 1 year. Microchip noted on Intake? Yes, previously placed at MACC. Microchip Number (If Applicable): History : Owner surrender. Adopted back in April. When adopted he had a fever, swollen jaw with blood-tinged saliva, a cough and red eyes. Was taken to vet and also specialty clinic (see uploaded documents). He was diagnosed with pneumonia and tested positive for Boredetella, Herpesvirus, pneumovirus and Respcorona virus. He was hospitalized for a few days on IV fluids, antibiotics and nebulization. Eventually was sent home on oral antibiotics (Clindamycin, enrofloxacin) and Rimadyl. A sedated oral exam was performed and possible FNA and cytology was performed of jaw swelling? (no records of results). Subjective: BAR. Observed Behavior -Very friendly. Wagging his tail. Interested in Vienna sausages and eventually eats them but he is having trouble with mastication and food falls from mouth. Evidence of Cruelty seen -No. Evidence of Trauma seen -No. Objective: T =103 F, P =120 bpm, R =eup, BCS 4/9. EENT: Moderate episcleral injection OU, ears clean, mild to moderate nasal discharge noted. Oral Exam: Severely swollen lower jaw, holds mouth slightly open, mild blood-tinged saliva associated with mandibular teeth, trouble with mastication of food, interested in eating but food falls from his mouth, painful on opening of oral cavity, limited rom of jaw. PLN: No enlargements noted. H/L: NSR, NMA, CRT < 2, harsh BV sounds, no obvious crackles or wheezes, actively coughing, no sneezing. ABD: Non painful, no masses palpated. U/G: M/N. MSI: Ambulatory x 4, skin free of parasites, no masses noted, healthy hair coat. CNS: Mentation appropriate - no signs of neurologic abnormalities. Rectal: Clean externally. Assessment: -Swollen mandible, trouble with mastication, painful when mouth is opened, limited rom. -Coughing, nasal discharge-r/o CIRDC vs. pneumonia vs. other, -Fever, -Episcleral injection, -Low appetite reported, Prognosis: Fair to good. Plan: -CBC/chem, -Clavamox 250 mg PO BID x 14 days to start (gave first dose this evening, may need to extend past clinical resolution, should be extended for at least 2 weeks past clinical resolution). -Enrofloxacin 204 mg PO SID x 14 days (gave first dose this evening, also may need to extend). -Buprenex 1 mL IM given, -Continue Buprenex 1 mL SQ (0.02 mg/kg dose) BID until otherwise directed, -Move to medical iso, -Needs sedated x-rays tomorrow of jaw and CXR and also a sedated oral exam +/-FNA and cytology of jaw swelling, -May need further work-up at specialty clinic pending blood work and x-rays and other diagnostics. SURGERY: Already neutered ----------------------------------------------- NOTES FIRST STAY / Intake 17-Apr-2019 ROCK STAR, ID# 60236, Unaltered Male Manhattan ACC,, Medium Mixed Breed, Brown / White Surrender Reason: Found Stray / brought in by police, 4/17/2019 Shelter Assessment Rating: LEVEL 1 Medical Behavior Rating: SHELTER ASSESSMENT SUMMARIES: Date of assessment: 18-Apr-2019 Leash Walking Strength and pulling: None Reactivity to humans: None Reactivity to dogs: None Leash walking comments: None Sociability Loose in room (15-20 seconds): Highly social Call over: Approaches readily Sociability comments: Body soft, stays by assessor, jumps up and licks assessor's face Handling Soft handling: Seeks contact Exuberant handling: Seeks contact Comments: Body soft, leans into pets Arousal Jog: Follows (loose) Arousal comments: None Knock: Approaches (loose) Knock Comments: None Toy: No response Toy comments: None PLAYGROUP NOTES - DOG TO DOG SUMMARIES: 4/17-4/19: When introduced off leash to male and female dogs, Rockstar engages in exuberant play with all. MEDICAL BEHAVIOR: Date of initial: 17-Apr-2019 Summary: Active, allowed handling ENERGY LEVEL: We have no history on Smasher so we cannot be certain of his behavior in a home environment. However, he is a young, enthusiastic, social dog who will need daily mental and physical activity to keep him engaged and exercised. We recommend long-lasting chews, food puzzles, and hide-and-seek games, in additional to physical exercise, to positively direct his energy and enthusiasm. BEHAVIOR DETERMINATION Level 1 Behavior Asiloma H - Healthy MEDICAL EXAM NOTES 7 FIRST STAY 7-May-2019 Tech Exam, unable to do vet treatment due to offsite in vet hospital 2-May-2019 Tech Exam. Vet treatments (Da2pp annual, pyrantel, reweigh) skipped 5/2/19 due to patient being off-site at Vet Hospital 29-Apr-2019 Progress Exam. Received call from DVM at Manhattan Vet Group (212-988-1000). Owners report: -Nasal discharge, moist cough, red eyes x 1 week. -Anorexia x 1 day, -Red tinged, malodorous drool, -Discomfort when touching face DVM findings: -Dehydrated, -swollen chin, -nasal, discharge, -harsh lung sounds, -104.3 F temp, -QAR -hypersalivating, -suspect pneumonia, Needs: rads, sedated oral exam, further hospitalization Forwarded info to Placement Senior Mana, ement for follow up 20-Apr-2019 Spay/Neuter Summary, Pre-surgical exam, anesthesia, and surgery performed by ASPCA. Green linear tattoo placed lateral to incision. Start on 1 tablet of rimadyl 75 mg SID PO for 2 days. 17-Apr-2019 DVM Intake Exam. Estimated age: 7months year based on condition of teeth. Microchip noted on Intake? no. Microchip Number (If Applicable): N/A. History : stray brought in by police. Subjective: BAR, Observed Behavior -relaxed body posture; energetic; wants to lick and lick. Evidence of Cruelty seen - no. Evidence of Trauma seen - no. Objective: P =120hr, R =40rr, BCS 7/9. EENT: Eyes clear, ears clean, no nasal or ocular discharge noted. Oral Exam: NSF. PLN: No enlargements noted. H/L: NSR, NMA, CRT < 2, Lungs clear, eupnic. ABD: Non painful, no masses palpated U/G: MI w/ 2 down. MSI: Ambulatory x 4, skin free of parasites, no masses noted, healthy hair coat. CNS: Mentation appropriate - no signs of neurologic abnormalities. Assessment: apparently healthy. Prognosis: good. Plan: complete intake procedures SURGERY: Okay for surgery 17-Apr-2019 LVT Intake. Microchip Scan: negative, placed. Evidence of Cruelty: no. Observed Behavior: allows all handling Sex: intact male. Estimated Age: reported ~1y Subjective: Stray, no history, seemingly healthy. Eyes: clear. Ears: clean. Oral Exam: no staining. Heart: WNL Lungs: WNL. Abdomen: WNL. Musculoskeletal: WNL BCS 5.5/9. Mentation: BARH. Preliminary Assessment: seemingly healthy. Plan: DVM intake *** TO FOSTER OR ADOPT *** HOW TO RESERVE A “TO BE KILLED” DOG ONLINE (only for those who can get to the shelter IN PERSON to complete the adoption process, and only for the dogs on the list NOT marked New Hope Rescue Only). Follow our Step by Step directions below! *PLEASE NOTE – YOU MUST USE A PC OR TABLET – PHONE RESERVES WILL NOT WORK! ** STEP 1: CLICK ON THIS RESERVE LINK: https://newhope.shelterbuddy.com/Animal/List Step 2: Go to the red menu button on the top right corner, click register and fill in your info. Step 3: Go to your email and verify account \ Step 4: Go back to the website, click the menu button and view available dogs Step 5: Scroll to the animal you are interested and click reserve STEP 6 ( MOST IMPORTANT STEP ): GO TO THE MENU AGAIN AND VIEW YOUR CART. THE ANIMAL SHOULD NOW BE IN YOUR CART! Step 7: Fill in your credit card info and complete transaction HOW TO FOSTER OR ADOPT IF YOU *CANNOT* GET TO THE SHELTER IN PERSON, OR IF THE DOG IS NEW HOPE RESCUE ONLY! You must live within 3 – 4 hours of NY, NJ, PA, CT, RI, DE, MD, MA, NH, VT, ME or Norther VA. Please PM our page for assistance. You will need to fill out applications with a New Hope Rescue Partner to foster or adopt a dog on the To Be Killed list, including those labelled Rescue Only. Hurry please, time is short, and the Rescues need time to process the applications.
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