Hello! I used to volunteer at a shelter and this pretty gal was named toffee - I’d never seen a cat who was more orange than black! Any ideas about genetics or what would make a cat have extra orange?
Hello! As far as i know, the color distribution of a tortie is random, and while it's a rare sight, a cat with this much more orange than black is a completely normal tortie variant. It's just the luck of the X-inactivation.
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Featured breed: none
genetics guide
Orange (?): this yet unidentified gene determines the type of the most prominent pigment: eumelanin or pheomelanin.
allele: O - mainly pheomelanin, red-based cat (variant)
allele: o - mainly eumelanin, black-based cat (wild type)
further information in this post
Dilute (melanophilin, MLPH): this gene determines the distribution of the pigments.
dominant allele: D - even pigment distribution, dark cat (wild type)
recessive allele: d - clumped, uneven pigment distribution, diluted cat (variant)
black -> blue
chocolate -> lilac
cinnamon -> fawn
orange -> cream
further description in this post
Bonus: Tortoiseshell patterns
Have you ever noticed that tortoiseshells with no white are much more brindled than tortoiseshell with lots of white?
The first cat has very small, intertwined black and red patches, while the second has well defined, big patches. What could cause this phenomenon?
I have to start the answer from far away. First, let's talk about the melanocytes.
Melanocytes are the cells in the skin that produce pigments. As you can see on this illustration, one melanocyte effects lots of skin cells.
In tortoiseshells, each cell has an X chromosome with the black and one with the red allele, and - because of biological reasons i won't get into here -, they all "turn off" one of their X chromosomes, choosing between them randomly. (This is called X-inactivation.) The melanocytes produce pigments according to their active X chromosome's orange allele. The differently colored patches on the tortoiseshell pelt is the area a single melanocyte, or more precisely, its clones reach.
But why is it different based on the level of the white spotting?
Well, do you remember what the white spotting gene does?
White spotting (receptor tyrosine kinase, KIT): this gene determines the size of the area the pigment producing cells (the melanocytes) reach.
How does this works? During the development of the embryo, at a specific point the ws allele stops the creation of new melanocytes. This means as the embryo grows, the melanocyte coverage breaks up and the uncovered, new body parts become white.
In a full-colored cat, new melanocytes with their newly and randomly inactivated X-chromosomes are created for much longer, so they'll be present in much bigger numbers, therefore every cell will have much less space to further divide. This is why no-white or little white tortoiseshells have small patches.
If the melanocyte creation stops earlier, the single melanocytes have lots of space to divide, and they'll form big clone colonies. You can see them on calicos: at a very early point of the cat's life, every red and black patch was one single melanocyte!
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