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o-craven-canto · 1 year

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Extracts from Alan Weisman, The World Without Us, 2007. The book considers the material aspects of human civilization and how long they would last, unattended. If humans were to vanish from Earth, if all maintainance and repairing work ceased, what would happen to what we leave behind?

(The book went on to inspire two speculative documentaries, Life After People by History Channel and Aftermath: Population Zero by National Geographic, emphasizing different aspects of it. They were neat.)

Chapter 2: Unbuilding Our Home

No matter how hermetically you’ve sealed your temperature-tuned interior from the weather, invisible spores penetrate anyway, exploding in sudden outbursts of mold—awful when you see it, worse when you don’t, because it’s hidden behind a painted wall, munching paper sandwiches of gypsum board, rotting studs and floor joists. Or you’ve been colonized by termites, carpenter ants, roaches, hornets, even small mammals.

Most of all, though, you are beset by what in other contexts is the veritable stuff of life: water... moisture enters around the nails. Soon they’re rusting, and their grip begins to loosen... As gravity increases tension on the trusses, the ¼-inch pins securing their now-rusting connector plates pull free from the wet wood, which now sports a fuzzy coating of greenish mold... When the heat went off, pipes burst if you lived where it freezes, and rain is blowing in where windows have cracked from bird collisions and the stress of sagging walls. Even where the glass is still intact, rain and snow mysteriously, inexorably work their way under sills. As the wood continues to rot, trusses start to collapse against each other. Eventually the walls lean to one side, and finally the roof falls in...

While all that disaster was unfolding, squirrels, raccoons, and lizards have been inside, chewing nest holes in the drywall, even as woodpeckers rammed their way through from the other direction... Fallen vinyl siding, whose color began to fade early, is now brittle and cracking as its plasticizers degenerate. The aluminum is in better shape, but salts in water pooling on its surface slowly eat little pits that leave a grainy white coating... Unprotected thin sheet steel disintegrates in a few years. Long before that, the water-soluble gypsum in the sheetrock has washed back into the earth. That leaves the chimney, where all the trouble began. After a century, it’s still standing, but its bricks have begun to drop and break as, little by little, its lime mortar, exposed to temperature swings, crumbles and powders.

If you owned a swimming pool, it’s now a planter box... If the house’s foundation involved a basement, it too is filling with soil and plant life. Brambles and wild grapevines are snaking around steel gas pipes, which will rust away before another century goes by. White plastic PVC plumbing has yellowed and thinned on the side exposed to the light, where its chloride is weathering to hydrochloric acid, dissolving itself and its polyvinyl partners. Only the bathroom tile, the chemical properties of its fired ceramic not unlike those of fossils, is relatively unchanged, although it now lies in a pile mixed with leaf litter.

After 500 years, what is left depends on where in the world you lived. If the climate was temperate, a forest stands in place of a suburb; minus a few hills, it’s begun to resemble what it was before developers, or the farmers they expropriated, first saw it. Amid the trees, half-concealed by a spreading understory, lie aluminum dishwasher parts and stainless steel cookware, their plastic handles splitting but still solid... The chromium alloys that give stainless steel its resilience... will probably continue to do so for millennia, especially if the pots, pans, and carbon-tempered cutlery are buried out of the reach of atmospheric oxygen. One hundred thousand years hence, the intellectual development of whatever creature digs them up might be kicked abruptly to a higher evolutionary plane by the discovery of ready-made tools...

If you were a desert dweller, the plastic components of modern life flake and peel away faster, as polymer chains crack under an ultraviolet barrage of daily sunshine. With less moisture, wood lasts longer there, though any metal in contact with salty desert soils will corrode more quickly. Still, from Roman ruins we can guess that thick cast iron will be around well into the future’s archaeological record, so the odd prospect of fire hydrants sprouting amidst cacti may someday be among the few clues that humanity was here...

In a warmer world... drier, hotter desert climates will be complemented by wetter, stormier mountain weather systems that will send floods roaring downstream, overwhelming dams, spreading over their former alluvial plains, and entombing whatever was built there in annual layers of silt. Within them, fire hydrants, truck tires, shattered plate glass, condominia, and office buildings may remain indefinitely, but as far from sight as the Carboniferous Formation once was.

No memorial will mark their burial, though the roots of cottonwoods, willows, and palms may occasionally make note of their presence. Only eons later, when old mountains have worn away and new ones risen, will young streams cutting fresh canyons through sediments reveal what once, briefly, went on here.

***

Chapter 3: The City Without Us

Under New York, groundwater is always rising… Whenever it rains hard, sewers clog with storm debris… With subway pumps stilled… water would start sluicing away soil under the pavement. Before long, streets start to crater. With no one unclogging sewers, some new watercourses form on the surface… Within 20 years, the water-soaked steel columns that support the street above the East Side’s 4, 5, and 6 trains corrode and buckle. As Lexington Avenue caves in, it becomes a river.

Whenever it is, the repeated freezing and thawing make asphalt and cement split. When snow thaws, water seeps into these fresh cracks. When it freezes, the water expands, and cracks widen… As pavement separates, weeds like mustard, shamrock, and goosegrass blow in from Central Park and work their way down the new cracks, which widen further… The weeds are followed by the city’s most prolific exotic species, the Chinese ailanthus tree… As soil long trapped beneath pavement gets exposed to sun and rain, other species jump in, and soon leaf litter adds to the rising piles of debris clogging the sewer grates.

The early pioneer plants won’t even have to wait for the pavement to fall apart. Starting from the mulch collecting in gutters, a layer of soil will start forming atop New York’s sterile hard shell, and seedlings will sprout…

In the first few years with no heat, pipes burst all over town, the freeze-thaw cycle moves indoors, and things start to seriously deteriorate. Buildings groan as their innards expand and contract; joints between walls and rooflines separate. Where they do, rain leaks in, bolts rust, and facing pops off, exposing insulation. If the city hasn’t burned yet, it will now… with no firemen to answer the call, a dry lightning strike that ignites a decade of dead branches and leaves piling up in Central Park will spread flames through the streets. Within two decades, lightning rods have begun to rust and snap, and roof fires leap among buildings, entering paneled offices filled with paper fuel. Gas lines ignite with a rush of flames that blows out windows. Rain and snow blow in, and soon even poured concrete floors are freezing, thawing, and starting to buckle. Burnt insulation and charred wood add nutrients to Manhattan’s growing soil cap. Native Virginia creeper and poison ivy claw at walls covered with lichens, which thrive in the absence of air pollution. Red-tailed hawks and peregrine falcons nest in increasingly skeletal high-rise structures.

Within two centuries… colonizing trees will have substantially replaced pioneer weeds. Gutters buried under tons of leaf litter provide new, fertile ground for native oaks and maples from city parks. Arriving black locust and autumn olive shrubs fix nitrogen, allowing sunflowers, bluestem, and white snakeroot to move in along with apple trees, their seeds expelled by proliferating birds… as buildings tumble and smash into each other, and lime from crushed concrete raises soil pH, inviting in trees, such as buckthorn and birch, that need less-acidic environments…

In a future that portends stronger and more-frequent hurricanes striking North America’s Atlantic coast, ferocious winds will pummel tall, unsteady structures. Some will topple, knocking down others. Like a gap in the forest when a giant tree falls, new growth will rush in. Gradually, the asphalt jungle will give way to a real one.

***

Chapter 7: What Falls Apart

(context: this chapter describes Varosha, a city in Cyprus evacuated in 1974 after the Turkish invasion, and left abandoned until 2019)

[Two years after abandonment] Asphalt and pavement had cracked… Australian wattles, a fast-growing acacia species used by hotels for landscaping, were popping out midstreet, some nearly three feet high. Creepers from ornamental succulents snaked out of hotel gardens, crossing roads and climbing tree trunks… Concussions from Turkish air force bombs, Cavinder saw, had exploded plate-glass store windows. Boutique mannequins were half-clothed, their imported fabrics flapping in tattered strips…

Pigeon droppings coated everything. Carob rats nested in hotel rooms, living off Yaffa oranges and lemons from former citrus groves… The bell towers of Greek churches were spattered with the blood and feces of hanging bats.

Sheets of sand blew across avenues and covered floors… Now, no bands, just the incessant kneading of the seathat no longer soothed. The wind sighing through open windows became a whine. The cooing of pigeons grew deafening.

Varosha, merely 60 miles from Syria and Lebanon, is too balmy for a freeze-thaw cycle, but its pavement was tossed asunder anyway. The wrecking crews weren’t just trees, Münir marveled, but also flowers. Tiny seeds of wild Cyprus cyclamen had wedged into cracks, germinated, and heaved aside entire slabs of cement…

Two more decades passed… Its encircling fence and barbed wire are now uniformly rusted, but there is nothing left to protect but ghosts. An occasional Coca Cola sign and broadsides posting nightclubs’ cover charges hang on doorways… Fallen limestone facing lies in pieces. Hunks of wall have dropped from buildings to reveal empty rooms… brick-shaped gaps show where mortar has already dissolved. Other than the back-and-forth of pigeons, all that moves is the creaky rotor of one last functioning windmill.

In the meantime, nature continues its reclamation project. Feral geraniums and philodendrons emerge from missing roofs and pour down exterior walls. Flame trees, chinaberries, and thickets of hibiscus, oleander, and passion lilac sprout from nooks where indoors and outdoors now blend. Houses disappear under magenta mounds of bougainvillaea. Lizards and whip snakes skitter through stands of wild asparagus, prickly pear, and six-foot grasses. A spreading ground cover of lemon grass sweetens the air. At night, the darkened beachfront, free of moonlight bathers, crawls with nesting loggerhead and green sea turtles.

***

Chapter 10: The Petro Patch

If, in the immediate aftermath of Homo sapiens petrolerus, the tanks and towers of the Texas petrochemical patch all detonated together in one spectacular roar, after the oily smoke cleared, there would remain melted roads, twisted pipe, crumpled sheathing, and crumbled concrete. White-hot incandescence would have jump-started the corrosion of scrap metals in the salt air, and the polymer chains in hydrocarbon residues would likewise have cracked into smaller, more digestible lengths, hastening biodegradation. Despite the expelled toxins, the soils would also be enriched with burnt carbon, and after a year of rains switchgrass would be growing. A few hardy wildflowers would appear. Gradually, life would resume.

Or, if the faith of Valero Energy’s Fred Newhouse in system safeguards proves warranted—or if the departing oilmen’s last loyal act is to depressurize towers and bank the fires—the disappearance of Texas’s world champion petroleum infrastructure will proceed more slowly. During the first few years, the paint that slows corrosion will go. Over the next two decades, all the storage tanks will exceed their life spans. Soil moisture, rain, salt, and Texas wind will loosen their grip until they leak. Any heavy crude will have hardened by then; weather will crack it, and bugs will eventually eat it.

What liquid fuels that haven’t already evaporated will soak into the ground. When they hit the water table, they’ll float on top because oil is lighter than water. Microbes will find them, realize that they were once only plant life, too, and gradually adapt to eat them. Armadillos will return to burrow in the cleansed soil, among the rotting remains of buried pipe.

Unattended oil drums, pumps, pipes, towers, valves, and bolts will deteriorate at the weakest points, their joints… Until they go, collapsing the metal walls, pigeons that already love to nest atop refinery towers will speed the corruption of carbon steel with their guano, and rattlesnakes will nest in the vacant structures below. As beavers dam the streams that trickle into Galveston Bay, some areas will flood. Houston is generally too warm for a freeze-thaw cycle, but its deltaic clay soils undergo formidable swell-shrink bouts as rains come and go. With no more foundation repairmen to shore up the cracks, in less than a century downtown buildings will start leaning.

… When oil, gas, or groundwater is pumped from beneath the surface, land settles into the space it occupied… Lower the land, raise the seas, add hurricanes far stronger than midsize, Category 3 Alicia, and even before its dams go, the Brazos gets to do again what it did for 80,000 years: like its sister to the east, the Mississippi, it will flood its entire delta… flare towers, catalytic crackers, and fractionating columns, like downtown Houston buildings, will poke out of brackish floodwaters, their foundations rotting while they wait for the waters to recede.

… Below the surface, the oxidizing metal parts of chemical alley will provide a place for Galveston oysters to attach. Silt and oyster shells will slowly bury them, and will then be buried themselves. Within a few million years, enough layers will amass to compress shells into limestone, which will bear an odd, intermittent rusty streak flecked with sparkling traces of nickel, molybdenum, niobium, and chromium. Millions of years after that, someone or something might have the knowledge and tools to recognize the signal of stainless steel. Nothing, however, will remain to suggest that its original form once stood tall over a place called Texas, and breathed fire into the sky.

I cannot really describe the feeling I get from reading these portions in particular, only that it’s the strongest I ever got from any book. It’s certainly not one of joy: I don’t want humans to disappear -- in fact, there are a lot of humans among my family and friends -- and I don’t want human civilization to vanish, after the unspeakable effort it took to put together, with all the promise that, despite everything, it shows. It’s not one of sadness or fear, either. I suppose it’s just one of awe, of terrible grandeur, similar in kind to what I feel when considering the alien horror and beauty of evolved life, its sheer multi-layered complexity, or the unthinkable vastness of geological time.

#quotes #books #longpost #deep time #aesthetic

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epoxyflooringexpert · 5 months

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A Guide To Choose The Right Concrete Sealers For Home

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Understanding The Role Of Concrete Sealers

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If one is looking for sealers for the garage or wants to seal the pool decks and walkways, individuals can opt for acrylic sealers as they offer protection against chlorine water. The paint dries really fast and enhances colours while protecting against damage.

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Spraypave Pro is a concrete sealer expert in Perth and can help with the process of concrete sealing.

#concrete sealers Perth

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hellsitesonlybookclub · 1 year

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20k Leagues under the sea, Jules Verne

chapter 11-12

CHAPTER XI

ALL BY ELECTRICITY

“Sir,” said Captain Nemo, showing me the instruments hanging on the walls of his room, “here are the contrivances required for the navigation of the Nautilus. Here, as in the drawing-room, I have them always under my eyes, and they indicate my position and exact direction in the middle of the ocean. Some are known to you, such as the thermometer, which gives the internal temperature of the Nautilus; the barometer, which indicates the weight of the air and foretells the changes of the weather; the hygrometer, which marks the dryness of the atmosphere; the storm-glass, the contents of which, by decomposing, announce the approach of tempests; the compass, which guides my course; the sextant, which shows the latitude by the altitude of the sun; chronometers, by which I calculate the longitude; and glasses for day and night, which I use to examine the points of the horizon, when the Nautilus rises to the surface of the waves.”

“These are the usual nautical instruments,” I replied, “and I know the use of them. But these others, no doubt, answer to the particular requirements of the Nautilus. This dial with the movable needle is a manometer, is it not?”

“It is actually a manometer. But by communication with the water, whose external pressure it indicates, it gives our depth at the same time.”

“And these other instruments, the use of which I cannot guess?”

“Here, Professor, I ought to give you some explanations. Will you be kind enough to listen to me?”

He was silent for a few moments, then he said—

“There is a powerful agent, obedient, rapid, easy, which conforms to every use, and reigns supreme on board my vessel. Everything is done by means of it. It lights it, warms it, and is the soul of my mechanical apparatus. This agent is electricity.”

“Electricity?” I cried in surprise.

“Yes, sir.”

“Nevertheless, Captain, you possess an extreme rapidity of movement, which does not agree with the power of electricity. Until now, its dynamic force has remained under restraint, and has only been able to produce a small amount of power.”

“Professor,” said Captain Nemo, “my electricity is not everybody’s. You know what sea-water is composed of. In a thousand grammes are found 96½ per cent. of water, and about 2-2/3 per cent. of chloride of sodium; then, in a smaller quantity, chlorides of magnesium and of potassium, bromide of magnesium, sulphate of magnesia, sulphate and carbonate of lime. You see, then, that chloride of sodium forms a large part of it. So it is this sodium that I extract from sea-water, and of which I compose my ingredients. I owe all to the ocean; it produces electricity, and electricity gives heat, light, motion, and, in a word, life to the Nautilus.”

“But not the air you breathe?”

“Oh! I could manufacture the air necessary for my consumption, but it is useless, because I go up to the surface of the water when I please. However, if electricity does not furnish me with air to breathe, it works at least the powerful pumps that are stored in spacious reservoirs, and which enable me to prolong at need, and as long as I will, my stay in the depths of the sea. It gives a uniform and unintermittent light, which the sun does not. Now look at this clock; it is electrical, and goes with a regularity that defies the best chronometers. I have divided it into twenty-four hours, like the Italian clocks, because for me there is neither night nor day, sun nor moon, but only that factitious light that I take with me to the bottom of the sea. Look! just now, it is ten o’clock in the morning.”

“Exactly.”

“Another application of electricity. This dial hanging in front of us indicates the speed of the Nautilus. An electric thread puts it in communication with the screw, and the needle indicates the real speed. Look! now we are spinning along with a uniform speed of fifteen miles an hour.”

“It is marvelous! And I see, Captain, you were right to make use of this agent that takes the place of wind, water, and steam.”

“We have not finished, M. Aronnax,” said Captain Nemo, rising. “If you will follow me, we will examine the stern of the Nautilus.”

Really, I knew already the anterior part of this submarine boat, of which this is the exact division, starting from the ship’s head:—the dining-room, five yards long, separated from the library by a water-tight partition; the library, five yards long; the large drawing-room, ten yards long, separated from the Captain’s room by a second water-tight partition; the said room, five yards in length; mine, two and a half yards; and, lastly a reservoir of air, seven and a half yards, that extended to the bows. Total length thirty five yards, or one hundred and five feet. The partitions had doors that were shut hermetically by means of india-rubber instruments, and they ensured the safety of the Nautilus in case of a leak.

I followed Captain Nemo through the waist, and arrived at the centre of the boat. There was a sort of well that opened between two partitions. An iron ladder, fastened with an iron hook to the partition, led to the upper end. I asked the Captain what the ladder was used for.

“It leads to the small boat,” he said.

“What! have you a boat?” I exclaimed, in surprise.

“Of course; an excellent vessel, light and insubmersible, that serves either as a fishing or as a pleasure boat.”

“But then, when you wish to embark, you are obliged to come to the surface of the water?”

“Not at all. This boat is attached to the upper part of the hull of the Nautilus, and occupies a cavity made for it. It is decked, quite water-tight, and held together by solid bolts. This ladder leads to a man-hole made in the hull of the Nautilus, that corresponds with a similar hole made in the side of the boat. By this double opening I get into the small vessel. They shut the one belonging to the Nautilus; I shut the other by means of screw pressure. I undo the bolts, and the little boat goes up to the surface of the sea with prodigious rapidity. I then open the panel of the bridge, carefully shut till then; I mast it, hoist my sail, take my oars, and I’m off.”

“But how do you get back on board?”

“I do not come back, M. Aronnax; the Nautilus comes to me.”

“By your orders?”

“By my orders. An electric thread connects us. I telegraph to it, and that is enough.”

“Really,” I said, astonished at these marvels, “nothing can be more simple.”

After having passed by the cage of the staircase that led to the platform, I saw a cabin six feet long, in which Conseil and Ned Land, enchanted with their repast, were devouring it with avidity. Then a door opened into a kitchen nine feet long, situated between the large storerooms. There electricity, better than gas itself, did all the cooking. The streams under the furnaces gave out to the sponges of platina a heat which was regularly kept up and distributed. They also heated a distilling apparatus, which, by evaporation, furnished excellent drinkable water. Near this kitchen was a bathroom comfortably furnished, with hot and cold water taps.

Next to the kitchen was the berthroom of the vessel, sixteen feet long. But the door was shut, and I could not see the management of it, which might have given me an idea of the number of men employed on board the Nautilus.

At the bottom was a fourth partition that separated this office from the engine-room. A door opened, and I found myself in the compartment where Captain Nemo—certainly an engineer of a very high order—had arranged his locomotive machinery. This engine-room, clearly lighted, did not measure less than sixty-five feet in length. It was divided into two parts; the first contained the materials for producing electricity, and the second the machinery that connected it with the screw. I examined it with great interest, in order to understand the machinery of the Nautilus.

“You see,” said the Captain, “I use Bunsen’s contrivances, not Ruhmkorff’s. Those would not have been powerful enough. Bunsen’s are fewer in number, but strong and large, which experience proves to be the best. The electricity produced passes forward, where it works, by electro-magnets of great size, on a system of levers and cog-wheels that transmit the movement to the axle of the screw. This one, the diameter of which is nineteen feet, and the thread twenty-three feet, performs about a hundred and twenty revolutions in a second.”

“And you get then?”

“A speed of fifty miles an hour.”

“I have seen the Nautilus manœuvre before the Abraham Lincoln, and I have my own ideas as to its speed. But this is not enough. We must see where we go. We must be able to direct it to the right, to the left, above, below. How do you get to the great depths, where you find an increasing resistance, which is rated by hundreds of atmospheres? How do you return to the surface of the ocean? And how do you maintain yourselves in the requisite medium? Am I asking too much?”

“Not at all, Professor,” replied the Captain, with some hesitation; “since you may never leave this submarine boat. Come into the saloon, it is our usual study, and there you will learn all you want to know about the Nautilus.”

CHAPTER XII

SOME FIGURES

A moment after we were seated on a divan in the saloon smoking. The Captain showed me a sketch that gave the plan, section, and elevation of the Nautilus. Then he began his description in these words:—

“Here, M. Aronnax, are the several dimensions of the boat you are in. It is an elongated cylinder with conical ends. It is very like a cigar in shape, a shape already adopted in London in several constructions of the same sort. The length of this cylinder, from stem to stern, is exactly 232 feet, and its maximum breadth is twenty-six feet. It is not built quite like your long-voyage steamers, but its lines are sufficiently long, and its curves prolonged enough, to allow the water to slide off easily, and oppose no obstacle to its passage. These two dimensions enable you to obtain by a simple calculation the surface and cubic contents of the Nautilus. Its area measures 6032 feet; and its contents about 1500 cubic yards—that is to say, when completely immersed it displaces 50,000 feet of water, or weighs 1500 tons.

“When I made the plans for this submarine vessel, I meant that nine-tenths should be submerged: consequently, it ought only to displace nine-tenths of its bulk—that is to say, only to weigh that number of tons. I ought not, therefore, to have exceeded that weight, constructing it on the aforesaid dimensions.

“The Nautilus is composed of two hulls, one inside, the other outside, joined by T-shaped irons, which render it very strong. Indeed, owing to this cellular arrangement it resists like a block, as if it were solid. Its sides cannot yield; it coheres spontaneously, and not by the closeness of its rivets; and the homogenity of its construction, due to the perfect union of the materials, enables it to defy the roughest seas.

“These two hulls are composed of steel plates, whose density is from .7 to .8 that of water. The first is not less than two inches and a half thick and weighs 394 tons. The second envelope, the keel, twenty inches high and ten thick, weighs alone sixty-two tons. The engine, the ballast, the several accessories and apparatus appendages, the partitions and bulkheads, weigh 961.62 tons. Do you follow all this?”

“I do.”

“Then, when the Nautilus is afloat under these circumstances, one-tenth is out of the water. Now, if I have made reservoirs of a size equal to this tenth, or capable of holding 150 tons, and if I fill them with water, the boat, weighing then 1507 tons, will be completely immersed. That would happen, Professor. These reservoirs are in the lower parts of the Nautilus. I turn on taps and they fill, and the vessel sinks that had just been level with the surface.”

“Well, Captain, but now we come to the real difficulty. I can understand your rising to the surface; but diving below the surface, does not your submarine contrivance encounter a pressure, and consequently undergo an upward thrust of one atmosphere for every thirty feet of water, just about fifteen pounds per square inch?”

“Just so, sir.”

“Then, unless you quite fill the Nautilus, I do not see how you can draw it down to those depths.”

“Professor, you must not confound statics with dynamics or you will be exposed to grave errors. There is very little labour spent in attaining the lower regions of the ocean, for all bodies have a tendency to sink. When I wanted to find out the necessary increase of weight required to sink the Nautilus, I had only to calculate the reduction of volume that sea-water acquires according to the depth.”

“That is evident.”

“Now, if water is not absolutely incompressible, it is at least capable of very slight compression. Indeed, after the most recent calculations this reduction is only .000436 of an atmosphere for each thirty feet of depth. If we want to sink 3000 feet, I should keep account of the reduction of bulk under a pressure equal to that of a column of water of a thousand feet. The calculation is easily verified. Now, I have supplementary reservoirs capable of holding a hundred tons. Therefore I can sink to a considerable depth. When I wish to rise to the level of the sea, I only let off the water, and empty all the reservoirs if I want the Nautilus to emerge from the tenth part of her total capacity.”

I had nothing to object to these reasonings.

“I admit your calculations, Captain,” I replied; “I should be wrong to dispute them since daily experience confirms them; but I foresee a real difficulty in the way.”

“What, sir?”

“When you are about 1000 feet deep, the walls of the Nautilus bear a pressure of 100 atmospheres. If, then, just now you were to empty the supplementary reservoirs, to lighten the vessel, and to go up to the surface, the pumps must overcome the pressure of 100 atmospheres, which is 1500 pounds per square inch. From that a power——”

“That electricity alone can give,” said the Captain, hastily. “I repeat, sir, that the dynamic power of my engines is almost infinite. The pumps of the Nautilus have an enormous power, as you must have observed when their jets of water burst like a torrent upon the Abraham Lincoln. Besides I use subsidiary reservoirs only to attain a mean depth of 750 to 1000 fathoms, and that with a view of managing my machines. Also, when I have a mind to visit the depths of the ocean five or six miles below the surface, I make use of slower but not less infallible means.”

“What are they, Captain?”

“That involves my telling you how the Nautilus is worked.”

“I am impatient to learn.”

“To steer this boat to starboard or port, to turn—in a word, following a horizontal plan, I use an ordinary rudder fixed on the back of the stern-post, and with one wheel and some tackle to steer by. But I can also make the Nautilus rise and sink, and sink and rise, by a vertical movement by means of two inclined planes fastened to its sides, opposite the centre of flotation, planes that move in every direction, and that are worked by powerful levers from the interior. If the planes are kept parallel with the boat, it moves horizontally. If slanted, the Nautilus, according to this inclination, and under the influence of the screw, either sinks diagonally or rises diagonally as it suits me. And even if I wish to rise more quickly to the surface, I ship the screw, and the pressure of the water causes the Nautilus to rise vertically like a balloon filled with hydrogen.”

“Bravo, Captain! But how can the steersman follow the route in the middle of the waters?”

“The steersman is placed in a glazed box, that is raised about the hull of the Nautilus, and furnished with lenses.”

“Are these lenses capable of resisting such pressure?”

“Perfectly. Glass, which breaks at a blow, is, nevertheless, capable of offering considerable resistance. During some experiments of fishing by electric light in 1864 in the Northern Seas, we saw plates less than a third of an inch thick resist a pressure of sixteen atmospheres. Now, the glass that I use is not less than thirty times thicker.”

“Granted. But, after all, in order to see, the light must exceed the darkness, and in the midst of the darkness in the water, how can you see?”

“Behind the steersman’s cage is placed a powerful electric reflector, the rays from which light up the sea for half a mile in front.”

“Ah! bravo, bravo, Captain! Now I can account for this phosphorescence in the supposed narwhal that puzzled us so. I now ask you if the boarding of the Nautilus and of the Scotia, that has made such a noise, has been the result of a chance rencontre?”

“Quite accidental, sir. I was sailing only one fathom below the surface of the water, when the shock came. It had no bad result.”

“None, sir. But now, about your rencontre with the Abraham Lincoln?”

“Professor, I am sorry for one of the best vessels in the American navy; but they attacked me, and I was bound to defend myself. I contented myself, however, with putting the frigate hors de combat; she will not have any difficulty in getting repaired at the next port.”

“Ah, Commander! your Nautilus is certainly a marvellous boat.”

“Yes, Professor; and I love it as if it were part of myself. If danger threatens one of your vessels on the ocean, the first impression is the feeling of an abyss above and below. On the Nautilus men’s hearts never fail them. No defects to be afraid of, for the double shell is as firm as iron; no rigging to attend to; no sails for the wind to carry away; no boilers to burst; no fire to fear, for the vessel is made of iron, not of wood; no coal to run short, for electricity is the only mechanical agent; no collision to fear, for it alone swims in deep water; no tempest to brave, for when it dives below the water, it reaches absolute tranquillity. There, sir! that is the perfection of vessels! And if it is true that the engineer has more confidence in the vessel than the builder, and the builder than the captain himself, you understand the trust I repose in my Nautilus; for I am at once captain, builder, and engineer.”

“But how could you construct this wonderful Nautilus in secret?”

“Each separate portion, M. Aronnax, was brought from different parts of the globe. The keel was forged at Creusot, the shaft of the screw at Penn & Co.’s, London, the iron plates of the hull at Laird’s of Liverpool, the screw itself at Scott’s at Glasgow. The reservoirs were made by Cail & Co. at Paris, the engine by Krupp in Prussia, its beak in Motala’s workshop in Sweden, its mathematical instruments by Hart Brothers, of New York, etc.; and each of these people had my orders under different names.”

“But these parts had to be put together and arranged?”

“Professor, I had set up my workshops upon a desert island in the ocean. There my workmen, that is to say, the brave men that I instructed and educated, and myself have put together our Nautilus. Then when the work was finished, fire destroyed all trace of our proceedings on this island, that I could have jumped over if I had liked.”

“Then the cost of this vessel is great?”

“M. Aronnax, an iron vessel costs £45 per ton. Now the Nautilus weighed 1500. It came therefore to £67,500, and £80,000 more for fitting it up, and about £200,000 with the works of art and the collections it contains.”

“One last question, Captain Nemo.”

“Ask it, Professor.”

“You are rich?”

“Immensely rich, sir; and I could, without missing it, pay the national debt of France.”

I stared at the singular person who spoke thus. Was he playing upon my credulity? The future would decide that.

#hellsitesonlybookclub #bookblr #jules verne #20k leagues under the sea #captain nemo #nemo #the Nautilus #Nautilus #submarine #classic lit #classic literature #science fiction #sci fi #adventure

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azulashengrottospiano · 11 months

Note

I have succumbed to my history fixation :D

Did you know that there's a point in London's history called "The Great Stink"? (the name still makes me giggle...)

In the 19th century, the river Thames was used as a dumping site for waste. Human waste, animal waste, industrial waste, you name it. All the waste dumped in it is just there sitting.

But in 1858, London was hit by a heat wave. All the waste in the Thames fermented and made the city smell so bad that people got sick. They tried to alleviate it by dousing their curtains with the mixture of chloride and lime but that didn't work.

In fact, it has gotten so bad that lawmakers were forced to make a bill for Thames' restoration. Over 200 tons of lime were dumped in the river to get rid of the smell. Fortunately for them, it worked.

That's all my memory can remember, but you can check Google for more info or for correction :)

ew that's so nasty but also that was probably the river going FUCK YOU!!

you could say...it was fed up with their shit hehe.

#IM SORRY (im not)#I COULDNT HELP MYSELF #🍪! cookie

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alexthedragon190 · 2 years

Text

Happy Floofty Friday everyone!

This has been living rent free in my brain for past few weeks, so I present to you...

My hypothetical parents of the FizzleBean siblings!

You can check out some of my ramblings about their designs and who I think they are, under the cut!

Just for comparison, I also drew the siblings themselves. (It's my first time drawing them..., also yes, my Floofty is tailless!)

You can check out some of my ramblings about their designs and who I think they are, under the cut!

Designing them was quite hard. Floofty and Snorpy are so similar and different from each other at the same time, that it doesn't make any sense. Well, if it doesn't make sense, I'll make it make sense!

For Maliva FizzleSmudge, from the beginning I really wanted her be the short one with a tiny tail. It's a shame the lab coat covers it... it's so stinkin' cute! She's got yellow fur like Snorpy, just a bit less orange and lighter. She's the lucky one who got the purple eyes and locks. I managed to mix both orange and white in them! Her mouth is in neutral position, but her teeth are more square-shaped and have a small gap in the front like Floofty's. Her nose also has a similar shape to Floofty's, but it's kinda squished. Unfortunately she's affected by the same "curse" as her children and her nose color is almost the same as her husband's fur color. It's hard to see, because of her lab coat, but her stripy markings cover her whole back and neck. The ones on her arms and legs blend with her darker paws, however she's got some lighter spots around her paw pads too (the same as Floofty has).

Maliva is a Chemist, often working with dangerous, toxic, corrosive and flammable substances. One of her favourites is Chromyl Chloride for it's dangerous looks. She's a little clumsy, but hasn't had that many accidents in the lab! Despite trying to protect her paws and face, she often ends up with bits of her fur charred... She wears her glasses all the time, she's practically blind without them. She's a big fan of her husbands home-made nettle tea, but coffie is also an important part of her menu.

For Arvey PetalBean, analogically, he was supposed to be tall and lean with long limbs and tail. I was avoiding making him plain purple, so his fur color ended up being a gradient form violet to puchsia. He turned out WAY fluffier than I intended. I love my grumps fluffy! He didn't get the locks, only a short fringe, but to reconpensate him for that, he got the iconic underbite with rounded teeth, like Snorpy. I wasn't sure what eye color to give him, but I think magenta made his face more balanced with all the rest of his body. His nose has a similar shape to Snorpy's nose but it's longer and thinner... and yellow. It's not the same yellow as in Maliva's fur tho, it has some lime in it and it's more saturated. Without any particular idea, I just wanted to give him SOME spots. I think what I did with his markings looks pretty neat. They look lighter on violet parts and darker on puchsia parts of his fur. He also has some light spots around his eyes, nose and on his paws.

Arvey is a Botanist and a passionate plant breeder. He particularly loves ferns with their big and beautiful leaves! He's always wearing thick gloves while working with more prickly plants, but they still somehow find a way to give him a taste of their thorns. He tends to be very aloof, sitting in his garden all day and pondering over his charts and notes. One of his latest projects was to emphasize hollyhock's healing properties and at the same time make their irritating effect less problematic. He was succesful and ended up with a specimen bearing nice, yellow flowers. He called it "Alcea Maliva" after his beloved wife. He wears his ring in form of a necklace, because it's uncomfortable for him when it's under his gloves. He sometimes wears glasses, but only for reading.

#+alex does art+#grumpus #grumpus oc #long post #floofty fizzlebean #snorpy fizzlebean #I think it's obvious that Maliva is sorta a referece to Alphys form Undertale #I love them so much aaa #not the proudest of the art but still!#maliva fizzlesmudge #arvey petalbean

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cloudninetonine · 2 years

Note

I found out recently that some people think that medieval people never cleaned themselves, so I shall contribute to the stinky boys™ headcannons, I present some facts about personal hygiene in Medieval England (since I'm pretty sure that's the time the Zelda franchise is set)!

Medieval common folk were actually quite cleanly - not by today's standards, but clean nonetheless. Since cutlery wasn't in widespread usage at the time, the huge majority would wash their hands before and after eating with soap, and would brush their teeth (albeit with twigs and woollen cloths but the modern toothbrush wouldn't be invented until about 1780) with pastes made from herbs and water.

People would wash themselves a few times a week since most adults worked manual jobs. Although getting water was a task in itself so it was generally either a very quick wash or they'd pour cold water over themselves. They would wash their hair in alkaline solutions, like with calcium chloride (what you get when you mix lime and salt) for example.

Shaving was done about once a week for those who did, though with how mirrors were at the time, would usually visit barbers to get it done. Surprisingly, long hair was a norm in medieval times, though they would cut their hair with shears and knives if they felt like cutting it. People with manual jobs would cut their hair due to the nature of their work. I heard somewhere that at some point in medieval history, mens' beard and hair styles were generational to set apart themselves from their parents.

I could go on forever about daily life in medieval times but I'll cut it short there so it actually helps contribute to headcannons. Sorry if this came off pretentious or something similar, I just really like sharing the random pieces of knowledge I have about points in history and thought this might help.

NO APOLOGIES NEEDED IT WAS NICE LEARNING SOME FACTS!

We didn't learn a lot about medieval England during my studies, we learned more about the later eras like the Tudors or Victorian England! The most I knew about medieval England was from Horrible Histories.

Damn I miss Horrible Histories, I think I'm gonna have to rewatch some stuff for more accuracy.

#cloud answers

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jenroses · 2 years

Text

One of the better things I've done for myself lately is I bought some potassium chloride, and when I'm thirsty, I add a little potassium chloride and salt to what I'm drinking, even if it's plain water.

I have POTS and had this weird thing going on where drinking plain water made my mouth feel dry, and this fixes it.

sometimes I add lime juice and stevia, but even with plain water, it just *fixes* that thing where water seems to make me drier.

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scotianostra · 2 years

Photo

May 3rd 1768 saw the birth of Charles Tennant who became a chemist and an industrialist.

Born in Alloway, he grew up on a farm neighbouring the towns most famous son, Rabbie Burns, who even had time to write Epistle To James Tennant Of Glenconner, father of our subject, and got a wee mention himself as “wabster Charlie” Wabster being an old Scots name for Weaver, which was his first trade, but he was a smart cookie and would be destined for better things.

He left his humble origins to become involved in the manufacture of silk. Tennant studied bleaching and in 1798 patented the use of chloride of lime in that process. Two years later he established a chemical works at St Rollox in Glasgow. By the 1830s and 1840s it was the largest chemical plant in the world, with over 1,000 workers. The plant occupied ten acres and had the tallest chimney (Tennant's Stalk), in Glasgow.

This was the foundation of a business empire which, having consolidated itself as a major manufacturer of chemicals, expanded into mining, metallurgy and explosives. His business partner was Charles Macintosh of the raincoat fame. Later, he was to become a social reformer, helping to create one of the most productive periods of social progress and reform in Scotland’s history. His works needed large quantities of coal and as he was a good friend of George Stephenson, the great railway engineer, Tennant was one of the prime movers in railway expansion. He was mainly responsible for getting a railway into Glasgow. The chemical business founded by Tennant eventually merged with others in 1926 to form the chemical giant Imperial Chemical Industries, that’s ICI to you and I.

Charles Tennant died in Glasgow on 1st October 1838 and was buried in the Glasgow Necropolis. An impressive statue tops his grave as seen in the second pic, a monument to one of the world’s most successful businessmen of the era.

#Scotland #scottish #industrialist #Glasgow #history

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20k-leagues-speedrun · 1 year

Text

CHAPTER XI ALL BY ELECTRICITY

“It is actually a manometer. But by communication with the water, whose external pressure it indicates, it gives our depth at the same time.”

“And these other instruments, the use of which I cannot guess?”

“Here, Professor, I ought to give you some explanations. Will you be kind enough to listen to me?”

He was silent for a few moments, then he said—

“Electricity?” I cried in surprise.

“Yes, sir.”

“But not the air you breathe?”

“Exactly.”

“It is marvelous! And I see, Captain, you were right to make use of this agent that takes the place of wind, water, and steam.”

“We have not finished, M. Aronnax,” said Captain Nemo, rising. “If you will follow me, we will examine the stern of the Nautilus.”

“It leads to the small boat,” he said.

“What! have you a boat?” I exclaimed, in surprise.

“Of course; an excellent vessel, light and insubmersible, that serves either as a fishing or as a pleasure boat.”

“But then, when you wish to embark, you are obliged to come to the surface of the water?”

“But how do you get back on board?”

“I do not come back, M. Aronnax; the Nautilus comes to me.”

“By your orders?”

“By my orders. An electric thread connects us. I telegraph to it, and that is enough.”

“Really,” I said, astonished at these marvels, “nothing can be more simple.”

“And you get then?”

“A speed of fifty miles an hour.”

#20k leagues speedrun #20000 leagues under the sea #chapter 11

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24goldgrouplimited · 2 years

Text

What You Need to Know About Gold Refining

Gold, the much sought after sparkling yellow metal, is known for its exceptional and appealing appearance and radiance. Albeit,

the gold we normally see, be it the gold decorations or gold bars, isn't the structure where gold is mined out of the Earth. The

gold we see goes through a broad refinement process, and for this, the brokers depend on cutting edge gold refinement

strategies.

The gold that is mined is typically refined at a gold treatment facility Toronto. This is where the gold is refined after extraction to

create profoundly unadulterated and great gold bars. On the off chance that you are a dealer, you should definitely know that

with regards to getting saleable gold bars, you will require the gold to be refined at a gold processing refinery Canada.

Why Does Gold Need To Be Refined?

No matter what the sort of procurement it is, be it reused gold or bullion, or even piece gold refining in toronto, and the gold should satisfy

global guidelines for which it should be refined suitably according to principles. Actually, it is much easier to sell and get better

returns for the gold that meets the international LBMA refining standards. In basic words, a prevalent gold bar works on the

liquidity of your speculation by and large.

In addition to that, gold is removed from its minerals through mining, and this gold isn't unadulterated. It contains numerous

contaminations that should be eliminated, which is finished through the gold refinement process at a gold refinery Toronto.

How Gold Is Actually Refined: The Step-By-Step Process

Gold refining begins with both of these kinds of gold: a dore bar or scrap. Dore bars are the gold that is separated from the

mines and is roughly 80% unadulterated. At a gold treatment facility Canada, the virtue is additionally expanded by isolating

other valuable metals and less valuable metals that are generally tracked down in a blend with it. Allow us now to investigate the

vital stages of gold refinement:

Stage 1:

Pre-soften The dore bars are liquefied, and their not entirely set in stone.

Stage 2:

Chlorination Chlorine is imbued in with the general mish-mash of liquid metal. Any remaining metals with the exception of gold

ascent to the surface as a slag as a liquid metal chloride. Here you get what is known as 995 fine gold. This gold is then filled an

anode form.

Stage 3:

Degolding Soft drink debris is then added to the liquid chloride slag. This makes the gold particles encourage in the arrangement.

Stage 4:

Electrolysis The gold anode is then placed in a shower that has an answer of gold chloride and hydrochloric corrosive. Electric

flow is gone through the anode to provide you with the gold of 9999 purity.

Stage 5:

Last Pour This unadulterated type of gold is then transformed into granulated gold or cast into bars.

A Glimpse Into Silver Refining

Just like gold, silver refining follows a similar process as well. Mined and extricated as mineral, it is first squashed into pieces.

Then, lime is added to make a basic blend. Then a cyanide arrangement is added, and the blend is restored for a time of 24 to 48

hours. After this, zinc dust is added to encourage the silver from the subsequent arrangement. The silver encourage is then

filtered and melted into bars.

This Blog “What You Need to Know About Gold Refining” Originally posted Here

#buy gold #precious metal dealer #buy gold coins toronto #buy gold in toronto #best bullion dealers in canada #buy or sell gold #silver #and platinum in toronto

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chemlearn · 2 years

Text

Common name and formula of important chemical compounds.

Baking Powder Sodium Bicarbonate NaHCO3

Bleaching Powder Calcium Oxychloride CaOCL2

Blue Vitriol Copper Sulphate CuSO4.5H2O

Caustic Potash Potassium Hydroxide KOH

Caustic Soda Sodium Hydroxide NaOH

Chalk (Marble) Calcium Carbonate CaCo3

Chloroform Trichloro Methane CHCl3

Dry Ice Solid Carbondioxide CO2

Epsom Magnesium Sulphate MgSo4

Green Vitriol Ferrous Sulphate FeSo4

Gypsum Calcium Sulphate CaSo4

Heavy Water Deuterium Oxide D2O

Laughing Gas Nitrous Oxide N2O

Magnesia Magnesium Oxide MgO

Marsh Gas Methane CH4

Mohr’s Salt Ammonium Ferrous Sulphate FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O

Plaster of Paris Calcium Sulphate CaSO42H2O

Potash Alum Potassium Aluminium Sulphate KALSO4

Quick Lime Calcium Oxide CaO

Sand Silicon Oxide SiO2

Compound name

Molecular formula

Molar mass

Density

(g/mol)

Range of concentration

Acetaldehyde

C2H4O

59.067

0-30% (18°C)

Acetamide

C2H5NO

60.052

0-6% (15°C)

Acetic acid

CH3COOH

96.086

0-100% (20°C)

Acetone

C3H6O

17.031

0-100% (20°C)

Acetonitrile

C2H3N

77.082

0-16% (15°C)

Aluminium chloride

AlCl3

62.068

0-40% (15°C)

Aluminium nitrate

Al(NO3)3

368.343

Aluminium sulfate

Al2(SO4)3

68.007

0-26% (15°C)

Ammonia

NH3

158.355

0-30% (20°C)

Ammonium acetate

CH3COONH4

41.052

0-45% (25°C)

Ammonium carbonate

(NH4)2CO3

134.452

Ammonium chloride

NH4Cl

30.026

0-24% (20°C)

Ammonium dichromate

(NH4)2Cr2O7

278.106

0-20% (12°C)

Ammonium hydroxide

NH4OH

100.459

0-62% (20°C)

Ammonium nitrate

NH4NO3

329.244

0-50% (20°C)

Ammonium oxalate

(NH4)2C2O4

207.889

Ammonium sulfate

(NH4)2SO4

84.007

0-50% (20°C)

Antimony(III) chloride

SbCl3

46.025

Antimony(V) chloride

SbCl5

180.156

Barium chloride

BaCl2

180.156

0-26% (20°C)

Barium hydroxide

Ba(OH)2

94.111

Barium nitrate

Ba(NO3)2

56.106

Bismuth(III) chloride

BiCl3

92.094

Bismuth(III) nitrate

Bi(NO3)3

214.001

Butan-1-ol

C4H10O

197.998

0-8% (20°C)

Butyric acid

C4H8O2

252.065

0-62% (25°C)

Cadmium nitrate

Cd(NO3)2

166.003

0-50% (18°C)

Cadmium sulfate

CdSO4

172.069

Calcium chloride

CaCl2

339.787

0-40% (20°C)

Calcium hydroxide

Ca(OH)2

97.995

Calcium nitrate

Ca(NO3)2

101.103

0-68% (18°C)

Calcium sulfate

CaSO4

39.997

Carbon disulfide

CS2

116.072

Chloroacetic acid

C2H3ClO2

132.14

0-32% (20°C)

Chloroauric acid

HAuCl4

76.141

Chloroform

CHCl3

74.122

Chloroplatinic acid

H2PtCl6

228.119

Chromium(III) chloride

CrCl3

144.092

0-14% (18°C)

Chromium(III) nitrate

Cr(NO3)3

158.034

Chromium(III) sulfate

Cr2(SO4)3

68.995

0-40% (15°C)

Chromium(VI) oxide

CrO3

102.894

0-60% (15°C)

Citric acid

C6H8O7

80.043

0-55% (20°C)

Cobalt(II) nitrate

Co(NO3)2

85.104

Cobalt(II) sulfate

CoSO4

84.995

Copper(I) chloride

Cu2Cl2

284.047

0-20% (20°C)

Copper(II) chloride

CuCl2

151.908

0-20% (20°C)

Copper(II) nitrate

Cu(NO3)2

79.1

0-25% (20°C)

Copper(II) sulfate

CuSO4

158.526

0-20% (18°C)

Dichloroacetic acid

C2H2Cl2O2

299.025

0-30% (20°C)

Diethyl ether

(C2H5)2O

342.296

0-5% (20°C)

Dimethylglyoxime

(CH3CNOH)2

148.315

EDTA, disodium salt

Na2C10H14N2O8

120.368

0-6% (20°C)

Ethanol

C2H5OH

104.061

0-100% (20°C)

Ethylene glycol

(CH2OH)2

125.844

0-60% (20°C)

Formaldehyde

CH2O

182.172

0-40% (15°C)

Formic acid

CH2O2

171.342

0-100% (20°C)

Fructose

C6H12O6

296.653

0-48% (20°C)

Glucose

C6H12O6

74.079

0-60% (20°C)

Glycerol

C3H8O3

32.042

0-100% (20°C)

Hexafluorosilicic acid

H2SiF6

315.339

0-34% (17.5°C)

Hydrazine

N2H4

154.756

0-60% (15°C)

Hydrobromic acid

HBr

53.491

0-65% (25°C)

Hydrochloric acid

HCl

124.096

0-40% (20°C)

Hydrocyanic acid

HCN

35.046

0-16% (15°C)

Hydrofluoric acid

208.233

0-50% (20°C)

Hydrogen peroxide

H2O2

106.441

0-100% (18°C)

Hydroiodic acid

119.378

Iodic acid

HIO3

409.818

Iron(II) ammonium sulfate

FeSO4+(NH4)2SO4

189.616

Iron(II) sulfate

FeSO4

163.941

0-20% (18°C)

Iron(III) chloride

FeCl3

32.045

0-50% (20°C)

Iron(III) nitrate

Fe(NO3)3

174.259

0-25% (18°C)

Iron(III) sulfate

Fe2(SO4)3

210.159

0-20% (17.5°C)

Isobutanol

C4H10O

122.549

0-8% (20°C)

Lactic acid

C3H6O3

394.995

0-80% (20°C)

Lactose

C12H22O11

74.551

0-18% (20°C)

Lead(II) acetate

Pb(C2H3O2)2

133.341

Lead(II) chloride

PbCl2

127.912

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rajasthanlime · 6 days

Text

Industrial Uses of Bulk Lime in India

Introduction:

Bulk lime plays a crucial role in various industries across India, serving as a versatile material with diverse applications. Let's explore the industrial uses of Lime delivery in bulk Jodhpur and its significance in different sectors.

1. Steel Industry:

LIME IS INVALUABLE In India's steelmaking processes, bulk lime is essential. It plays an essential role in desulfurization - when lime reacts with sulfur to form calcium sulfide that can then be extracted as slang for removal - dephosphorization by producing calcium phosphate slag - as well as fluxing impurities out of molten steel during refining; eventually resulting in high-quality steel with improved mechanical properties being created.

2. Water Treatment:

At water treatment plants, bulk lime is often employed for pH adjustment and coagulation - neutralizing acidity while precipitating heavy metals, suspended solids, and phosphates from water bodies. Lime softening also plays a key role by precipitating calcium and magnesium ions into solution and softening hard water bodies. Ultimately this increases efficiency with other forms of treatment like filtration and disinfection methods.

3. Construction:

Bulk lime has many applications in construction. It is commonly used in mortar and plaster formulations to increase workability, durability, setting time of building materials, bonding to bricks and stones more securely than their concrete counterparts while simultaneously offering exceptional water retention properties that reduce cracking while prolonging structural longevity.

4. Agriculture: In agriculture,

bulk lime application helps neutralize acidity and improve soil structure by increasing pH levels, making essential nutrients more readily accessible to plants, while providing calcium and magnesium that contributes to plant health. Lime also enhances microbial activity while decreasing aluminum toxicity levels while mitigating soil erosion - all key factors for healthier and more productive crops.

5. Sugar Industry:

Bulk lime plays a pivotal role in sugar refining in India. It's used for pH adjustments when clarifying sugar cane juice to remove proteins and non-sugar impurities resulting in clearer juice; additionally it aids sucrose crystallization processes by controlling pH levels for efficient sugar crystal growth and refining processes.

6. Paper Industry:

Bulk lime is widely utilized by the paper industry for pulp bleaching and pH regulation. Lime helps remove impurities such as lignin from fibers during bleaching processes while also maintaining alkalinity of pulp to maximize effectiveness of bleaching agents such as chlorine dioxide or hydrogen peroxide - leading to brighter, whiter, stronger paper products.

7. Mining and Metallurgy:

Lime is widely utilized in mining and metallurgical operations to process ore and treat wastewater generated during metal extraction, helping separate valuable minerals from gangue by adjusting pH levels in flotation processes and neutralizing acid mine drainage, while treating wastewater generated during metal extraction to minimize environmental impact and ensure regulatory compliance.

8. Environmental Remediation:

Lime plays an essential role in environmental remediation projects across India. It helps neutralize acidic soils and stabilize polluted sites while simultaneously increasing soil fertility and encouraging revegetation in areas affected by acid mine drainage, industrial pollution or hazardous waste disposal.

9. Chemical Industry:

At its core, the chemical industry uses bulk lime as a vital raw material in its various chemical processes. Lime is vital for manufacturing calcium-based chemicals like calcium hydroxide, calcium chloride and calcium carbonate as well as being utilized as an alkaline catalyst in organic synthesis reactions.

10. Pharmaceuticals:

Bulk lime can be utilized in pharmaceutical production for producing medications and supplements. This may involve producing calcium carbonate tablets to combat stomach acidity or acting as an antacid; additionally it's employed as an excipient or pH adjuster in formulations used by pharmaceutical manufacturers.

Conclusion:

India's industrial uses for bulk lime are extensive and essential across a range of sectors. From steelmaking to water treatment, agriculture and construction projects - Bulk lime supply services in India plays a pivotal role in improving processes while guaranteeing product quality - its versatility making it an invaluable asset for sustainable industrial development in India.

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