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tomorrowpreppers · 3 years

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The World Of Free Energy

By Peter Lindemann, D.Sc. (Originally written March 1, 2001)

In the late 1880’s, trade journals in the electrical sciences were predicting “free electricity” in the near future. Incredible discoveries about the nature of electricity were becoming common place. Nikola Tesla was demonstrating “wireless lighting” and other wonders associated with high frequency currents. There was an excitement about the future like never before.

Within 20 years, there would be automobiles, airplanes, movies, recorded music, telephones, radio, and practical cameras. The Victorian Age was giving way to something totally new. For the first time in history, common people were encouraged to envision a utopian future, filled with abundant modern transportation and communication, as well as jobs, housing and food for everyone. Disease would be conquered, and so would poverty. Life was getting better, and this time, everyone was going to get “a piece of the pie.” So, what happened? In the midst of this technological explosion, where did the energy breakthroughs go? Was all of this excitement about “free electricity”, which happened just before the beginning of the last century, all just wishful thinking that “real science” eventually disproved?

Current State of Technology

Actually, the answer to that question is NO. In fact, the opposite is true. Spectacular energy technologies were developed right along with the other breakthroughs. Since that time, multiple methods for producing vast amounts of energy at extremely low cost have been developed. None of these technologies have made it to the “open” consumer market as an article of commerce, however. Exactly why this is true will be discussed shortly. But first, I would like to describe to you a short list of “free energy” technologies that I am currently aware of, and that are proven beyond all reasonable doubt. The common feature connecting all of these discoveries, is that they use a small amount of one form of energy to control or release a large amount of a different kind of energy. Many of them tap the underlying Æther field in some way; a source of energy conveniently ignored by “modern” science.

Radiant Energy.

Nikola Tesla’s Magnifying Transmitter, T. Henry Moray’s Radiant Energy Device, Edwin Gray’s EMA Motor, and Paul Baumann’s Testatika Machine all run on Radiant Energy. This natural energy form can be gathered directly from the environment (mistakenly called “static” electricity) or extracted from ordinary electricity by the method called “fractionation.” Radiant Energy can perform the same wonders as ordinary electricity, at less than 1% of the cost. It does not behave exactly like electricity, however, which has contributed to the scientific community’s misunderstanding of it. The Methernitha Community in Switzerland currently has 5 or 6 working models of fuelless, self-running devices that tap this energy.

Permanent Magnets

. Dr. Robert Adams (NZ) has developed astounding designs of electric motors, generators and heaters that run on permanent magnets. One such device draws 100 watts of electricity from the source, generates 100 watts to recharge the source, and produces over 140 BTU’s of heat in two minutes! Dr. Tom Bearden (USA) has two working models of a permanent magnet powered electrical transformer. It uses a 6-watt electrical input to control the path of a magnetic field coming out of a permanent magnet. By channeling the magnetic field, first to one output coil and then a second output coil, and by doing this repeatedly and rapidly in a “Ping-Pong” fashion, the device can produce a 96-watt electrical output with no moving parts. Bearden calls his device a Motionless Electromagnetic Generator, or MEG. Jean-Louis Naudin has duplicated Bearden’s device in France. The principles for this type of device were first disclosed by Frank Richardson (USA) in 1978. Troy Reed (USA) has working models of a special magnetized fan that heats up as it spins. It takes exactly the same amount of energy to spin the fan whether it is generating heat or not. Beyond these developments, multiple inventors have identified working mechanisms that produce motor torque from permanent magnets alone.

Mechanical Heaters

. There are two classes of machines that transform a small amount of mechanical energy into a large amount of heat. The best of these purely mechanical designs are the rotating cylinder systems designed by Frenette (USA) and Perkins (USA). In these machines, one cylinder is rotated within another cylinder with about an eighth of an inch of clearance between them. The space between the cylinders is filled with a liquid such as water or oil, and it is this “working fluid” that heats up as the inner cylinder spins. Another method uses magnets mounted on a wheel to produce large eddy currents in a plate of aluminum, causing the aluminum to heat up rapidly. These magnetic heaters have been demonstrated by Muller (Canada), Adams (NZ) and Reed (USA). All of these systems can produce ten times more heat than standard methods using the same energy input.

Super-Efficient Electrolysis

. Water can be broken into Hydrogen and Oxygen using electricity. Standard chemistry books claim that this process requires more energy than can be recovered when the gases are recombined. This is true only under the worst case scenario. When water is hit with its own molecular resonant frequency, using a system developed by Stan Meyers (USA) and again recently by Xogen Power, Inc., it collapses into Hydrogen and Oxygen gas with very little electrical input. Also, using different electrolytes (additives that make the water conduct electricity better) changes the efficiency of the process dramatically. It is also known that certain geometric structures and surface textures work better than others do. The implication is that unlimited amounts of Hydrogen fuel can be made to drive engines (like in your car) for the cost of water. Even more amazing is the fact that a special metal alloy was patented by Freedman (USA) in 1957 that spontaneously breaks water into Hydrogen and Oxygen with no outside electrical input and without causing any chemical changes in the metal itself. This means that this special metal alloy can make Hydrogen from water for free, forever.

Implosion/Vortex

. All major industrial engines use the release of heat to cause expansion and pressure to produce work, like in your car engine. Nature uses the opposite process of cooling to cause suction and vacuum to produce work, like in a tornado. Viktor Schauberger (Austria) was the first to build working models of Implosion Engines in the 1930’s and 1940’s. Since that time, Callum Coats has published extensively on Schauberger’s work in his book

Living Energies

and subsequently, a number of researchers have built working models of Implosion Turbine Engines. These are fuelless engines that produce mechanical work from energy accessed from a vacuum. There are also much simpler designs that use vortex motions to tap a combination of gravity and centrifugal force to produce a continuous motion in fluids.

Cold Fusion

. In March 1989, two Chemists from the University of Utah (USA) announced that they had produced atomic fusion reactions in a simple tabletop device. The claims were “debunked” within 6 months and the public lost interest. Nevertheless, Cold Fusion is very real. Not only has excess heat production been repeatedly documented, but also low energy atomic element transmutation has been catalogued, involving dozens of different reactions! This technology definitely can produce low cost energy and scores of other important industrial processes.

Solar Assisted Heat Pumps

. The refrigerator in your kitchen is the only “free energy machine” you currently own. It’s an electrically operated heat pump. It uses one amount of energy (electricity) to move three amounts of energy (heat). This gives it a “co-efficient of performance” (COP) of about 3. Your refrigerator uses one amount of electricity to pump three amounts of heat from the inside of the refrigerator to the outside of the refrigerator. This is its typical use, but it is the worst possible way to use the technology. Here’s why. A heat pump pumps heat from the “source” of heat to the “sink” or place that absorbs the heat. The “source” of heat should obviously be HOT and the “sink” for heat should obviously be COLD for this process to work the best. In your refrigerator, it’s exactly the opposite. The “source” of heat is inside the box, which is COLD, and the “sink” for heat is the room temperature air of your kitchen, which is warmer than the source. This is why the COP remains low for your kitchen refrigerator. But this is not true for all heat pumps. COP’s of 8 to 10 are easily attained with solar assisted heat pumps. In such a device, a heat pump draws heat from a solar collector and dumps the heat into a large underground absorber, which remains at 55° F, and mechanical energy is extracted in the transfer. This process is equivalent to a steam engine that extracts mechanical energy between the boiler and the condenser, except that it uses a fluid that “boils” at a much lower temperature than water. One such system that was tested in the 1970’s produced 350 hp, measured on a Dynamometer, in a specially designed engine from just 100-sq. ft. of solar collector. (This is NOT the system promoted by Dennis Lee.) The amount of energy it took to run the compressor (input) was less than 20 hp, so this system produced more than 17 times more energy than it took to keep it going! It could power a small neighborhood from the roof of a hot tub gazebo, using exactly the same technology that keeps the food cold in your kitchen. Currently, there is an industrial scale heat pump system just north of Kona, Hawaii that generates electricity from temperature differences in ocean water.

There are dozens of other systems that I have not mentioned, many of them are as viable and well tested as the ones I have just recounted. But this short list is sufficient to make my point: free energy technology is here, now. It offers the world pollution-free, energy abundance for everyone, everywhere. It is now possible to stop the production of “greenhouse gases” and shut down all of the nuclear power plants. We can now desalinate unlimited amounts of seawater at an affordable price, and bring adequate fresh water to even the most remote habitats. Transportation costs and the production costs for just about everything can drop dramatically. Food can even be grown in heated greenhouses in the winter, anywhere. All of these wonderful benefits that can make life on this planet so much easier and better for everyone have been postponed for decades. Why? Whose purposes are served by this postponement?

The Invisible Enemy

There are four gigantic forces that have worked together to create this situation. To say that there is and has been a “conspiracy” to suppress this technology only leads to a superficial understanding of the world, and it places the blame for this completely outside of ourselves. Our willingness to remain ignorant and actionless in the face of this situation has always been interpreted by two of these forces as “implied consent.” So, besides a “non-demanding public,” what are the other three forces that are impeding the availability of free energy technology?

1st Force - The Money Monopoly In standard economic theory, there are three classes of Industry. These are Capital, Goods, and Services. Within the first class, Capital, there are also three sub-classes. These are: 1) Natural Capital. This relates to raw materials (such as a gold mine) and sources of energy (such as a hydroelectric dam or an oil well). 2) Currency. This relates to the printing of paper “money” and the minting of coins. These functions are usually the job of Government. And 3) Credit. This relates to the loaning of money for interest and its extension of economic value through deposit loan accounts. From this, it is easy to see, that energy functions in the economy in the same way as gold, the printing of money by the Government, or the issuing of credit by a bank.

In the United States, and in most other countries around the world, there is a “money monopoly” in place. I am “free” to earn as much “money” as I want, but I will only be paid in Federal Reserve Notes. There is nothing I can do to be paid in Gold Certificates, or some other form of “money.” This money monopoly is solely in the hands of a small number of private stock banks, and these banks are owned by the Wealthiest Families in the world. Their plan is to eventually control 100% of all of the Capital resources of the world, and thereby control everyone’s life through the availability (or non-availability) of all goods and services. An independent source of wealth (free energy device) in the hands of each and every person in the world, ruins their plans for world domination, permanently. Why this is true is easy to see. Currently, a nation’s economy can be either slowed down or sped up by the raising or lowering of interest rates. But if an independent source of capital (energy) were present in the economy, and any business or person could raise more capital without borrowing it from a bank, this centralized throttling action on interest rates would simply not have the same effect. Free energy technology changes the value of money. The Wealthiest Families and the Issuers of Credit do not want any competition. It’s that simple. They want to maintain their current monopoly control of the money supply. For them, free energy technology is not just something to suppress, it must be PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN!

So, the Wealthiest Families and their Central Banking institutions are the First Force operating to postpone the public availability of free energy technology. Their motivations are the imagined “divine right to rule”, greed, and their insatiable need to control everything except themselves. The weapons they have used to enforce this postponement include intimidation, “expert” debunkers, buying and shelving of technology, murder and attempted murder of the inventors, character assassination, arson, and a wide variety of financial incentives and disincentives to manipulate possible supporters. They have also promoted the general acceptance of a scientific theory that states that free energy is impossible (Laws of Thermodynamics).

2nd Force - National Governments The Second Force operating to postpone the public availability of free energy technology is National Governments. The problem here is not so much related to competition in the printing of currency, but in the maintenance of National Security. The fact is, the world out there is a jungle, and humans can be counted upon to be very cruel, dishonest, and sneaky. It is Government’s job to “provide for the common defense.” For this, “police powers” are delegated by the Executive Branch of Government to enforce “the rule of law.” Most of us who consent to the rule of law do so because we believe it is the right thing to do, for our own benefit. There are always a few individuals, however, that believe that their own benefit is best served by behavior that does not voluntarily conform to the generally agreed upon social order. These people choose to operate outside of “the rule of law” and are considered outlaws, criminals, subversives, traitors, revolutionaries, or terrorists.

Most National Governments have discovered, by trial and error, that the only Foreign Policy that really works, over time, is a policy called “Tit for Tat.” What this means to you and me is, that governments treat each other the way they are being treated. There is a constant “jockeying” for position and influence in world affairs, and the STRONGEST party wins! In economics, it’s the Golden Rule, which states: “The one with the Gold makes the Rules.” So it is with politics also, but its appearance is more Darwinian. It’s simply “survival of the fittest.” In politics, however, the “fittest” has come to mean the strongest party who is also willing to fight the dirtiest. Absolutely every means available is used to maintain an advantage over the “adversary”, and everyone else is the “adversary” regardless of whether they are considered friend or foe. This includes outrageous psychological posturing, lying, cheating, spying, stealing, assassination of world leaders, proxy wars, alliances and shifting alliances, treaties, foreign aid, and the presence of military forces wherever possible. Like it or not, this IS the psychological and actual arena National Governments operate in. No National Government will ever do anything that simply gives an adversary an advantage for free. NEVER! It’s national suicide. Any activity by any individual, inside or outside the country, that is interpreted as giving an adversary an edge or advantage, in any way, will be deemed a threat to “National Security.” ALWAYS!

Free energy technology is a National Government’s worst nightmare! Openly acknowledged, free energy technology sparks an unlimited arms race by all governments in a final attempt to gain absolute advantage and domination. Think about it. Do you think Japan will not feel intimidated if China gets free energy? Do you think Israel will sit by quietly as Iraq acquires free energy? Do you think India will allow Pakistan to develop free energy? Do you think the USA would not try to stop Osama bin Laden from getting free energy? Unlimited energy available to the current state of affairs on this planet leads to an inevitable reshuffling of the “balance of power.” This could become an all-out war to prevent “the other” from having the advantage of unlimited wealth and power. Everybody will want it, and at the same time, want to prevent everyone else from getting it.

So, National Governments are the Second Force operating to postpone the public availability of free energy technology. Their motivations are “self-preservation.” This self-preservation operates on three levels. First, by not giving undue advantage to an external enemy. Second, by preventing individualized action capable of effectively challenging official police powers (anarchy) within the country. And third, by preserving income streams derived from taxing energy sources currently in use. Their weapons include the preventing of the issuance of patents based on National Security grounds, the legal and illegal harassment of inventors with criminal charges, tax audits, threats, phone taps, arrest, arson, theft of property during shipment, and a host of other intimidations which make the business of building and marketing a free energy machine impossible.

3rd Force - Delusion and Dishonesty in the FE Movement The Third Force operating to postpone the public availability of free energy technology consists of the group of deluded inventors and out right charlatans and con men. On the periphery of the extraordinary scientific breakthroughs that constitute the real free energy technologies, lies a shadow world of unexplained anomalies, marginal inventions and unscrupulous promoters. The first two Forces have constantly used the media to promote the worst examples of this group, to distract the public’s attention and to discredit the real breakthroughs by associating them with the obvious frauds.

Over the last hundred years, dozens of stories have surfaced about unusual inventions. Some of these ideas have so captivated the public’s imagination that a mythology about these systems continues to this day. Names like Keely, Hubbard, Coler, and Henderschott immediately come to mind. There may be real technologies behind these names, but there simply isn’t enough technical data available in the public domain to make a determination. These names remain associated with a free energy mythology, however, and are sited by debunkers as examples of fraud.

The idea of free energy taps very deeply into the human subconscious mind. A few inventors with marginal technologies that demonstrate useful anomalies have mistakenly exaggerated the importance of their inventions. Some of these inventors also have mistakenly exaggerated the importance of THEMSELVES for having invented it. A combination of “gold fever” and/or a “messiah complex” appears, wholly distorting any future contribution they may make. While the research thread they are following may hold great promise, they begin to trade enthusiasm for facts, and the value of the scientific work from that point on suffers greatly. There is a powerful, yet subtle seduction that can warp a personality if they believe that “the world rests on their shoulders” or that they are the world’s “savior.” Strange things also happen to people when they think they are about to become extremely rich. It takes a tremendous spiritual discipline to remain objective and humble in the presence of a working free energy machine. Many inventors’ psyches become unstable just BELIEVING they have a free energy machine. As the quality of the science deteriorates, some inventors also develop a “persecution complex” that makes them very defensive and unapproachable. This process precludes them from ever really developing a free energy machine, and fuels the fraud mythologies tremendously.

Then there are the out right con men. In the last 15 years, there is one person in the USA who has raised the free energy con to a professional art. He has raised more than $100,000,000, has been barred from doing business in the State of Washington, has been jailed in California, and he’s still at it. He always talks about a variation of one of the real free energy systems, sells people on the idea that they will get one of these systems soon, but ultimately sells them only promotional information which gives no real data about the energy system itself. He has mercilessly preyed upon the Christian Community and the Patriot Community in the USA, and is still going strong. His current scam involves signing up hundreds of thousands of people as locations where he will install a free energy machine. In exchange for letting him put the FE generator in their home, they will get free electricity for life, and his company will sell the excess energy back to the local utility company. After becoming convinced that they will receive free electricity for life, with no out-front expenses, they gladly buy a video that helps draw their friends into the scam as well. Once you understand the power and motivations of the first two Forces I have discussed, its obvious that this person’s current “business plan” cannot be implemented. This one person has probably done more harm to the free energy movement in the USA than any other Force, by destroying people’s trust in the technology.

So, the Third Force postponing the public availability of free energy technology is delusion and dishonesty within the movement itself. The motivations are self-aggrandizement, greed, want of power over others, and a false sense of self-importance. The weapons used are lying, cheating, the “bait and switch” con, self-delusion and arrogance combined with lousy science.

4th Force - A Non-Demanding Public The Fourth Force operating to postpone the public availability of free energy technology is all of the rest of us. It may be easy to see how narrow and despicable the motivations of the other Forces are, but actually, these motivations are still very much alive in each of us as well. Like the Wealthiest Families, don’t we each secretly harbor illusions of false superiority, and the want to control others instead of ourselves? Also, wouldn’t you “sell out” if the price were high enough, say, take $1 million dollars, cash, today? Or like the Governments, don’t we each want to ensure our own survival? If caught in the middle of a full, burning theater, do you panic and push all of the weaker people out of the way in a mad, scramble for the door? Or like the deluded inventor, don’t we trade a comfortable illusion once in a while for an uncomfortable fact? And don’t we like to think more of ourselves than others give us credit for? Or don’t we still fear the unknown, even if it promises a great reward?

You see, really, all Four Forces are just different aspects of the same process, operating at different levels in the society. There is really only ONE FORCE preventing the public availability of free energy technology, and that is the unspiritually motivated behavior of the human animals. In the last analysis, free energy technology is an outward manifestation of Divine Abundance. It is the engine of the economy of an enlightened society, where people voluntarily behave in a respectful and civil manner toward each other. Where each member of the society has everything they need, and do not covet what their neighbor has. Where war and physical violence has become socially unacceptable behavior and people’s differences are at least tolerated, if not enjoyed.

The appearance of free energy technology in the public domain is the dawning of a truly civilized age. It is an epochal event in human history. Nobody can “take credit” for it. Nobody can “get rich” on it. Nobody can “rule the world” with it. It is simply, a Gift from God. It forces us all to take responsibility for our own actions and for our own self-disciplined self-restraint when needed. The world as it is currently ordered, cannot have free energy technology without being totally transformed by it into something else. This “civilization” has reached the pinnacle of its development, because it has birthed the seeds of its own transformation. The unspiritualized human animals cannot be trusted with free energy. They will only do what they have always done, which is take merciless advantage of each other, or kill each other and themselves in the process.

If you go back and read Ayn Rand’s Atlas Shrugged or the Club of Rome Report, it becomes obvious that the Wealthiest Families have understood this for decades. Their plan is to live in The World of Free Energy, but permanently freeze the rest of us out. But this is not new. Royalty has always considered the general population (us) to be their subjects. What is new, is that you and I can communicate with each other now better than at anytime in the past. The Internet offers us, the Fourth Force, an opportunity to overcome the combined efforts of the other Forces preventing free energy technology from spreading.

The Opportunity for a Just Society

What is starting to happen is that inventors are publishing their work, instead of patenting it and keeping it secret. More and more, people are “giving away” information on these technologies in books, videos and websites. While there is still a great deal of useless information about free energy on the Internet, the availability of good information is rising rapidly. Check out the list of websites and other resources at the end of this article.

It is imperative that you begin to gather all of the information you can on real free energy systems. The reason for this is simple. The first two Forces will never allow an inventor or a company to build and sell a free energy machine to you! The only way you will ever get one is if you, or a friend, build it yourself. This is exactly what thousands of people are already quietly starting to do. You may feel wholly inadequate to the task, but start gathering information now. You may be just a link in the chain of events for the benefit of others. Focus on what you can do now, not on how much there still is to be done. Small, private research groups are working out the details as you read this. Many are committed to publishing their results on the Internet.

All of us constitute the Fourth Force. If we stand up and refuse to remain ignorant and action-less, we can change the course of history. It is the aggregate of our combined action that can make a difference. Only the mass action that represents our consensus can create the world we want. The other three Forces WILL NOT help us put a fuelless power plant in our basements. They will not help us be free from their manipulations. Nevertheless, free energy technology is here. It is real, and it will change everything about the way we live, work and relate to each other. In the last analysis, free energy technology obsoletes greed and the fear for survival. But like all exercises of Spiritual Faith, we must first manifest the generosity and trust in our own lives.

The Source of Free Energy is INSIDE of us. It is that excitement of expressing ourselves freely. It is our Spiritually guided intuition expressing itself without distraction, intimidation or manipulation. It is our open-heartedness. Ideally, the free energy technologies underpin a just society where everyone has enough food, clothing, shelter, self-worth, and the leisure time to contemplate the higher Spiritual meanings of Life. Do we not owe it to each other, to face down our fears, and take action to create this future for our children’s children? Perhaps I am not the only one waiting for me to act on a greater Truth.

Free energy technology is here. It has been here for decades. Communications technology and the Internet have torn the veil of secrecy off of this remarkable fact. People all over the world are starting to build free energy devices for their own use. The Bankers and the Governments do not want this to happen, but cannot stop it. Tremendous economic instabilities and wars will be used in the near future to distract people from joining the free energy movement. There will be essentially no major media coverage of this aspect of what is going on. It will simply be reported as wars and civil wars erupting everywhere, leading to UN “Peace Keeper” occupation in more and more countries.

Western Society is spiraling down toward self-destruction, due to the accumulated effects of long-term greed and corruption. The general availability of free energy technology cannot stop this trend. It can only reinforce it. If, however, you have a free energy device, you may be better positioned to survive the political/social/economic transition that is underway. No National Government will survive this process. The question is, who will ultimately control the emerging World Government, the First Force, or the Fourth Force?

The last Great War is almost upon us. The seeds are planted. After this will come the beginning of a real Civilization. Some of us who refuse to fight will survive to see the dawn of the World of Free Energy. I challenge you to be among the ones who try.

LIST OF RESOURCES:

Books: Living Energies by Callum Coats The Free Energy Secrets of Cold Electricity by Peter Lindemann, D.Sc. Applied Modern 20th Century Aether Science by Dr. Robert Adams Physics Without Einstein by Dr. Harold Aspden Secrets of Cold War Technology by Gerry Vassilatos The Coming Energy Revolution by Jeane Manning

For a quick, seven minute overview of the current situation, watch this VIDEO link from YouTube.

Also, for a short, more humorous take on this issue, watch this VIDEO link from YouTube.

For links to other recommended sites, see the our Links Page.

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autodidact-adventures · 7 years

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Culinary Technology (Part 8): The Aristocracy

Petworth House (Sussex) is one of the grandest houses in England. It belonged to the Egremonts from 1150 (it is now managed by the National Trust). The current building is from the 1600′s.

Today, it has an enormous array of kitchen utensils, over 100 pieces in total. There are rows of saucepans and stewpans, with matching lids, lined up on dressers. There are stockpots with taps at the bottom (like tea-urns), sauté pans and omelette pans, a large braising pan with an indented lid to hold embers (so the food could be cooked from above at the same time).

The Petworth batterie de cuisine.

Copper braising pan (front); small steaming kettle with handle cover (back).

Particulary impressive is the wide variety of fish pans. In the old days, fish came from the Sussex coast. The kitchen has fish kettles, with pierced draining-plates inside, so that the fish could be lifted from the water it was being poached in, without falling to pieces. There is a fish fryer (a round, open pan with a wire drainer), and a specialist turbot pan (diamond-shaped, the same shape as the fish). There are several smaller pans for cooking mackerel.

Victorian copper fish kettles.

A tin fish kettle (cheaper than copper).

Modern fish kettle, with a better view.

The fish fryer probably looked like this.

Turbot pan.

Of course, not all of these items would have been in use during every era.

In 1624 (during the Stuart era), Petworth didn't have any saucepans or stewpans. For boiling/stewing, they had a large fixed “copper” (a giant vat of boiling water, which supplied hot water for the whole household as well as the kitchen); nine stockpots (cauldrons), an iron cockle pan, a few fish kettles, and five small brass skillets (3-legged, to stand in the fire).

Modern stockpots.

A brass skillet - not sure of the era.

The kitchen's focus was on roasting, not boiling. They had 21 spits, 6 dripping pans, 3 basting ladles, and 5 gridirons.

Medieval spit.

Gridiron (not sure of the era).

Basting ladle (1745).

But by 1764 (in the Georgian Era), things were different. Only 9/21 spits were left. Petworth now had 24 large stewpans, 12 small stewpans, and 9 bain-maries & saucepans.

Modern stewpans.

Georgian saucepans.

This increase in pans (both number & variety) was because of a new style of cooking. The old heavy medieval cuisine was on its way out, and a fresher, more “buttery” cuisine was on its way in. There were many new foods in the Georgian Era that the Stuart Era did not have. For example: frothy chocolate; crisp biscuits; sharp, citrusy sauces; the truffly ragouts of French nouvelle cuisine. And all of these new dishes needed new equipment to cook them in.

Hannah Glasse (1708-70) was one of the most well-known cookery writers of the 1700's. She wrote that it was important to use the right pan when melting butter – a silver pan was best, she thought. (A type of thickened melted butter was beginning to be served as a universal sauce, to go with meat or fish.)

But by 1869 (in the Victorian Era), this was definitely not enough. The focus of the kitchen was finally moving away from spit-roasting – now the most important equipment was the copper pans, resting on steam-heated hotplates.

There were three steamers, for those foods that needed gentler cooking than boiling. The number of stewpans & saucepans had risen from 45 to 96. This was because of the huge variety of sauces, glazes and garnishes that were part of Victorian cuisine.

There isn't much difference between a saucepan and stewpan. In the 1700's, saucepans were smaller (like the left-hand one further up), suitable for furiously whisking sauces and gravies, after they'd been made in a stewpan, and sieved. Stewpans were bigger, and had lids. They could hold a lot of food, and they were the main pan for cooking the meal. However, the saucepan eventually overtook the stewpan.

In 1844, Thomas Webster wrote in An Encyclopaedia of Domestic Economy that saucepans were “smaller round vessels for boiling, made with a single handle”, and that stewpans were made with a double handle (one on the lid, and one on the pan). The metal of stewpans was thicker, and they had a more rounded base, which made them easier to clean.

(Nowadays, we don't use the term “stewpan” – we say “saucepan” for pretty much every pan.)

The idea of the batterie de cuisine came out of the 1700's. It was the opposite idea of the one-pot cooking – you should have a certain pan/vessel for each component of the meal. You can't sauté in a slope-sided frying pan; you can't fry in a straight-side sauté pan. You need a turbot kettle for poaching fish. You need the right tool for every job. This was influenced by France, and by the new professionalism of cooking during the 1700's.

William Verrall (1715-61) was the chef & landlord of the White Hart Inn (Lewes, Sussex). He disparaged cooks that tried to make do with “one poor solitary stewpan” and one frying-pan “black as my hat”. He said that “a good dinner cannot be got up to look neat and pretty without proper utensils to work it in, such as neat stew-pans of several sizes” and various other things. He tells of “half of a very grand dinner” being completely spoiled “by misplacing only one stew pan.”

This obsession with pans was partially because of the English copper industry. Prior to the 1700's, copper had been imported from Sweden. But in 1689, their monopoly had ended, and England's production of copper increased greatly (especially from Bristol). And of course, now it cost less – so cooks could have many copper pans. The French word batterie actually means copper that has been battered into shape. By the 1800′s, batterie de cuisine had become the universal term to refer to cooking equipment (excluding fixed objects such as the oven).

The Victorian copper batterie was the apogee of the history of pots and pans. They were well-crafted, and made from high-quality metal; they were tailored to the specific requirements of cooking; and wealthy Victorians had huge kitchens, with many cooks.

Some have criticized the Victorians for boiling vegetables for too long, and reducing everything to a soupy mush. Victorian and Regency-era recipes say to boil asparagus for 15-18min; broccoli for 20min; carrots for 45min to an hour! But this actually made sense for the time, and didn't actually wreck the vegetables.

William Kitchiner (author of The Cook's Oracle) says to boil asparagus for 20-30min, which seems far too long to us. He also says, “Great care must be taken to watch the exact time of their becoming tender; take them up just at that instant, and they will have their true flavour and colour: a minute or two more boiling destroys both.” We tend to boil asparagus as individual stalks, whereas he says to tie it in a bundle – which takes longer to cook. But there is a lot more to the long boiling times than that.

Recipe-writers in the 1800's were very keen on cooking scientifically. And the most important thing about boiling, they said, was that no matter how long you boil water for, it'll never go above 100°C. This was noted by Robert Buchanan (an expert on fuel economy) in 1815, and cookbook-writers often quoted him on this. What was the point of boiling things hard, when it doesn't raise the temperature any more? It was just a waste of fuel/energy.

William Kitchiner experimented with putting a thermometer in water “in that state which cooks call gentle simmering”. At simmering-level, the water was also 100°C – the same as if it was boiling. Logically speaking, it would be better to cook at a simmer, rather than a boil – same temperature, less fuel.

In 1868, Pierre Blot (Professor of Gastronomy at the New York Cooking Academy) criticized cooks & housewives who boiled “fast instead of slowly”. “Set a small ocean of water on a brisk fire and boil something in it as fast as you can, you make as much steam but do not cook faster; the degree of heat being the same as if you were boiling slowly.”

Simmering instead of boiling is good for meat. Kitchiner said, “The slower it boils, the tenderer, the plumper and whiter it will be.” But for vegetables (except for potatoes), it takes ages – especially because Victorian cooks liked to cook things in the smallest pan possible.

Kitchiner said that the size of the boiling-pot should be proportional to what it will contain. The reason for that, he continued, was that the larger the pot, the more space it took up on the fire, and the more water & fire was needed. This is true.

The Victorians were partially right, and partially wrong. It is true that boiling water won't go above 100°C (unless under higher pressure, such as in a pressure cooker). But temperature isn't the only important factor. Another factor is ebullition – how much boiling water bubbles. Heat transfer is determined by the temperature difference between the food and the heat source (water). Boiling water moves more chaotically, and transfers heat to the foot several times faster than simmering. Also, heat transfer is faster when there is more water in the pan (in proportion to the food). So Kitchiner's small, simmering pot will take ages longer to cook than a modern-day large, boiling pot.

Another reason for the long cooking times was that Victorian vegetables were different from now – less tender. Their asparagus was stalkier, and their carrots & greens were tougher.

Victorian pots and pans, despite their craftmanship and variety, had a big problem – their material. Copper is a great heat conductor, second only to silver. But when it comes into contact with food (particularly acidic foods) pure copper is poisonous.

Tin is neutral, and their copper pans were thinly lined with it. Of course it wore down over time, exposing the copper beneath. Therefore, 1700's & 1800's recipe books often give the advice to “Let your pans be frequently retinned.”

But cooks probably put off retinning their pans as long as possible. In fact, cooks who didn't realize that the copper was poisonous used its “greening” powers, using unlined copper pans to pickle green walnuts and green gherkins.

#book: consider the fork #history #culinary history #stuart era #georgian era #victorian era #britain #england #hannah glasse #thomas webster #william verrall #william kitchiner #robert buchanan #pierre blot

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drewebowden66 · 6 years

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50 Designer Table Lamps To Light Up Your Home With Luxury

Every table needs a lamp – but where do you find the best of the best? Forget night-time jaunts to IKEA – we’ve uncovered some of the lighting world’s best-kept secrets in our top 50 list. Enjoy an intelligent table lamp on your late night in, with a rounded wooden plinth clamped to your desk. Take Victorian style into the 21st Century, with a brass fuse propping up a bulb in crystal. Find out why the Piccola lamp has a base in lambskin leather. Make your home glow with beautiful, well-designed table lamps for your office, living room or bedroom, with our top 50.

$2,340BUY IT Cocotte Table Lamp: Serge Mouille’s famed lamp can sit at the exact height you’d like to read at. Buy the original – with its accompanying authenticity certificate – or get a more-cost efficient version here.

$2,340BUY IT Serge Mouille Tripod Desk Lamp: Another creation by designer Mouille, this insect-like light from 1954 uses its original molds, proportions, materials and techniques. Buy its French-made, steel-tubed form complete with its own individual stamp and number.

$596BUY IT Massaud Table Lamp w083: Made from cast aluminium and silicone, this table lamp from fellow French designer Jean-Marie Massaud verges on art. Almost weightless, it defies gravity with its impressive stretch and lean.

$475BUY IT Artemide Tizio Desk Lamp: Want something more modern? This 2008 lamp by Richard Sapper counterbalances the weight between its arms and head, providing a light that stretches as far as you need it to. Buy it in black or white, or polycarbonate or painted metal, with the additional option of a tilting head.

$295BUY IT Artemide Tolomeo Lamp: Combine the old and the new. Michele de Lucchi and Giancarlo Fassina collaborated on this tall designer table lamp in 1987. With a base and cantilevered arms in polished aluminium, its much larger form is replicated in cheaper materials here.

$550BUY IT Spar Junior Table Lamp: Made in New Zealand from a 2012 design, the only thing junior about this table lamp is its height in comparison to its bigger brother. Utilise its spun aluminium and steel cantilever – with mesmerizing red cord – to light your desk with a three-year warranty.

$269BUY IT Giraffa Desk Lamp: Looking for copper desk lamps? This nifty version features a 360-degree rotating shade, 50K light capacity and an ambient dimmer.

$1,134BUY IT Foscarini Fork Table Lamp: Love a larger lamp shade? This design by Diesel uses hand-welded coated steel and brass eyelets. Unique touches such as jean-style stitching, a 360-degree head and hand-tailored linen make this Italian-made find a winner for the office.

$339BUY IT Ceramic K Lamp: A surprising find in ceramic, this lamp fuses iconic British craftsmanship with modern-day needs. Available in terracotta or earthenware, its cute-as-pie form is handmade and assembled in England’s Stoke-on-Trent.

$875BUY IT Atollo Desk Lamp: Get an art-piece lamp. These metal creations in black and white look simply fabulous on any living room table – and come with a one-year warranty. Find cheaper replicas on Ebay.

$430BUY IT Panthella Mini LED Table Lamp: Like the Atollo’s shape, but prefer it more slim-line? This creation by the famed Verner Panton, now made in Denmark, can be set to one of three light intensities inside its spun aluminium shade.

$740BUY IT Artemide Mia Table Lamp: Not a fan of conventional bases? These painted aluminium finds make tall-standing cylinders where bases used to be, creating a softer glow. Buy it in black, white, pastel pink or grey.

$580BUY IT Flowerpot VP4 Table Lamp: Butter wouldn’t melt in this gorgeous floral design by Verner Panton. First concepted in 1969, this classic table lamp comes in painted metal, polished brass or copper from its native Denmark.

$700BUY IT Bell Table Lamp: After a designer golden table lamp? Plated and pressed steel forms this mushroom-esque find, created by Tom Dixon in 2014.

$695BUY IT IC T1 High Table Lamp: Think outside the square. This brass and blown-glass lamp by Michael Anastassiades pivots a dimmer off its edge.

$175BUY IT Artemide Eclisse Table Lamp: Little people live inside these innovative lamps. Vico Magistretti’s design from 1967 comes in a variety of coloured metal, with the possibility of mounting on a wall.

$595BUY IT Copycat Table Lamp: Italian-made simplicity could make a splash in your living room. This Michael Anastassiades creation is made with hand-blown glass, an opal diffuser and finish of 24-carat gold, copper or polished aluminium.

$331BUY IT Curl Table Lamp: Get the lamp that none of your neighbours would think of. Sebastian Bergne’s Italian-made curl lights from its base, using a dimmer and diffuser to change the mood.

$193BUY IT Ribbon Light: Inspired by the contours of paper craft and origami, Claire Norcross’ design won a ‘Best in Lighting’ award from Elle Decoration in 2006. Its flow of natural or black-painted copper is the perfect companion for a bedside table. Find a more affordable version here.

$1,010BUY IT Oda Small Lamp: Harness the element of fire. Sebastian Herkner’s “balloon full of light“ references the famous water tower series by German photographers Bernd and Hilla Becher. Buy its replica here.

$530BUY IT Marset FollowMe Plus Table Lamp: Looking for a lamp form that’s all your own? This unusual Marset fixture with an arch in oak is one designer wooden table lamp we couldn’t miss off our list.

$399BUY IT Punk Table Lamp: Pretty in coppered-pink, this table lamp packs a punch with its steel base and solid walnut switch. Stand it atop your home or work office for a snazzier way to get through your workload.

$1,295BUY IT Flos Snoopy Table Lamp Black: Originally made in Italy, the smooth contours of this carrara marble and varnished metal find could grace your office or living room table. Find it cheaper on Amazon.

$150BUY IT Piccola Table Lamp: Buy a shade unlike any other. The first design by Pablo Pardo, this innovative light tilts to any angle on a base of lambskin leather. To buy it is to own a design in MoMA San Francisco’s permanent collection.

$300BUY IT Damo Table Lamp: Tip your hat off to this shade. Inspired by Buddhist sage Bodhi Dharma, its sturdy base and tilted top comes in copper, chrome, black and white options.

$375BUY IT Conic Table Lamp: Make your shade that little bit steeper. This 2015 lamp by Thomas Bentzen adds a touch of the flamboyant in powder-coated steel.

$928BUY IT AJ Table Lamp: Need to focus your light on something specific? The iconic AJ lamp, a brainchild of Arne Jacobsen, was designed for Copenhagen’s Raddison Blu more than fifty years ago. Find the cheaper replica here.

$695BUY IT Tom Dixon Beat Table Lamp: Love the look of the oh-so-stylish Beat lights? Made with ‘beat’ brass and cast iron, Tom Dixon’s field trip to India discovered their methods of Indian metal manufacturing.

$295BUY IT Tab Table Lamp: Earning the prestigious Wallpaper Design Award, this piece’s Italian-made aluminium and porcelain reflector is a handy aide to any office table.

$595BUY IT Mantis BS3 Table Lamp: Part of a series paying homage to Alexander Calder, Bernard Schottlander’s 1951 piece has stood the test of time. Obsessed with lights using counterweights, repousse and chasing techniques, this piece evidences the resilient nature of this Jewish refugee.

$370BUY IT Dove Table Lamp: Want a lamp that’s as light as a feather? This long and lean piece stretches across two large pages.

$219BUY IT Pixo Optical Task Lamp: Available in five colours, this piece by Pablo Pardo boasts a minimal footprint. Its LED task light features full-range dimming and a USB port for your mobile devices.

$499BUY IT Balfour Desk Lamp: Pivot your light to exactly the right angle. This 14-inch modern designer brass table lamp can aim at any point you please.

$300BUY IT Anglepoise Original Lamp 1227: Make your office look super modern. This adjustable chrome lamp boasts tension springs on an aluminium and cast-iron base.

$735BUY IT Bellevue Table Lamp: Another classic by Arne Jacobsen, the AJ3 was inspired by mass-produced tubular steel and modernist Bauhaus architecture. Now almost a century old, its 45-degree cut shade still shields eyes from glare – as do its cheaper replicas, available here.

$519BUY IT Grasshopper Table Lamp: Available in five oh-so-cool colours, the 1948 Grasshopper by Greta Grossman glows white from its inside. Its Danish-made form features a powder-coated steel shade, solid brass stem and rotating ball joint, which makes the most out of its bulb’s steady stream. Buy its replica for less here.

$210BUY IT Conic LED Lamp: Used to seeing wood on the base? Reverse your expectations with this brushed nickel lamp by George Kovacs. Complete with a bi-conical head, angled stem and 96-inch cord, its three-year warranty can withstand long nights at the office.

$562BUY IT Rabbit Lamp: Hide a rabbit under your shade. Swedish design collaborative Front dreamed up this little creature, made from polyester and PVC. Find its more affordable replica here.

$480BUY IT Lee Broom Crystal Bulb Table Lamp: The table lamp version of Lee Broom’s award-winning pendants, these snazzy brass-stemmed lights hold cut-lead crystal bulbs. Choose from a clear or frosted hue for a modern twist on the old-time.

$842BUY IT Deadstock Catherine Table Light: Using factory-salvaged steel, First Canadian Place carrara marble and machined brass, the different parts of this unusual light have many a story to tell.

$986BUY IT Scantling Table Lamp Replica: An archaic word used to define a wood’s size, the Scantling as designed by Mathias Hahn looks more cutting-edge than old-fashioned. Paired with white-lacquered iron and a fully-rotating shade, you can find cheaper replicas here.

$339BUY IT Funiculi Table Lamp: Like the look of floor lamps, but not their size? This scaled-down version of Lluis Porqueras’ iconic floor lamp might be hard to pass up. Set its lacquered iron upon your bedside table.

$299BUY IT Rook Table Lamp: Like the stouter look? This walnut criss-cross lamp with thick white shade could tickle your fancy.

$264BUY IT Leo Desk Lamp: Representing the ‘golden age’ of Italian lighting in the 60’s and 70’s, the Leo’s die-cast aluminium body and chrome finish is simply fit for a king.

$370BUY IT Clamp Task Lamp: Buying for an architect or draftsman? This unique wooden fixture by Dana Cannam clamps to your desk and cantilevers to position. Buy it in white oak or walnut.

$285BUY IT Superlight LED Table Lamp: Long, lean and fully-dimmable, Matthew Boyko and Peter Stathis’ slender aluminium creation can be swung up and around on its three axes.

$299BUY IT Eos Tripod Table Lamp: Get a lamp that’s a little different. Comprised of goose feathers and paper on an aluminium stand, it provides a gentle, diffused light perfect for bedtime. Find cheaper replicas on Amazon.

$480BUY IT Uovo Table Lamp: Searching for a long lost egg? Find it in this Archivio Storico lamp, first designed in 1972.

$1,923BUY IT Fora Outdoor Table Lamp: Want a light that works inside and out? This outdoor designer table lamp from Spanish designers Alex Fernández Camps and Gonzalo Milà uses an open-weave outer shade for protection from high winds.

$349BUY IT Flyte Levitating Lamp: Want a lamp that’s pure magic? The Flyte uses magnetic levitation and induction to hover its bulb over solid walnut.

See the Flyte levitating lamp in action below:

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garagedoorshampshire · 6 years