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gwendolynlerman · 7 months

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Additional letters

This is a compilation of additional letters in the main scripts of the world.

Arabic script

The basic Arabic abjad has 28 letters: ح ‎ج‎ ث‎ ت‎ ب‎ ا ‎ص‎ ش‎ س‎ ز‎ ر‎ ذ‎ د ‎ق‎ ف‎ غ‎ ع ظ‎ ط‎ ض ‎ي‎ و‎ ه‎ ن‎ م‎ ل‎ ك. Some languages have adapted it by including additional letters:

پ: Arabic, Balochi, Kashmiri, Khowar, Kurdish, Pashto, Persian, Punjabi, Sindhi, Urdu, Uyghur

ٻ: Saraiki, Sindhi

ڀ: Sindhi

ٺ: Sindhi

ٽ: Sindhi

ٿ: Rajasthani, Sindhi

ﭦ: Kashmiri, Punjabi, Urdu

ټ: Pashto

چ: Kashmiri, Kurdish, Pashto, Persian, Punjabi, Urdu

څ: Pashto

ځ: Pashto

ڊ: Saraiki

ډ: Pashto

ڌ: Sindhi

ڈ: Kashmiri, Punjabi, Urdu

ݙ: Saraiki

ڕ: Kurdish

ړ: Ormuri, Torwali

ژ: Kurdish, Pashto, Persian, Punjabi, Urdu, Uyghur

ڑ: Punjabi, Urdu

ږ: Pashto

ݭ: Gawri, Ormuri

ݜ: Shina

ښ: Pashto

ڜ: Moroccan Arabic

ڠ: Malay‎

ڥ‎ ‎‎: Algerian Arabic, Tunisian Arabic

ڤ: Kurdish, Malay

ڨ: Algerian Arabic, Tunisian Arabic‎

ک: Sindhi

ݢ: Malay‎

گ: Pashto, Kurdish, Kyrgyz, Mesopotamian Arabic, Persian, Punjabi, Urdu, Uyghur

‎ګ: Pashto

ڱ: Sindhi

ڳ: Saraiki, Sindhi

ڪ: Sindhi

ڬ: Malay

ڭ: Algerian Arabic, Kyrgyz, Moroccan Arabic, Uyghur

ڵ: Kurdish

لؕ ‎: Punjabi

ݪ: Gawri, Marwari

ڽ: Malay

ڻ: Sindhi‎

ݨ‎‎: Punjabi, Saraiki

ڼ‎: Pashto

ۏ: Malay‎

ۋ: Kyrgyz, Uyghur

ۆ: Kurdish, Uyghur

ۇ: Kyrgyz, Uyghur

ۅ: Kyrgyz

ی: Pashto

ې: Pashto, Uyghur

ىٓ: Saraiki

ێ‎: Kurdish

ۍ: Pashto‎

ئ: Pashto, Punjabi, Saraiki, Urdu

ھ: Kurdish, Punjabi, Urdu, Uyghur

ے: Punjabi, Urdu

Cyrillic script

The basic Cyrillic alphabet includes 29 letters: А а Б б В в Г г Д д Е е Ж ж З з И и Й й К к Л л М м Н н О о П п Р р С с Т т У у Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Ш ш Щ щ Ь ь Ю ю Я я. Most languages use additional letters:

Ӕ ӕ: Ossetian

Ä ӓ: Hill Mari, Kildin Sámi

Ӑ ӑ: Chuvash

Ґ ґ: Belarusian, Rusyn, Ukrainian

Ӷ ӷ: Abkhaz

Ѓ ѓ: Macedonian

Г' г': Kurdish

Гъ гъ: Avar, Ossetian

Гь гь: Avar

Гӏ гӏ: Avar

Ғ ғ: Azerbaijani, Bashkir, Tajik, Uzbek

Дә дә: Abkhaz

Дж дж: Bulgarian, Ossetian

Дз дз: Bulgarian, Ossetian

Ђ ђ: Montenegrin, Serbian

Ѕ ѕ: Macedonian

Ҙ ҙ: Bashkir

Є є: Rusyn, Ukrainian

Ә ә: Abkhaz, Azerbaijani, Bashkir, Dungan, Kalmyk, Kurdish, Tatar

Ә' ә': Kurdish

Ё ё: Azerbaijani, Bashkir, Buryat, Chuvash, Dungan, Hill Mari, Khalkha, Kildin Sámi, Komi-Permyak, Kyrgyz, Meadow Mari, Ossetian, Russian, Rusyn, Tajik, Tatar, Ukrainian, Uzbek

Ӗ ӗ: Chuvash

Ӂ ӂ: Moldovan

Җ җ: Dungan, Kalmyk

Жә жә: Abkhaz

З́ з́: Montenegrin

Ӡ ӡ: Abkhaz

Ӡә ӡә: Abkhaz

І і: Avar, Belarusian, Rusyn, Ukrainian

Ї ї: Rusyn, Ukrainian

Ӣ ӣ: Tajik

Ҋ ҋ: Kildin Sámi

Ј ј: Azerbaijani, Kildin Sámi, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Serbian

Ҝ ҝ: Azerbaijani

Қ қ: Abkhaz, Tajik, Uzbek

Қь қь: Abkhaz

Ҡ ҡ: Bashkir

Ҟ ҟ: Abkhaz

Ҟь ҟь: Abkhaz

Ќ ќ: Macedonian

К' к': Kurdish

Къ къ: Avar, Ossetian

Кь кь: Abkhaz, Avar

Кӏ кӏ: Avar

Кӏкӏ кӏкӏ: Avar

Кк кк: Avar

Ӆ ӆ: Kildin Sámi

Љ љ: Macedonian, Montenegrin, Serbian

Ӎ ӎ: Kildin Sámi

Ӊ ң: Bashkir, Dungan, Kalmyk, Kildin Sámi, Kyrgyz, Tatar

Ҥ ҥ: Meadow Mari

Ӈ ӈ: Kildin Sámi

Њ њ: Macedonian, Montenegrin, Serbian

Ө ө: Azerbaijani, Bashkir, Buryat, Kalmyk, Khalkha, Kyrgyz, Tatar

Ö ӧ: Hill Mari, Komi-Permyak, Kurdish, Meadow Mari

Ԥ ԥ: Abkhaz

П' п': Kurdish

Ҧ ҧ: Abkhaz

Пъ пъ: Ossetian

Ҏ ҏ: Kildin Sámi

Р' р': Kurdish

Ҫ ҫ: Bashkir, Chuvash

С́ с́: Montenegrin

Ҭ ҭ: Abkhaz

Ҭә ҭә: Abkhaz

Т' т': Kurdish

Тә тә: Abkhaz

Тъ тъ: Ossetian

Тӏ тӏ: Avar

Ћ ћ: Montenegrin, Serbian

Ӱ ӱ: Hill Mari, Meadow Mari

Ӳ ӳ: Chuvash

Ў ў: Belarusian, Dungan, Uzbek

Ӯ ӯ: Tajik

Ү ү: Azerbaijani, Bashkir, Buryat, Dungan, Kalmyk, Khalkha, Kyrgyz, Tatar

Ҳ ҳ: Abkhaz, Tajik, Uzbek

Хъ хъ: Ossetian

Хь хь: Abkhaz

Хӏ хӏ: Avar

Ҳ ҳ: Abkhaz

Ҳә ҳә: Abkhaz

Һ һ: Azerbaijani, Bashkir, Buryat, Kalmyk, Kildin Sámi, Kurdish, Tatar

Һ' һ': Kurdish

Ҵ ҵ: Abkhaz

Ҵә ҵә: Abkhaz

Цә цә: Abkhaz

Цъ цъ: Ossetian

Цц цц: Avar

Цӏ цӏ: Avar

Цӏцӏ цӏц: Avar

Џ џ: Abkhaz, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Serbian

Џь џь: Abkhaz

Ҹ ҹ: Azerbaijani

Ҷ ҷ: Azerbaijani, Tajik

Ч' ч': Kurdish

Чъ чъ: Ossetian

Чӏ чӏ: Avar

Чӏчӏ чӏчӏ: Avar

Ҽ ҽ: Abkhaz

Ҿ ҿ: Abkhaz

Шь шь: Abkhaz

Шә шә: Abkhaz

’: Belarusian, Ukrainian

Ъ ъ: Azerbaijani, Bashkir, Chuvash, Dungan, Hill Mari, Khalkha, Komi-Permyak, Meadow Mari, Ossetian, Russian, Rusyn, Tajik, Tatar, Uzbek

Ҍ ҍ: Kildin Sámi

Ы ы: Abkhaz, Azerbaijani, Bashkir, Belarusian, Buryat, Chuvash, Dungan, Hill Mari, Khalkha, Kildin Sámi, Komi-Permyak, Kyrgyz, Meadow Mari, Moldovan, Ossetian, Russian, Tatar

Ӹ ӹ: Hill Mari

Ҩ ҩ: Abkhaz

Э э: Azerbaijani, Bashkir, Belarusian, Buryat, Chuvash, Dungan, Hill Mari, Kalmyk, Khalkha, Kildin Sámi, Komi-Permyak, Kyrgyz, Kurdish, Meadow Mari, Moldovan, Ossetian, Russian, Tajik, Tatar, Uzbek

Ӭ ӭ: Kildin Sámi

Ԛ ԛ: Kurdish

Ԝ ԝ: Kurdish

Devanagari script

The basic Devanagari abugida includes 48 letters: अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ऋ ए पॅ ऐ ओ औ अं अः ॲं क ख ग घ ङ ह च छ ज झ ञ य श ट ठ ड ढ ण र ष त थ द ध न ल स प फ ब भ म व. But some languages add additional ones:

ॠ: Sanskrit

ऌ: Sanskrit

ॡ: Sanskrit

ॲ: Marathi

ऑ: Marathi

क़: Hindi

ख़: Hindi

ग़: Hindi

ॻ: Saraiki, Sindhi

ज़: Hindi

ॼ: Saraiki, Sindhi

झ़: Hindi

ॾ: Saraiki, Sindhi

फ़: Hindi

ड़: Hindi

ढ़: Hindi

ॿ: Saraiki, Sindhi

ळ: Gharwali, Konkani, Marathi, Rajasthani, Sanskrit

ॸ: Marwari

Geʽez script

The basic Geʽez abugida consists of 217 letters: ሀ ሁ ሂ ሃ ሄ ህ ሆ ለ ሉ ሊ ላ ሌ ል ሎ ሏ ሐ ሑ ሒ ሓ ሔ ሕ ሖ ሗ መ ሙ ሚ ማ ሜ ም ሞ ሟ ፙ ሠ ሡ ሢ ሣ ሤ ሥ ሦ ሧ ረ ሩ ሪ ራ ሬ ር ሮ ሯ ፘ ሰ ሱ ሲ ሳ ሴ ስ ሶ ሸ ሹ ሺ ሻ ሼ ሽ ሾ ሷ ቀ ቁ ቂ ቃ ቄ ቅ ቆ ቋ በ ቡ ቢ ባ ቤ ብ ቦ ቧ ተ ቱ ቲ ታ ቴ ት ቶ ቷ ቸ ቹ ቺ ቻ ቼ ች ቾ ኀ ኁ ኂ ኃ ኄ ኅ ኆ ኋ ነ ኑ ኒ ና ኔ ን ኖ ኗ አ ኡ ኢ ኣ ኤ እ ኦ ኧ ከ ኩ ኪ ካ ኬ ክ ኮ ኳ ወ ዉ ዊ ዋ ዌ ው ዎ ዐ ዑ ዒ ዓ ዔ ዕ ዖ ዘ ዙ ዚ ዛ ዜ ዝ ዞ ዟ የ ዩ ዪ ያ ዬ ይ ዮ ደ ዱ ዲ ዳ ዴ ድ ዶ ዷ ገ ጉ ጊ ጋ ጌ ግ ጎ ጓ ጠ ጡ ጢ ጣ ጤ ጥ ጦ ጧ ጰ ጱ ጲ ጳ ጴ ጵ ጶ ጷ ጸ ጹ ጺ ጻ ጼ ጽ ጾ ጿ ፀ ፁ ፂ ፃ ፄ ፅ ፆ ፈ ፉ ፊ ፋ ፌ ፍ ፎ ፏ ፚ ፐ ፑ ፒ ፓ ፔ ፕ ፖ ፗ. Certain languages use additional letters:

ቈ ቊ ቋ ቌ ቍ: Amharic, Bilen, Tigrinya

ኈ ኊ ኋ ኌ ኍ: Amharic, Bilen

ኰ ኲ ኳ ኴ ኵ: Amharic, Bilen, Tigrinya

ጐ ጒ ጓ ጔ ጕ: Amharic, Bilen, Tigrinya

ቐ ቑ ቒ ቓ ቔ ቕ ቖ: Amharic, Bilen, Harari, Tigre, Tigrinya

ቘ ቚ ቛ ቜ ቝ: Tigrinya

ቨ ቩ ቪ ቫ ቬ ቭ ቮ: Amharic, Bilen, Harari, Tigrinya

ⶓ ⶔ ጟ ⶕ ⶖ: Bilen

ኘ ኙ ኚ ኛ ኜ ኝ ኞ: Amharic, Bilen, Harari, Tigrinya

ኸ ኹ ኺ ኻ ኼ ኽ ኾ: Amharic, Harari, Tigrinya

ዀ ዂ ዃ ዄ ዅ: Amharic, Bilen, Tigrinya

ዠ ዡ ዢ ዣ ዤ ዥ ዦ: Amharic, Bilen, Tigre, Tigrinya

ጀ ጁ ጂ ጃ ጄ ጅ ጆ: Amharic, Bilen, Harari, Tigrinya

ጘ ጙ ጚ ጛ ጜ ጝ ጞ: Bilen, Tigre

ጨ ጩ ጪ ጫ ጬ ጭ ጮ: Amharic, Bilen, Harari, Tigrinya

Hebrew script

The basic Hebrew abjad has 22 letters: א‎ ב‎ ג‎ ד‎ ה‎ ו‎ ז‎ ח‎ ט‎ י‎ ך/כ ‎ל‎ ם/מ‎ ן/נ‎ ס‎ ע‎ ף/פ‎ ץ/צ‎ ק‎ ר‎ ש‎ ת. Yiddish adds two more:

וו וי יי: Yiddish‎

בֿ: Yiddish

Latin script

The basic Latin alphabet consists of 26 letters: A a B b C c D d E e F f G g H h I i J j K k L l M m N n O o P p Q q R r S s T t U u V v W w X x Y y Z z. Many languages add special characters:

Countries between parentheses are added to distinguish between different languages that have the same name.

Æ æ: Danish, English, Faroese, Icelandic, Kawésqar, Lule Sámi, Norwegian, Southern Sámi, Yaghan

Ɑ ɑ (Latin alpha): Duka, Fe’fe’, Mbembe, Mbo, Tigon

Ð ð (eth): Anii, Elfdalian, Faroese, Icelandic

Ǝ ǝ (turned E): Anii, Bangolan, Bissa, Bura, Kanuri, Kposo, Lama, Lukpa, Ngizim, Tamahaq, Tamasheq, Turka, Yom

Ə ə (schwa): Awing, Bafut, Bulu, Daba, Dazaga, Dii, Ewondo, Fe’fe’, Gude, Kamwe, Kasena, Kemezung, Kpelle, Lyélé, Mada, Makaa, Manengumba, Mfumte, Mofu-Gudur, Mundang, Mundani, Ngas, Nso, Nuni, Parkwa, Tarok, Teda, Temne, Vengo, Vute, Yom, Zulgo-Gemzek

Ɛ ɛ (Latin epsilon): Abidji, Adele, Adjukru, Aghem, Ahanta, Ait Seghrouchen, Ait Warain, Aja (Benin), Akan, Anii, Anyin, Ayizo, Bafia, Bafut, Baka (Cameroon), Bambara, Baoulé, Bariba, Basa (Cameroon), Beni Snous, Bhele, Bissa, Boko, Busa (Nigeria), Central Atlas Tamazight, Cerma, Chakosi, Dagaare, Dan, Dangme, Dendi, Dii, Dinka, Djerbi, Duala, Dyula, Ewe, Ewondo, Ghomara, Iznasen, Kabyle, Kako, Kemezung, Kenyang, Kposo, Kyode, Lika, Lingala, Lupka, Maasai, Mandi (Cameroon), Manenguba, Mangbetu, Matmata, Mbelime, Medumba, Mzab-Wargla, Nawdm, Ngiemboon, Ngomba, Noni, Nuer, Sanhaja de Srair, Shawiya, Shenwa, Shilha, Tarifit, Tem, Tigon, Turka, Yoruba, Zuwara

Ɣ ɣ (Latin gamma): Air Tamajaq, Dagbani, Dinka, Ewe, Kabiye, Kabyle, Kpelle, Kposo, Lukpa, Tamahaq, Tamasheq, Tawellemet, Wakhi

ɤ (ram’s horn/baby gamma): Dan, Goo

I ı (Dotless): Crimean Tatar, Gagauz, Kazakh, Turkish

Ɪ ɪ (small capital): Kulango, Lomakka

Ɩ ɩ (iota): Bissa, Kabiye

Kʼ ĸ (kra): Inuttitut

Ł ł (L with stroke): Gwich’in, Iñupiaq, Kashubian, Navajo, Polish, Silesian, Sorbian, Venetian

Ŋ ŋ (eng): Aghem, Iñupiaq, Kemezung, Lukpa, Mandi (Cameroon), Medumba, Mundani, Nawdm, Ngiemboon, Ngomba, Noni, Northern Sámi, Nuer, Skolt Sámi, Tem, Tigon, Wuzlam

Ɔ ɔ (open O): Aghem, Akan, Bafia, Baka, Bambara, Baoulé, Bariba, Bassa, Boko, Dii, Dinka, Duala, Dyula, Ewe, Ewondo, Kako, Kemezung, Kposo, Lika, Lingala, Maasai, Mandi (Cameroon), Manenguba, Mangbetu, Mbelime, Medumba, Mundani, Nawdm, Ngiemboon, Ngomba, Nuer, Tem, Tigon, Turka, Yoruba

Œ œ: French, Lombard

Ʀ ʀ (small capital R): Alutiiq

ẞ ß (Eszett): German

Þ þ (thorn): Icelandic

Ɥ ɥ (turned H): Dan

Ʊ ʊ (upsilon): Anii, Anyin, Foodo, Lukpa, Tem, Yom

Ʌ ʌ (turned V): Dan, Ch’ol, Oneida, Temne, Tepehuán, Wounaan

Ʒ ʒ (ezh): Aja, Dagbani, Laz, Skolt Sámi

Ɂ ɂ (glottal stop): Chipewyan, Ditidaht, Dogrib, Halkomelem, Kutenai, Lushootseed, Nuu-chah-nulth, Slavey, Thompson

Ꞌ ꞌ (saltillo): Central Sama, Mexicanero, Mi'kmaq, Nahuatl, Nawat, Rapa Nui, Tlapane

Tibetan script

The basic Tibetan abugida is formed by 34 letters: ཀ ཁ ག ང ཅ ཆ ཇ ཉ ཏ ཐ ད ན པ ཕ བ མ ཙ ཚ ཛ ཝ ཞ ཟ འ ཡ ར ལ ཤ ས ཧ ཨ ཨི ཨུ ཨེ ཨོ. Balti uses four additional characters:

ཫ: Balti

ཬ: Balti

ཁ༹: Balti

ག༹: Balti

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