i miss you so much nikola sturgeon i miss you forever
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You may as well get services online
After all, you will be paying for it. Motors can be found in household equipment, blowers, pumps, and industrial fans. When pruchasing an item, you should verify the warranty to understand the coverage and timeline of the warranty.Generators like alternators and dynamo turn out electrical energy from mechanical energy.1855: Jedlik created a tool soon after comparable principles of electromagnetic self-rotors. You may even browse on the manual to learn more about it.. Zenobe Gramme released the earliest successful electric motor in the market.The principle purpose of these kinds of motors is to switch electrical energy into mechanical energy. You may encounter difficulties with your own product. If you do not know something concerning the product you happen to be obtaining, make a research.
In Australia, there are lots of companies offering engine parts, total motor overhauls, engine rewinds, and electric motor repairs.- Credibility. Motors run up to 600 revolutions per minute and are utilised in several machine devices and printing press. If you notice something wrong with your device, don;t force it to work. Many products can still be saved with the help of electric motor repairs. If you are not knowledgeable with tools, you should realize some fundamental information about how it works.1886: Franklin Julian Sprague built the primary practical Direct current electric motor.- Product warranty. During this time period, Davenport got bankrupt because of the high cost of the zinc electrodes. Machines is often complicated and are sometimes hard to understand. Check if they can be using high quality motor parts. There is no commercial market yet for motors. This is typically called electric machines. All of manufacturing techniques do not have limitation in transferring power using regular lines like shaft belts along with other hydraulic pressure.1873: Modern Direct current was created by chances.1888: Nikola Tesla created the primary AVC motor. The development of electric power distribution has ceased for the mean time.- Research.
You may as well get services online. The interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors creates pressure, helping to make the motors function.Ideas about electric motor repairsMachines also have limits. You may additionally search the net to look for the reliability of the company. In many cases, people tend to throw expensive things. Power it down and ask for help.1892: Electrical elevator and control system was created. A few inventors adopted the creation of DC motors but will also encountered expensive difficulty with electric batteries.1887-1888: Sprague;s creations greatly improved such as first electrical trolley system in Richmond VA.- Malfunction.Electric motors in AustraliaElectric motors have an important role in the industry.1837: Emily and Thomas Davenport discovered the direct current electric motor for commercial use.
Therefore, a number of electrical industries organized service facilities for electric motors. On the other hand, quite a few motors could also be used as generators. Do not simply throw away everything. He also developed a motor-propelled vehicle. Always look for the most reliable company for electric motor repairs. There is no need to grasp everything, but at least try to get the description. Devices could be equipped villa elevator from its own electric motor, presenting easy management and improving transmission efficiency.Common parts of electric motor:- Brushes- Rotor or armature- Axle- Field magnet- Commutator- Power supply (AC/DC)Background and advancement1832: British scientist William Sturgeon invented the primary direct current electric motor
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Because of all the negativity surrounding China and coronavirus, I want to highlight a positive news about the aquatic life of the Yangtze River as China has imposed a 10-year commercial fishing ban on the Yangtze – the first ever for Asia’s longest river – in a bid to protect its biodiversity.
Bam-building, pollution, overfishing, river transport and dredging had worsened the situation for the waterway’s aquatic species. As a result, the Yangtze had seen an “across-the-board decline” in populations of rare species such as the Chinese sturgeon, which is critically endangered.
“The Yangtze is a major river in the world in terms of its aquatic species diversity. IThe fishing ban is a key measure to effectively curb the decline of the river’s ecosystem and any further drop in biodiversity” Yu Zhenkang, vice-minister of agriculture and rural affairs said.
Source: South China Morning Post
https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3044376/china-bans-fishing-depleted-yangtze-river-10-years-protect
Art by our friend and super talented artist Nikolas Ilic: https://nikolas-ilic.tumblr.com
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Inventions
Adrenaline: (isolation of) John Jacob Abel, U.S., 1897.
Aerosol can: Erik Rotheim, Norway, 1926.
Air brake: George Westinghouse, U.S., 1868.
Air conditioning: Willis Carrier, U.S., 1911.
Airship: (non-rigid) Henri Giffard, France, 1852; (rigid) Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Germany, 1900.
Aluminum manufacture: (by electrolytic action) Charles M. Hall, U.S., 1866.
Anatomy, human: (De fabrica corporis humani, an illustrated systematic study of the human body) Andreas Vesalius, Belgium, 1543; (comparative: parts of an organism are correlated to the functioning whole) Georges Cuvier, France, 1799–1805.
Anesthetic: (first use of anesthetic—ether—on humans) Crawford W. Long, U.S., 1842.
Antibiotics: (first demonstration of antibiotic effect) Louis Pasteur, Jules-François Joubert, France, 1887; (discovery of penicillin, first modern antibiotic) Alexander Fleming, England, 1928; (penicillin’s infection-fighting properties) Howard Florey, Ernst Chain, England, 1940.
Antiseptic: (surgery) Joseph Lister, England, 1867.
Antitoxin, diphtheria: Emil von Behring, Germany, 1890.
Appliances, electric: (fan) Schuyler Wheeler, U.S., 1882; (flatiron) Henry W. Seely, U.S., 1882; (stove) Hadaway, U.S., 1896; (washing machine) Alva Fisher, U.S., 1906.
Aqualung: Jacques-Yves Cousteau, Emile Gagnan, France, 1943.
Aspirin: Dr. Felix Hoffman, Germany, 1899.
Astronomical calculator: The Antikythera device, first century B.C., Greece. Found off island of Antikythera in 1900.
Atom: (nuclear model of) Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911.
Atomic theory: (ancient) Leucippus, Democritus, Greece, c. 500 B.C.; Lucretius, Rome c.100 B.C.; (modern) John Dalton, England, 1808.
Atomic structure: (formulated nuclear model of atom, Rutherford model) Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911; (proposed current concept of atomic structure, the Bohr model) Niels Bohr, Denmark, 1913.
Automobile: (first with internal combustion engine, 250 rpm) Karl Benz, Germany, 1885; (first with practical high-speed internal combustion engine, 900 rpm) Gottlieb Daimler, Germany, 1885; (first true automobile, not carriage with motor) René Panhard, Emile Lavassor, France, 1891; (carburetor, spray) Charles E. Duryea, U.S., 1892.
Autopilot: (for aircraft) Elmer A. Sperry, U.S., c.1910, first successful test, 1912, in a Curtiss flying boat.
Avogadro’s law: (equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules) Amedeo Avogadro, Italy, 1811.
Bacteria: Anton van Leeuwenhoek, The Netherlands, 1683.
Balloon, hot-air: Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier, France, 1783.
Barbed wire: (most popular) Joseph E. Glidden, U.S., 1873.
Bar codes: (computer-scanned binary signal code):
(retail trade use) Monarch Marking, U.S. 1970; (industrial use) Plessey Telecommunications, England, 1970.
Barometer: Evangelista Torricelli, Italy, 1643.
Bicycle: Karl D. von Sauerbronn, Germany, 1816; (first modern model) James Starley, England, 1884.
Big Bang theory: (the universe originated with a huge explosion) George LeMaitre, Belgium, 1927; (modified LeMaitre theory labeled “Big Bang”) George A. Gamow, U.S., 1948; (cosmic microwave background radiation discovered, confirms theory) Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson, U.S., 1965.
Blood, circulation of: William Harvey, England, 1628.
Boyle’s law: (relation between pressure and volume in gases) Robert Boyle, Ireland, 1662.
Braille: Louis Braille, France, 1829.
Bridges: (suspension, iron chains) James Finley, Pa., 1800; (wire suspension) Marc Seguin, Lyons, 1825; (truss) Ithiel Town, U.S., 1820.
Bullet: (conical) Claude Minié, France, 1849.
Calculating machine: (logarithms: made multiplying easier and thus calculators practical) John Napier, Scotland, 1614; (slide rule) William Oughtred, England, 1632; (digital calculator) Blaise Pascal, 1642; (multiplication machine) Gottfried Leibniz, Germany, 1671; (important 19th-century contributors to modern machine) Frank S. Baldwin, Jay R. Monroe, Dorr E. Felt, W. T. Ohdner, William Burroughs, all U.S.; (“analytical engine” design, included concepts of programming, taping) Charles Babbage, England, 1835.
Calculus: Isaac Newton, England, 1669; (differential calculus) Gottfried Leibniz, Germany, 1684.
Camera: (hand-held) George Eastman, U.S., 1888; (Polaroid Land) Edwin Land, U.S., 1948.
“Canals” of Mars:Giovanni Schiaparelli, Italy, 1877.
Carpet sweeper: Melville R. Bissell, U.S., 1876.
Car radio: William Lear, Elmer Wavering, U.S., 1929, manufactured by Galvin Manufacturing Co., “Motorola.”
Cells: (word used to describe microscopic examination of cork) Robert Hooke, England, 1665; (theory: cells are common structural and functional unit of all living organisms) Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, 1838–1839.
Cement, Portland: Joseph Aspdin, England, 1824.
Chewing gum: (spruce-based) John Curtis, U.S., 1848; (chicle-based) Thomas Adams, U.S., 1870.
Cholera bacterium: Robert Koch, Germany, 1883.
Circuit, integrated: (theoretical) G.W.A. Dummer, England, 1952; (phase-shift oscillator) Jack S. Kilby, Texas Instruments, U.S., 1959.
Classification of plants: (first modern, based on comparative study of forms) Andrea Cesalpino, Italy, 1583; (classification of plants and animals by genera and species) Carolus Linnaeus, Sweden, 1737–1753.
Clock, pendulum: Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1656.
Coca-Cola: John Pemberton, U.S., 1886.
Combustion: (nature of) Antoine Lavoisier, France, 1777.
Compact disk: RCA, U.S., 1972.
Computers: (first design of analytical engine) Charles Babbage, 1830s; (ENIAC, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator, first all-electronic, completed) 1945; (dedicated at University of Pennsylvania) 1946; (UNIVAC, Universal Automatic Computer, handled both numeric and alphabetic data) 1951.
Concrete: (reinforced) Joseph Monier, France, 1877.
Condensed milk: Gail Borden, U.S., 1853.
Conditioned reflex: Ivan Pavlov, Russia, c.1910.
Conservation of electric charge: (the total electric charge of the universe or any closed system is constant) Benjamin Franklin, U.S., 1751–1754.
Contagion theory: (infectious diseases caused by living agent transmitted from person to person) Girolamo Fracastoro, Italy, 1546.
Continental drift theory: (geographer who pieced together continents into a single landmass on maps) Antonio Snider-Pellegrini, France, 1858; (first proposed in lecture) Frank Taylor, U.S.; (first comprehensive detailed theory) Alfred Wegener, Germany, 1912.
Contraceptive, oral: Gregory Pincus, Min Chuch Chang, John Rock, Carl Djerassi, U.S., 1951.
Converter, Bessemer: William Kelly, U.S., 1851.
Cosmetics: Egypt, c. 4000 B.C.
Cosamic string theory: (first postulated) Thomas Kibble, 1976.
Cotton gin: Eli Whitney, U.S., 1793.
Crossbow: China, c. 300 B.C.
Cyclotron: Ernest O. Lawrence, U.S., 1931.
Deuterium: (heavy hydrogen) Harold Urey, U.S., 1931.
Disease: (chemicals in treatment of) crusaded by Philippus Paracelsus, 1527–1541; (germ theory) Louis Pasteur, France, 1862–1877.
DNA: (deoxyribonucleic acid) Friedrich Meischer, Germany, 1869; (determination of double-helical structure) Rosalind Elsie Franklin, F. H. Crick, England, James D. Watson, U.S., 1953.
Dye: (aniline, start of synthetic dye industry) William H. Perkin, England, 1856.
Dynamite: Alfred Nobel, Sweden, 1867.
Electric cooking utensil: (first) patented by St. George Lane-Fox, England, 1874.
Electric generator (dynamo): (laboratory model) Michael Faraday, England, 1832; Joseph Henry, U.S., c.1832; (hand-driven model) Hippolyte Pixii, France, 1833; (alternating-current generator) Nikola Tesla, U.S., 1892.
Electric lamp: (arc lamp) Sir Humphrey Davy, England, 1801; (fluorescent lamp) A.E. Becquerel, France, 1867; (incandescent lamp) Sir Joseph Swann, England, Thomas A. Edison, U.S., contemporaneously, 1870s; (carbon arc street lamp) Charles F. Brush, U.S., 1879; (first widely marketed incandescent lamp) Thomas A. Edison, U.S., 1879; (mercury vapor lamp) Peter Cooper Hewitt, U.S., 1903; (neon lamp) Georges Claude, France, 1911; (tungsten filament) Irving Langmuir, U.S., 1915.
Electrocardiography: Demonstrated by Augustus Waller, 1887; (first practical device for recording activity of heart) Willem Einthoven, 1903, Dutch physiologist.
Electromagnet: William Sturgeon, England, 1823.
Electron: Sir Joseph J. Thompson, England, 1897.
Elevator, passenger: (safety device permitting use by passengers) Elisha G. Otis, U.S., 1852; (elevator utilizing safety device) 1857.
E = mc2: (equivalence of mass and energy) Albert Einstein, Switzerland, 1907.
Engine, internal combustion: No single inventor. Fundamental theory established by Sadi Carnot, France, 1824; (two-stroke) Etienne Lenoir, France, 1860; (ideal operating cycle for four-stroke) Alphonse Beau de Roche, France, 1862; (operating four-stroke) Nikolaus Otto, Germany, 1876; (diesel) Rudolf Diesel, Germany, 1892; (rotary) Felix Wankel, Germany, 1956.
Evolution: (organic) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, France, 1809; (by natural selection) Charles Darwin, England, 1859.
Exclusion principle: (no two electrons in an atom can occupy the same energy level) Wolfgang Pauli, Germany, 1925.
Expanding universe theory: (first proposed) George LeMaitre, Belgium, 1927; (discovered first direct evidence that the universe is expanding) Edwin P. Hubble, U.S., 1929; (Hubble constant: a measure of the rate at which the universe is expanding) Edwin P. Hubble, U.S., 1929.
Falling bodies, law of: Galileo Galilei, Italy, 1590.
Fermentation: (microorganisms as cause of) Louis Pasteur, France, c.1860.
Fiber optics: Narinder Kapany, England, 1955.
Fibers, man-made: (nitrocellulose fibers treated to change flammable nitrocellulose to harmless cellulose, precursor of rayon) Sir Joseph Swann, England, 1883; (rayon) Count Hilaire de Chardonnet, France, 1889; (Celanese) Henry and Camille Dreyfuss, U.S., England, 1921; (research on polyesters and polyamides, basis for modern man-made fibers) U.S., England, Germany, 1930s; (nylon) Wallace H. Carothers, U.S., 1935.
Frozen food: Clarence Birdseye, U.S., 1924.
Gene transfer: (human) Steven Rosenberg, R. Michael Blaese, W. French Anderson, U.S., 1989.
Geometry, elements of: Euclid, Alexandria, Egypt, c. 300 B.C.; (analytic) René Descartes, France; and Pierre de Fermat, Switzerland, 1637.
Gravitation, law of: Sir Isaac Newton, England, c.1665 (published 1687).
Gunpowder: China, c.700.
Gyrocompass: Elmer A. Sperry, U.S., 1905.
Gyroscope: Léon Foucault, France, 1852.
Halley’s Comet: Edmund Halley, England, 1705.
Heart implanted in human, permanent artificial:Dr. Robert Jarvik, U.S., 1982.
Heart, temporary artificial: Willem Kolft, 1957.
Helicopter: (double rotor) Heinrich Focke, Germany, 1936; (single rotor) Igor Sikorsky, U.S., 1939.
Helium first observed on sun: Sir Joseph Lockyer, England, 1868.
Heredity, laws of: Gregor Mendel, Austria, 1865.
Holograph: Dennis Gabor, England, 1947.
Home videotape systems (VCR): (Betamax) Sony, Japan, 1975; (VHS) Matsushita, Japan, 1975.
Ice age theory: Louis Agassiz, Swiss-American, 1840.
Induction, electric: Joseph Henry, U.S., 1828.
Insulin: (first isolated) Sir Frederick G. Banting and Charles H. Best, Canada, 1921; (discovery first published) Banting and Best, 1922; (Nobel Prize awarded for purification for use in humans) John Macleod and Banting, 1923; (first synthesized), China, 1966.
Intelligence testing: Alfred Binet, Theodore Simon, France, 1905.
Interferon: Alick Isaacs, Jean Lindemann, England, Switzerland, 1957.
Isotopes: (concept of) Frederick Soddy, England, 1912; (stable isotopes) J. J. Thompson, England, 1913; (existence demonstrated by mass spectrography) Francis W. Ashton, 1919.
Jet propulsion: (engine) Sir Frank Whittle, England, Hans von Ohain, Germany, 1936; (aircraft) Heinkel He 178, 1939.
Kinetic theory of gases: (molecules of a gas are in a state of rapid motion) Daniel Bernoulli, Switzerland, 1738.
Laser: (theoretical work on) Charles H. Townes, Arthur L. Schawlow, U.S., N. Basov, A. Prokhorov, U.S.S.R., 1958; (first working model) T. H. Maiman, U.S., 1960.
Lawn mower: Edwin Budding, John Ferrabee, England, 1830–1831.
LCD (liquid crystal display): Hoffmann-La Roche, Switzerland, 1970.
Lens, bifocal: Benjamin Franklin, U.S., c.1760.
Leyden jar: (prototype electrical condenser) Canon E. G. von Kleist of Kamin, Pomerania, 1745; independently evolved by Cunaeus and P. van Musschenbroek, University of Leyden, Holland, 1746, from where name originated.
Light, nature of: (wave theory) Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1678; (electromagnetic theory) James Clerk Maxwell, England, 1873.
Light, speed of: (theory that light has finite velocity) Olaus Roemer, Denmark, 1675.
Lightning rod: Benjamin Franklin, U.S., 1752.
Locomotive: (steam powered) Richard Trevithick, England, 1804; (first practical, due to multiple-fire-tube boiler) George Stephenson, England, 1829; (largest steam-powered) Union Pacific’s “Big Boy,” U.S., 1941.
Lock, cylinder: Linus Yale, U.S., 1851.
Loom: (horizontal, two-beamed) Egypt, c. 4400 B.C.; (Jacquard drawloom, pattern controlled by punch cards) Jacques de Vaucanson, France, 1745, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, 1801; (flying shuttle) John Kay, England, 1733; (power-driven loom) Edmund Cartwright, England, 1785.
Machine gun: (hand-cranked multibarrel) Richard J. Gatling, U.S., 1862; (practical single barrel, belt-fed) Hiram S. Maxim, Anglo-American, 1884.
Magnet, Earth is: William Gilbert, England, 1600.
Match: (phosphorus) François Derosne, France, 1816; (friction) Charles Sauria, France, 1831; (safety) J. E. Lundstrom, Sweden, 1855.
Measles vaccine: John F. Enders, Thomas Peebles, U.S., 1953.
Metric system: revolutionary government of France, 1790–1801.
Microphone: Charles Wheatstone, England, 1827.
Microscope: (compound) Zacharias Janssen, The Netherlands, 1590; (electron) Vladimir Zworykin et al., U.S., Canada, Germany, 1932–1939.
Microwave oven: Percy Spencer, U.S., 1947.
Motion, laws of: Isaac Newton, England, 1687.
Motion pictures: Thomas A. Edison, U.S., 1893.
Motion pictures, sound: Product of various inventions. First picture with synchronized musical score: Don Juan, 1926; with spoken dialogue: The Jazz Singer, 1927; both Warner Bros.
Motor, electric: Michael Faraday, England, 1822; (alternating-current) Nikola Tesla, U.S., 1892.
Motorcycle: (motor tricycle) Edward Butler, England, 1884; (gasoline-engine motorcycle) Gottlieb Daimler, Germany, 1885.
Moving assembly line: Henry Ford, U.S., 1913.
Neptune: (discovery of) Johann Galle, Germany, 1846.
Neptunium: (first transuranic element, synthesis of) Edward M. McMillan, Philip H. Abelson, U.S., 1940.
Neutron: James Chadwick, England, 1932.
Neutron-induced radiation: Enrico Fermi et al., Italy, 1934.
Nitroglycerin: Ascanio Sobrero, Italy, 1846.
Nuclear fission: Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassmann, Germany, 1938.
Nuclear reactor: Enrico Fermi, Italy, et al., 1942.
Ohm’s law: (relationship between strength of electric current, electromotive force, and circuit resistance) Georg S. Ohm, Germany, 1827.
Oil well: Edwin L. Drake, U.S., 1859.
Oxygen: (isolation of) Joseph Priestley, 1774; Carl Scheele, 1773.
Ozone: Christian Schönbein, Germany, 1839.
Pacemaker: (internal) Clarence W. Lillehie, Earl Bakk, U.S., 1957.
Paper China, c.100 A.D.
Parachute: Louis S. Lenormand, France, 1783.
Pen: (fountain) Lewis E. Waterman, U.S., 1884; (ball-point, for marking on rough surfaces) John H. Loud, U.S., 1888; (ball-point, for handwriting) Lazlo Biro, Argentina, 1944.
Periodic law: (that properties of elements are functions of their atomic weights) Dmitri Mendeleev, Russia, 1869.
Periodic table: (arrangement of chemical elements based on periodic law) Dmitri Mendeleev, Russia, 1869.
Phonograph: Thomas A. Edison, U.S., 1877.
Photography: (first paper negative, first photograph, on metal) Joseph Nicéphore Niepce, France, 1816–1827; (discovery of fixative powers of hyposulfite of soda) Sir John Herschel, England, 1819; (first direct positive image on silver plate, the daguerreotype) Louis Daguerre, based on work with Niepce, France, 1839; (first paper negative from which a number of positive prints could be made) William Talbot, England, 1841. Work of these four men, taken together, forms basis for all modern photography. (First color images) Alexandre Becquerel, Claude Niepce de Saint-Victor, France, 1848–1860; (commercial color film with three emulsion layers, Kodachrome) U.S., 1935.
Photovoltaic effect: (light falling on certain materials can produce electricity) Edmund Becquerel, France, 1839.
Piano: (Hammerklavier) Bartolommeo Cristofori, Italy, 1709; (pianoforte with sustaining and damper pedals) John Broadwood, England, 1873.
Planetary motion, laws of: Johannes Kepler, Germany, 1609, 1619.
Plant respiration and photosynthesis: Jan Ingenhousz, Holland, 1779.
Plastics: (first material, nitrocellulose softened by vegetable oil, camphor, precursor to Celluloid) Alexander Parkes, England, 1855; (Celluloid, involving recognition of vital effect of camphor) John W. Hyatt, U.S., 1869; (Bakelite, first completely synthetic plastic) Leo H. Baekeland, U.S., 1910; (theoretical background of macromolecules and process of polymerization on which modern plastics industry rests) Hermann Staudinger, Germany, 1922.
Plate tectonics: Alfred Wegener, Germany, 1912–1915.
Plow, forked: Mesopotamia, before 3000 B.C.
Plutonium, synthesis of: Glenn T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, Arthur C. Wahl, Joseph W. Kennedy, U.S., 1941.
Polio, vaccine: (experimentally safe dead-virus vaccine) Jonas E. Salk, U.S., 1952; (effective large-scale field trials) 1954; (officially approved) 1955; (safe oral live-virus vaccine developed) Albert B. Sabin, U.S., 1954; (available in the U.S.) 1960.
Positron: Carl D. Anderson, U.S., 1932.
Pressure cooker: (early version) Denis Papin, France, 1679.
Printing: (block) Japan, c.700; (movable type) Korea, c.1400; Johann Gutenberg, Germany, c.1450 (lithography, offset) Aloys Senefelder, Germany, 1796; (rotary press) Richard Hoe, U.S., 1844; (linotype) Ottmar Mergenthaler, U.S., 1884.
Probability theory: René Descartes, France; and Pierre de Fermat, Switzerland, 1654.
Proton: Ernest Rutherford, England, 1919.
Prozac: (antidepressant fluoxetine) Bryan B. Malloy, Scotland, and Klaus K. Schmiegel, U.S., 1972; (released for use in U.S.) Eli Lilly & Company, 1987.
Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud, Austria, c.1904.
Pulsars: Antony Hewish and Jocelyn Bell Burnel, England, 1967.
Quantum theory: (general) Max Planck, Germany, 1900; (sub-atomic) Niels Bohr, Denmark, 1913; (quantum mechanics) Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, Germany, 1925.
Quarks: Jerome Friedman, Henry Kendall, Richard Taylor, U.S., 1967.
Quasars: Marten Schmidt, U.S., 1963.
Rabies immunization: Louis Pasteur, France, 1885.
Radar: (limited to one-mile range) Christian Hulsmeyer, Germany, 1904; (pulse modulation, used for measuring height of ionosphere) Gregory Breit, Merle Tuve, U.S., 1925; (first practical radar—radio detection and ranging) Sir Robert Watson-Watt, England, 1934–1935.
Radio: (electromagnetism, theory of) James Clerk Maxwell, England, 1873; (spark coil, generator of electromagnetic waves) Heinrich Hertz, Germany, 1886; (first practical system of wireless telegraphy) Guglielmo Marconi, Italy, 1895; (first long-distance telegraphic radio signal sent across the Atlantic) Marconi, 1901; (vacuum electron tube, basis for radio telephony) Sir John Fleming, England, 1904; (triode amplifying tube) Lee de Forest, U.S., 1906; (regenerative circuit, allowing long-distance sound reception) Edwin H. Armstrong, U.S., 1912; (frequency modulation—FM) Edwin H. Armstrong, U.S., 1933.
Radioactivity: (X-rays) Wilhelm K. Roentgen, Germany, 1895; (radioactivity of uranium) Henri Becquerel, France, 1896; (radioactive elements, radium and polonium in uranium ore) Marie Sklodowska-Curie, Pierre Curie, France, 1898; (classification of alpha and beta particle radiation) Pierre Curie, France, 1900; (gamma radiation) Paul-Ulrich Villard, France, 1900.
Radiocarbon dating, carbon-14 method: (discovered) 1947, Willard F. Libby, U.S.; (first demonstrated) U.S., 1950.
Radio signals, extraterrestrial: first known radio noise signals were received by U.S. engineer, Karl Jansky, originating from the Galactic Center, 1931.
Radio waves: (cosmic sources, led to radio astronomy) Karl Jansky, U.S., 1932.
Razor: (safety, successfully marketed) King Gillette, U.S., 1901; (electric) Jacob Schick, U.S., 1928, 1931.
Reaper: Cyrus McCormick, U.S., 1834.
Refrigerator: Alexander Twining, U.S., James Harrison, Australia, 1850; (first with a compressor device) the Domelse, Chicago, U.S., 1913.
Refrigerator ship: (first) the Frigorifique, cooling unit designed by Charles Teller, France, 1877.
Relativity: (special and general theories of) Albert Einstein, Switzerland, Germany, U.S., 1905–1953.
Revolver: Samuel Colt, U.S., 1835.
Richter scale: Charles F. Richter, U.S., 1935.
Rifle: (muzzle-loaded) Italy, Germany, c.1475; (breech-loaded) England, France, Germany, U.S., c.1866; (bolt-action) Paul von Mauser, Germany, 1889; (automatic) John Browning, U.S., 1918.
Rocket: (liquid-fueled) Robert Goddard, U.S., 1926.
Roller bearing: (wooden for cartwheel) Germany or France, c.100 B.C.
Rotation of Earth: Jean Bernard Foucault, France, 1851.
Royal Observatory, Greenwich: established in 1675 by Charles II of England; John Flamsteed first Astronomer Royal.
Rubber: (vulcanization process) Charles Goodyear, U.S., 1839.
Saccharin: Constantine Fuhlberg, Ira Remsen, U.S., 1879.
Safety pin: Walter Hunt, U.S., 1849.
Saturn, ring around: Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1659.
“Scotch” tape:Richard Drew, U.S., 1929.
Screw propeller: Sir Francis P. Smith, England, 1836; John Ericsson, England, worked independently of and simultaneously with Smith, 1837.
Seismograph: (first accurate) John Milne, England, 1880.
Sewing machine: Elias Howe, U.S., 1846; (continuous stitch) Isaac Singer, U.S., 1851.
Solar energy: First realistic application of solar energy using parabolic solar reflector to drive caloric engine on steam boiler, John Ericsson, U.S., 1860s.
Solar system, universe: (Sun-centered universe) Nicolaus Copernicus, Warsaw, 1543; (establishment of planetary orbits as elliptical) Johannes Kepler, Germany, 1609; (infinity of universe) Giordano Bruno, Italian monk, 1584.
Spectrum: (heterogeneity of light) Sir Isaac Newton, England, 1665–1666.
Spectrum analysis: Gustav Kirchhoff, Robert Bunsen, Germany, 1859.
Spermatozoa: Anton van Leeuwenhoek, The Netherlands, 1683.
Spinning: (spinning wheel) India, introduced to Europe in Middle Ages; (Saxony wheel, continuous spinning of wool or cotton yarn) England, c.1500–1600; (spinning jenny) James Hargreaves, England, 1764; (spinning frame) Sir Richard Arkwright, England, 1769; (spinning mule, completed mechanization of spinning, permitting production of yarn to keep up with demands of modern looms) Samuel Crompton, England, 1779.
Star catalog: (first modern) Tycho Brahe, Denmark, 1572.
Steam engine: (first commercial version based on principles of French physicist Denis Papin) Thomas Savery, England, 1639; (atmospheric steam engine) Thomas Newcomen, England, 1705; (steam engine for pumping water from collieries) Savery, Newcomen, 1725; (modern condensing, double acting) James Watt, England, 1782.
Steamship: Claude de Jouffroy d’Abbans, France, 1783; James Rumsey, U.S., 1787; John Fitch, U.S., 1790. All preceded Robert Fulton, U.S., 1807, credited with launching first commercially successful steamship.
Stethoscope: René Laënnec, France, 1819.
Sulfa drugs: (parent compound, para-aminobenzenesulfanomide) Paul Gelmo, Austria, 1908; (antibacterial activity) Gerhard Domagk, Germany, 1935.
Superconductivity: (theory) Bardeen, Cooper, Scheiffer, U.S., 1957.
Symbolic logic: George Boule, 1854; (modern) Bertrand Russell, Alfred North Whitehead, England, 1910–1913.
Tank, military: Sir Ernest Swinton, England, 1914.
Tape recorder: (magnetic steel tape) Valdemar Poulsen, Denmark, 1899.
Teflon: DuPont, U.S., 1943.
Telegraph: Samuel F. B. Morse, U.S., 1837.
Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell, U.S., 1876.
Telescope: Hans Lippershey, The Netherlands, 1608; (astronomical) Galileo Galilei, Italy, 1609; (reflecting) Isaac Newton, England, 1668.
Television: (Iconoscope–T.V. camera table), Vladimir Zworkin, U.S., 1923, and also kinescope (cathode ray tube), 1928; (mechanical disk-scanning method) successfully demonstrated by J.K. Baird, England, C.F. Jenkins, U.S., 1926; (first all-electric television image), 1927, Philo T. Farnsworth, U.S; (color, mechanical disk) Baird, 1928; (color, compatible with black and white) George Valensi, France, 1938; (color, sequential rotating filter) Peter Goldmark, U.S., first introduced, 1951; (color, compatible with black and white) commercially introduced in U.S., National Television Systems Committee, 1953.
Thermodynamics: (first law: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another) Julius von Mayer, Germany, 1842; James Joule, England, 1843; (second law: heat cannot of itself pass from a colder to a warmer body) Rudolph Clausius, Germany, 1850; (third law: the entropy of ordered solids reaches zero at the absolute zero of temperature) Walter Nernst, Germany, 1918.
Thermometer: (open-column) Galileo Galilei, c.1593; (clinical) Santorio Santorio, Padua, c.1615; (mercury, also Fahrenheit scale) Gabriel D. Fahrenheit, Germany, 1714; (centigrade scale) Anders Celsius, Sweden, 1742; (absolute-temperature, or Kelvin, scale) William Thompson, Lord Kelvin, England, 1848.
Tire, pneumatic: Robert W. Thompson, England, 1845; (bicycle tire) John B. Dunlop, Northern Ireland, 1888.
Toilet, flush: Product of Minoan civilization, Crete, c. 2000 B.C. Alleged invention by “Thomas Crapper” is untrue.
Tractor: Benjamin Holt, U.S., 1900.
Transformer, electric: William Stanley, U.S., 1885.
Transistor: John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, William B. Shockley, U.S., 1947.
Tuberculosis bacterium: Robert Koch, Germany, 1882.
Typewriter: Christopher Sholes, Carlos Glidden, U.S., 1867.
Uncertainty principle: (that position and velocity of an object cannot both be measured exactly, at the same time) Werner Heisenberg, Germany, 1927.
Uranus: (first planet discovered in recorded history) William Herschel, England, 1781.
Vaccination: Edward Jenner, England, 1796.
Vacuum cleaner: (manually operated) Ives W. McGaffey, 1869; (electric) Hubert C. Booth, England, 1901; (upright) J. Murray Spangler, U.S., 1907.
Van Allen (radiation) Belt: (around Earth) James Van Allen, U.S., 1958.
Video disk: Philips Co., The Netherlands, 1972.
Vitamins: (hypothesis of disease deficiency) Sir F. G. Hopkins, Casimir Funk, England, 1912; (vitamin A) Elmer V. McCollum, M. Davis, U.S., 1912–1914; (vitamin B) McCollum, U.S., 1915–1916; (thiamin, B1) Casimir Funk, England, 1912; (riboflavin, B2) D. T. Smith, E. G. Hendrick, U.S., 1926; (niacin) Conrad Elvehjem, U.S., 1937; (B6) Paul Gyorgy, U.S., 1934; (vitamin C) C. A. Hoist, T. Froelich, Norway, 1912; (vitamin D) McCollum, U.S., 1922; (folic acid) Lucy Wills, England, 1933.
Voltaic pile: (forerunner of modern battery, first source of continuous electric current) Alessandro Volta, Italy, 1800.
Wallpaper: Europe, 16th and 17th century.
Wassermann test: (for syphilis) August von Wassermann, Germany, 1906.
Wheel: (cart, solid wood) Mesopotamia, c.3800–3600 B.C.
Windmill: Persia, c.600.
World Wide Web: (developed while working at CERN) Tim Berners-Lee, England, 1989; (development of Mosaic browser makes WWW available for general use) Marc Andreeson, U.S., 1993.
Xerography: Chester Carlson, U.S., 1938.
Zero: India, c.600; (absolute zero temperature, cessation of all molecular energy) William Thompson, Lord Kelvin, England, 1848.
Zipper: W. L. Judson, U.S., 1891.
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hello scottish tma nation um nikola sturgeon is that anything
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Young advocate’s patient voice heard at top levels of power
Listening to the patient voice gives industry the opportunity to learn about the challenges people with long-term conditions face every day – and come up with solutions.
But it’s not just the pharmaceutical and health tech industries that need a thorough understanding of the issues in order to make patient centric decisions.
As part of our patient voice series, we spoke to Cameron Dixon, whose family was told he would never eat, let alone talk, about getting his voice heard at the top echelons of power.
Cameron Dixon meets with Nicola Sturgeon
Disability may be part of Cameron Dixon’s life, but the determined teenager has no intention of letting it define him.
Cameron was born with a rare form of muscular dystrophy, and his mum Nikola Trevalyan-Blake, was told that if he survived at all, he would never walk, talk or eat.
Fast forward 17 years, and he is studying computer game animation at college and interviews top-flight politicians in his spare time.
The history-loving teen, who also finds time to play Power Chair football for The Villa Rockets, was presented with a WellChild Award in September. Held in association with GlaxoSmithKline, the scheme celebrates the “inspirational qualities” of the UK’s seriously ill children and young people.
Cameron, who also lives with autism, lordosis, scoliosis and OCD, said that while life wasn’t easy sometimes, he wouldn’t let anything hold him back.
“I see disability and rare disease not as an illness but as a challenge. Sometimes you might not get over the line, but it’s about how you deal with that challenge and where that leads you,” he said.
“I am thankful that I can eat and walk. When I was born, they said I would never be able to function properly. I didn’t eat anything for the first four years of my life, I was on liquids.”
He joked: “It’s funny because I eat so much now: I’m always eating!”
Patient centric solutions
According to all the definitions of patient centricity, understanding these daily challenges is the key to providing the tools needed to overcome them.
Cameron took this philosophy to policy level when he was part of the team behind Rare Revolution magazine’s Rare Youth Project. As reported by pharmaphorum in November, the programme saw a group of youngsters living with or affected by rare disease produce a special edition of the publication.
As political editor Cameron interviewed two politicians: leader of the Scottish National Party and Scotland’s First Minister, Nicola Sturgeon and Andrew Bowie, MP for West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine.
And he didn’t miss the opportunity to put rare diseases on the agenda, quizzing both politicians on their knowledge of the topic.
“Nicola Sturgeon knew quite a lot, actually, I was impressed,” said Cameron, explaining that he had conducted the interview with fellow budding reporter, Rowan Wallace.
Rowan, 11 at the time, is a young carer to her mum and brother, who are both affected by familial cold auto-inflammatory syndrome type 2.
Health tech demonstration
Cameron and Rowan arrived at the interview with the AV1 telepresence robot, from Norwegian tech company No Isolation, which can act as a child’s “eyes, ears and voice” in the classroom when their illness forces them to miss school.
It meant that Rowen’s brother could take part in the conversation, but it also gave them the chance to show how such a device could make a real difference to everyday life.
“I hope that the meetings I had with the politicians will stay with them. Hopefully, they will go on to keep thinking about rare diseases and they will raise awareness of the issues themselves,” said Cameron, adding that the other main topic of conversation during both interviews was, unsurprisingly, Brexit.
Raising awareness of rare diseases, and the issues facing the almost six per cent of the population living with them, is really important to Cameron.
Understanding and awareness fuel progress
“Having a rare disease can be bad sometimes but it’s not the end of everything and it’s about finding ways to work through that. I am all for research into rare diseases and trying to find a cure, and we also need to find other ways to help.
“I have had terrible times, but I am proud to say that I am disabled, and I want to get that message across,” he said.
So, what does the future hold for Cameron?
“I want to interview people who have a bigger impact on the world than me. That way I can have an impact on them,” he said.
“That will raise awareness about rare diseases, and that’s so important because that is what will lead to more research into cures and other ways to help people.”
To find out about sponsorship opportunities for the next Rare Youth Project, click here.
The post Young advocate’s patient voice heard at top levels of power appeared first on Pharmaphorum.
from Pharmaphorum https://pharmaphorum.com/views-analysis-patients/young-advocates-patient-voice/
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Dearest Community,
It appears that a number our competitors have all sought out endorsements from Her Excellency Nikola Sturgeon, in order to legitimise their claim to the Edinburgh shopping scene. We here at M&S believe that you should not have to worry about politicians or divisive figures when you go shopping. Or horsemeat in your burgers. Or short shelf-lives. Or looking like a Tory.
The money you spend on your groceries does not fund a shady government organisation. All our profits go towards the purchasing of Neptunium, which directly feeds back into the safety of the Community’s shopping experience. Here at M&S, we pride ourselves on enriching both the local area and weapons-grade Uranium.
Our food is sourced from British farms and sold to British people. We don’t give back empty, political promises to the people, we give back food! AND, we all agree that the food we sell isn’t laced with anything! At all!
Updates on our Edinburgh branch’s renovation to come soon.
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Inventions and Discoveries for Banking & SSC CGL Exam
Scientific Inventions and Discoveries
When you look at the question papers of SSC CHSL, SSC CGL, SSC MTS, IBPS PO, IBPS Clerk, IBPS SO, IPPB Sc. I, LIC AAO, etc. you may find a lot of questions related to Inventions and Discoveries. Questions based on Inventions and Discoveries form a part of the General Awareness section of many Govt. and Bank exams. Therefore, you need to be well prepared for the topic of Famous People Who Made Scientific Discoveries for Banking & SSC CGL Exam. Moreover, if you are interested in taking any Online Mock Tests then you can click on the link to begin your preparation for any other Government Exams.
Here’s a list of Top Inventions and Discoveries by Scientists - A to Z List for Banking & SSC CGL Exam. We have divided the entire list into Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Computers, Space Science etc. You can also download this article as PDF for further reference.
Inventions/Discoveries
Name of the Scientist/Person
Adding Machine
Pascal
Aeroplane
Wright brothers
Air Brake
George Westinghouse
Air Pump
Otto von Guericke
Airship (rigid)
G. Ferdinand Von Zeppelin
Aniline Dyes
Hoffman
Antiseptic Surgery
Lord Joseph Lister
Arc Lamp
C. F. Brush
Archimedean Screw
Archimedies
Atom
Neils Bohr
Atomic Number
Mosley
Atomic Physics
Enrico Fermi
Atomic Structure
Bohr and Rutherford
Atomic Theory
Dalton
Automatic gearbox
Hermann Fottinger
Automobile
Daimler
Automobiles using gasoline
Karl Benz
Avogadro’s Hypothesis
Avogadro
Bacteriology
Robert Koch
Bacteriophage
Max Delbruck
Bakelite
Leo H Baekeland
Balloon
Jacques and Joseph Montgolfier
Ball-Point Pen
John J. Loud
Barometer
Evangelista Torricelli
Behaviorism
B. F. Skinner
Beri – Beri
Eijkman
Bicycle
Kirkpatrick Macmillan
Bicycle Tyre
J.B. Dunlop
Bifocal Lens
Benjamin Franklin
Binomial Nomenclature
Carl Linnaeus
Biogenetic Principle
Ernst Haeckel
Bismuth
Valentine
Blood Circulation
Harvey
Blood Groups
Karl Landsteiner
Bomb
Edward Teller
Boson
S.N.Bose
Boyle’s law
Boyle
Braille
Louis Braille
Breaking up the Nucleus of an atom
Rutherford
Calculating machine
Pascal
Camera
George Eastman
Carburetor
Gottlieb Daimler
Carburettor
Gottlieb Daimler
Cash register
William Burroughs
Cell Doctrine
Rudolf Virchow
Celluloid
A.Parker
Cement
Joseph Aspdin
Cenema
A.L. and J.L. Lumiere
Centrigrade scale
A. Celsius
Chemical Structure
August Kekule
Chemotherapy
Paul Ehrlich
Child Development
Jean Piaget
Chloroform
James Harrison and James Young Simpson
Cholera Bacillus
Robert Koch
Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
Thomas Hunt Morgan
Chronometer
John Harrison
Cine camera
Friese-Greene
Cinematograph
Thomas Alva Edison
Cinematography
Thomas Alva Edison
Circulation of the Blood
William Harvey
Classical Field Theory
Michael Faraday
Clock (machanical)
Hsing and Ling-Tsan
Clock (pendulum)
C. Hugyens
Coloured Photography
Lippman
Computer
Charles Babbage
Continental Drift
Alfred Wegener
Cosmic Rays
R.A.Millikan
Crescograph
J.C.Bose
Crystal Dynamics
C.V.Raman
Cyclotron
Lawrence
D.D.T.
Dr.Paul Muller
Deciphering the genetic code
Dr.Hargobiad Khorana
Deuterium (Heavy Water)
H.C.Urey
Diesel Engine
Rudolf Diesel
Diesel Oil Engine
Rudolf Diesel
Difference engine
Charles Babbage
Electrons
J.J.Thomson
Laws of Planetary Motion
Kepler
North Pole
Robert Peary (1909)
Solar System
Copernicus (1540)
South Pole
Amundson (1912)
Specific Gravity
Archimedes
West Indies
Columbus (1492)
Drinker’s Chamber of Iron Lung
Dr.Philip Drinker
Dynamical theory of Heat
Lord Kelvin
Dynamite
Alfred B. Nobel
Dynamo
Michael Faraday
Effect of Pressure on trough bodies
Meghnad Saha
Eightfold Way
Murray Gell-Mann
Electric Battery
Alessandro Volta
Electric Flat Iron
H. W. Seeley
Electric Furnace
William Siemens
Electric Generator
Michael Faraday
electric guitar
Adolph Rickenbacker
Electric iron
H.W. Seeley
Electric Lamp
Thomas Alva Edison
Electric Measurement
Gauss
Electric Motor (AC)
Nikola Tesla
Electric razor
Jacob Schick
Electrical Waves
Heitz
Electricity
Faraday
Electromagnet
William Sturgeon
Electromagnetic Field
James Clerk Maxwell
Electromagnetic Theory
Maxwell
Electron
Joseph J. Thomson
Electron Theory
Bohr
Electronic Computer
Dr. Alan M. Turing
Elevator
Elisha G. Otis
Energy of the Sun
Hans Bethe
Equal sign (=)?
Robert Recorde
Ethology
Konrad Lorenz
Eugenics
Francis Galton
Evolution
Charles Darwin
Evolution (theory)
Charles Darwin
Evolutionary Theory
Ernst Mayr
Fahrenheit Scale
Fahrenheit
Film & Photographic goods
Kodak
Film (with sound)
Dr. Lee de Forest
Foundations of Biology
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
Foundations of Mathematics
Euclid
Founding of Modern Physiology
Claude Bernard
Founding of Psychology
Wilhelm Wundt
Fountain Pen
Lewis E. Waterman
Fundamental Laws of Electric Attraction
Coulomb
Galvanometer
Andre-Marie Ampere
Gas lighting
William Murdoch
Gasoline engine
Karl Benz
Genetic Code
Frederick Sanger
Geometry
Euclid
Germ Theory of Disease
Louis Pasteur
Glider
Sir George Caley
Gramophone
Thomas Alva Edison
Gun powder
Rogei Bacon
Heavens
William Herschel
Heavy Hydrogen
Urey
Helicopter
Broquett
Heliocentric Universe
Nicolaus Copernicus
Helium Gas
Lockyer
Homoeopathy
Hahnemann
Hovercraft
Christopher Cockerell
Human Sexuality
Alfred Kinsey
Hydrogen
Cavendish
Hydrophobia
Louis Pasteur
I.Q. Test
Alfred Binet
In Number Theory
Ramanujam
Incandescent Bulb
Edison
Induction Coil
Rohm Korff
Induction of Electric Current
Faraday
Insulin
F.Banting
Intelligence test
Binet
Internal Combustion Engine
Otto
Jeans
Levi Strauss
Jet Engine
Sir Frank Whittle
Jet Propulsion
Frank Whittle
Kala-azar Fever
U.N.Brahmachari
Kaleidoscope
David Brewster
Laboratory Gas Burner
Robert Wilhelm Von Bunsen
Laughing Gas
Priestley
Law of Electrolysis
Faraday
Law of gases
Gay Lussac
Laws of Electrical Resistance
Ohm
Laws of Gravitation
Newton
Laws of Heredity
Gregory Mandel
Laws of Inheritance
Gregor Mendel
Laws of Motion
Newton
Laws of Multiple Proportion
Dalton
Laws of Natural Selections
Darwin
Life Boat
Henry Great Head
Lift
E.G. Otis
Lift (Elevators)
Otis
Lightning Conductor
Benjamin Franklin
Line of demarcation (ship)
Plimsoll
Linotype
Mergenthaler
Liquid Oxygen
Dewar
Locomotive
Richard Trevithick
Logarithmic Tables
John Napier
Logarithms
John Napier
Machine Gun
Dr. Richard Gatling
Malarial Parasite
Ronald Ross
Match (safety)
J.E. Lurdstrom
Mathematical Astro Physics
Chandrasekhar
Mathematical Genius
Carl Gauss (Karl Friedrich Gauss)
Mauve dye
Perkin
Measurement of Electrical Energy
Joule, James Prescoft
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
Joules
Mercury Thermometer
Fahrenheit
Meson
Hideki Yakawa
Microphone
Johann Phillip Reis, Alexander Graham Bell, Elisha Gray, Amos E. Dolbear, and Thomas Edison
Microscopic Anatomy
Marcello Malpighi
Modern Anthropology
Franz Boas
Modern Astronomy
Arthur Eddington
Modern Computer
John von Neumann
Modern Geology
Charles Lyell
Modern Physiology
William Bayliss
Modern Synthesis
Theodosius Dobzhansky
Modern Telescope
Edwin Hubble
Molecular Biology
Francis Crick
Molecular Scattering of light in fluid
Ramanathan
Montessori Method
Maria Montessori
Motion of the Planets
Johannes Kepler
Motor Car (petrol)
Karl Butler
Movie Projector
Thomas Alva Edison
Neon Gas
Ramsay, Travers
Neon-lamp
G. Claude
Neurophysiology
Charles Sherrington
Neutron
Chadwick
New Anatomy
Andreas Vesalius
New Astronomy
Tycho Brahe
New Science
Galileo Galilei
Newtonian Mechanics
Pierre Simon de Laplace
Newtonian Revolution
Isaac Newton
Nuclear Fission
Otto Hahn, Bohr and Fermi
Nylon
Dr. Wallace H. Carothers
Nylon Plastic
Carothers
Organic Chemistry
Emil Fischer
Origin of Species
Charles Darwin
Oxygen
Priestly
Paints
Shalimar
Paper clip
Johann Vaaler
Parking meter
Carlton Mcgee
Penicillin
Alexander Fleming
Periodic Law
Mendeleef
Periodic Table of Elements
Dmitri Mendeleev
Pharmacology
Gertrude Belle Elion
Phonograph
Edison
Photograph
Dauguerre
Photography (paper)
W.H. Fox Tablot
Phototherapy
N.R.Finsen
Pneumatic Tyres
John Boyd Dunlop
Positive Electrons
Anderson
Power Loom
Edmund Cartwright
Powerloom
Cartwright
Principle for lever (S.P.Gravity)
Archimedes
Printing for the Blind
Braille
Printing Press
Johannes Gutenberg
Psycho-analysis
Dr.Sigmund Freud
Psychology of the Unconscious
Sigmund Freud
Quanta
Max Planck
Quantum Cosmology
Stephen Hawking
Quantum Electrodynamics
Richard Feynman
Quantum Mechanics
Max Born
Quantum Theory
Werner Heisenberg
Quantum Theory
Max plank
Raazor (safety)
K.G. Gillete
Rabies Vaccine
Louis Pasteur
Radar
Dr. A.H. Taylor and L.C. Young
Radio
G. Marconi
Radio transmitter
Alexanderson
Radioactive Dating
Willard Libby
Radioactivity
Marie Curie
Radio-activity of Uranium
Henry Becquerel
Radium
Madame Curie
Railway Engine
Stephenson
Raincoat
Charles Macintosh
Raman effect
C.V.Raman
Rare Gas
Cavandish
Rayon
American Viscose Co.
Razor (electric)
Col. J. Schick
Refrigerator
James Harrison, Alexander Catlin
Replacing human heart
Christian Barnard
Revolution in Chemistry
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
Revolver
Samuel Colt
Rise of German Science
Hermann von Helmholtz
rubber (vulcanized)
Charles Goodyear
Rubber (waterproof)
Charles Macintosh
Safety lamp
Sir Humphrey Davy
Safety Pin
William Hurst
Safety Razor
King C. Gillette
Salk Vaccine
Salk
Saxophone
Antoine Joseph Sax
Scientific astronomy
Hippalus
Scientific Thinking
Lucretius
Scooter
G. Bradshaw
Seismograph
Roberts Mallet
Sewing Machine
Thomas Saint
Sextant
Hadley
Ship (steam)
J.C. Perier
Ship (turbine)
Sir Charles Parsons
Shorthand
Sir Isaac Pitman
Sociobiology
Edward O. Wilson
Soviet Genetics
Trofim Lysenko
Space flying
Braun, Dr.Wernher Von
Spectroscope
Bunsen
Spectroscopy
Gustav Kirchhoff
Spinning frame
Sir Richard Arkwight
Spinning jenny
James Hargreaves
Stainless Steel
Harry Brearley
Steam boat
Fulton
Steam Engine
James Watt
Steam engine (condenser)
James Watt
Steam engine (piston)
Thomas Newcome
Steam Turbine
Parsons
Steel Melting Process
Bessemer
Steel production
Henry Bessemer
Stethoscope
Dr. William Stokes, Rene Laennec
Stress Concept
Hans Selye
Structural Anthropology
Claude Levi-Strauss
Structure of DNA
James Watson
Structure of the Atom
Ernest Rutherford
Submarine
David Bushnell
Sulpha Drugs
Domagk
Superconductivity
Heike Kamerlingh
Symbiosis Theory
Lynn Margulis
Symbol (x)?
William Oughtred
T.N.T.
llly Brandt
Talkies
Lee-de-Frost
Tank
Sir Ernest Swington
Telegraph
Samuel Morse
Telegraphic Code
Samuel Morse
Telephone
Sir Alexander Graham Bell
Telescope
Galileo
Television
Baird
Television (mechanical)
John Logie Baird
Tempo of Evolution
George Gaylord Simpson
Terylene
J. Whinfield and H. Dickson
The long playing microgroove record
Peter Goldmark
Theory of conditioned reflex
Pavlov
Theory of Evolution
Darwin
Theory of Relativity
Einstein
Theory of the Atom
John Dalton
Thermodynamics
Ludwig Boltzmann
Thermometer
Galileo Gallei
Thermos Flasks
Dewar
Tractor
J. Froelich
Transformer
Michael Faraday
Transistor
Bardeen, Shockley, Brattain
Typewriter
C. Sholes
Uranium fusion
Oho Hahn
Uranus (Planet)
Herschel William
Vaccination
Edward Jenner
Valve of radio
Sir J.A. Fleming
Vitamins
Hopkins and Funk
Vitamin A
Elmer V. McCollum and M. Davis
Vitamin B
Elmer V. McCollum
Vitamin B1
Casimir Funk
Vitamin B2
D. T. Smith, E. G. Hendrick
Vitamin Niacin
Conrad Elvehjem
Vitamin Folic acid
Lucy Wills
Vitamin B6
Paul Gyorgy
Vitamin C
James Lind
Vitamin D
Edward Mellanby
Vitamin E
Herbert Evans and Katherine Bishop
Vulcanised Rubber
Charles Goodyear
Washing Soda
Lablanc
Watch
A.L. Breguet
Waterproof Rubber
Charles Macintosh
Wave Mechanics
Erwin Schrodinger
Wave Theory of Light
Christiaan Huygens
Wave/Particle Duality
Louis Victor de Broglie
Wireless Communication
Oliver Lodge
Wireless Telegraphy
Marcony
World Wide Web and Hypertext Markup Language
Tim Berners Lee
X – Rays
Roentgen
X-ray
Wilhelm Reontgen
X-ray Crystallography
Max von Laue
zerox machine
Chester Carlson
Zip fastener
W. L. Judson
Zipper
B. F. Goodrich
We hope that you have gained sufficient information about Inventions and Discoveries for Banking & SSC CGL Exams. If you know more about this topic that you think the article hasn’t included, then comment below.
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What Year Was This Invented?
Adrenaline: (isolation of) John Jacob Abel, U.S., 1897.
Aerosol can: Erik Rotheim, Norway, 1926.
Air brake: George Westinghouse, U.S., 1868.
Air conditioning: Willis Carrier, U.S., 1911.
Airship: (non-rigid) Henri Giffard, France, 1852; (rigid) Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Germany, 1900.
ALS: NE1 Gene link to ALS - Landers and Jan Veldink of University Medical Center Utrecht led the study involving 11 countries, 2016
Aluminum manufacture: (by electrolytic action) Charles M. Hall, U.S., 1866.
Anatomy, human: (De fabrica corporis humani, an illustrated systematic study of the human body) Andreas Vesalius, Belgium, 1543; (comparative: parts of an organism are correlated to the functioning whole) Georges Cuvier, France, 1799–1805.
Anesthetic: (first use of anesthetic—ether—on humans) Crawford W. Long, U.S., 1842.
Antibiotics: (first demonstration of antibiotic effect) Louis Pasteur, Jules-François Joubert, France, 1887; (discovery of penicillin, first modern antibiotic) Alexander Fleming, England, 1928; (penicillin’s infection-fighting properties) Howard Florey, Ernst Chain, England, 1940.
Antiseptic: (surgery) Joseph Lister, England, 1867.
Antitoxin, diphtheria: Emil von Behring, Germany, 1890.
Appliances, electric: (fan) Schuyler Wheeler, U.S., 1882; (flatiron) Henry W. Seely, U.S., 1882; (stove) Hadaway, U.S., 1896; (washing machine) Alva Fisher, U.S., 1906.
Aqualung: Jacques-Yves Cousteau, Emile Gagnan, France, 1943.
Aspirin: Dr. Felix Hoffman, Germany, 1899.
Astronomical calculator: The Antikythera device, first century B.C., Greece. Found off island of Antikythera in 1900.
Atom: (nuclear model of) Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911.
Atomic theory: (ancient) Leucippus, Democritus, Greece, c. 500 B.C.; Lucretius, Rome c.100 B.C.; (modern) John Dalton, England, 1808.
Atomic structure: (formulated nuclear model of atom, Rutherford model) Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911; (proposed current concept of atomic structure, the Bohr model) Niels Bohr, Denmark, 1913.
Automobile: (first with internal combustion engine, 250 rpm) Karl Benz, Germany, 1885; (first with practical high-speed internal combustion engine, 900 rpm) Gottlieb Daimler, Germany, 1885; (first true automobile, not carriage with motor) René Panhard, Emile Lavassor, France, 1891; (carburetor, spray) Charles E. Duryea, U.S., 1892.
Automated Teller Machine (ATM): Long Island Branch of Chemical Bank
Autopilot: (for aircraft) Elmer A. Sperry, U.S., c.1910, first successful test, 1912, in a Curtiss flying boat.
Avogadro’s law: (equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules) Amedeo Avogadro, Italy, 1811.
Bacteria: Anton van Leeuwenhoek, The Netherlands, 1683.
Balloon, hot-air: Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier, France, 1783.
Barbed wire: (most popular) Joseph E. Glidden, U.S., 1873.
Bar codes: (computer-scanned binary signal code):
(retail trade use) Monarch Marking, U.S. 1970; (industrial use) Plessey Telecommunications, England, 1970.
Barometer: Evangelista Torricelli, Italy, 1643.
Bicycle: Karl D. von Sauerbronn, Germany, 1816; (first modern model) James Starley, England, 1884.
Big Bang theory: (the universe originated with a huge explosion) George LeMaitre, Belgium, 1927; (modified LeMaitre theory labeled “Big Bang”) George A. Gamow, U.S., 1948; (cosmic microwave background radiation discovered, confirms theory) Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson, U.S., 1965.
Blackberry, 2002
Blood, circulation of: William Harvey, England, 1628.
Boyle’s law: (relation between pressure and volume in gases) Robert Boyle, Ireland, 1662.
Braille: Louis Braille, France, 1829.
Bridges: (suspension, iron chains) James Finley, Pa., 1800; (wire suspension) Marc Seguin, Lyons, 1825; (truss) Ithiel Town, U.S., 1820.
Bullet: (conical) Claude Minié, France, 1849.
Calculating machine: (logarithms: made multiplying easier and thus calculators practical) John Napier, Scotland, 1614; (slide rule) William Oughtred, England, 1632; (digital calculator) Blaise Pascal, 1642; (multiplication machine) Gottfried Leibniz, Germany, 1671; (important 19th-century contributors to modern machine) Frank S. Baldwin, Jay R. Monroe, Dorr E. Felt, W. T. Ohdner, William Burroughs, all U.S.; (“analytical engine” design, included concepts of programming, taping) Charles Babbage, England, 1835.
Calculus: Isaac Newton, England, 1669; (differential calculus) Gottfried Leibniz, Germany, 1684.
Camera: (hand-held) George Eastman, U.S., 1888; (Polaroid Land) Edwin Land, U.S., 1948.
“Canals” of Mars:Giovanni Schiaparelli, Italy, 1877.
Carpet sweeper: Melville R. Bissell, U.S., 1876.
Car radio: William Lear, Elmer Wavering, U.S., 1929, manufactured by Galvin Manufacturing Co., “Motorola.”
Cells: (word used to describe microscopic examination of cork) Robert Hooke, England, 1665; (theory: cells are common structural and functional unit of all living organisms) Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, 1838–1839.
Cement, Portland: Joseph Aspdin, England, 1824.
Chewing gum: (spruce-based) John Curtis, U.S., 1848; (chicle-based) Thomas Adams, U.S., 1870.
Cholera bacterium: Robert Koch, Germany, 1883.
Circuit, integrated: (theoretical) G.W.A. Dummer, England, 1952; (phase-shift oscillator) Jack S. Kilby, Texas Instruments, U.S., 1959.
Classification of plants: (first modern, based on comparative study of forms) Andrea Cesalpino, Italy, 1583; (classification of plants and animals by genera and species) Carolus Linnaeus, Sweden, 1737–1753.
Clock, pendulum: Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1656.
Coca-Cola: John Pemberton, U.S., 1886.
Combustion: (nature of) Antoine Lavoisier, France, 1777.
Compact disk: RCA, U.S., 1972.
Computers: (first design of analytical engine) Charles Babbage, 1830s; (ENIAC, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator, first all-electronic, completed) 1945; (dedicated at University of Pennsylvania) 1946; (UNIVAC, Universal Automatic Computer, handled both numeric and alphabetic data) 1951.
Computer mouse: Doug Engelbart, 1962
Concrete: (reinforced) Joseph Monier, France, 1877.
Condensed milk: Gail Borden, U.S., 1853.
Conditioned reflex: Ivan Pavlov, Russia, c.1910.
Conservation of electric charge: (the total electric charge of the universe or any closed system is constant) Benjamin Franklin, U.S., 1751–1754.
Contagion theory: (infectious diseases caused by living agent transmitted from person to person) Girolamo Fracastoro, Italy, 1546.
Continental drift theory: (geographer who pieced together continents into a single landmass on maps) Antonio Snider-Pellegrini, France, 1858; (first proposed in lecture) Frank Taylor, U.S.; (first comprehensive detailed theory) Alfred Wegener, Germany, 1912.
Contraceptive, oral: Gregory Pincus, Min Chuch Chang, John Rock, Carl Djerassi, U.S., 1951.
Converter, Bessemer: William Kelly, U.S., 1851.
Cordless Tools, 1961
Cosmetics: Egypt, c. 4000 B.C.
Cosamic string theory: (first postulated) Thomas Kibble, 1976.
Cotton gin: Eli Whitney, U.S., 1793.
Crossbow: China, c. 300 B.C.
Cyclotron: Ernest O. Lawrence, U.S., 1931.
Deuterium: (heavy hydrogen) Harold Urey, U.S., 1931.
Disease: (chemicals in treatment of) crusaded by Philippus Paracelsus, 1527–1541; (germ theory) Louis Pasteur, France, 1862–1877.
DNA: (deoxyribonucleic acid) Friedrich Meischer, Germany, 1869; (determination of double-helical structure) Rosalind Elsie Franklin, F. H. Crick, England, James D. Watson, U.S., 1953.
Dye: (aniline, start of synthetic dye industry) William H. Perkin, England, 1856.
Dynamite: Alfred Nobel, Sweden, 1867.
Ebola Vaccine: Canadian Government, 2016
Electric cooking utensil: (first) patented by St. George Lane-Fox, England, 1874.
Electric generator (dynamo): (laboratory model) Michael Faraday, England, 1832; Joseph Henry, U.S., c.1832; (hand-driven model) Hippolyte Pixii, France, 1833; (alternating-current generator) Nikola Tesla, U.S., 1892.
Electric lamp: (arc lamp) Sir Humphrey Davy, England, 1801; (fluorescent lamp) A.E. Becquerel, France, 1867; (incandescent lamp) Sir Joseph Swann, England, Thomas A. Edison, U.S., contemporaneously, 1870s; (carbon arc street lamp) Charles F. Brush, U.S., 1879; (first widely marketed incandescent lamp) Thomas A. Edison, U.S., 1879; (mercury vapor lamp) Peter Cooper Hewitt, U.S., 1903; (neon lamp) Georges Claude, France, 1911; (tungsten filament) Irving Langmuir, U.S., 1915.
Electrocardiography: Demonstrated by Augustus Waller, 1887; (first practical device for recording activity of heart) Willem Einthoven, 1903, Dutch physiologist.
Electromagnet: William Sturgeon, England, 1823.
Electron: Sir Joseph J. Thompson, England, 1897.
Elevator, passenger: (safety device permitting use by passengers) Elisha G. Otis, U.S., 1852; (elevator utilizing safety device) 1857.
E = mc2: (equivalence of mass and energy) Albert Einstein, Switzerland, 1907.
Engine, internal combustion: No single inventor. Fundamental theory established by Sadi Carnot, France, 1824; (two-stroke) Etienne Lenoir, France, 1860; (ideal operating cycle for four-stroke) Alphonse Beau de Roche, France, 1862; (operating four-stroke) Nikolaus Otto, Germany, 1876; (diesel) Rudolf Diesel, Germany, 1892; (rotary) Felix Wankel, Germany, 1956.
Evolution: (organic) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, France, 1809; (by natural selection) Charles Darwin, England, 1859.
Exclusion principle: (no two electrons in an atom can occupy the same energy level) Wolfgang Pauli, Germany, 1925.
Expanding universe theory: (first proposed) George LeMaitre, Belgium, 1927; (discovered first direct evidence that the universe is expanding) Edwin P. Hubble, U.S., 1929; (Hubble constant: a measure of the rate at which the universe is expanding) Edwin P. Hubble, U.S., 1929.
Falling bodies, law of: Galileo Galilei, Italy, 1590.
Fermentation: (microorganisms as cause of) Louis Pasteur, France, c.1860.
Fiber optics: Narinder Kapany, England, 1955.
Fibers, man-made: (nitrocellulose fibers treated to change flammable nitrocellulose to harmless cellulose, precursor of rayon) Sir Joseph Swann, England, 1883; (rayon) Count Hilaire de Chardonnet, France, 1889; (Celanese) Henry and Camille Dreyfuss, U.S., England, 1921; (research on polyesters and polyamides, basis for modern man-made fibers) U.S., England, Germany, 1930s; (nylon) Wallace H. Carothers, U.S., 1935.
Frozen food: Clarence Birdseye, U.S., 1924.
Gene transfer: (human) Steven Rosenberg, R. Michael Blaese, W. French Anderson, U.S., 1989.
Geometry, elements of: Euclid, Alexandria, Egypt, c. 300 B.C.; (analytic) René Descartes, France; and Pierre de Fermat, Switzerland, 1637.
Gravitation, law of: Sir Isaac Newton, England, c.1665 (published 1687).
Gunpowder: China, c.700.
Gyrocompass: Elmer A. Sperry, U.S., 1905.
Gyroscope: Léon Foucault, France, 1852.
Halley’s Comet: Edmund Halley, England, 1705.
Heart implanted in human, permanent artificial:Dr. Robert Jarvik, U.S., 1982.
Heart, temporary artificial: Willem Kolft, 1957.
Helicopter: (double rotor) Heinrich Focke, Germany, 1936; (single rotor) Igor Sikorsky, U.S., 1939.
Helium first observed on sun: Sir Joseph Lockyer, England, 1868.
Heredity, laws of: Gregor Mendel, Austria, 1865.
Holograph: Dennis Gabor, England, 1947.
Home videotape systems (VCR): (Betamax) Sony, Japan, 1975; (VHS) Matsushita, Japan, 1975.
Ice age theory: Louis Agassiz, Swiss-American, 1840.
Induction, electric: Joseph Henry, U.S., 1828.
Insulin: (first isolated) Sir Frederick G. Banting and Charles H. Best, Canada, 1921; (discovery first published) Banting and Best, 1922; (Nobel Prize awarded for purification for use in humans) John Macleod and Banting, 1923; (first synthesized), China, 1966.
Intelligence testing: Alfred Binet, Theodore Simon, France, 1905.
Interferon: Alick Isaacs, Jean Lindemann, England, Switzerland, 1957.
iPhone, 2007
iPod, 2001
Isotopes: (concept of) Frederick Soddy, England, 1912; (stable isotopes) J. J. Thompson, England, 1913; (existence demonstrated by mass spectrography) Francis W. Ashton, 1919.
Jet propulsion: (engine) Sir Frank Whittle, England, Hans von Ohain, Germany, 1936; (aircraft) Heinkel He 178, 1939.
Kinetic theory of gases: (molecules of a gas are in a state of rapid motion) Daniel Bernoulli, Switzerland, 1738.
Laser: (theoretical work on) Charles H. Townes, Arthur L. Schawlow, U.S., N. Basov, A. Prokhorov, U.S.S.R., 1958; (first working model) T. H. Maiman, U.S., 1960.
Lawn mower: Edwin Budding, John Ferrabee, England, 1830–1831.
LCD (liquid crystal display): Hoffmann-La Roche, Switzerland, 1970.
Lens, bifocal: Benjamin Franklin, U.S., c.1760.
Leyden jar: (prototype electrical condenser) Canon E. G. von Kleist of Kamin, Pomerania, 1745; independently evolved by Cunaeus and P. van Musschenbroek, University of Leyden, Holland, 1746, from where name originated.
Light, nature of: (wave theory) Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1678; (electromagnetic theory) James Clerk Maxwell, England, 1873.
Light, speed of: (theory that light has finite velocity) Olaus Roemer, Denmark, 1675.
Lightning rod: Benjamin Franklin, U.S., 1752.
Locomotive: (steam powered) Richard Trevithick, England, 1804; (first practical, due to multiple-fire-tube boiler) George Stephenson, England, 1829; (largest steam-powered) Union Pacific’s “Big Boy,” U.S., 1941.
Lock, cylinder: Linus Yale, U.S., 1851.
Loom: (horizontal, two-beamed) Egypt, c. 4400 B.C.; (Jacquard drawloom, pattern controlled by punch cards) Jacques de Vaucanson, France, 1745, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, 1801; (flying shuttle) John Kay, England, 1733; (power-driven loom) Edmund Cartwright, England, 1785.
Machine gun: (hand-cranked multibarrel) Richard J. Gatling, U.S., 1862; (practical single barrel, belt-fed) Hiram S. Maxim, Anglo-American, 1884.
Magnet, Earth is: William Gilbert, England, 1600.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Inventor not established, 1973
Match: (phosphorus) François Derosne, France, 1816; (friction) Charles Sauria, France, 1831; (safety) J. E. Lundstrom, Sweden, 1855.
Measles vaccine: John F. Enders, Thomas Peebles, U.S., 1953.
Metric system: revolutionary government of France, 1790–1801.
Microphone: Charles Wheatstone, England, 1827.
Microscope: (compound) Zacharias Janssen, The Netherlands, 1590; (electron) Vladimir Zworykin et al., U.S., Canada, Germany, 1932–1939.
Microwave oven: Percy Spencer, U.S., 1947.
Motion, laws of: Isaac Newton, England, 1687.
Motion pictures: Thomas A. Edison, U.S., 1893.
Motion pictures, sound: Product of various inventions. First picture with synchronized musical score: Don Juan, 1926; with spoken dialogue: The Jazz Singer, 1927; both Warner Bros.
Motor, electric: Michael Faraday, England, 1822; (alternating-current) Nikola Tesla, U.S., 1892.
Motorcycle: (motor tricycle) Edward Butler, England, 1884; (gasoline-engine motorcycle) Gottlieb Daimler, Germany, 1885.
Moving assembly line: Henry Ford, U.S., 1913.
Multiple Sclerosis genetic link: University of British Columbia, 2016
Music synthesizer: Robert Moog, 1964
Neptune: (discovery of) Johann Galle, Germany, 1846.
Neptunium: (first transuranic element, synthesis of) Edward M. McMillan, Philip H. Abelson, U.S., 1940.
Neutron: James Chadwick, England, 1932.
Neutron-induced radiation: Enrico Fermi et al., Italy, 1934.
Nitroglycerin: Ascanio Sobrero, Italy, 1846.
Nuclear fission: Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassmann, Germany, 1938.
Nuclear reactor: Enrico Fermi, Italy, et al., 1942.
Ohm’s law: (relationship between strength of electric current, electromotive force, and circuit resistance) Georg S. Ohm, Germany, 1827.
Oil well: Edwin L. Drake, U.S., 1859.
Oxygen: (isolation of) Joseph Priestley, 1774; Carl Scheele, 1773.
Ozone: Christian Schönbein, Germany, 1839.
Pacemaker: (internal) Clarence W. Lillehie, Earl Bakk, U.S., 1957.
Paper China, c.100 A.D.
Parachute: Louis S. Lenormand, France, 1783.
Pen: (fountain) Lewis E. Waterman, U.S., 1884; (ball-point, for marking on rough surfaces) John H. Loud, U.S., 1888; (ball-point, for handwriting) Lazlo Biro, Argentina, 1944.
Periodic law: (that properties of elements are functions of their atomic weights) Dmitri Mendeleev, Russia, 1869.
Periodic table: (arrangement of chemical elements based on periodic law) Dmitri Mendeleev, Russia, 1869.
Phonograph: Thomas A. Edison, U.S., 1877.
Photography: (first paper negative, first photograph, on metal) Joseph Nicéphore Niepce, France, 1816–1827; (discovery of fixative powers of hyposulfite of soda) Sir John Herschel, England, 1819; (first direct positive image on silver plate, the daguerreotype) Louis Daguerre, based on work with Niepce, France, 1839; (first paper negative from which a number of positive prints could be made) William Talbot, England, 1841. Work of these four men, taken together, forms basis for all modern photography. (First color images) Alexandre Becquerel, Claude Niepce de Saint-Victor, France, 1848–1860; (commercial color film with three emulsion layers, Kodachrome) U.S., 1935.
Photovoltaic effect: (light falling on certain materials can produce electricity) Edmund Becquerel, France, 1839.
Piano: (Hammerklavier) Bartolommeo Cristofori, Italy, 1709; (pianoforte with sustaining and damper pedals) John Broadwood, England, 1873.
Planetary motion, laws of: Johannes Kepler, Germany, 1609, 1619.
Plant respiration and photosynthesis: Jan Ingenhousz, Holland, 1779.
Plastics: (first material, nitrocellulose softened by vegetable oil, camphor, precursor to Celluloid) Alexander Parkes, England, 1855; (Celluloid, involving recognition of vital effect of camphor) John W. Hyatt, U.S., 1869; (Bakelite, first completely synthetic plastic) Leo H. Baekeland, U.S., 1910; (theoretical background of macromolecules and process of polymerization on which modern plastics industry rests) Hermann Staudinger, Germany, 1922.
Plate tectonics: Alfred Wegener, Germany, 1912–1915.
Plow, forked: Mesopotamia, before 3000 B.C.
Plutonium, synthesis of: Glenn T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, Arthur C. Wahl, Joseph W. Kennedy, U.S., 1941.
Polio, vaccine: (experimentally safe dead-virus vaccine) Jonas E. Salk, U.S., 1952; (effective large-scale field trials) 1954; (officially approved) 1955; (safe oral live-virus vaccine developed) Albert B. Sabin, U.S., 1954; (available in the U.S.) 1960.
Positron: Carl D. Anderson, U.S., 1932.
Pressure cooker: (early version) Denis Papin, France, 1679.
Printing: (block) Japan, c.700; (movable type) Korea, c.1400; Johann Gutenberg, Germany, c.1450 (lithography, offset) Aloys Senefelder, Germany, 1796; (rotary press) Richard Hoe, U.S., 1844; (linotype) Ottmar Mergenthaler, U.S., 1884.
Probability theory: René Descartes, France; and Pierre de Fermat, Switzerland, 1654.
Proton: Ernest Rutherford, England, 1919.
Prozac: (antidepressant fluoxetine) Bryan B. Malloy, Scotland, and Klaus K. Schmiegel, U.S., 1972; (released for use in U.S.) Eli Lilly & Company, 1987.
Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud, Austria, c.1904.
Pulsars: Antony Hewish and Jocelyn Bell Burnel, England, 1967.
Quantum theory: (general) Max Planck, Germany, 1900; (sub-atomic) Niels Bohr, Denmark, 1913; (quantum mechanics) Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, Germany, 1925.
Quarks: Jerome Friedman, Henry Kendall, Richard Taylor, U.S., 1967.
Quasars: Marten Schmidt, U.S., 1963.
Rabies immunization: Louis Pasteur, France, 1885.
Radar: (limited to one-mile range) Christian Hulsmeyer, Germany, 1904; (pulse modulation, used for measuring height of ionosphere) Gregory Breit, Merle Tuve, U.S., 1925; (first practical radar—radio detection and ranging) Sir Robert Watson-Watt, England, 1934–1935.
Radio: (electromagnetism, theory of) James Clerk Maxwell, England, 1873; (spark coil, generator of electromagnetic waves) Heinrich Hertz, Germany, 1886; (first practical system of wireless telegraphy) Guglielmo Marconi, Italy, 1895; (first long-distance telegraphic radio signal sent across the Atlantic) Marconi, 1901; (vacuum electron tube, basis for radio telephony) Sir John Fleming, England, 1904; (triode amplifying tube) Lee de Forest, U.S., 1906; (regenerative circuit, allowing long-distance sound reception) Edwin H. Armstrong, U.S., 1912; (frequency modulation—FM) Edwin H. Armstrong, U.S., 1933.
Radioactivity: (X-rays) Wilhelm K. Roentgen, Germany, 1895; (radioactivity of uranium) Henri Becquerel, France, 1896; (radioactive elements, radium and polonium in uranium ore) Marie Sklodowska-Curie, Pierre Curie, France, 1898; (classification of alpha and beta particle radiation) Pierre Curie, France, 1900; (gamma radiation) Paul-Ulrich Villard, France, 1900.
Radiocarbon dating, carbon-14 method: (discovered) 1947, Willard F. Libby, U.S.; (first demonstrated) U.S., 1950.
Radio signals, extraterrestrial: first known radio noise signals were received by U.S. engineer, Karl Jansky, originating from the Galactic Center, 1931.
Radio waves: (cosmic sources, led to radio astronomy) Karl Jansky, U.S., 1932.
Razor: (safety, successfully marketed) King Gillette, U.S., 1901; (electric) Jacob Schick, U.S., 1928, 1931.
Reaper: Cyrus McCormick, U.S., 1834.
Refrigerator: Alexander Twining, U.S., James Harrison, Australia, 1850; (first with a compressor device) the Domelse, Chicago, U.S., 1913.
Refrigerator ship: (first) the Frigorifique, cooling unit designed by Charles Teller, France, 1877.
Relativity: (special and general theories of) Albert Einstein, Switzerland, Germany, U.S., 1905–1953.
Revolver: Samuel Colt, U.S., 1835.
Richter scale: Charles F. Richter, U.S., 1935.
Rifle: (muzzle-loaded) Italy, Germany, c.1475; (breech-loaded) England, France, Germany, U.S., c.1866; (bolt-action) Paul von Mauser, Germany, 1889; (automatic) John Browning, U.S., 1918.
Rocket: (liquid-fueled) Robert Goddard, U.S., 1926.
Roller bearing: (wooden for cartwheel) Germany or France, c.100 B.C.
Rotation of Earth: Jean Bernard Foucault, France, 1851.
Royal Observatory, Greenwich: established in 1675 by Charles II of England; John Flamsteed first Astronomer Royal.
Rubber: (vulcanization process) Charles Goodyear, U.S., 1839.
Saccharin: Constantine Fuhlberg, Ira Remsen, U.S., 1879.
Safety pin: Walter Hunt, U.S., 1849.
Saturn, ring around: Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1659.
“Scotch” tape:Richard Drew, U.S., 1929.
Screw propeller: Sir Francis P. Smith, England, 1836; John Ericsson, England, worked independently of and simultaneously with Smith, 1837.
Seismograph: (first accurate) John Milne, England, 1880.
Sewing machine: Elias Howe, U.S., 1846; (continuous stitch) Isaac Singer, U.S., 1851.
Smoke detector: Randolph Smith and Kenneth House, 1969
Solar energy: First realistic application of solar energy using parabolic solar reflector to drive caloric engine on steam boiler, John Ericsson, U.S., 1860s.
Solar system, universe: (Sun-centered universe) Nicolaus Copernicus, Warsaw, 1543; (establishment of planetary orbits as elliptical) Johannes Kepler, Germany, 1609; (infinity of universe) Giordano Bruno, Italian monk, 1584.
Spectrum: (heterogeneity of light) Sir Isaac Newton, England, 1665–1666.
Spectrum analysis: Gustav Kirchhoff, Robert Bunsen, Germany, 1859.
Spermatozoa: Anton van Leeuwenhoek, The Netherlands, 1683.
Spinning: (spinning wheel) India, introduced to Europe in Middle Ages; (Saxony wheel, continuous spinning of wool or cotton yarn) England, c.1500–1600; (spinning jenny) James Hargreaves, England, 1764; (spinning frame) Sir Richard Arkwright, England, 1769; (spinning mule, completed mechanization of spinning, permitting production of yarn to keep up with demands of modern looms) Samuel Crompton, England, 1779.
Star catalog: (first modern) Tycho Brahe, Denmark, 1572.
Steam engine: (first commercial version based on principles of French physicist Denis Papin) Thomas Savery, England, 1639; (atmospheric steam engine) Thomas Newcomen, England, 1705; (steam engine for pumping water from collieries) Savery, Newcomen, 1725; (modern condensing, double acting) James Watt, England, 1782.
Steamship: Claude de Jouffroy d’Abbans, France, 1783; James Rumsey, U.S., 1787; John Fitch, U.S., 1790. All preceded Robert Fulton, U.S., 1807, credited with launching first commercially successful steamship.
Stethoscope: René Laënnec, France, 1819.
Sulfa drugs: (parent compound, para-aminobenzenesulfanomide) Paul Gelmo, Austria, 1908; (antibacterial activity) Gerhard Domagk, Germany, 1935.
Superconductivity: (theory) Bardeen, Cooper, Scheiffer, U.S., 1957.
Symbolic logic: George Boule, 1854; (modern) Bertrand Russell, Alfred North Whitehead, England, 1910–1913.
Tank, military: Sir Ernest Swinton, England, 1914.
Tape recorder: (magnetic steel tape) Valdemar Poulsen, Denmark, 1899.
Teflon: DuPont, U.S., 1943.
Telegraph: Samuel F. B. Morse, U.S., 1837.
Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell, U.S., 1876.
Telescope: Hans Lippershey, The Netherlands, 1608; (astronomical) Galileo Galilei, Italy, 1609; (reflecting) Isaac Newton, England, 1668.
Television: (Iconoscope–T.V. camera table), Vladimir Zworkin, U.S., 1923, and also kinescope (cathode ray tube), 1928; (mechanical disk-scanning method) successfully demonstrated by J.K. Baird, England, C.F. Jenkins, U.S., 1926; (first all-electric television image), 1927, Philo T. Farnsworth, U.S; (color, mechanical disk) Baird, 1928; (color, compatible with black and white) George Valensi, France, 1938; (color, sequential rotating filter) Peter Goldmark, U.S., first introduced, 1951; (color, compatible with black and white) commercially introduced in U.S., National Television Systems Committee, 1953.
Thermodynamics: (first law: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another) Julius von Mayer, Germany, 1842; James Joule, England, 1843; (second law: heat cannot of itself pass from a colder to a warmer body) Rudolph Clausius, Germany, 1850; (third law: the entropy of ordered solids reaches zero at the absolute zero of temperature) Walter Nernst, Germany, 1918.
Thermometer: (open-column) Galileo Galilei, c.1593; (clinical) Santorio Santorio, Padua, c.1615; (mercury, also Fahrenheit scale) Gabriel D. Fahrenheit, Germany, 1714; (centigrade scale) Anders Celsius, Sweden, 1742; (absolute-temperature, or Kelvin, scale) William Thompson, Lord Kelvin, England, 1848.
Three point seat belt: Nils Bohlin, 1957
Tire, pneumatic: Robert W. Thompson, England, 1845; (bicycle tire) John B. Dunlop, Northern Ireland, 1888.
Toilet, flush: Product of Minoan civilization, Crete, c. 2000 B.C. Alleged invention by “Thomas Crapper” is untrue.
Tractor: Benjamin Holt, U.S., 1900.
Transformer, electric: William Stanley, U.S., 1885.
Transistor: John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, William B. Shockley, U.S., 1947.
Tuberculosis bacterium: Robert Koch, Germany, 1882.
Typewriter: Christopher Sholes, Carlos Glidden, U.S., 1867.
Uncertainty principle: (that position and velocity of an object cannot both be measured exactly, at the same time) Werner Heisenberg, Germany, 1927.
Uranus: (first planet discovered in recorded history) William Herschel, England, 1781.
Vaccination: Edward Jenner, England, 1796.
Vacuum cleaner: (manually operated) Ives W. McGaffey, 1869; (electric) Hubert C. Booth, England, 1901; (upright) J. Murray Spangler, U.S., 1907.
Van Allen (radiation) Belt: (around Earth) James Van Allen, U.S., 1958.
Video disk: Philips Co., The Netherlands, 1972.
Vitamins: (hypothesis of disease deficiency) Sir F. G. Hopkins, Casimir Funk, England, 1912; (vitamin A) Elmer V. McCollum, M. Davis, U.S., 1912–1914; (vitamin B) McCollum, U.S., 1915–1916; (thiamin, B1) Casimir Funk, England, 1912; (riboflavin, B2) D. T. Smith, E. G. Hendrick, U.S., 1926; (niacin) Conrad Elvehjem, U.S., 1937; (B6) Paul Gyorgy, U.S., 1934; (vitamin C) C. A. Hoist, T. Froelich, Norway, 1912; (vitamin D) McCollum, U.S., 1922; (folic acid) Lucy Wills, England, 1933.
Voltaic pile: (forerunner of modern battery, first source of continuous electric current) Alessandro Volta, Italy, 1800.
Wallpaper: Europe, 16th and 17th century.
Wassermann test: (for syphilis) August von Wassermann, Germany, 1906.
Wheel: (cart, solid wood) Mesopotamia, c.3800–3600 B.C.
Windmill: Persia, c.600.
World Wide Web: (developed while working at CERN) Tim Berners-Lee, England, 1989; (development of Mosaic browser makes WWW available for general use) Marc Andreeson, U.S., 1993.
Xerography: Chester Carlson, U.S., 1938.
Zero: India, c.600; (absolute zero temperature, cessation of all molecular energy) William Thompson, Lord Kelvin, England, 1848.
Zipper: W. L. Judson, U.S., 1891.
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