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bigyack-com · 4 years

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In Sonepat, women wrestlers breaking barriers on the mat - other sports

Till a week before the national selection trials for the Tokyo Olympics qualifier, Sonam Mallik was not even a starter. Sonam, just 18, had never competed at the senior level. Yet her coach, Ajmer Malik, knew she was ready—what she needed was an opportunity. Ajmer convinced the Wrestling Federation of India to give her that chance. Yet, even for Ajmer, what happened next was unexpected: Sonam went on to cause a sensational upset, beating the Rio Olympics bronze medallist Sakshi Malik to seal her place in the Indian team.This week, she will be at her first major tournament, the Asian Wrestling Championships from February 18-23.Sonam represents a bold new change. She comes from Sonepat district in Haryana, a fast urbanising area that borders Delhi. The area is famed for producing some of India’s finest international wrestlers. So far, those wrestlers were all men. India’s Olympic training centre for wrestling, located in Sonepat, is also meant only for men. Till very recently, none of the hundreds of akhadas in Sonepat admitted women trainees. That is now changing. Sonam, who comes from a village called Madina, learnt her wrestling at Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Academy in Gohana, a town in Sonepat. The academy was started by her coach Ajmer in 2012, at a time when not a single akhada in the entire district allowed women. Following in Ajmer’s footsteps, several centres have now opened their doors to women, and three new centres are exclusively female.In Rathdhana village, a half-an-hour drive from Delhi’s border with Haryana, a maze of concrete lanes leads to Mamta Modern Sr. Sec. School. Five years back, Rajesh Saroha, a former wrestler, left his job with an insurance company to set up the women-only akhada here. Girls on their training run weave through the bylanes every morning. Around 15km away is another women’s centre, the Yudhvir Rana akhada, on the outskirts of a village called Kakroi. Another 20 minutes drive from Kakroi, and you will be at Barwasni, where there’s a third dedicated girls’ wrestling academy located at Geetanjali Sr. Secondary School. Over 120 athletes train at these three centres. Four girls from the Barwasni academy won medals at the U-23 Asian Women’s Wrestling Championships in Mongolia in March last year. Ajmer’s centre at Madina village trains both boys and girls. A retired Army subedar and a former wrestler, Ajmer built his academy entirely on his own steam, investing all his savings and doing a lot of the construction work himself. The academy features coaching in two disparate sports—wrestling and tennis. The six clay courts at the academy came up as Ajmer’s son Ajay followed tennis passionately. Ajay made it to the India junior Davis Cup team. Ajmer trains the wrestlers himself, and employs a tennis coach.“I have been a wrestler and I have competed in eight nationals. Earlier, there were hardly any facilities for girls in the district but now there are good training centres and youngsters are making use of the platform,” said Ajmer.Three girls from his centre are medallists at the national cadet championships.“These girls are fearless and they dream about winning medal at the Olympics,” he said. “Sonam is the first talent I came across a year after I opened the centre. She is not scared when she is on the mat and is always looking to attack.”Sakshi, the pioneerRajesh Saroha, who runs the Khadkhoda academy, said Sonam’s victory over the famous Sakshi will spark even greater interest in women’s wrestling in the area.“Seven years ago it was difficult even to field a 10-member girls team from Sonepat in a state competition,” Saroha said. “Now the scenario has changed. There is intense competition in each weight category and sometimes as many as 20 wrestlers fight for one place.”Sakshi’s 2016 Rio bronze was itself a catalyst for change, as was the movie Dangal, released the same year. Saroha said parents started to show more and more interest in introducing their daughters to the mat. Saroha’s daughter and his son are wrestlers. Saroha’s niece Aarti won a silver medal at the U-15 Asian Championships in Taichung City in Chinese Taipei in November.“We started with our own daughters, and after the girls started winning medals, the villagers have started taking interest,” said Saroha’s brother Balbir, who runs the school.“Initially, there were few girls and they had to train with the boys. It did not go well with the villagers but now there are no problems,” said Balbir.Now Saroha’s akhada not only has girls from Khadkhoda, but also from neighbouring states, for whom Saroha has built a hostel. It accomodates 10 girls, but Saroha has plans to expand the capacity to 60.Sunita, a wrestling coach from Haryana Sports Authority, is also posted at the centre.“Having a woman coach at the centre gives confidence to the parents that their daughter is in a safe environment,” said Sunita, who had trained to be a wrestler alongside Sakshi at Rohtak. She became a coach in 2014, and was appointed to Khadkhoda only in 2019.“Earlier, girls had to go to Jind, or Hisar or Rohtak. There was not a single akhada for girls in Sonepat. But things have changed now, especially after Sakshi’s 2016 medal. It is in these small centres that you can find talent,” she said.Girls more focusedAt the senior intra-state championship in Hisar this year, the district finished second. One of the reasons why coaches here think concentrating on girls pays more is because they are more focused than boys.“Girls are more sincere and they single-mindedly work towards their goals. They do not have distractions and in five years (of training) they are ready for senior international meets,” said Sunita.Saroha had a roadmap when he opened the centre—which features a large indoor hall with three mats and salvaged weight training equipment—and the girls are ticking off all the boxes.“My goal was to have our trainees in sub-junior international meets within five years,” he said. “Aarti is already there and representing the country in U-15 tournaments. There are others girls who are in the line.”He has set his sights on Aarti competing at the 2022 Commonwealth Games. The teenager has already sparred with one of the world’s top wrestlers in her category (53kg)—Vinesh Phogat. Phogat’s husband, wrestler Somveer Rathi, is from Kharkhoda, and she trained here in the village before the 2019 World Championships, where she won a bronze.Aarti grew up idolising her wrestler uncle, and Saroha encouraged her interest in the sport.“I have always liked wrestling. My tau (uncle) wanted to be an international wrestler but he could not,” Aarti said. “I want to live his dreams.”Aarti has been living the exacting, monastic life of the wrestler since she was eight. It involves waking up at 4 in the morning six days a week for a morning training session. Then comes school. A siesta later, it’s back on the mat in the evening.“We hardly get time for anything else other than wrestling and studying. Han, kabhi kabhi shaitani kar lete hain (sometimes we play pranks, of course),” says the class 9 student. “And sometimes we watch wrestling on TV. I have seen Vinesh and Sakshi’s fights,” says Aarti.Three years back she decided to cut her hair close to the scalp.“The hair used to come in front and it was irritating to remove it every time while wrestling,” Aarti said. “My friends asked me, ‘why did you do that?’ I said, kushti karni hai to kuch to karna padega (you have to make some sacrifices if you want to wrestle).”When Aarti won the sub-junior trials in Lucknow last year and made it to the team for the Asia Cadet Championships in Kazakhstan, it was a big moment for the centre. It was also a big personal moment for Aarti to watch the world outside Mamta Modern School and Sonepat. In Kazakhstan, her first international tournament, Aarti was overwhelmed by the occasion. She felt transported to a different world—the big indoor hall, the lights and the noise was unlike anything she had seen before. “Everything was new for me,” she said. “I was nervous in the beginning. I had never seen so many wrestlers together. I lost my first bout to a Japanese girl.”A family endeavourNot far off in Rathdhana village, the Yudhvir Rana wrestling centre is packed with girls in the evening inside a spacious indoor hall. This is one of the best equipped schools in the region, with two wrestling mats, residential facilities, a well-appointed gym, volleyball and basketball courts, and a traditional earthen akhada.“We also have a kitchen garden spread over 600 yards for organic farming,” said Devi Singh, a former wrestler who runs the school with his two sons and daughters-in-law.The 65-year-old former wrestler takes pride in spotting the small piece of land last year in January. “A Delhi businessman badly wanted money and was ready to give it at a throwaway price. It turned out to be a good bargain,” Singh recalls.The Singh family is into wrestling. His younger son Yudhvir represents the Indian Army, and older son Kuldeep Rana is an international wrestler. Both Yudhvir’s wife Samiksha and Kuldeep’s wife Seema are former national level wrestlers, and both coach at the centre. Kuldeep too is a coach at the centre, which has already seen one of their girls win a bronze at the World Cadets in 2019.Just a few years earlier, this would have been unthinkable in Sonepat, where only the men in the family were free to go into wrestling, but not the women.Now the women here talk of their target—the Olympics.“I saw Sushil Kumar, and saw Sakshi didi win in Rio,” says Sonam. “Since then I have been working hard because I want to win a medal at the Olympics.” Read the full article

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loyallogic · 4 years

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Execution, Suspension, Remission And Commutation of Sentences

This article is written by Nishtha Pandey (batch 2023), student of Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University, Lucknow. This article seeks to explain various Constitutional and Statutory provisions relating to Execution, suspension, remission and commutation of sentences.

Introduction

In the country, there are various constitutional and statutory provisions which suspend, remit or commute sentences, given to the convict. Under the Indian Constitution, 1950, Article 72 and Article 161 empower the Governor and the President to grant pardon, suspend, remit or commute the sentence. Meanwhile in the Criminal Procedural Code, 1973, there is a whole Chapter XXXII dedicated to the suspension, remission and commutation of sentence.

Object and scope of the topic

The power to remit, suspend or commutate a sentence is exercised by the head of the state. The executive can show mercy on the convict by way of remission, suspension or commutation etc. The basic purpose of the suspension, remission, commutation and other forms of showing mercy, is to take into consideration certain aspects of the case which do not arise during the proceedings in the court of law. Just like the other Chapters of CrPC, this is applicable to the whole of India.

Execution of sentence of death

Execution of order passed under Section 368

Under Section 366 of the CrPC,1973, a session judge cannot execute a death sentence without the confirmation of the High Court, till that time the convict has to be in jail custody. The High Court, under Section 368 of the CrPC, looks into the case. The High Court can:

Confirm the sentence given by the Session Court.

Annul the conviction and convict the accused of the same charges as that of the Session Court or may order for fresh proceedings on the same or altered charges.

May acquit the person, as the time for the appeal has not lapsed yet or the appeal has been disposed of.

Any order received by the Session Court from the High Court has to be executed by the Session Court by way of issuance of a warrant. (Section 413 of the CrPC).

Execution of sentence of death passed by High court

Under Section 414 of the CrPC, if the High Court, passes the order of death sentence in appeal or revision, the Session Court has to carry on the order by issuing a warrant.

Duty of the jail superintendent in certain cases

When the High Court certifies to the Sessions Judge, any information regarding the confirmation, annulment of charges of the accused in the case that was sent by way of an appeal or revision, the Session judge will send a warrant to the Superintendent of Jail of which the prisoner was originally committed. If the prisoner is transferred to another jail, then, in that case, the Superintendent of Jail has to send back the warrant to the Sessions Judges who in turn will give the warrant to the Superintendent of the Jail in which the prisoner is transferred.

In case of alteration of the charges by the appellate courts by way of an appeal or revision, the same would be informed to the Superintendent of Jail to which the prisoner is committed. Even in the case of immediate release of the prisoner from the jail, the Sessions Judge by way of a warrant would inform the Superintendent of the Jail. the superintendent after such execution will give the original warrant, duly filled to the district magistrate in which the trial was held.

Postponement of execution of death sentence

In case of appeal to the Supreme Court

Under Section 415 of the CrPC, 1973, the High Court may order for the postponement of the execution of death sentence, if the case has been sent to the Supreme Court for appeal (Article 134 of the Indian Constitution). The postponement would be until the time for preferring such appeal has been lapsed or the appeal has been disposed of, altogether.

If the death sentence has been confirmed by the High Court, the person so sentenced may ask the High Court, by way of an application for the grant of a certificate under article 134 or 132 of the Indian Constitution. The High Court has to postpone the execution of the death sentence until such demand is disposed of by the High Court or such certificate of appeal has been granted before the time of considering such appeal by the Supreme Court has not lapsed.

When the death sentence has been confirmed by the High Court, but the High Court is satisfied that the person so sentenced intends to file a Special Leave Petition to the Supreme Court under Article 136 of the Indian Constitution. The High Court will order the postponement of the execution of the death sentence till the time which is reasonable for the person who is sentenced, to file such appeal in the Supreme Court.

Postponement of capital sentence on a pregnant woman

Under Section 416 of the CrPC, if the woman who is sentenced is found to be pregnant, then the High Court, in that case, can postpone the sentence or if it deems fit, the High Court can also commute the sentence to life imprisonment.

Place of imprisonment

The State Government unless provided has the power to direct the place of imprisonment for any person who is convicted under CrPC.

Moreover, if the person who is convicted under the provisions of CrPC, is confined in the civil jail, then the magistrate of the court shall order that the person so convicted, should be shifted to a criminal jail. However, if the person who was transferred to the criminal jail from the civil jail, will be sent back to the civil jail unless-

Three years have lapsed, the person, in this case, shall be released under Section 58 of the CPC, 1908 or Section 23 of the Provincial Insolvency Code.

The which ordered the imprisonment of the person in the civil jail orders the officer in charge to release of the convicted person under Section 58 of CPC or Section 23 of the Provincial Insolvency Code.

Execution of sentences of imprisonment

Under Section 418 of the CrPC, a person who is imprisoned for life or for terms other than those mentioned in Section 413 of the CrPC, the court passing such sentence has to give a warrant to the place where the person has to be confined unless such person is confined to such place. However it must be the person who is imprisoned till the court is rising, then there is no need to forward a warrant to the jail and the person shall be confined as per the direction of the court.

Under Section 418(2) of the CrPC, if the accused is not present in the court at the time when he is sentenced to such imprisonment, then, in that case, the court has to order for the arrest of that person, by way of an arrest warrant, for forwarding him to jail or any other place where he shall be confined and the sentence will start from the time of arrest of the accused.

In the case of Ishwarbhai Hirabhai Churana vs the State of Gujrat, this Section is held to be mandatory. Moreover, under this Section, the court also owes a duty to ensure that the sentence is executed, otherwise, the accused may avoid it.

The warrant issued is non – bailable, as it empowers the authority to arrest the person, after the issuance of this warrant. Such a warrant is necessary in case the sentence was pronounced in the absence of the accused.

A warrant for the execution of sentence of imprisonment

Under Section 419 of the CrPC, the warrants for the execution of the sentence of imprisonment has to be directed to the in-charge of the jail or of any place in which the accused is to be confined. But if the person is to be confined in the jail, then the warrant needs to be given to the jailor.

Execution of the sentence of fine

A warrant for the levy of fine

When the court sentences to levy the fine on the offender, it can recover it through either or both of these methods

Issue of warrant for the levy of amount through the attachment of the movable property of the offender.

Issue of a warrant to the district collector and order him to collect it as an arrear of land revenue accruing from a movable or immovable property or both. The collector, in this case, shall collect the arrears of revenue as per the prevailing laws with respect to the collection of revenue in the country. The warrant here will only serve the purpose of a certificate.

It is important to note that in case it is mentioned that there shall be imprisonment if default of payment happens, and if the offender has already served the default sentence, then no court shall issue such warrant, unless there are some special circumstances which have to be recorded in writing, or if there is an order for the payment of compensation of fine that arose as per the provisions of Section 357.

The state government can make rules in regards to how the execution of the recovery of the fines would take place and the summary claims made by a person other than the offender himself would be considered accordingly.

No such warrant shall be executed by the arrest or detention of the person in the prison.

Effect of such warrant

The court shall order the attachment of property for the recovery of fines within the local limits of its jurisdiction, however, it could order such attachment outside its jurisdiction too if it is endorsed by the District Magistrate of the area in which the property to be attached is present.

A warrant for the levy of fine issued by a court in any territory to which this Code does not extend

If the offender has been sentenced to pay the fine in the territory where this code does not apply, then the court would issue a warrant to the District Collector of the area where the code applies and order him to collect the fine by way of arrears of revenue. This warrant shall be treated as if it is issued under Section 421 of the Code and all the conditions would apply accordingly.

Suspension of execution of the sentence of imprisonment in default of payment of fine

When the offender has been sentenced to fine only and in case of default of payment he shall be imprisoned, and if the fine is not paid then:

The order that the fine shall be made in full within 30 days of such order or in instalments in which the first instalments shall be made within 30 days of such order and the next instalments within the intervals of not more than 30 days.

The court may order the suspension of imprisonment order, if the offender gives a bond with sureties or not, depending upon the court, for the payment of the fine in full or in instalments. If the offender fails to furnish the fine at the latest date on which such instalments has to be made, then the court shall order the execution of the imprisonment order.

This shall also apply in the case where the order for the payment of money has been made for the non- recovery of which imprisonment may be made. And if the person fails to furnish a bond for the payment of the fine, the court may order the execution of the imprisonment immediately

General provisions regarding the execution

Who may issue a warrant?

Under Section 425, every warrant which is issued for execution is to be given by the Magistrate or the Judge or Magistrate who passed the sentence or by their successor in-charge.

The sentence on an escaped convict

If a sentence of death, life imprisonment or fine is passed under the provisions of this code, on an escaped convict, then the execution of such sentence should take effect immediately.

When the sentence is passed on the escaped convict then:

When this sentence is more severe than the previous sentence from which the convict escaped, then the sentence shall take place immediately.

If the present sentence is less severe than the sentence from which the convict escape then the accused has to serve the term which is remaining of the sentence he escaped from.

The sentence of rigorous imprisonment will be more severe than the imprisonment of the simple nature.

The sentence on offender already sentenced for another offence

If a person has been previously convicted for a sentence and then is subsequently convicted for another, then the person has to serve his former punishment first and then will serve the punishment sentenced later. Or if the court orders that both the punishment are to be served concurrently. The punishment could be imprisonment or imprisonment for life. It is also to be noted that where a person who has been sentenced to imprisonment by an order under Section 122 in default of furnishing security is while undergoing such sentence, sentenced to imprisonment for an offence committed prior to the making of such order, the latter sentence shall commence immediately.

However, if a person is already sentenced to life imprisonment and then subsequently is punished for a term or for life imprisonment, then the former sentence would run concurrent to the latest imprisonment.

Period of detention undergone by the accused against the sentence of imprisonment

Where an accused is serving a sentence, other than the one on the default of payment of fine, and the term of detention undergone by him during the investigation and trial of the same case shall be set off against the term imposed on him from such conviction. The person shall be liable only for the term of imprisonment left if in case the sentence of imprisonment is given to him.

In case of a sentence given under Section 433A, such period of detention shall be set off against fourteen years referred to in that Section.

But nothing in Section 426 and Section 427 shall be the reason to excuse any person from the term he is sentenced to in his former or subsequent conviction.

When an award of imprisonment in default of payment of a fine is added to a substantive sentence of imprisonment and the person undergoing the sentence is after its execution to undergo a further substantive sentence or substantive sentences of imprisonment. In this case, the sentence accruing to the default of payment of fine should be served by the person only after he has undergone the subsequent sentences.

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Return of warrant on execution of sentence

When the sentence has been executed fully, the officer executing such a sentence will have to return the warrant to the court which has issued it. The warrant that is returned has to be undersigned by the respective officer. The method of execution of the sentence must also be specified by the officer in charge.

Money ordered to be paid recoverable as a fine

Any money which is payable (other than fine) under the provision of this act, and the method of recovery of such money is not expressly given in the Code, then it shall be collected in the manner as if it is fine.

It is to be noted that Section 421 shall, in its application to an order under Section 359, by virtue of this Section, be construed as if in the proviso to Sub-Section (1) of Section 421, after the words and figures “under Section 357”, the words and figures “or an order for payment of costs under Section 359” had been inserted.

Suspension and remission of sentences

Constitutional provisions

The Constitution of India, vests a large amount of sovereign power in the President and the Governor. Centre and the State are governed in the name of President and Governor respectively. Under Article 72 of the Indian Constitution, the President has the power to pardon, remit, suspend or commute any sentence.

Under Article 72, the President has the power to pardons, reprieves, respites or remission of punishment or to suspend remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence:

In cases where the punishment is given by the court-martial. The Governor’s power to remit, suspend or commute the sentence under the laws of the State, shall be given precedence.

In cases where the power of executive extends.

In cases where the punishment is a death sentence.

Similarly, under Article 161 of the Constitution of India, these powers are conferred on the Governor of the States. The Governor can pardon, reprieve, respite a punishment or suspend, remit or commute the sentence, which is given on the basis of the laws prevalent in the State, to which the executive power of the State extends.

The difference between the pardoning power of the President and that of the Governor is that the Governor does not enjoy the power to grant pardon to a death sentence.

However, this power of the President is not absolute and depends on the consultation with the council of ministers. This is not present in the Constitution but practically this process is followed. Further, the Constitution does not provide for any mechanism to check the legality of the decision taken by the President and the Governor while exercising their mercy power. However, in the case of Epuru Sudhakar vs the State of Andhra Pradesh, a small leeway is provided for judicial review of the mercy granting power of the President and the Governor to rule out any sort of arbitrariness.

Suspension or remission of sentences

The suspension is the stay or postponement of the execution of the sentence. In remission, the duration of the sentence is reduced, without changing the nature of the sentence. Remission and suspension differ to a large extent. In remission, the nature of the sentence is remained untouched, while the duration is reduced i.e. the rest of the sentence need not be undergone. For example, a person sentenced for a term of two years, his sentence is now reduced to one year. The effect of the remission is that the prisoner is given a certain date on which he shall be released and the eyes of the law he would be a free man. However, in case of breach of any of the condition of remission, it will be cancelled and the offender has to serve the entire term for which he was originally sentenced.

The procedure followed is given under Section 432 of CrPC, 1973. The government would ask the opinion of the court which gave such a sentence. The court would revert with proper records. The government can grant or reject the application for remission and suspension if in its view all the conditions necessary for such a grant are not fulfilled. the offender may if at large, be arrested by any police officer without a warrant and is to undergo the unexpired portion of the sentence. The power of remission is wholly an executive action. There is no law as such to question the legality of this action, but the government should use this power fairly and not in an arbitrary manner. However, the court must consider the limitation provided under Section 433A of the CrPC, 1973. The power of remission and suspension should not in any way interfere with the conviction of the court, it should affect the execution of the sentence.

Commutation of sentence

In contrast to Suspension and Remission, which only affect the duration of the punishment without interfering with the nature of the punishment, Commutation, on the other hand, changes the nature of the punishment and converts it into a less severe form of punishment.

There is nothing to restrict the government to commutate a sentence, even if it is as low as a fine. Under Section 433 of the CrPC, the appropriate government gets the power to commutate the sentence in an appropriate case. Various sentences are eligible for commutation, one of them is death sentence i.e.mercy plea.

Death sentence to any other punishment provided in the IPC.

Imprisonment for life to any other imprisonment not exceeding fourteen years or fine.

Sentence of rigorous imprisonment for simpler imprisonment which the person has been sentenced or a fine.

Sentence for a simple sentence to a fine.

Commutation of death sentence has always been in the controversy, it raises an issue regarding the basic human rights of the accused and on the other hand the impact of the grave crime on the society. Section 433 of the CrPC gives the power to the government to commutate the death sentence to a simpler sentence.

Most of the convicts of the death sentence, get their sentence reduced to 14 years of life imprisonment in accordance with the provisions of CrPC.

Restriction on powers of remission or commutation in certain cases

Section 433A of the CrPC puts a restriction on the power of the President and the Governor that they can’t commutate the death sentence to less than 14 years of life imprisonment. In absence of any order under Section 51 of the IPC or Section 433A of the CrPC, the convicts are not released even after the expiry of 14 years of imprisonment.

Moreover, remission can be granted under Section 432 of the CrPC in case of a definite term of sentence. The power is to grant “additional” term of imprisonment which is over and above the remission granted to convict under the jail manual or statutory rules. In case of an indefinite sentence, like that of life imprisonment, may remit or suspend the sentence of the person but not on the basis that such imprisonment is arbitrary or on the assumption that it is for twenty years.

Concurrent power of the Central Government in case of death sentences

Under Section 434 of the CrPC, it is stated that the powers under Section 432 and Section 433, which are given to the State government, can be exercised by the Central government in case of a death sentence.

State government to act after consultation with the Central Government in certain cases

Under Section 435 of the CrPC it is stated that the power given to the state government to remit or commutate a sentence in an offence:

Which is investigated under the Delhi Special Police Establishment or by any other agency which is constituted under any Central Act other than this Code.

Which involves misappropriation or destruction of, or damage to any property belonging to the Central government.

Which was committed by the person who is working under the Central government and was discharging his official duty.

Such offences, as mentioned above, shall not be discharged by the state government except after the consultation of the central government. Moreover, no order of remission, commutation, or suspension by the state government shall apply where the executive power of the Central government also extends, or where the terms of imprisonment of a person have to run concurrently. Such orders will have effect only where the central government has passed the same sentence with regard to the subject matter on which the executive power of the centre extends.

According to the 41st Report of the Law Commission of India, it was stated that there are some matters on which the centre is vitally concerned although on those subject matters the laws of the State government would apply. It is thus necessary that the central government should have a say on those matters and the state government should work only in consultation of the central government otherwise the administration of law and justice would be very difficult for the central government.

Conclusion

The sentence awarded by the judiciary to an offender can be remitted, suspended or commutated by the executive action. The provisions of the Constitution and Criminal Procedure Code, 1973, gives various powers to the President and the Governor to alter the sentence awarded to the offender. This executive power has no legal check but after the few judicial cases, a small window for the judicial review has been available.

Remission in basic terms means to reduce the duration of the term of the sentence. Suspension, on the other hand, means to postpone the sentence without changing its duration. The above two do not interfere with the nature of the sentence. Commutation, in contrast, changes the nature of the punishment and turns it into a less severe one.

There are also various matters on which the state has to pass sentence in the consultation of the Central Government as the latter is vitally concerned with those subject matter. Under the CrPC, separate provisions are present for pregnant women.

References

http://delhihighcourt.nic.in/writereaddata/upload/CourtRules/CourtRuleFile_NVFKGPCU.PDF

https://mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Advisory%20on%20433A_0.pdf

https://devgan.in/crpc/chapter_32.php#s432

https://www.gktoday.in/gk/Presidential-pardon-judicial-review/

http://lawtimesjournal.in/difference-between-execution-suspension-remission-and-commutation-of-sentences

https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/148889/13/13_chapter%206.pdf

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sonita0526 · 4 years

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कोर्ट परिसर में बार एसोसिएशन के ज्वाइंट सेक्रेटरी पर बम से हमला, 6 वकील जख्मी

लखनऊ. उत्तर प्रदेश की राजधानी लखनऊ में गुरुवार की दोपहर जिला सत्र न्यायालय में बार एसोसिएशन के संयुक्त मंत्री संजीव लोधी पर बमबाजी का मामला सामने आया है। इस जानलेवा हमले में संजीव लोधी मामूली रूप से घायल हुए हैं। जबकि, पांच अन्य वकीलों को भी मामूली रुप से चोट आई है। उन्हें अस्पताल ले जाया गया है। इस दौरान 1 फटा बम और 3 जिन्दा बम बरामद हुआ है।वजीरगंज पुलिस मौके पर है। पड़ताल जारी है।

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margdarsanme · 4 years

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NCERT Class 12 English Chapter 5 Indigo

NCERT Class 12 English :: Chapter 5 Indigo

(English Flamingo Prose)

QUESTIONS FROM TEXTBOOK SOLVED:

THINK AS YOU READ Q1. Strike out what is not true in the following:(a)Rajkumar Shukla was:(i)a sharecropper (ii)a politician(iii)delegate (iv)a landlord.(b) Rajkumar Shukla was:(i) poor (ii)physically strong(iii) illiterate.Ans: (a) (ii) a politician(b) (ii) physically strong

Q2. Why is Rajkumar Shukla described as being ‘resolute’?Ans: He had come all the way from Champaran district in the foothills of Himalayas to Lucknow to speak to Gandhi. Shukla accompanied Gandhi everywhere. Shukla followed him to the ashram near Ahmedabad. For weeks he never left Gandhi’s side till Gandhi asked him to meet at Calcutta.

Q3. Why do you think the servants thought Gandhi to be another peasant?Ans: Shukla led Gandhi to Rajendra Prasad’s house. The servants knew Shukla as a poor yeoman. Gandhi was also clad in a simple dhoti. He was the companion of a peasant. Hence, the servants thought Gandhi to be another peasant.

THINK AS YOU READQ1. List the places that Gandhi visited between his first meeting with Shukla and his arrival at Champaran.Ans: Gandhi’s first meeting with Shukla was at Lucknow. Then he went to Cawnpore and other parts of India. He returned to his ashram near Ahmedabad. Later he went to Calcutta, Patna and Muzaffarpur before arriving at Champaran.

Q2. What did the peasants pay the British landlords as rent? What did the British now want instead and why? What would be the impact of synthetic indigo on the prices of natural indigo?Ans: The peasants paid the British landlords indigo as rent. Now Germany had developed synthetic indigo. So, the British landlords wanted money as compensation for being released from the 15 per cent arrangement. The prices of natural indigo would go down due to the synthetic Indigo.

THINK AS YOU READ Q1. The events in this part of the text illustrate Gandhi’s method of working. Can you identify some instances of this method and link them to his ideas of Satyagraha and non-violence?Ans: Gandhi’s politics was intermingled with the day-to-day problems of the millions of Indians. He opposed unjust laws. He was ready to court arrest for breaking such laws and going to jail. The famous Dandi March to break the ‘salt law’ is another instance. The resistance and disobedience was peaceful and a fight for truth and justice…This was linked directly to his ideas of Satyagraha and non-violence.

THINK AS YOU READQ1. Why did Gandhi agree to a settlement of 25 per cent refund to the farmers?Ans: For Gandhi the amount of the refund was less important than the fact that the landlords had been forced to return part of the money, and with it, part of their prestige too. So, he agreed to settlement of 25 per cent refund to the farmers.

Q2. How did the episode change the plight of the peasants?Ans: The peasants were saved from spending time and money on court cases. After some years the British planters gave up control of their estates. These now reverted to the peasants. Indigo sharecropping disappeared.

UNDERSTANDING THE TEXTQ1.Why do you think Gaffdhi considered the Champaran episode to be a turning- point in his life?Ans: The Champaran episode began as an attempt to ease the sufferings of large number of poor peasants. He got spontaneous support of thousands of people. Gandhi admits that what he had done was a very ordinary thing. He declared that the British could not order him about in his own country. Hence, he considered the Champaran episode as a turning- point in his life.

Q2. How was Gandhi able to influence lawyers? Give instances.Ans: Gandhi asked the lawyers what they would do if he was sentenced to prison. They said that they had come to advise him. If he went to jail, they would go home. Then Gandhi asked them about the injustice to the sharecroppers. The lawyers held consultations. They came to the conclusion that it would be shameful desertion if they went home. So, they told Gandhi that they were ready to follow him into jail.

Q3. “What was the attitude of the average Indian in smaller localities towards advocates of ‘home rule’?Ans: The average Indians in smaller localities were afraid to show sympathy for the advocates of home-rule. Gandhi stayed at Muzaffarpur for two days at the home of Professor Malkani, a teacher in a government school. It was an extraordinary thing in those days for a government professor to give shelter to one who opposed the government.

Q4. How do we know that ordinary people too contributed to the freedom movement?Ans: Professor J.B. Kriplani received Gandhi at Muzaffarpur railway station at midnight. He had a large body of students with him. Sharecroppers from Champaran came on foot and by conveyance to see Gandhi. Muzaffarpur lawyers too called on him. A vast multitude greeted Gandhi when he reached Motihari railway station. Thousands of people demonstrated around the court room. This shows that ordinary people too contributed to the freedom movement in India.

TALKING ABOUT THE TEXTDiscuss the following:Q1. “Freedom from fear is more important than Legal justice for the poor.”Do you think that the poor of India are free from fear after Independence?Ans: For the poor of India means of survival are far more important than freedom or legal justice. I don’t think the poor of India are free from fear after Independence.The foreign rulers have been replaced by corrupt politicians and self-serving bureaucracy. Power- brokers and moneylenders have a field day. The situation has improved in cities and towns for the poor but the poor in the remote villages still fear the big farmers and moneylenders. The police and revenue officials are still objects of terror for them.The poor, landless workers have to still work hard to make both ends meet. Peasants and tenant-farmers have to borrow money from rich moneylenders on exorbitant rates of interest, which usually they fail to repay due to failure of monsoon or bad crops. Cases of small farmers committing suicide are quite common. If this is not due to fear, what is the reason behind it?

Q2. The qualities of a good leader.Ans: A good leader has a mass appeal. He rises from the masses, thinks for them and works for them. He is sincere in his approach. He is a man of principles. Truth, honesty, patriotism, morality, spirit of service and sacrifice are the hallmarks of a good leader. He never mixes politics with religion or sect. He believes in working for the welfare of the nation and does not think in the narrow terms of class, caste or region. Corruption and nepotism are two evils that surround a leader in power. The life of a good leader is an open book. There is no difference between his words and actions. Such good leaders are very rare. What we find today are practical politicians, who think of achieving their end without bothering about . the purity of means. The law of expediency gets the better of morality.

WORKING WITH WORDS 1.List the words used in the text that are related to legal procedures.For example: depositionAns: Notice, summons, prosecutor, trial, plead, guilty, order, penalty, sentence, bail, judgement, prison, case, inquiry, evidence, commission.•List other words that you know that fall into this category.Ans. Complaint, complainant, decree, defendant, witness, prosecution, defence, sessions, jury, verdict, decision.

THINKING ABOUT LANGUAGE Q1. Notice the sentences in the text which are in ‘direct speech’. Why does the author use quotations in his narration?Ans: The following sentences in the text are in ‘direct speech’.(а)He said, “I will tell you how it happened that I decided to urge the departure of the British. It was in 1917.”(b)Gandhi recounted. “A peasant came up to me looking like any other peasant in India, poor and emaciated, and said, ‘I am Rajkumar Shukla. I am from Champaran, and I want you to come to my district!”(c)Gandhi said, “I have to be in Calcutta on such-and-such a date. Come and meet me and take me from there”.(d)“It was an extraordinary thing ‘in those days,” Gandhi commented, Tor a government professor to harbour a man like me.’(e)He said, “I have come to the conclusion that we should stop going to law courts. Taking such cases to the courts does little good. Where the peasants are so crushed and fear-stricken, law courts are useless. The real relief for them is to be free from fear.”(f) “The commissioner,” Gandhi reports, “proceeded to bully me and advised me forthwith to leave Tirhut”.(g)‘But how much must we pay?’ they asked Gandhi.(h)One woman took Kasturbabai into her hut and said, “Look, there is no box or cupboard here for clothes. The sari I am wearing is the only one I have”.(i) “What I did”, he explained, “was a very ordinary thing. I declared that the British could not order me about in my own country”.(j) He said, “You think that in this unequal fight it would be helpful if we have an Englishman on our side. This shows the weakness of your heart. The cause is just and you must rely upon yourselves to win the battle. You should not seek a prop in Mr ‘ Andrews because he happens to be an Englishman”.(k) “He had read our minds correctly,” Rajendra Prasad comments, “and we had no reply … Gandhi in this way taught uS a lesson in self-reliance”.The choice of the direct form strengthens the effectiveness of narration. The author uses quotations to highlight certain points which may not appear so effective in reporting indirectly.

Q2. Notice the use or non-use of the comma in the following sentences:(a) When I first visited Gandhi in 1942 at his ashram in Sevagram, he told me what happened in Champaran.(b) He had not proceeded far when the police superintendent’s messenger overtook him. (c) When the court reconvened, the judge said he would not deliver the judgement for several days.Ans: (i) When the subordinate clause comes before the main clause, a comma is used to separate it from the main clause.(ii) No comma is used when the main clause comes before the subordinate clause.

THINGS TO DO 1.Choose an issue that has provoked a controversy like the Bhopal Gas Tragedy or the Narmada Dam Project in which the lives of the poor have been affected.2.Find out the facts of the case.3.Present your arguments.4.Suggest a possible settlement.Ans: Extension activity : To be attempted under the guidance of the teacher.

MORE QUESTIONS SOLVED

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONSQ1.Who was Rajkumar Shukla? Why did he come to Lucknow?Ans: Rajkumar Shukla was a poor peasant from Champaran district in Bihar. He had come to Lucknow, where a Congress session was being held, to complain about the injustice of the landlord system in Bihar.

Q2. Where is Champaran district situated? What did the peasants grow there? How did they use their harvest?Ans: Champaran district of Bihar is situated in the foothills of the Himalayas, near the kingdom of Nepal. Under an ancient arrangement, the Champaran peasants were sharecroppers. They had to grow indigo on 15 per cent of the land and give it to the English estate owners as rent.

Q3. How did the development of synthetic indigo affect the English estate owners and the Indian tenants?Ans: The English estate owners saw that indigo cultivation was no longer profitable.Ihey wanted money from the sharecroppers as compensation for being released from the 15 per cent arrangement. They obtained agreements from their tenants to this effect and extorted money illegally and deceitfully.

Q4. How did the Indian peasants react to the new agreement released them from sharecropping arrangement?Ans: The sharecropping arrangement was troublesome to the peasants. Many of them signed the new agreement willingly. Some resisted and engaged lawyers. Then they came to know about synthetic indigo. The peasants wanted their money back.

Q5. Why do you think Gandhi was not permitted to draw water from Rajendra Prasad’s well at Patna?Ans: The servants of Rajendra Prasad thought Gandhi to be another peasant. They did not know him. They were not certain whether he was an untouchable or not. They feared that some drops from his bucket might pollute the entire well. So, he was not permitted to draw water from the well.

Q6. Why did Gandhi decide to go first to Muzaffarpur before going to Champaran:Ans: Gandhi wanted to obtain more complete information about conditions than Shukla was capable of imparting. Muzaffarpur lawyers, who frequently represented peasant groups in courts, brief Gandhi about their cases.

Q7. Why did Gandhi chide the lawyers? What according to him was the real relief for the sharecroppers?Ans: Gandhi chided the lawyers for collecting big fee from the poor sharecroppers. He thought that taking such cases to the court did little good to the crushed and fear-stricken peasants. The relief for them, according to Gandhi, was to be free from fear.

Q8. How did Ga n dhi begin his mission in Champaran ? How far did his efforts prove successful ?Ans: He began by trying to get the facts. First, he visited the secretary of the British landlord’s association. He told Gandhi that they could give no information to an outsider. Then Gandhi called on the British official commissioner of the Tirhut Division. The commissioner tried to bully Gandhi and advised him to leave Tirhut.

Q9. How did Gandhi react to the commissioner’s advice? Where did he go and how did people react to his arrival?Ans: Gandhiji did not leave Tirhut division. Instead, he went to Motihari, the capital of Champaran. Several lawyers accompanied him. At the railway station, a very large crowd of people greeted Gandhi.

Q10. Where did Gandhiji want to go? What happened to him on the way? Ans: Gandhiji wanted to go to a nearby village where a peasant had been maltreated. He had not gone far when the police superintendent’s messenger overtook him and ordered him to return to town in his carriage. Gandhiji obeyed the order and returned with him.

Q11. ‘In consequence, Gandhi received a summons to appear in the court next day.’Which events of the previous day led to this state of affairs?Ans: The police superintendent’s messenger served an official notice on Gandhi. It ordered him to quit Champaran immediately. Gandhi signed a receipt for the notice. He wrote on the receipt that he would disobey the order. Hence, he was summoned to appear in the court.

Q12. What according to Gandhi was the beginning of the poor peasants’ ‘Liberation front fear of the British’ ?Ans: The next morning the town of Motihari was black with peasants. They had heard that a Mahatma who wanted to help them was in trouble with the authorities. They spontaneously demonstrated, in thousands, arround the courthouse. Gandhiji called their action of protest as their liberation from fear of the British.

Q13. Why did Gandhiji feel that taking the Champaran case to the court was useless?[Delhi 2014]Ans: Gandhiji felt that taking the Champaran case to the court was useless. Because the real relief for the peasants would come only when they become fearless. The peasants were in acute panic.

Q14. What was the “conflict of duties” in which Gandhi was involved?Ans: First, he did not want to set a bad example as a law breaker. Second, he wanted to render the “humanitarian and national service” for which he had come. He respected the lawful authority, but disregarded the order to leave to obey the voice of his conscience.

Q15. What according to Rajendra Prasad, was the upshot of the consultations of the lawyers regarding the injustice to sharecroppers?Ans: They thought that Gandhi was a total stranger. Yet he was ready to go to prison for the sake of the peasants. On the other hand, the lawyers were the residents of nearby districts. They also claimed to have served these peasants. It would be shameful desertion if they should go home then.

Q16. “Civil disobedience had triumphed, the first time in modern India.” How?Ans: A case against Gandhi was initiated for disregarding government orders. The spontaneous demonstration of thousands of peasants baffled the officials. The judge was requested to postpone the trial. Gandhi refused to furnish bail. The judge released him without bail. Several days later Gandhi received an official letter. The case against him had been dropped. Thus, civil disobedience had triumphed.

Q17. What do you think, led Gandhi to exclaim “The battle of Champaran is won”?Ans: Gandhi was ready to go to jail fighting against the injustice to the sharecroppers. Many prominent lawyers had come from all over Bihar to advise and help him. At first, they said they would go back if Gandhi went to prison. Later, they had consultations. They told Gandhi they were ready to follow him into jail. This support made Gandhi extremely happy and confident. This confidence led him to exclaim that the battle of Champaran was won.

Q18. How did Gandhi and the lawyers try to secure justice for the sharecroppers?Ans: They started conducting a detailed enquiry into the grievances of the peasants. Depositions by about ten thousand peasants were written down. Notes were made on other evidence. Documents were collected. The whole area came alive with the activities of the investigators. The landlords raised loud protests.

Q19. What was the reaction of Gandhi and his associates when he was summoned to the lieutenant governor?Ans: In June, Gandhiji was summoned to Sir Edward Gait, the Lieutenant Governor. Anything could happen. Gandhi met his leading associates before going. Detailed plans for civil disobedience were chalked out in case he should not return.

Q20. What was the outcome of the four protracted interviews Gandhiji had with the Lieutenant Governor? Ans: An official commission of enquiry into the sharecroppers’ situation was appointed. This commission consisted of landlords, government officials and Gandhi as the sole representative of the peasants.

Q21. Why did the big planters agree in principle to make refund to the peasants?Ans: The official inquiry assembled a huge quantity of evidence against the big planters. The crushing evidence forced the big planters to agree in principle to make refund to the peasants.

Q22. What amount of repayment did the big planters think Gandhi would demand? What did Gandhi ask? What amount was finally settled?Ans: They thought Gandhi would demand repayment in full of the money they had extorted from the sharecroppers. Gandhi asked only 50 per cent. The planters offered to refund up to 25 per cent. Gandhi was adamant on 50 per cent. The deadlock was broken when Gandhi agreed to a settlement of 25 per cent refund to peasants.

Q23. HQW did the refund-settlement influence the peasant-landlord relationship in Champaran?Ans: Before the settlement of the refund, the planters had behaved as lords above the law. Now the peasant saw that he had rights and defenders. He learned courage. Within a few years, the British planters abandoned their estates. The peasants became masters of the land. There were no sharecropers now.

Q24. Which other spheres besides political or economic fields received Gandhi’s attention during his long stay in Champaran?Ans:The cultural and social backwardness of the Champaran areas pained Gandhi. He appealed for teachers. Several persons responded to his call. Primary schools were opened in six villages. Kasturba taught the ashram rules on personal cleanliness and community sanitation. With the help of a doctor and three medicines, they tried to fight the miserable health conditions.

Q25.“This was typical Gandhi pattern” observes Louis Fischer. What do you learn about Gandhian politics from the extract ‘Indigo’?Ans:Gandhi’s politics was intermixed with the practical, everyday life of the millions of Indians. This was not a loyalty to abstractions. It was a loyalty to living human beings. In everything Gandhi did, he tried to mould a new free Indian who could stand on his own feet and thus make India free.

Q26. How did Gandhi teach his followers a lesson of self-reliance?Ans. During the Champaran action, Gandhi’s lawyer friends thought it would be good if C.F. Andrews stayed on in Champaran and helped them. Gandhi opposed this idea as it showed the weakness of their heart. Their cause was just and they must rely upon themselves to win this unequal fight. They should not seek the support of Mr Andrews because he happened to be an Englishman.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONSQ1. What solution to the problems of the poor did Gandhi suggest? How far did the Champaran movement help in this direction?OR“The real relief for them is to be free from fear”, remarked Gandhi. What do you think, was “the beginning of their liberation from the fear of the British” ?Ans. The sharecropper peasants had to grow indigo on 15 per cent of their holdings and surrender the indigo harvest as rent to the landlord. When Germany developed synthetic indigo, the British planters started extracting money illegally and deceitfully as compensation from the peasants for being released from the 15 per cent arrangement. The peasants were made to sign new agreements and pay money. The planters behaved as lords above the law. Many peasants engaged lawyers at hefty fees and went to courts.The Muzaffarpur lawyers briefed Gandhi about the peasants for whom they frequently represented in courts. Gandhi realised that these peasants were badly crushed and fear- stricken. Freedom from fear was more important than legal justice for them. Gandhiji was ready to court arrest for them. Thousands of peasants demonstrated spontaneously around the court. The government had to release Gandhi without bail. This voluntary uprising of the peasants marked the beginning of their liberation from the fear of the British.

Q2. Why was Gandhi summoned to appear in the court? How did he gain his liberty ?OR‘Civil disobedience had triumphed, the first time in modern India.’Relate the events during Gandhi’s stay in Champaran that led to the triumph.Ans. Gandhi had reached Motihari, the Capital of Champaran, to study the problems of the sharecropper peasants. He was on his way to a neighbouring village, where a peasant was ill-treated. On the way, he was stopped by the police superintendent’s messenger and ordered to return to town. When he reached home, he was served with an official notice to quit Champaran at once. Gandhi wrote on the receipt that he would disobey the order. So Gandhi received a summons to appear in the court the next day.Next morning the town of Motihari was black with peasants. Thousands of peasants demonstrated voluntarily outside the court. The prosecutor requested the judge to postpone the trial. Gandhi protested against the delay. He read out a statement pleading guilty. He asked the penalty. The judge announced that he would pronounce the sentence after a two-hour recess. He asked Gandhi to furnish bail for that period. Gandhi refused. The judge released him without bail. After the recess, the judge said that he would not deliver the judgement for several days. Meanwhile he allowed Gandhi to remain at liberty.Several days later Gandhi received a letter. The case against him had been dropped. Thus, civil disobedience had triumphed, for the first time in India.

Q3. Give an account of Gandhi’s efforts to secure justice for the poor indigo sharecroppers of Champaran.OR“Indigo sharecropping disappeared.” Which factors do you think, helped to achieve freedom for the fear-stricken peasants of Champaran?Ans. Gandhi went to Champaran on receiving reports of exploitation of the poor sharecropper peasants at the hands of British planters. He began by trying to get the facts. The British landlords as well as the Commissioner of Tirhut were non-cooperative. Lawyers from MuZaffarpur briefed him about the court cases of these peasants.Gandhi and the lawyers collected depositions by about ten thousand peasants. Notes were made on other evidence. Documents were collected. The whole area throbbed with the activities of the investigators and forceful protests of landlords.The lieutenant governor summoned Gandhi. After four protracted interviews an official commission of inquiry was appointed to look into the indigo sharecroppers’ condition. Gandhi was the sole representative of the peasants. The official inquiry assembled huge quantity of evidence against the big planters. They agreed, in principle, to make refunds to the peasants. After consultation, a settlement of 25 per cent refund to the farmers was agreed on. This was a moral victory of the peasants. They recognised their rights and learned courage.Within a few years the British planters gave up their estates. These now went back to the peasants. They became the masters of land. Thus, indigo sharecropping disappeared.

Q4. How did Gandhi work for rural uplift during his stay in ChamparantAns. Gandhi wanted to do something to remove the cultural and social backwardness in Champaran villages. He appealed for teachers. Two young disciples of Gandhi, Mahadev Desai and Narhari Parikh and their wives volunteered themselves for work. Several others responded from distant parts of the country. Mrs. Kasturba Gandhi and Devdas, Gandhi’s youngest son, arrived from the Ashram. Primary schools were opened in six villages. Kasturba taught the ashram rules on personal cleanliness and community cleanliness. She also talked to women about their filthy clothes.Health conditions were miserable. Gandhi got a doctor to volunteer his services for six months. Only three medicines were available: Castor oil, quinine and sulphur ointment. Anyone who showed a coated tongue was given a dose of castor oil; anybody with malaria fever received quinine plus castor oil; anybody with skin eruptions received ointment plus caster oil.Thus, Gandhi never contented himself with large political or economic solutions. He worked for total uplift of villages and the poor sections of the society.

Q5. ‘Self-reliance, Indian independence and help to sharecroppers were all bound together.’ Elucidate on the basis of reading ‘Indigo’ by Louis Fischer.OR‘The Champaran episode was a turning-point in Gandhi’s life. Explain with examples from ‘Indigo’ by Louis Fischer.Ans. Gandhi stayed in Champaran for a long time. The Champaran episode was a turning point in his life. It was during this struggle in 1917 that he decided to urge the departure of the British.Champaran episode did not begin as an act of defiance. It grew out of an attempt to make the sufferings of large numbers of poor peasants less severe. Gandhi concentrated on their practical day to day problems. He analysed the root cause of the problem-fear, and tried to eradicate it. The voluntary demonstration of the poor peasants against the government for putting Gandhi in trouble was the beginning of the end of their fear of the British.In everything Gandhi did, he tried to mould a new free Indian who could stand on his own feet and thus make India free. He taught his lawyer friends a lesson in self-reliance by opposing the involvement of C.F. Andrews, an Englishman in .their unequal fight. His help would be a prop. This would reflect their weakness. Their cause was just and they must rely on themselves to win the battle. Thus self-reliance, Indian independence and help to sharecroppers were all bound together.

Q6. Justify the appropriateness of the title ‘Indigo’ to this extract.Ans. The title ‘Indigo’ is quite appropriate, to the point and suggestive. It at once focuses our * attention on the central issue-the exploitation of the indigo sharecropper peasants at the hands of cruel British planters. They compelled them through a long term agreement to raise indigo on 15 per cent of their landholding and surrender the entire indigo harvest as rent.After the development of synthetic indigo by Germany, the British planters extracted money from the peasants as compensation for being released from the 15 per cent agreement. The peasants who wanted their money back had filed civil suits. The planters who behaved as lords above the law and were dreaded by the poor were obliged to surrender part of money and with it part of their prestige.The extract also points out the work done by Gandhi and his associates to improve the economic, political, cultural and social fife of the indigo sharecroppers. Their education, health and hygiene also received due attention. The plight of indigo sharecroppers, then- struggle under Gandhi’s leadership and ultimate victory when Indigo sharecropping disappeared from important landmarks. Thus, the title ‘Indigo’ is highly suggestive and apt.

Q7. What impression do you form about Gandhi on reading the chapter ‘Indigo’ ?Ans. The chapter ‘Indigo’ pays a tribute to the leadership shown by Mahatma Gandhi to secure justice for oppressed people through convincing argumentation and negotiation. Gandhi had a magnetic attraction and great persuasive power. He could draw people of all classes to himself and make them partners in the freedom movement. Even ordinary people were inspired to make contribution to the freedom movement.Gandhi emerges as a champion of the downtrodden and the oppressed. Rural uplift was his favourite programme. His knowledge of legal procedure and respect for law is also highlighted. He does not want to be a lawbreaker. At the same time he wants to render the humanitarian and national service in obedience to the higher law of our being, the voice of conscience. He also appears as a polite and friendly person. Gandhi’s ability to read the minds of others made them speechless. He believed in self-reliance, just cause and purity of means to achieve India’s Independence.

Q8. Why is the Champaran episode considered to be the beginning of the Indian struggle for Independence? [All India 2014]Ans. The Champaran episode began as an attempt to ease the sufferings of a large number of ’ peasants. He got spontaneous support of thousands of people. Gandhi declared that the British could not order him about in his own country. Under his leadership, the peasants became aware of their rights. Raj Kumar Shukla, a farmer of Champaran helped him a lot in bringing about the change. Other peasants too fought courageously and contributed in their own way to the movement. It resulted in their winning the battle of Champaran. The effects of Gandhi’s method of non-violence and non-cooperation proved very fruitful in this movement. Hence, it can be said that the Champaran episode is the beginning of the Indian struggle for independence.

VALUE-RASED QUESTIONSQ1. Patriotism is in political life what faith is in religion. John F Kennedy said, “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country”. Those who sacrifice their comfort for the welfare of the state get recognition. Write an article on the topic ‘Patriotism’. You can take ideas from the following hints:“They thought, amongst themselves, that Gandhi was totally a stranger, and yet he was prepared to go to prison for the sake of the peasants; if they, on the other hand, being not only residents of the adjoining districts but also those who claimed to have served these peasants, should go home, it would be shameful desertion.”Ans. Patriotism

Breathes there the man with soul so dead, who never to himself hath said, this is my own native land! —Scott

Patriotism implies love for one’s nation. A patriot is ready to sacrifice his comfort for the service of his nation. It was for his country’s sake that Sardar Bhagat Singh kissed the gallows. It was for the love for their land that Shivaji, Rana Pratap and Guru Govind Singh suffered untold hardships. True patriots respect other nations and religions but don’t allow anyone to insult their nation. A great philosopher said, “It is not gold that makes a nation great. It is the sacrifice and martyrdom of patriots that raises a nation to the heights of glory.” India is a land where patriots are in abundance. It got its freedom only because of the efforts of its patriots. Patriotism is a religion and an ideal. It is an ideology that guides the people of a nation. It is a feeling and a bond that unites the people of various sects, beliefs and backgrounds together. A patriot must not be narrow minded. He should develop an international progressive outlook. It would be pertinent to quote the words of Seneca here “No one loves his country for its size or eminence, but because it is his own.”

Q2. Undoubtedly, only a socially just country has the right to exist. In the modern world justice is a concept. Muscle is the reality. Corruption has become the way of the world. The destitute are exploited ruthlessly. People feel that ‘to make a living, craftiness is better than learnedness’. Write an article on the topic mentioned above taking ideas from the given lines:“Gandhi protested against the delay. He read a statement pleading guilty… when the court reconvened, the judge said he would not deliver the judgement for several days.”Ans. Corruption in Contemporary IndiaCorruption has engulfed all the educated, skilled and semi-skilled workers. Corruption means dishonesty and illegal behavior especially of the people in authority. A person resorts to corruption because of his poverty, lack of moral strength and other psychological and financial problems. Moreover, the path of righteousness is full of thorns. Some of the youngsters are misguided by the friends to multiply their benefits within a short span of time. One should always remember that corruption starts from the top. If the head of the family is corrupt, the other members will also imitate his actions. Our politicians and bureaucrats are corrupt and unscrupulous. They don’t have any moral authority. Such corrupt politicians and bureaucrats should be punished and the honest persons should be rewarded if we intend to create a congenial atmosphere in our country. The system of justice is outdated and obsolete. It is said that ‘justice delayed is justice denied’. People do not get justice in the court of law. If corruption is not checked, the poor will be exploited without any inhibition.

Q3. Obstacles determine the quality of life. Hermits feel convinced that ‘sweet are the uses of adversity’. Problems are opportunities. Elucidate the saying taking ideas from the given lines: “Events justified Gandhi’s position. Within a few years the British planters abandoned their estates, which reverted to the peasants. Indigo sharecropping disappeared.”Ans. Sweet are the Uses of AdversityThe Bible proclaims that ‘Man is born unto trouble, as the sparks fly upward’. Adversity is the first path that leads towards the truth. Emerson opines that ‘every calamity is a spur and valuable hint’. But one cannot forget the truth that ‘there is no wind that always blows a storm’. Problems are only opportunities in work clothes. Every individual aspires to attain phenomenal success in this era of consumerism. No one can refuse to accept the fact that material pleasures and prosperity bring happiness. But one cannot dare to ignore the significance of trying circumstances. One wishes to be away from the situations which can be troublesome and irksome. But one must not despair in those situations and should face the music of life. Prosperity makes a person lazy and ease loving. Adversity, on the other hand, though trying and full of hardships, has a chastening effect. One’s character and personality become dynamic and vibrant if one fights bravely against the odd circumstances. It will not be wrong if we say that “as gold shines in fire, man shines in adversity.

“If you are distressed by anythingexternal, the pain is not due tothe thing itself, but to your ownestimate of it; and this you havethe power to revoke at any moment” —Marcus Aurelius

Q4. Education sets the tone of a nation. Joseph Addison has rightly said, “What sculpture to a block of marble, education is to the soul”. But the quality of education is deteriorating gradually. Discuss the defects of our education system in your own words. Do remember the following expressions:“Gandhi never contented himself with large political or economic solutions. He saw the cultural and social backwardness in the Champaran villages… He appealed for teachers.”Ans. Defects of our Education System“Education is the ability to listen to almost anything without losing your temper or your self-confidence”. Education does not mean teaching people to know what they do not know; it means teaching them to behave as they do not behave, says John Ruskin. The prime objective of our education system is to develop a child’s over all personality. It should train not only the mind, but also the body and soul. Unfortunately, our present education system fails to achieve these objectives. The present education system does not make a child creative. It makes him a crammer. A child/pupil has to mug up nearly 200¬300 pages a year to pass his examination. Students are not given any practical training. They never go to laboratories to verify the theories. Moreover, the present admission system has become the laughing stock of society. The school authorities have a provision for those tiny tots who seek admission to pre-nursery. This is the height of absurdity. We need not the people who can only read and write. Our nation requires engineers, scientists, technicians and doctors. Vocational education is the need of the hour but not at the cost of values. An educated man should not have only bookish knowledge. He must have the knowledge of practical things. Maria Montessori conceived that ‘The first idea that the child must acquire in order to be actively disciplined is that of the difference between good and evil; and the task of the educator lies in seeing that the child does not confound good with immobility, and evil with activity.

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iasnext · 4 years

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BEST PCS-J COACHING IN LUCKNOW

All About PCS-J and Best PCS-J Coaching Institute in Lucknow Lucknow, the capital of Uttar Pradesh , is the seat of the Allahabad high court . The city also houses several other district and subordinate courts. Lucknow is also home to some of the premier law institutes of the country like the National Law University, Lucknow university, Amity and many more .The city has raised many prominent judiciary members, be it eminent lawyers or honourable magistrates. It offers plenty of opportunities to the law aspirants as well. Whether you want to practice with successful barristers to crack judiciary exams like PCS(J), Lucknow is an apt platform for you. One can find some of the most established and admired PCS(J) coaching institutes in Delhi attracting swarms of law aspirants towards it. Let’s start by discussing the scope and parameters of PCS(J) first. PCS(J) is a worthwhile option for all those who are inclined towards civil services and state authority. PCS(J) offers an intellectually stimulating profession closely knitted to law and a comfortable and secure tenure. This Judicial Service exam is an adept avenue of becoming one of the highest dignitaries of the judiciary i.e. a judge. A judge holds one of the most dignified and honoured positions of the country. The PCS(J) exam is held from time to time to hunt for able and impartial judges. PCS(J) comprises various tactics like written tests, practical tests, and interviews to assess the knowledge and wisdom of the aspirants. The exam is open to all law graduates and postgraduates from India. Law as a career has seen an upsurge in recent times and Lucknow has successfully caught up with the rise. And that is perhaps the reason for the multitude of PCS(J) coaching institutes in India and the popularity they garner. In this article I am going to discuss about IAS NEXT: Best pcs-j coaching in Lucknow. Judicial services Coaching in Lucknow, Aliganj Indira nagar & Gomti nagar . So many of you are facing same questions in your mind like :- which, how much and how far we before joining any judicial services coaching in lucknow There are lots of option you have for judiciary coaching in lucknow , but the question remain same which is the best coaching for you and why. Which judicial coaching is best in lucknow and Why? In IAS NEXT you have a chance to study with professional and one of the proficient faculties for all judicial services examination in india . why we called this is the best judicial coaching in Lucknow? Firstly the representation and delivery of every lectures will be convincing and expressive. Secondly Our faculties’ Lectures are suitable, comfort and beneficial for those aspirants who are preparing for Judicial Services Examinations conducted by respective States of India. Why IAS NEXT is Best PCS-J Coaching in lucknow ? » Highly experienced Faculty » Specialized in Law and Judiciary Coaching. » Small batch size with individual attention to each student » Reasonable fee structure with quality education » Most comprehensive and regularly updated study material » Interactive sessions with the toppers » Backup classes — cyclic batches IAS NEXT platform is suitable for • UPJudicial Services Examinations • Judicial Magistrate First Class Exam • Civil Judge Junior Division Exams of All states like UP , MP DELHI • Additional District Judge Examinations • Judicial Services Grade 1 Exam • Judicial Services Grade 3 Exam • Assistant Public Prosecutor • Superior Judicial Services exams • Assistant Prosecuting Officer • Judicial Magistrate First Class Exam �� Assistant District Public Prosecution Officer exams of all States of India and Law Subjects for Civil Services Examinations. So, you can say that we will help you out in different exams of judicial services of different states. Online judiciary Coaching in Lucknow E-STUDY NEXT is one of the India’s leading online platform which facilitates online coaching classes for judiciary services competitive examinations. Those aspirants who are aiming to be a judge and intend to turn their dream into reality, they may join our online classes and may prepare for the examination from their home. .

#best pcs-j coaching in lucknow #best judiciary coaching in lucknow #top civil and judicial coaching in lucknow #top ias coaching centers in chennai #best pcs-j apo coaching in lucknow

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gethealthy18-blog · 5 years

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Tribute: Kanchan Chaudhary, The Trailblazing IPS Officer Who Was India’s 1st Woman DGP

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Tribute: Kanchan Chaudhary, The Trailblazing IPS Officer Who Was India’s 1st Woman DGP

Surya Sathya Narayanan Hyderabd040-395603080 September 3, 2019

Another era has passed. Another legend leaves the world. But, her legacy is her to stay.

The first female Director General of Police (DGP) that India has ever had, Kanchan Chaudhary Bhattacharya passed away on 26 August 2019. This jet-setter was the second woman in the Indian police service after another legendary police officer, Kiran Bedi. Kanchan was 72 at the time of death and had suffered from a long illness.

Let us rewind a little and take a look at Kanchan Chaudhary’s life and how a little girl’s struggle with justice turned into a legacy.

Born in 1947, Kanchan never got anything easy in life. At the age of seven, her family was thrown out of the ancestral house as a result of a domestic dispute. Coming from a difficult circumstance, her parents remained unperturbed and started agriculture on fallow farmland. Nevertheless, the struggle to make ends meet was constant. Over time, when the land was producing a good yield, the property was sold to a bunch of local smugglers.

These miscreants entered the farmland with weapons and threw Kanchan’s father out. In order to battle this, he filed a complaint and went to court. The family spent months going from court to court to follow up on the legal case. They left no stone unturned and approached senior IPS officers, Governor of their state and even the Prime Minister. This delay in justice lit a flame in Kanchan’s heart. A flame that was going to change lives — both her’s and those around her.

After finishing her college in 1973, Kanchan stepped into the world of Indian Police Service. During training, she thrived in the midst of 90 men, with both faculty and peers believing that she was bound to quit. However, her iron-clad willpower proved people wrong. In fact, Kanchan believed that her patience and empathy would help her gain people’s trust. And, her belief proved to be true.

At the end of her training, Kanchan’s first posting was in Malihabad District, Lucknow as the Additional Superintendent of Police. Serving in a region that was famous for its infamous dacoits, Kanchan orchestrated the arrest of 13 of them within a year. And, what motivates her?

She believed that it was important to respond to situations professionally. However, professionalism came second when there is someone in need. Working in a service-based sector, Kanchan worked to fulfill the policing requirements of the people, while laying the foundation for a supportive and cooperative relationship with them.

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Of the several cases that Kanchan handled, one of the most prominent ones was the murder of national-level badminton star Syed Modi. In 1988, Syed was shot dead by unidentified miscreants as he stepped out after his usual practice session. At this time, Kanchan was the Superintendent of Police, CBI, and over time, she went to handle several top-notch cases, as well. For these efforts and achievements, Kanchan was awarded with the Medal for Meritorious Services.

Among the several cases that she has handled, her inclination was towards helping women in distress — cases of sexual assault and domestic violence. One of her most memorable cases was that of an injured woman, who was a victim of domestic violence. After handling the case, she came across the same woman who had transformed fully with a smile on her face. The sight gave Kanchan a lot of joy, encouraging her to put in more efforts on crimes against women.

Eventually, she took over as the DGP of Uttarakhand, where she initiated the process of allowing women guards for manning traffic points. With strong support from her family in raising her two daughters, Kanchan had more courage to set out into the field to make a difference.

In the year 1989, a popular TV series named Udaan was released based on Kanchan’s life. This show was created by her sister, Kavita. With this, her fearlessness and courage turned into an inspiration for people across the country.

After her stint in the police service, Kanchan stepped into the world of politics by representing Aam Aadmi Party in Lok Sabha election. Although she did not win the election, it did not dampen her spirit to serve people.

With the passing away of Kanchan, the country has lost a role model that carved the path for several women and youngsters alike. In a field that was significantly dominated by men for ages, women like Kanchan Chaudhary have been the beacon of hope for those who dare to dream. Beyond being a role model and inspiration, Kanchan changed the life of those around her. And, in order to do so, she struggled through hardships, battled patriarchy, and came out victorious to wield the power of IPS. And, from that point onwards, her life was dedicated to bringing a change in the world around her and ensuring that the balance of justice is maintained always.

She may have left the world. But, the world has not left her. Kanchan Chaudhary IPS forever will remain in our hearts for she was known for her guts of steel.

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bharatiyamedia-blog · 5 years

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Day by day Bulletin: IAF airdrops crew to search for AN-32 survivors; Gujarat on alert as Cyclone Vayu intensifies earlier than landfall; day's high tales

http://tinyurl.com/yxf8zmse Cyclone Vayu intensifies into very extreme cyclonic storm The onset of Cyclone Vayu will set off heavy rains in Goa and the Konkan space for the subsequent two days, the IMD mentioned on Tuesday. The division has issued an “orange” warning for Goa in view of the deep melancholy over East Central and adjoining South East Arabian Sea, which has intensified right into a cyclonic storm. Cyclone Vayu has intensified into a really extreme cyclonic storm. Twitter/ @Indiametdept House Minister Amit Shah reviewed the preparations in Gujarat and directed officers to take all doable steps to make sure individuals’s security. The Nationwide Catastrophe Response Power (NDRF) has pre-positioned 39 groups, comprising round 45 rescuers every, in Gujarat and Diu. They’re geared up with boats, tree cutters and telecom tools. As many as 34 groups of the Indian Military are additionally on standby. Cyclone Vayu is predicted to succeed in Mumbai’s latitude on Wednesday morning resulting in excessive climate and rain. In Mumbai, fishermen within the open ocean have been known as again and other people dwelling close to the coast have additionally been instructed concerning the plan of action by the native authorities. Whereas ports won’t be affected, one port warning has been issued in anticipation of tough climate. Wreckage of lacking AN-32 airplane discovered; IAF airdrops crew to establish survivors The wreckage of the AN-32 plane of the Indian Air Power was spotted on Tuesday in a closely forested mountainous terrain in Arunachal Pradesh, eight days after it went lacking with 13 individuals on board after taking off from Assam’s Jorhat, within the considered one of worst accidents involving a navy platform in recent times. The IAF mentioned efforts are on to ascertain the standing of occupants amid fears that there are bleak possibilities of any survivors. IAF has airdropped search groups, together with Garud commandos, IAF mountaineers and different floor forces. The wreckage was noticed 16 kilometres North of Lipo, North East of Tato, at an approximate elevation of 12,000 toes, in Arunachal Pradesh by an IAF Mi-17 helicopter looking for the lacking plane within the expanded search zone. An IAF official mentioned that after figuring out the wreckage of the AN 32, a Cheetah helicopter and an ALH chopper reached the crash website however couldn’t land as a result of excessive elevation and dense forest. He added that that they had recognized the closest touchdown website for the rescue operation. The Russian-made AN-32 plane was heading from Jorhat in Assam to Menchuka superior touchdown floor close to the border with China on Three June when it misplaced contact with floor workers at 1 pm, inside 33 minutes of taking off. One other journalist held for ‘defamatory content material’ in opposition to Yogi Adityanath One other journalist at a Noida-based TV channel has been arrested over allegedly defamatory content material in opposition to Uttar Pradesh chief minister Yogi Adityanath, mentioned officers. Nation Stay editor Anshul Kaushik was arrested Monday night time and remanded in 14-day judicial custody on Tuesday on the identical prices because the channel head Ishika Singh and editor Anuj Shukla. Throughout a debate on the channel on 6 June, a girl had allegedly made defamatory statements in opposition to Adityanath. That is the third arrest within the case during which the district administration and the police themselves took cognisance of the matter to lodge two FIRs and in addition reported the matter to the Ministry of Info and Broadcasting after it emerged in the course of the probe that the Noida-based information channel didn’t have requisite licences to function. Earlier on Tuesday, the Supreme Court docket slammed the Uttar Pradesh government for arresting journalist Prashant Kanaujia for posting a video that allegedly mocked the chief minister. The 2-judge bench noticed that the elemental rights assured below the Structure can’t be infringed upon. “Possibly we do not respect these tweets, however the query is whether or not he needs to be behind bars for these social media posts,” the courtroom mentioned after perusing the tweets. It was a “evident case of deprivation of liberty” as Kanojia was remanded in judicial custody for practically two weeks for a tweet, mentioned the bench. Kanojia had shared a video on Twitter and Fb whereby a girl may very well be seen chatting with reporters of varied media organisations outdoors the chief minister’s workplace in Lucknow, claiming she had despatched a wedding proposal to Adityanath. First meet of Council of Ministers of latest govt at the moment The first meeting of the new Council of Ministers will probably be held on Wednesday, at which Prime Minister Narendra Modi is prone to define the roadmap of his authorities, sources mentioned on Tuesday.The prime minister is predicted to underline the function of ministers of state in working their respective ministries and should ask Cupboard ministers to present their deputies enough duties. Deliberations are additionally prone to be held on an motion plan for the federal government’s subsequent 5 years, and Modi is predicted to temporary the ministers on it. The Union Cupboard can even meet on Wednesday forward of the Council of Ministers’ assembly. With Parliament’s Finances Session starting subsequent week, the ministers of state can have a key function as in a lot of the ministries they’re liable for the parliamentary questions tabled on the ground of the Home. Cupboard ministers normally deal with questions for which oral replies are to be given. Large protests in Hong Kong forward of debate on legislation that enables prisoners to be extradited to China Tens of 1000’s of Hong Kong residents have been protesting since Sunday in opposition to a proposed legislation that will that will make it simpler to extradite individuals to mainland China. Professional-democracy group Demosisto estimated 130,000 protesters marched by means of town’s streets, however the Hong Kong Police put the determine at nearer to 22,800, based on CNN. The protests have been in opposition to a proposed legislation that will permit Hong Kong to extradite fugitives to territories the place it would not have formal extradition offers, together with mainland China, Taiwan and Macau. The federal government says the Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Authorized Help in Legal Issues Laws (Modification) Invoice 2019 merely closes loopholes which have prevented officers from bringing criminals to justice. Nevertheless, the laws has change into a lightning rod for issues about Beijing’s rising management over the previous British colony, which had been promised it will retain its personal authorized and social establishments for 50 years after its return to Chinese language rule in 1997. “We’re younger however we all know that if we do not rise up for our rights, we’d lose them,” mentioned an 18-year-old protester who gave solely her first identify, Jacky. The Hong Kong authorities mentioned its Legislative Council Advanced will stay on amber alert on Wednesday, with providers together with the guided excursions, library, archives, kids’s space and cafeteria suspended by means of the day. Critics consider the extradition laws would put Hong Kong residents vulnerable to being entrapped in China’s judicial system, during which opponents of Communist Get together rule have been charged with financial crimes or ill-defined nationwide safety offenses, and wouldn’t be assured free trials. Retail inflation information anticipated at the moment India’s retail inflation seemingly accelerated to a seven-month excessive in Might on rising meals costs, however it’s anticipated to stay nicely under the Reserve Financial institution of India’s goal, giving it room to ease coverage additional, a Reuters ballot discovered. The Central Statistics Workplace, a governmental company below the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, will launch the inflation information on Wednesday. The RBI modified its stance to “accommodative” from “impartial” final week and minimize rates of interest for the third time in a row, bringing the borrowing fee to a nine-year low of 5.75 p.c. Based on a 4-7 June Reuters ballot of over 40 economists, the retail inflation fee rose to three.01 p.c in Might from a yr earlier, up from 2.92 p.c in April. Forecasts ranged between 2.83-3.50p.c. Pakistan vs Australia in Match 17 of ICC Cricket World Cup 2019 Pakistan will look to proceed their successful momentum and present the identical depth they did in opposition to England once they face Australia of their third World Cup 2019 contest on Wednesday. Australia misplaced to India of their earlier match on Sunday. The defending champions will purpose to stage a comeback after the loss and win their second recreation of the event to strengthen their place on factors desk. The match will start at Three pm (IST). NFAI to pay tribute to Girish Karnad The Nationwide Movie Archive of India (NFAI) can pay homage to veteran playwright and actor Girish Karnad, who handed away on Monday. The NFAI will honour the theatre stalwart by screening a few of his acclaimed movies Ondanondu Kaladalli, Kanooru Heggadithi, Kaadu and Jabbar Patel’s Umbartha, which additionally star Karnad. Your information to the newest cricket World Cup tales, evaluation, stories, opinions, stay updates and scores on https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2019.html. Comply with us on Twitter and Instagram or like our Facebook web page for updates all through the continuing occasion in England and Wales. !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s) {if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function() {n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)} ; if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0'; n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window,document,'script', 'https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); fbq('init', '259288058299626'); fbq('track', 'PageView'); (function(d, s, id) { var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) return; js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "http://connect.facebook.net/en_GB/all.js#xfbml=1&version=v2.9&appId=1117108234997285"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); window.fbAsyncInit = function () { FB.init({appId: '1117108234997285', version: 2.4, xfbml: true}); // *** here is my code *** if (typeof facebookInit == 'function') { facebookInit(); } }; (function () { var e = document.createElement('script'); e.src = document.location.protocol + '//connect.facebook.net/en_US/all.js'; e.async = true; document.getElementById('fb-root').appendChild(e); }()); function facebookInit() { console.log('Found FB: Loading comments.'); FB.XFBML.parse(); } Source link

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justbaazaar · 6 years

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Apoorva Dixit, Advocate

Apoorva Dixit

Advocate (Criminal Lawyer)

High Court, Lucknow (UP)

Mr. Apoorva Dixit Advocate holds over 11 years of pervasive work experience ranging from conducting trials in District & Sessions Courts to contesting criminal appeals, criminal revisions and bail applications in the High Court. Drawing extensively from the legacy of his judicial family background and holding Masters degree in…

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margdarsanme · 4 years

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NCERT Class 12 English Chapter 5 Indigo

NCERT Class 12 English :: Chapter 5 Indigo

(English Flamingo Prose)

QUESTIONS FROM TEXTBOOK SOLVED: