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#Duchy of Braunschweig
nolifedestiny · 1 year
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🇺🇸 🇬🇧 🇦🇺 Random fact: between 1830 and 1918, the historical german state Dukedom of Brunswick (Herzogtum Braunschweig) had almost the same flag as the Ukraine.
🇩🇪 🇨🇭 🇦🇹 Wissenswert: Die Flagge des Herzogtums Braunschweig war zwischen 1830 und 1918 fast Identisch mit der Ukrainischen Staatsflagge.
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wintlink · 1 year
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Soldatenlieder erika translation
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#Soldatenlieder erika translation full#
Jahrhundert sind, wie auch alte Seemannslieder, in ihrer Melodie an Kirchenlieder angelehnt, so zum Beispiel O Deutschland hoch in Ehren. Einige deutsche Soldatenlieder aus dem 19. Im Gegensatz dazu werden Märsche, etwa bei feierlichen Anlässen, von einer Musikkapelle gespielt. Ein Soldatenlied ist ein Lied, das im Militär zumeist ohne Instrumentenbegleitung gesungen wird. Examples of German soldiers are A Heller and a Batzen, It is so nice to be a soldier, Morgenrot and I have 'a comrade. In addition to timeless themes such as love, homesickness and natural experience, some songs also have propagandistic significance, especially in the armies of totalitarian states such as the military power under the National Socialism or the NDR of the GDR, where the collective singing also the emotional attachment of the soldiers to the ruler and / Or the state ideology. Usually, the songs are meant to give you the courage and courage to strengthen your sense of comradeship - whether on the march, in combat or in the camp. Some German soldiers from the nineteenth century, like old sailors, are in their melody leaning against church members, such as O Germany highly honored. On the other hand, marches are played by a music band, for instance at solemn occasions.
#Soldatenlieder erika translation full#
To view the full article, please click here.Soldatenlied A soldier's song is a song that is usually sung in the military without instrument accompaniment. Hoffmann was deprived of his chair in 1842 in consequence of his Unpolitische Lieder (1840–1841, "Unpolitical Songs"), which gave much offence to the authorities in Prussia. He was also made extraordinary professor of the German language and literature at that university in 1830, and ordinary professor in 1835. In 1823 he was appointed custodian of the university library at Breslau, a post which he held till 1838. His original intention was to study theology, but he soon devoted himself entirely to literature. The son of a merchant and mayor of his native city, he was educated at the classical schools of Helmstedt and Braunschweig, and afterwards at the universities of Göttingen and Bonn. Hoffmann was born in Fallersleben in Lower Saxony, then in the duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg. He is best known for writing "Das Lied der Deutschen", its third stanza now being the national anthem of Germany, and a number of popular children's songs, considered part of the Young Germany movement. To read the rest of the article, please click here.Īugust Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben was a German poet. Diagnosed with "psychotic melancholia", Schumann died two years later in 1856 without having recovered from his mental illness. After a suicide attempt in 1854, Schumann was admitted to amental asylum, at his own request, in Endenich near Bonn. Schumann suffered from a lifelong mental disorder, first manifesting itself in 1833 as a severe melancholic depressive episode, which recurred several times alternating with phases of ‘exaltation’ and increasingly also delusional ideas of being poisoned or threatened with metallic items. Clara also composed music and had a considerable concert career as a pianist, the earnings from which formed a substantial part of her father's fortune. In 1840, Schumann married Friedrich Wieck's daughter Clara, against the wishes of her father, following a long and acrimonious legal battle, which found in favor of Clara and Robert. His writings about music appeared mostly in the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik (New Journal for Music), a Leipzig-based publication which he jointly founded. Works such as Kinderszenen, Album für die Jugend, Blumenstück, the Sonatas and Albumblätter are among his most famous. Schumann's published compositions were written exclusively for the piano until 1840 he later composed works for piano and orchestra many Lieder (songs for voice and piano) four symphonies an opera and other orchestral, choral, and chamber works. Schumann then focused his musical energies on composing. He had been assured by his teacher Friedrich Wieck that he could become the finest pianist in Europe, but a hand injury ended this dream. Schumann left the study of law, intending to pursue a career as a virtuoso pianist. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest composers of the Romantic era. Robert Schumann was a German composer and influential music critic.
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Young Gustav Ernst, Prince and Count of Erbach-Schönberg (1840-1908).
Gustav's parents were Ludwig III, Count of Erbach-Schönberg and Countess Caroline of Gronsfeld-Diepenbrock. He was a distant relative of Queen Victoria through his father.
He succeeded his father, Ludwig III , at the age of 23 . Count of Erbach-Schönberg , owned by the family. He received his training at Schönberg Palace together with the sons of the Hessian master builder Hermann Kroencke , who died early . Then he attended grammar school in Braunschweig . The father wanted his son to have a “normal” school education in the class. Gustav studied at the Universities of Göttingen and Berlin and then perfected the French language in Lausanne . From here he was called to Schoenberg to succeed his father. At the inauguration of the Luther memorial in Worms , he met Princess Marie Karoline von Battenberg in 1868 in the house of the leather manufacturer Heyl , to whom he became engaged in 1870. In the war of 1870/71 Gustav was used as a medical officer. On April 29, 1871, the wedding took place in Darmstadt in the city ​​church . Their son, Prince Alexander zu Erbach-Schönberg (1872–1944), succeeded him in the class rule.
Gustav had been a member of the First Chamber in the Grand Duchy of Hesse since 1865 . He served the state parliament from 1879 to 1890 as secretary and was thus a member of the presidium. First he was a member of the third, from 1875 to 1887 of the first committee of the state parliament. Gustav continued to hold ranks in the Hessian army, in 1881 he became a colonel à la suite . In the following years he was often active as a diplomat for the Darmstadt court, for example when the Hessian change of the throne was notified in Baden and Württemberg in 1877 .
On August 18, 1903, Gustav, his wife Marie of Erbach-Schönberg and his house were raised to the Hereditary Prince status by the Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, with the specification that the respective head owned by the Erbach-Schönberg rulership House the title and name of Prince and Count of Erbach-Schönberg, whose lawful wife should bear the title and name of Princess and Countess of Erbach-Schönberg, both with the predicate "Highness", the other members of the noble house of Erbach-Schönberg Title and name Prinz zu Erbach-Schönberg as well as Princess zu Erbach-Schönberg, also with the title "Highness", have to serve.  Since 1884 he was a senior in the Erbach family.
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soliloquyinthedark · 4 years
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Reliquary Cross with the Arms of the Veltheim Family from Brunswick, Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Holy Roman Empire (modern-day Braunschweig, Germany) (circa 1300)
This altar cross, richly ornamented with colourful precious and semi-precious stones of amethyst, carnelian, chalcedony, labradorite, blue sapphire, and topaz, was part of the Guelph treasure maintained in the collegiate church of Saint Blaise, Braunschweig, under the patronage of the dukes of Braunschweig-Lüneburg. It was made, not for the ducal family, but for another noble family of Lower Saxony, the Veltheims, whose coat of arms executed in enamel decorates the base of the cross. The cross also served as a reliquary, since it contains the relics of several saints. It may have commissioned to celebrate the founding of the Convent of Saint Anna in Braunschweig by the Veltheim family in 1326; how it entered the group of treasury objects kept together in the church of Saint Blaise is unclear.
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peashooter85 · 6 years
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The Brunswick M1860/61 needlefire pistol carbine,
The Prussian Dreyse needlefire rifle was a huge advanced in military firearms technology, and it was not long before other German states wanted it as well. The Dreyse rifle was a single shot bolt action rifle which fired a paper cartridge. It was called a needlefire rifle because the firing pin consisted of a needle which pierced the paper cartridge, igniting a primer located within the cartridge, thus discharging the round.
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One of the German states which was interested in the Dreyse was the Duchy of Brunswick ( Braunschweig), who procured a number of rifles from Prussia in 1860. However, they would also created their own Dreyse design, a Dreyse bolt action pistol carbine for it’s famous cavalry forces. The carbine featured a pistol with a detachable buttstock and used the Dreyse action. With the stock attached, the carbine was around 26.5 inches in total length and weighed around 5 lbs. Thus it was a very light, compact, and handy carbine for use on horseback. Between 1861 and 1863 around 530 carbines and 100 pistol without buttstocks were produced by the Herberg Rifle Factory.
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sasslightertm · 2 years
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Bramble’s List of Charmed Muses
Here is a list of all the Charmed muses I have. Most are based in the original 1998 series; I have one blog for reboot-based muses.
Chris Halliwell
URL: sasslightertm / chriscrosscd (sideblog; mirrorverse!Chris)
Status: Active
Description: The second-born son of the Charmed One Piper Halliwell and Whitelighter Leo Wyatt, Chris Halliwell went back in time to save his older brother Wyatt from turning evil and eventually sacrificed himself, dying as his infant self was being born. His soul was reincarnated into his newborn self, and Chris grew up in the new timeline having flashes of another life. They typically manifested as nightmares... until the day of his 23rd birthday, when all of his memories of growing up in a dark future and traveling back to rescue his brother’s soul came rushing back. Now Chris is learning to deal with having memories of two different lifetimes in his head.
Damon Wolf (Darklighter OC)
URL: derschwarzeengel 
Status: Active
Description: Born in the year 1800 in the duchy of Braunschweig in Niedersachsen (Lower Saxony), 71 years before the country of Germany even existed, Damon Wolf became a Darklighter in 1835 after being murdered by his brother stirring up a mob against him. He has seduced countless innocent mortal women, preventing the Future Whitelighters from becoming guardian angels upon their deaths, all while living through the fall of the monarchy, both World Wars, and the reunification of East and West Germany. In the 21st century, he is the lead singer of the band Sons of the Dark (made up of two other Darklighters he considers friends) and mostly trying to avoid attracting the attention of the Charmed Ones. He likes his life as it is and what he does, thank you very much, and he has zero desire to be vanquished.
Charmed multimuse
URL: paganbcrn (sideblog)
Status: Low activity
Muses: Billie Jenkins (canon), Christy Jenkins (canon), Morrigan Wolf (Darklighter OC; Damon’s daughter), Julia O’Farrell (novels canon), Lily O’Farrell (novels canon), Drew O’Farrell (novels canon), Murdina/Murdoch (kelpie OC), Devlin Booker (warlock OC), Mikelle (canon)
Harry Greenwood/Jimmy (Charmed 2018)
URL: ofwestwell
Status: Low activity
Muses: Harry Greenwood, Jimmy (Darklighter counterpart)
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gg-digital-arts · 2 years
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Illustration Of The Historic Flag Of The Duchy Braunschweig In Germany. Color Image Of Flag Of German State Braunschweig
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heavyarethecrowns · 6 years
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Those that have married in to Royal Families since 1800
Monaco
Ernst August, Prince of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg (Ernst August Albert Paul Otto Rupprecht Oskar Berthold Friedrich-Ferdinand Christian-Ludwig Prinz von Hannover Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg Königlicher Prinz von Großbritannien und Irland) born 26 February 1954
Ernst August was born in Hanover, the eldest son of Ernst August, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick and his first wife, Princess Ortrud of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
As the senior male-line descendant of George III of the United Kingdom, Ernst August is head of the House of Hanover, the surviving junior branch of the medieval House of Welf, which itself is the older branch of the House of Este, a dynasty whose earliest known members lived in Lombardy in the late 9th/early 10th century and which, in its younger branch, ruled Ferrara (1240–1597) and the Duchy of Modena-Reggio (1288–1796) in Italy.
 The title of Prince of Great Britain and Ireland was recognised ad personam for Ernst August's father and his father's siblings by King George V of the United Kingdom on 17 June 1914. The hereditary Dukedom of Cumberland and Teviotdale and the Earldom of Armagh, borne in 1917 by his paternal great-grandfather, were suspended under the Titles Deprivation Act 1917. However, the title Royal Prince of Great Britain and Ireland had been entered into the family's German passports, together with the German titles, in 1914. After the German Revolution of 1918–19, with the abolishment of nobility's privileges, titles officially became parts of the last name. So, curiously, the British prince's title is still part of the family's last name in their German passports, while it is no longer mentioned in their British documents.
On 29 August 1931, Ernst August's grandfather Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick, as head of the House of Hanover, declared the formal resumption, for himself and his dynastic descendants, of use of his former British princely title as a secondary title of pretense, which style, "Royal Prince of Great Britain and Ireland", his grandson Ernst August continues to claim. As heir of the last Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale and Earl of Armagh, Ernst August has the right to petition under the Titles Deprivation Act 1917 for the restoration of his ancestors' suspended British peerages, but he has not done so. His father, also called Ernst August, did, however, successfully claim British nationality after World War II by virtue of a hitherto overlooked (and since repealed) provision of the Sophia Naturalization Act 1705 (Attorney-General v HRH Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover [1957] 1 All ER 49). However, a problem arose as foreign royal titles can't be entered into a British passport. Therefore, the titles Prince of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg could not be mentioned there, nor could the British titles due to the Titles Deprivation Act of 1917. The name which was finally entered into his father's British documents, was thus Ernest Augustus Guelph, with the addition of His Royal Highness. Guelph is thus also the British last name of Ernst August and accordingly of his siblings and children, all styled Royal Highnesses in the United Kingdom.
Ernst August is also a great-grandson of the last German emperor, Emperor Wilhelm II. His father's sister was Frederica of Hanover, sometime queen consort of the Hellenes, and he is thus a first cousin of both ex-King Constantine II and his sister, Queen Sophia, whose husband Juan Carlos I abdicated his throne in favour of their son, Felipe VI of Spain in 2014. Ernst August's uncle, Prince George William of Hanover, married Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark, a sister of the future royal consort Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, evoking in 1946 the only known case of a British monarch, George VI, withholding requested permission for a kinsman's marriage under the Royal Marriages Act 1772 (on the advice of his Government as a result of World War II's hostilities). It was held by British officials at the time that the marriage and its issue would not be legitimate in the United Kingdom despite being legal in Germany.
By a 24 August 1981 declaration issued by his father as the Head of House, pursuant to Chapter 3, §§ 3 and 5 of the House laws of 1836, Ernst August was authorised to marry dynastically, and did firstly marry, civilly on 28 August 1981 and religiously on 30 August 1981, Chantal Hochuli, the daughter and heiress of a Swiss real estate developer. They had two sons: Prince Ernst August Andreas Philipp Constantin Maximilian Rolf Stephan Ludwig Rudolph (born 19 July 1983) Prince Christian Heinrich Clemens Paul Frank Peter Welf Wilhelm-Ernst Friedrich Franz (born 1 June 1985) Ernst August and Chantal Hochuli divorced on 23 October 1997. 
He married secondly, civilly in Monaco on 23 January 1999, Princess Caroline of Monaco, who was at the time expecting the birth of their child: Princess Alexandra Charlotte Ulrike Maryam Virginia (born 20 July 1999)
As he was born in the male line of George II of Great Britain, he sought permission to marry pursuant to the British Royal Marriages Act 1772, which would not be repealed until the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 took effect on 26 March 2015. On 11 January 1999, Queen Elizabeth II issued a Declaration in Council, "My Lords, I do hereby declare My Consent to a Contract of Matrimony between His Royal Highness Prince Ernst August Albert of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg and Her Serene Highness Princess Caroline Louise Marguerite of Monaco..." Without the Royal Assent, the marriage would have been void in Britain where Ernst August's family owns property and his lawful descendants remain in succession to both the British crown and the two suspended peerages. Similarly the Monégasque court officially notified the government of France of Caroline's marriage to Ernst August, receiving assurance that there was no objection in compliance with the (since defunct) Franco-Monegasque Treaty of 1918. Moreover, in order for Caroline to retain her claim to the throne of Monaco and to transmit succession rights to future offspring, the couple were also obliged to obtain the approval of yet a third nation, in the form of official consent to the marriage of Caroline's father, Prince Rainier III as the sovereign of Monaco.
Nonetheless, Caroline was a Roman Catholic and Ernst August the heir male of George III when the couple wed, at which time a provision of the Act of Settlement 1701 stipulated that in the event the British crown is to devolve upon an heir married to "a Papist", that heir is permanently disabled from succeeding to the throne, which would pass instead to the next Protestant in the order of succession who had not been married to a Roman Catholic. The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 repealed that marital restriction (also embodied in the Bill of Rights 1689), with retroactive effect, as of 26 March 2015.
Ernst August's younger brother Prince Ludwig Rudolph of Hanover and his wife, Princess Isabella of Hanover (1962–1988), died tragically. On 28 November 1988, while authorities removed Princess Isabella's body from The Queen's Villa in Gmunden, Austria, a house owned by Ernst August which he had left to his brother and sister-in-law, and investigated the drug strewn scene, Ludwig Rudolph, distraught over his wife's apparently accidental cocaine overdose, placed a call to his brother in London, imploring him to take care of the couple's 10-month-old son. Then he fled. Hours later Ludwig Rudolph was found dead, apparently a victim of suicide, near his family's hunting lodge several miles away, on Lake Traun.Custody of their infant son Otto Heinrich was eventually awarded, contrary to the expressed wishes of Ludwig Rudolph as the surviving parent and Ernst August's legal efforts, to the child's maternal grandparents, Count Ariprand and Countess Maria von Thurn und Valsassina-Como-Vercelli, to be raised at their family seat, Bleiburg Castle in southern Austria.
After their marriage, Ernst August and Caroline moved to Le Mée-sur-Seine, France, where they had purchased an 18th-century manor house from their friend Karl Lagerfeld. Their daughter went to kindergarten and prep-school there, while the family used Caroline's house in Monte Carlo and Ernst August's hunting lodge near Gmunden, Austria, as secondary homes. In September 2009 it was reported in the French and English press that Ernst August has been living separately from his wife Caroline, who had returned to Monaco while he moved to Austria. The manor house in France was subsequently sold, just as had been Hurlingham Lodge in London, after the divorce from his first wife.
He was photographed urinating on the Turkish Pavilion at the Expo 2000 event in Hanover, causing a diplomatic incident and a complaint from the Turkish embassy accusing him of insulting the Turkish people. He successfully sued those who published (Bild-Zeitung) the photograph for invasion of privacy, obtaining an award of 9,900 euros, although the paper had previously published a photo of Ernst August urinating outside a hospital in Austria.
In 2004, he was convicted of aggravated assault and causing grievous bodily harm after supposedly beating a man with a knuckleduster. He has demanded a retrial for the case on the basis of false evidence. His lawyers have publicly stated that he has never owned a knuckleduster in his life nor held one in his hand.
In 2004, Ernst August had signed over his German property to his elder son, including Marienburg Castle, the agricultural estate of Calenberg Castle, the "Princely House" at Herrenhausen Gardens in Hanover and some forests near Blankenburg Castle (Harz) which he had re-purchased in former East Germany after the German reunification of 1990. At the time, Ernst-August’s wealth was estimated as high as $250 million. Since then, the younger Ernst August has taken over many representative tasks on behalf of his father. The latter remained in charge of the Austrian family assets. 
In 2013 however, Ernst August was removed from the chairmanship of a family foundation based in Liechtenstein which holds the properties near Gmunden in Austria, the Hanovers' main residence in exile after 1866 when their Kingdom of Hanover was annexed by Prussia. Instead, the younger Ernst August was put in charge, reportedly for negligence on part of his father, at the initiative of the foundation's trustee Prince Michael of Liechtenstein. The foundation manages vast forests, a game park, a hunting lodge, the Queen's Villa and other property. In 2017 Ernst August filed legal action to recover his chairmanship, and he intends to revoke the bestowal of his German property. Due to this dispute over family assets, he also declared his intention to withhold consent for his son's marriage to Ekaterina Malysheva which he did not attend.
On Monday, 3 April 2005, Ernst August was admitted to hospital with acute pancreatitis. The next day, he fell into a deep coma, two days before the death of his father-in-law, Rainier III, Prince of Monaco. On Friday, 8 April 2005, hospital officials reported that he was no longer in a coma but remained in intensive care. A report the same day on BBC World described his condition as "serious but not irreversible." On 9 April 2005, according to a report on BBC, a hospital spokesman reported that Ernst August was receiving "permanent medical care." After his release he was subsequently seen in public with his wife. In an interview he admitted at the time that his health crisis was caused by his hyperactive lifestyle and problems with alcohol
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clipartx-blog · 7 years
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Jzedlitz Flag Duchy Braunschweig flag http://www.clipartx.com/flag-Clipart/jzedlitz-flag-duchy-braunschweig-69772
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alamio · 5 years
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Braunschweig in Niedersachsen, Northern Germany. Also known as Brunswiek in Low German and Brunswick...
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Braunschweig in Niedersachsen, Northern Germany. Also known as Brunswiek in Low German and Brunswick in English, the city lies near the Harz mountains at the Oker river which connects it to the North Sea via the Aller and Weser rivers. Population is roughly 250,000.
Founded in the 9th century and a powerful and influential center of commerce in medieval times, Braunschweig was a member of the Hanse (Hanseatic League) from the 13th until the 17th century. It was the capital of 3 successive states: the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1269–1432, 1754–1807, 1813–1814), the Duchy of Brunswick (1814–1918), and the Free State of Brunswick (1918–1946).
Today, it is the 2nd-largest city in the state and a center of scientific research and development. It also is among the 20 German cities found to be most attractive to young people between the ages of 25 and 34, leading to an influx of younger residents. In 2015, 36% of residents were Protestant, 14% were Catholic; 50% either followed no religion or adhered to other denominations.
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yumsnippets · 7 years
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Moments in Fredericksburg, Texas...
Fredericksburg is a unique town in Texas. The town has a strong German influence... you can see this in the architecture, taste in their foods and find it in their craftsman boutiques.
Let me tell you a little bit about this historic town!
Aka wiki has some pretty informative history and facts - - I’ll share them :)
History of Fredericksburg, TexasFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Vereins Kirche was the first public structure erected in Fredericksburg
The History of Fredericksburg, Texas dates back to its founding in 1846. It was named after Prince Frederick of Prussia. Fredericksburg is also notable as the home of Texas German, a dialect spoken by the first generations of German settlers who initially refused to learn English. Fredericksburg shares many cultural characteristics with New Braunfels, which had been established by Prince Carl of Solms-Braunfelsthe previous year.
Contents
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119th Century
220th and 21st Centuries
3See also
4Notes
5References
6External links
1.1Meusebach-Comanche Treaty
1.2Town founding
1.3Fort Martin Scott
1.4Civil War and Reconstruction
1.1.1Easter Fires
19th Century[edit]
Fredericksburg (German: Friedrichsburg) was founded in 1846 by Baron Otfried Hans von Meusebach, new Commissioner General of the "Society for the Protection of German Immigrants in Texas", also known as the "Noblemen's Society" (in German: Mainzer Adelsverein).[1][2] The emigration was in part the liberal, educated Germans fleeing the social, political and economic conditions that later resulted in the Revolution of 1848, and in part working-class Germans.[3][4] Baron von Meusebach renounced his noble title and became known in Texas as John O. Meusebach.[5] The area's Barons Creek was named in Meusebach's honor.[6]
Meusebach-Comanche Treaty
.The reddish-blonde haired John O. Meusebach was named El Sol Colorado (The Red Sun) by Penateka Comanche Chief Ketemoczy (Katemcy), who had encountered Meusebach and his group in the area of present-day Mason.[7][8][9] Meusebach, accompanied by geologist Ferdinand von Roemer, Special Agent Robert Neighbors, F. Shubbert, Jean Jacques von Coll, trader John F. Torrey[10] and interpreter Anton Felix Hans Hellmuth von Blücher[11] (aka Felix A. von Blücher), brokered the 1847 Treaty between the Comanche and the German Immigration Company. The treaty was unique in that it did not take away the rights of the Penateka Comanche, but was an agreement that the Comanche and settlers would mutually share the land, co-existing in peace and friendship. Meusebach paid the Penateka Comanches $3,000, slightly less than $70,000 in today's money, in food, gifts and other commodities for their participation in the signing of the agreement. The native American signers of the treaty were only from the Penateka band. It is one of the very few treaties with native American tribes that was never broken.[12][13][14]
Easter Fires[
The Easter Fires pageant in Fredericksburg draws from two beginnings. In Germany and the Catholic Church, there have been variations on the custom of lighting hilltop evening bonfires in close proximity of Easter to celebrate the coming of spring.[15][16]
The Fredericksburg variation is a living history event which celebrates the signing of the 1847 Meusebach-Comanche Treaty.[17] While the Treaty was signed after Easter, the final negotiations were completed on March 1 and 2, with Easter of 1847 occurring on April 3. The Fredericksburg Easter Fires legend has it that Penateka Comanches signaled each other about the progress of the treaty negotiations by lighting huge fires on the hills. Settler mothers calmed their children by giving a twist on the traditional German story of Easter fires, and telling children the fires on the hills were lit by bunnies who were boiling water to make eggs for Easter morning. In some versions of the story, the Comanches lit the fires to celebrate the signing of the treaty, and the bunnies were boiling Texas wildflowers to make the colors for the eggs.[18]
The pageant is held traditionally the Saturday before Easter and recreates the signing of the treaty with bunny-dressed participants of all ages lighting the fires on surrounding hillsides. The show has been a big tourist draw since 1946. The pageant was suspended in recent years due to cost and logistics, but a group of citizens is trying to revive it.[19][20]
Town founding[
Frederickburg, Texas 1896 parade celebrating 50th anniversary of the town's founding. Vereins Kirche in the background.
House of Heinrich G. Dietz
In 1845, Meusebach set out from New Braunfels, traveling 60 miles (97 km) northwest to select the second settlement of the Fisher-Miller Land Grant.[21][22] He opted for a valley situated between two creeks, which are now known as Barons Creek and Town Creek, and surrounded by seven hills. He named it in honor of Prince Frederick of Prussia, the highest-ranking member of the Mainzer Adelsvereinand nephew of King Frederick William III of Prussia. For the settlement, he purchased 10,000 acres (40 km2) on credit, for an allotment per settler of one town lot, plus 10 acres (40,000 m2) of farmland.[23][24]
In December 1845, on orders from Meusebach, Lieutenant Louis (Ludwig) Bene, along with lead surveyor Johann Jacob Groos[25] and crew, constructed a road from New Braunfels to the site of Fredericksburg.[26] The town was laid out by surveyor Herman Wilke.[27] On April 23, 1846, the first wagon train of settlers left New Braunfels, encountering friendly Delaware Indians en route, and arrived at the Fredericksburg site on May 8, 1846.[28] The first colonists immediately set about to plant a garden and build a storehouse out of logs, and a stockade and a blockhouse.[27]
The settlers soon received via courier a belated message from Governor James Pinckney Henderson advising them that uncertain movements by the government ofMexico made it unclear whether Texas could offer protection to the settlers. Governor Henderson advised against moving into the area at that time.[29] The settlers refused to return to New Braunfels.[22]
Meusebach designated Dr. Friedrich A. Schubbert, aka Friedrich Armand Strubberg,[30] as director of the new colony, to lead a second expedition into Fredericksburg in June 1846.[31] Schubbert designed the Vereins Kirche, the first public building in Fredericksburg.[32] Without authorization from Meusebach, in 1846 Schubbert led an armed group of colonists into Comanche territory. Shawnee scouts reported seeing 40,000 to 60,000 Kickapoo at the Llano River, and Schubbert's group retreated to Fredericksburg.[33] Meusebach decided to enter Comanche territory himself, resulting in the treaty with the Penateka.[34]
.
Ferdinand von Roemer arrived in Fredericksburg in January 1847, and described what he estimated to be a settlement of six hundred people:[35]
“The main street, however, did not consist of a continuous row of houses, but of about fifty houses and huts, spaced long distances apart on both sides of the street. Most of the houses were log houses for which the straight trunks of the oak trees growing round about furnished excellent building material. Most of the settlers, however, were not in possession of such homes, since they required so much labor, but they lived in huts, consisting of poles rammed into the ground. The crevices between the poles were filled with clay and moss, while the roof was covered with dry grass. Some even lived in linen tents which proved very inadequate during these winter months.”
Roemer described a diet of bear meat, corn and coffee. He reported that dysentery was a common ailment. He also noted the disease of "stomachache" that engulfed the lungs and throat, was treated with citric acid, but still caused daily fatalities.[36]
Schubbert instigated a failed coup d'état against Meusebach. Ninety-five colonists signed a petition urging Meusebach to remain as Commissioner-General.[37] On July 12, 1847, Meusebach sent Schubbert a letter of dismissal from his position as director of Fredericksburg.[38] Jean Jacques von Coll was appointed his successor. Coll was a retired First Lieutenant of theDuchy of Nassau who had been appointed by Prince Solms as the first financial officer of New Braunfels. Coll was later elected mayor of New Braunfels in 1852.[39]
On December 15, 1847, a petition was submitted to create Gillespie County. In 1848, the legislature formed Gillespie County from Bexar and Travis counties.
For more details on this topic, see
List of Petitioners to Create Gillespie County, Texas
.
While the signers were overwhelmingly German immigrants, names also on the petition were Castillo, Pena, Munos, and a handful of non-German Anglo names.
First sheriff of the county was Louis (Ludwig) Martin,[40][41] who emigrated from Erndtebrück North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany with the first Adelsverein group aboard the Johann Detthard in 1844, and moved with the original settlers to Fredericksburg. He was one of the 1847 signers of the petition to create Gillespie County. He became District Clerk in 1850.[42]
Guenther's Mill on Live Oak Creek painted in 1855 by
Hermann Lungkwitz
Wilhelm Victor Keidel, who emigrated from Hildesheim, Lower Saxony, Germany, became the area's first doctor and the first elected Chief Justice in 1848.[43][44]
Theodore Specht became the first Postmaster of Fredericksburg on December 7, 1848.[45] Specht was from Braunschweig, Germany and emigrated to Fredericksburg with his wife Maria Berger in 1846. The Spechts operated a store out of their home that was frequented by Penateka Comanches.[46] Local Penateka chief Santa Anna brought one of his wives to the store during a cold winter for her to give birth to a son.[47]
Pioneer Flour Mills was founded on Live Oak Creek in Fredericksburg in 1851 by Carl Hilmar Guenther, an immigrant from Weissenfels, Germany. He served as Justice of the Peace in 1856. In 1859, after two years of drought, the Guenther family moved the mills to San Antonio.[48][49]
Fort Martin Scott[
On July 1, 1850 an angry mob of fifty Fort Martin Scott soldiers burned down the store-courthouse in Fredericksburg, in a clash with store owner and County Clerk John M. Hunter over refusal to sell whiskey to a soldier. Soldiers also prevented townspeople from saving the county records.[50][51]
Civil War and Reconstruction[
Fredericksburg was primarily part of the Pro-Union Texas resistance during the Civil War, but a portion of the population remained loyal to the Confederacy. While many Germans saw slavery as an evil, the 1860 census showed thirty-three slaves in Gillespie County.[52] Matthew Gaines was a runaway slave from a Robertson County plantation and had been captured in 1863 by the Texas Rangers at Menard. He was taken to Fredericksburg where he was forced to work for the duration of the war. Upon gaining his freedom, he moved to Burton where he was eventually elected as a member of theTexas Senate.[53] In 1877, the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church served both as a house of worship and as a school for black families in the area.
The citizenry dealt with the spread of lawlessness during and after the war years. School teacher Louis Scheutze was kidnapped from his home and hanged, an act suspected to have been carried out by James P. Waldrip in response to Scheutze's vocal opposition to Confederate rule. Waldrip was alleged to have been part of the notorious Die Haengebande[54] (Hanging Band) that handed out vigilante justice in the Hill Country. He was also a convicted thief and generally feared and disliked by people of the area.[55] In 1867, Waldrip was shot by an unknown person outside the Nimitz Hotel.[56] He was buried in secret, so as to prevent desecration of his grave.[22][57]
20th and 21st Centuries[edit]
Der Lindenbaum reflects the German heritage of Fredericksburg.
Estimated Fredericksburg population for 1904 was 1,632.[22] Frank Stein built the town's first ice factory in 1907.[58] From 1913 to 1942, the Fredericksburg and Northern Railway connected Fredericksburg to Waring.[59] Fredericksburg was incorporated as a city in 1928.[60]
During the first half of the 20th Century, Fredericksburg remained much like other Texas Hill County farm and ranch communities of German heritage, isolated from the commercialization of their culture. The most notable influx of outsiders were sporadic visitors during events like the Easter Fires, the county fair, and hunting season. But the population and its growth remained anchored to its roots.
Things began to change when Lyndon B. Johnson became Vice President of the United States. Possibly the most momentous event in modern Fredericksburg happened on Sunday, April 16, 1961, when Johnson, Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz and the first Chancellor of West Germany Konrad Adenauer helicoptered in to the Fredericksburg fairgrounds racetrack for a reception.[61] They were joined onstage by U.S. Congressman O. C. Fisher and John O. Meusebach's only surviving offspring, 95-year-old Mrs. Ernest Marschall of Llano. Crowd estimates were between 7,000 and 10,000. The 1960 population of Fredericksburg was only 4,629.[22] Accompanying the dignitaries was an entourage of family members, German state officials, multiple security forces, and the national media. Speeches were in English (Nimitz, LBJ), and in German (everyone else) with no translation needed. The Austin Recording Company was on hand to tape the saengerfest segment of the program. The fest featured the Marychorale Choir of St. Mary's Catholic Church and Felix Pehl directing the Arlon Männerchor. Chancellor Adenauer sang along with the Kinderchor portion of the fest, which was directed by Erna Dietel Heinan. The Fredericksburg High School Band entertained and appeared the following day at an Austin parade honoring the Chancellor. The Fredericksburg event was capped by a 10-car caravan tour of Fredericksburg, while Nimitz instead visited his relatives.[62]
On November 22, 1963 when Lyndon Johnson became President of the United States, global attention focused upon the Texas White House at nearby Stonewall. The Nimitz Hotel served as headquarters for the media who intertwined their favorable impressions of the area with their reporting on the President.[63] The Johnsons attended church in Fredericksburg. Dignitaries and were escorted around Fredericksburg by the President. West Germany Chancellor Ludwig Erhard visited Fredericksburg in 1963 and was greeted with "Herzlich Wilkommen" and heard a sermon in German at Bethany Lutheran Church.[64][65][66] Throughout LBJ's vice presidency and presidency, Fredericksburg prospered from the tourism trade, and it changed from an isolated community into one catering to the tourist dollar.[67]
Fredricksburg capitalizes on its German heritage for tourists.
Main Street (Hauptstrasse)
Fredericksburg has profited from spill-over tourism of nearby Luckenbach ever since a couple of events propelled the little town with a population of three to global fame.Jerry Jeff Walker recorded his landmark 1973 Viva Terlingua album at the Luckenbach dance hall. In 1977, Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson recorded their hit Luckenbach, Texas (Back to the Basics of Love).[68] Additionally, the National Museum of the Pacific War has become a big draw to military history buffs.[69]Fredericksburg has become attractive to retirees and people looking to relocate to a simpler way of life.[67] Real estate became a prime business as prices rose.[63][70]The city has become a weekend destination for people in Central Texas, specifically those from Austin and San Antonio.[71]
Fredericksburg in the 21st Century is in a state of flux. As each generation of descendants of the original settlers dies away, or moves to new horizons, the authenticity of the rural German farm culture of the Texas Hill Country communities also dies away. It is gradually blending with the customs of newcomers and being replaced by tourist-oriented concepts of both German heritage and the Texas cowboy culture.[63][68] In 1934, the Gillespie County Historical Society was formed and now houses over 300,000 artifacts. Along with like-minded individuals and organizations, the historical society is dedicated to preserving artifacts, architecture and the history of Fredericksburg.
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Vector Illustration Of The Historic Flag Of The Duchy Braunschweig In Germany. Color Image Of Flag Of German State Braunschweig
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willkommen-in-germany: Windmill near Bassum in the district of...
Windmill near Bassum in the district of Diepholz in Niedersachsen, Northern Germany, situated 25 km south of Bremen. From the 1100′s to 1585 it was a county within the Holy Roman Empire. In the 16th century there was pressure from the powerful duchy of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, trying to annex the smaller states. By forming an alliance with the neighboring County of Hoya and asking for help from the Emperor himself, Diepholz as a state managed to survive a few more decades. In 1585 the ruling family became extinct, and Diepholz was eventually annexed by Braunschweig-Lüneburg. The district extends from the southern outskirts of Bremen to the border of Nordrhein-Westfalen. 
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