#Aspergillus sp

[lupinepublishers]

Lupine Publishers|Molecular detection of aflatoxin producing Aspergillus species isolates in some chicken meat cuts in Gharbiya governorate, Egypt

Abstract

Contamination with fungi and their toxins is considered one of the most dangerous hidden pollutants that threaten the health of the consumer. The presence of mycotoxins in various foods has been recorded, despite their apparent safety for human consumption. Therefore, the current study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of Aspergillus species by culture method; and aflatoxinproducing genes molecularly in total of 75 random samples of chicken cuts represented by wing, breast and thigh (25 of each) that were collected from various groceries and poultries shops located at Gharbiya governorate, Egypt. Results of culture and isolation techniques revealed detection of Aspergillus sp. in 36, 48 and 44% of the examined wing, breast and thigh samples, respectively. Moreover, microbiological identification of the isolated strains showed presence of A. niger, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. terreus and A. parasiticus in 16, 13.3, 10.6, 1.3 and 1.3% of the total population of the examined samples. Molecular detection of some aflatoxin production regulating genes (OmtA, Nor1 and Ver1) in ten Aspergillus sp. isolates revealed their detection in 8/10 (80%), 8/10 (80%) and 7/10 (70%) represented by positive bands at molecular weight of 1024, 400 and 537 bp, respectively. Referring to the recorded results, chicken cuts may possess a great silent hazard to the human being under improper good manufacturing practices and inadequate hygienic conditions during handling and storage.

Introduction

Chicken meat and meat products production in developing countries plays an essential role in supporting food security and poultry meat demands Wong et al. [1]. Contamination of meat products with molds can be occur during different preparation stages during slaughtering under bad hygienic conditions using contaminated water or by adding contaminated spices with mold spores or during packing, handling, transportation and storage Khalalfalla et al. [2]. Contamination of meat with Aspergillus species, especially Flavi section, is one of the most hazardous microbial contamination as the majority of Aspergillus species are able to aflatoxins production that can cause diseases associated with aflatoxin poisoning and carcinogenic effects Leggieri et al. [3]. Acute aflatoxin poisoning may lead to death as was recorded in Kenya in 2004 Probst et al. [4], while chronic poisoning may lead to various recorded mutagens and cancers Benkerroum [5]. Aspergillus sp. was classified into two groups depending on their toxigenic impacts on food and human health; 1st group includes the aflatoxigenic species such as A. flavus and A. parasiticus, while the 2nd group contains the non-aflatoxin-producing species such as A. tamarii and A. oryzae Frisvad et al. [6]. Molecular analyses have been used to confirm aflatoxin productivity of Aspergillus species isolates. omtA, nor1 and ver1 genes are from the commonly used genes encoded aflP, aflD and aflM toxins detection in food items Sohrabi and Taghizadeh [7] yield an accurate, rapid and reliable records of toxigenic aspergillus species especially in food chain Sadhasivam et al. [8]. Therefore, the main target of the current study was to investigate the presence of toxigenic aspergillus species in some chicken meat cuts collected from Gharbiya Governorate markets, Egypt.

Material and Methods

Collection of samples : A total of seventy-five random samples of raw chilled chicken wing, chicken thigh, chicken breast (25 of each) was collected from different local poultries shops and different supermarkets at Gharbia governorate, Egypt. Samples were taken aseptically in polyethylene bags and were transferred to the laboratory in ice box for mycological examination. Preparation of samples (ISO [9]): Twenty-five grams from each sample were carefully and aseptically homogenized in blinder after mixing with 225 ml of sterile peptone water 0.1% to form a dilution of 1:10, from which tenth fold serial dilutions were prepared.

Determination of Aspergillus species

Culture of the prepared samples was performed according to ISO [10], where 0.1ml of the previously prepared serial dilutions was spreaded by mean of sterile L-shape glass rod over two Petridishes contained solidified Dichloran Rose Bengal agar with chloramphenicol (DRBC) then were incubated at upright position at 25Oc for 5 -7 days. Identification of isolated strains was performed according to Pitt and Hocking [11] macroscopically and microscopically as recorded in Table 1. Molecular detection of some aflatoxin producing genes of some isolated Aspergillus strains by cPCR

Oligonucleotide primers used in cPCR

Three pairs of omtA, nor1 and ver1 primers were prepared and collected from Metabion (Germany). Their special sequence and amplify certain products as were be displayed in Table 2.

Mycological DNA was extracted following QIAamp DNeasy Plant Mini kit Catalogue no. 69104. Preparation of master mix and thermal profile was adapted according to the manufacturer instructions (Emerald Amp GT PCR mastermix (Takara) Code No. RR310A).

Results

As recorded in Table 3, Aspergillus sp. was detected in 32(42.6%) of the total examined samples. In detail, breast samples recorded the highest contamination level (48%); followed by thigh and wing samples, respectively. Regarding with the genus identification, A. niger had the highest detection levels (16%) in the examined samples (Table 4). Referring to the obtained results of molecular detection of some aflatoxin producing genes as recorded in (Table 5) and (Figures 1-3); omtA, nor1 and ver1 genes were detected in 8/10 (80%), 8/10 (80%) and 7/10 (70%) of the examined A. flavus isolates, respectively. presence of these genes indicated the producibility of the examined strain for aflatoxins P, D and M, respectively.

Discussion

Chicken meat and meat products comply an important source of human protein supplement all over the world because they provide good source of digestible protein, low cholesterol fat, essential amino acids, minerals, and different types of vitamins and minerals. In Egypt, as well as human population increasing, demand of animal proteins also is increasing represents a serious challenge in which poultry industry plays an essential role in filling nutrition gap as a rapid and more economic source of proteins (Shaltout et al. [12]). Mold contamination of meat and meat products have been considered a serious source of food spoilage resulting in different organoleptic changes in flavor, color, texture, odor referred mainly to the fungal deterioration especially in poor developing countries due to lack of hygienic measures during processing and handling (Lorenzo et al. [7]). Presence of mold in foods may be referred to the rapid, easy disperse and wide spread of the fungal spores which are abundant in the environment introducing food chain through dust, water, workers and equipment. Their presence in food samples is a serious public health concern as these fungi may be associated with the production of mycotoxins (Benedict et al. [13]). Aspergillus species represents an important mycotic infection in public health concern as a human pathogen and as toxin-producing food contaminant. It releases a lot of spores which found in air, water, soil, plant debris, manure and animal feed. As fungal spore’s growing, it secretes digestive enzyme and mycotoxins leading to food spoilage and human mycotoxicosis (Richardson and Rautemaa-Richardson [14]). Referring to the recorded results in Table 3, Aspergillus sp. was prominently detected in breast samples other than wings and thighs samples, which came in agree with the previously recorded results of Darwish et al. [15] and Shaltout et al. [16] who found that the examined breast samples were more contaminated with fungal infection than wing and thigh samples. While the current prevalence of aspergillus species in the examined samples came lower than those recorded by Hassan [17] who found Aspergillus sp. in all the examined samples (100%) collected from Gharbiya governorate, Egypt. Moreover, Abuzaid et al. [18] also detected A. flavus and A. niger in 40 and 80% of the examined sausage samples of chicken origin, respectively. Referring to the obtained results of the microbiological identification of Aspergillus sp. isolates as recorded in Table 4, they came in agree with the previously reported results by Darwish et al. [15] who found that A. niger was the predominant detected strain, followed by A. flavus and A. parasiticus in the examined samples of chicken cuts collected from Zagazig city, Egypt. Some mold species can cause respiratory infections representing a significant risk for individual with severely weakened immune system (OSHA [19]). Presence of mold in high incidence indicate bad hygienic measures adopted during handling, preparation and processing El Abbasy [20]. Mycotoxins have been defined as naturally occurring secondary fungal metabolites produced in meat and meat products by direct growth of toxigenic molds such as Aspergillus species which produce Aflatoxins and Ochratoxins which threat public health due to their carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, teratogenic and mutagenic effects in human and animals Agriopoulou et al. [21]. Aflatoxins are produced by a polyketide pathway that pass through about twenty-seven enzymatic reactions which have been regulated by sets of genes including nor-1, ver-1 and omtA have been shown to be involved in this process. aflD (nor-1) encodes a norsolorinic acid ketoreductase needed for the conversion of the 10-keto group of Norsolorinic Acid (NOR) to the 10-hydroxyl group of Versicolorin A (VERA) Zhou and Linz [22]. aflM (ver-1), predicted to encode a ketoreductase, is involved in the conversion of VERA into Sterigmatocystin (ST) Henry and Townsend [23]; aflP (omtA) codes for O-methyltransferase, which is one of the main genes responsible for transforming ST into O-methylsterigmatocystin (OMST) that is the precursor for aflatoxin production Yabe et al. [24]. Many other previous studies recorded detection of these genes in their Aspergillus isolates of food origin by various PCR techniques; Manonmani et al. [25], Rodrigues et al. [26], and Hassan et al. [27], who conducted several studies investigating the aflatoxigenicity of Aspergillus sp., could detect different genes in their Aspergillus isolates [28,29].

Conclusion

It could be concluded that, breast samples revealed the highest contamination levels with Aspergillus sp.; in addition, A. niger was the prominently detected strain. PCR technique is a unique diagnostic tool for detection and identification of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus strains especially if the field of food safety. So, application of strict hygienic measures, proper use of water supply and food additives from good sources is recommended.

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[oaresearchpaper]

#Screening #Qualitative #Cellulase #Rice husk #Quantitative

[skyeateyourdonuts]

its time for the fungi post

claviceps sp. is a fungi any old joe mightve heard about when looking at things like st. anthonys fire, the salem witch trials, the dancing mania of europe, etc. and as fascinating as it is that this fungi mightve been the real cause for those things, so could it have been various other things bc tho the climates for at least two of these events (that i know) was optimal growth time we. just. dont. know. science aint there yet pardner

theres also a funky guy that as my dear friend ava says "SQUART" does indeed just that. by spewing its spores into the lovely food of sick-ass livestock aka crops and grass and shit, it effectively passes entirely unnoticed through the mouth of the animal where it does nothin to the creature then gets lobbed in with excrement which is: their whole goal!! by scheming their way into poop they can now have a fun growing party as they break that shit (literally) down and feast on the herbivore poop. its pretty cool theyre called pilobolus kleinii (the most common) and theyre also nicknamed "hat throwers" bc they. throw their hats hehehehe

anyways theres actually a whole genus called the aspergillus and theyre. theyre a bunch of bastards mixed with like. the dude whos in soy sauce, the guy who features in toothpastes, and especially that famous fucker in inks (specifically dark inks). theyre like the "famous amongst humans" crew and then the fuckin types that can lead to like dying of asphyxiation. so yeah. like hollywood lmao. but also theres more so idk go for it look em up.

anyways these are a few creatures i recently came to know about and if u ever wanna learn about fuckin fungi start with the phylums and ull already see some bonkers guys

fungi be funguyin bye

#fungi #sometimes u gotta just spew shit onto somewhere to feel like uve told someone #even tho i def have told at least five-six people about the top two #i just needed to tell MORE #just havin a plant moment #my language is so like lmao its so formed to me also #i could write this more formally but this is to me about me #mycology #my MOM okay srry bye

[moleculardepot]

Lysing Enzymes from Aspergillus sp.

Lysing Enzymes from Aspergillus sp. Catalog number: B2012680 Lot number: Batch Dependent Expiration Date: Batch dependent Amount: 100 mg Molecular Weight or Concentration: N/A Supplied as: Lyophilized Powder Applications: molecular tool for various biochemical applications Storage: 2-8°C Keywords: Cellulase, Pectinase Grade: Biotechnology grade. All products are highly pure. All solutions are…

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FLORAONE PUPUK HAYATI Khusus PADI KANDUNGAN : 

- Azospirilum sp  2,90 x 107 CFU ml 

- Rhizobium sp 2,80 x 107 , CFU/ml

 - Aspergillus niger 5,00 x 10° CFU/ml

 - Tricoderma harzianum 5,00 x 106 CFU/ml 

- Pseudomonans fluoresenc. 2,65 x 109 CFU/ml 

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1. SEBELUM PEMAKAIAN PRODUK FLORAONE : Campurkan BIOAKTIFATOR kedalam 1 It FLORAONE dan mengocoknya, setelah iarut bisa langsung digunakan atau untuk memperoleh hasil yang maksimal biarkan 3 - 5 hari FLORAONE baru digunakan 

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 3. PENGOLAHAN LAHAN, siram/semprot lahan 1-2 ml FLORAONE I It air. kebutuhan 1-2 lt FLORAONE-PADI/Ha 

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 - Dosis Pencegahan : 2 ml FloraOne/It air, penyemprotan 1-2 minggu sekali. 

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 ISI : 1 LITER

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FLORAONE PUPUK HAYATI CAIR 1 LITER CABAI (PHC) I. MENGOPTIMALKAN pH TANAH / MEDIA TANAM yaitu : 6,5 - 7,2 Untuk menaikan pH dapat diberikan Dolomit / kalsit ( kapur) 2-4 minggu sebelum tanam, dosis: 1,5 — 3 ton / Ha II . PEMAKAIAN KOMPOS ( PUPUK KANDANG ) pada waktu pengolahan lahan , Dosis 2,5 - 5 ton / Ha III . TAHAP-TAHAP PEMAKAIAN FLORAONE : 1. PERLAKUAN BIJI / BIBIT SEBELUM TANAM - Merendam Biji , dosis : 15 ml / It air rendaman, selama 8 - 12 jam - Menyiram bibit pada polybag atau persemaian bibit dengan 2 ml FLORAONE -Pupuk Hayati / It air setiap minggu 2. SAAT TANAM : siram / semprot lahan 2 ml FLORAONE/ It air, kebutuhan 2 It FLORAONE / Ha 3. SETELAH TANAM • PADI, PALAWIJA dan KACANG-KACANGAN semprot lahan 2 mi & FLORAONE / It air, 2 minggu sekali sampai pertengahan umur tanam (60 hari ) • HORTIKULTURA , semprot 2 ml FLORAONE / It air, 1 - 2 minggu sekali • PERKEBUNAN, siram lahan dengan 2 ml FLORAONE / It air ( kebutuhan 10 ml FLORAONE / pohon ) - Tanaman sedang berproduksi : siram setiap 1 bulan sekali - Tanaman belum produksi : siram setiap 1 — 2 bulan sekali KANDUNGAN : Azospririlum sp. : 7,3 x 10 Pangkat 8 cfu/ml Rhizobium sp : 3,4 X 10 Pangkat 8 cfu/ml Aspergillus niger : 3,4 x 10 Pangkat 7 cfu/ml Tricoderma harzianum : 1,3 X 10 Pangkat 7 cfu/ml Psueodomonas fluoresenc : 9,3 x 10 Pangkat 8 cfu/ml KEGUNAAN : - Menyuburkan tanah, memperbaiki struktur tanah dan pH tanah - Mempercepat pertumbuhan tunas, daun ranting, cabang baru, pembuahan dan biji. - Meningkatkan sistem perakaran yang banyak dan besar - Meningkatkan produksi - Meningkatkan unsur hara tanah dan mengefisiensikan penyerapan unsur- hara untuk tumbuhan - Melindungi tanaman dari serangan penyakit - Mempertahankan clorofil sehingga meningkatkan proses fotosintesis - Meningkatkan kemampuan mengikat air sehingga tanaman lebih tahan dimusim kemarau yang lama - Menekan biaya produksi Pemupukan - Mengurangi pemakaian fungisida, pupuk kompos dan pupuk kimia hingga 0 -50%

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[pageerlandsen]

Controlled manufacturing regarding NiV 2 A 6 nanosphere being a high-performance flexibleall-solid-stateelectrode content for supercapacitors

Nonetheless, your components fundamental actions remain to be comprehensive. The examine dedicated to miRNAs involved with cinobufacin hang-up of GC mobile or portable growth. miRNA microarray evaluation and also real time PCR discovered miR-494 as being a considerable cinobufacin-associated miRNA. Throughout vivo, ectopic appearance of miR-494 inhibited the particular proliferation and induced apoptosis associated with BGC-823 tissues in CCK-8 and circulation cytometry analysis. Further review confirmed BAG-1 (anti-apoptosis gene) for you to bea focus on of miR-494 by luciferase news reporter assay as well as Western blotting. To conclude, our own examine revealed that cinobufacin might prevent the spreading as well as market the particular apoptosis regarding BGC-823 tissues. Cinobufacin-associated miR-494 may possibly indirectly participate in mobile spreading as well as apoptosis simply by aimed towards BAG-1, directing as any molecular target of cinobufacin throughout gastric cancer malignancy therapy.Metacarpal along with phalangeal breaks of the lengthy palms will be the results of shock taking place under incredibly different conditions. Consequently, your scientific demonstration differs, with every bone and joint potentially being concerned. Every single stage of these treatment solutions are vital, even though benign physical appearance of such accidents can result in actions being overlooked: analysis cycle with specialized medical assessment as well as radiographs; therapeutic cycle the place that the most suitable treatment is selected, which combines mobilization in the electronic stores as quickly as possible along with each affected person; follow-up stage together with normal checking to identify any issues, particularly extra displacement, as well as examine so good progress has been made throughout treatment. The aim of just about any fracture treatment methods are in order to sustain as well as bring back the anatomy selleckchem , together with the focus right here due to being on the stability as well as freedom of the electronic digital organizations. The potential development in the direction of serious practical sequelae (soreness, lack of stability or perhaps firmness at your fingertips) and also the resulting considerable socio-economic backlashes have to be the main point on a surgeon's thoughts in early stages throughout the initial proper any kind of kids finger as well as side stress. (Chemical) 2014 Provided by Elsevier Masson SAS.An easy set up of just one,2-disubstituted indoles may be designed by having a Cu(The second)-catalyzed domino coupling/cyclization procedure. Underneath cardio exercise problems, a wide range of 1,2-disubstituted indole types ended up efficiently and also facilely produced via 2-alkynylanilines and also boronic chemicals. 2-(2-Bromoaryl)-1-aryl-1H-indoles, that have been precisely generated in a container within the Cu catalysis, provided the actual indolo[1,2-f]phenanthridines by way of Pd-catalyzed intramolecular primary H(sp(2))-H arylation. The particular one-pot combination ways to your polycyclic indole types were in addition successfully achieved.The particular antifungal effect of vital skin oils (EOs) of Thymus vulgaris D. (EOT.vulgaris) and also Cinnamomum cassia L. (EOC.cassia) in opposition to Aspergillus flavus spores ended up being evaluated by deciding lowest inhibitory awareness, minimal fungicidal concentrations and also fungicidal kinetics. Kinetic model of fungicidal action of human EOT.vulgaris along with EOC.cassia was created as well as variables were used to generate . e . o mix with ideal rate of person Eos 550d.

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[gilmoremcclure]

Evaluation of Fibrin-Agarose Tissue-Like Hydrogels Biocompatibility regarding Tissues Design Apps

1% (2 individuals). (D) This year AEU. Provided by Elsevier Espana, S.T. Just about all protection under the law set aside.Ethyl acetate concentrated amounts and also hydrodistillated important natural oils coming from a few https://www.selleckchem.com/products/s63845.html cultivars of warm citrus epicarps had been assessed because of their inhibitory activities against Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and also Penicillium sp. using drive diffusion and also soup microdilution assays. Important natural skin oils geared up coming from kaffir calcium (Citrus hystrix DC) and acid lime green (Citrus fruit aurantifolia Swingle) epicarps exhibited stronger anti-fungal task to all fungus infection as compared to their particular ethyl acetate concentrated amounts with minimum inhibitory focus as well as lowest fungicidal attention ideals involving 2.56 along with One.Thirteen mg/ml (dried up issue), respectively, in opposition to aflatoxin-producing Any. flavus plus a. parasiticus. The principal components of the primary essential oil coming from kaffir calcium had been limonene, citronellol, linalool, o-cymene, and also camphene, while limonene along with p-cymene had been significant pieces of acid solution calcium essential oil. Real limonene, citronellal, along with citronellol ended up 5 to 6 occasions significantly less fungicidal compared to all-natural essential natural skin oils, suggesting your complete exercise of many lively compounds within the particular natural oils. Kaffir and also chemical p lime scale essential skin oils drastically lowered aflatoxin manufacture of A new. flavus plus a. parasiticus, especially lime scale essential oil, which usually entirely limited development and aflatoxin creation of The. flavus at the power Only two.Twenty-five mg/ml. Targeted mobile or portable harm brought on by acid calcium gas had been looked at beneath transmission electron microscopy. Damaging alterations associated with plasma tv's along with nucleus membrane, lack of cytoplasm, vacuole fusion, as well as detachment regarding fibrillar covering were evidently showed within essential-oil-treated tissue.Sepsis is really a affliction seen as a any wide spread inflamation related response on account of extreme an infection. Early on recognition involving causal brokers and appropriate antimicrobial remedy decrease fatality. Typical microbiological methods typically usually do not offer time essential latest results for an optimal earlier administration. We all utilised the in-house protocol depending on Teenager 80 to course of action 109 optimistic blood ethnicities with regard to bacteria and also thrush recognition by matrix-assisted laserlight desorption/ionization-time-of-flight bulk spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), as well as results were in comparison with standard guide or programmed techniques. MALDI-TOF Microsof company appropriately identified 91.7% with the isolates. Correct recognition has been obtained with regard to 57/62 (Ninety one.9%) aerobic/facultative anaerobic Gram-positive isolates, 53 (80.5%) in types level, as well as 4 (Some.4%) on the genus amount; 32/32(100%) aerobic/facultative anaerobic Gram-negative isolates, 31st(Ninety six.9%) with types level, and also One particular (3.1%) in the genus amount; 7/7 (100%) obligate anaerobes, all at the genus amount; 3/7 (49.8%) infection, all with genus level. General, the particular typical identification use of MALDI-TOF Milliseconds compared to research common methods ended up being considerably shorter: typical (interquartile assortment) 7.A single l (Some.7-10.A couple of) versus Forty eight.

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[pettyernstsen]

Venous Thromboembolism throughout Hospitalized Cancer Patients: Analysis in the Nationwide Inpatient Trial Repository.

Given that typical vaccinations got hit a brick wall within safeguarding creatures contrary to the infection, the introduction of a new Genetics vaccine is usually an alternative. The candidate vaccine ended up being created by simply cloning the succession encoding MVV p25 proteins and was analyzed in vitro along with vivo experiments connected with cationic liposomes. The lipoplexes (plasmid DNA-liposome buildings) together with cost ratios starting from 0 to 16 ended up ready inside physiological saline option and also characterised at a physical-chemistry stage. Agarose gel electrophoresis was utilized being a first way of consider qualitatively how much unbounded Genetic by the liposomes. Powerful mild dispersing proportions said that within the analyzed conditions lipoplexes along with theoretical cost percentages (+/-) from three to 6 are generally unpredictable and vulnerable to aggregation showing dimensions more than 1 mu michael. At lower and fee ratios lipoplex size vary from Two hundred in order to Five hundred change. Employing a Create Resonance Power Move method in the past as reported by all of us, complexation performance of the identical buildings ended up being linked to in vitro plus vivo benefits. Higher transfection advantages ended up attained throughout vitro using Selleck Tiragolumab lipoplexes with fee proportion (+/-)=10, wherever 97% from the Genetic make-up were protected by your liposomes. Nonetheless, your subcutaneous immunization associated with these animals caused larger antibody titers together with lipoplexes from fee percentage (+/-)Equals1, where only 23% Genetic make-up is safe through the liposomes. Additionally, using cationic liposomes indicates a heightened antibody reaction in comparison to a new undressed Genetics immunization. (Chemical) 09 Elsevier B.V. Almost all legal rights set-aside.The particular innovative all-natural product stephacidin A will be suggested like a biosynthetic forerunner for you to notoamide W in a variety of Aspergillus kinds. Twice as (12)C-labeled racemic stephacidin The has been produced along with fed in order to civilizations in the terrestrial-derived fungi, Aspergillus versicolor NRRL 35600, and also the marine-derived fungus, Aspergillus sp. MF297-2. Research into the metabolites uncovered enantiospecific Use regarding Unchanged (*)-stephacidin Any straight into (+)-notoamide N inside Aspergillus versicolor as well as (+)-stephacidin The In to (*)-notoamide T inside Aspergillus sp. MF297-2. (Tough luck)C-Labeled sclerotiamide was also isolated through both fungus ethnicities.ObjectivesOver yesteryear thirty years, twin studies show variation within the heritability of weight problems. This study analyzed the real difference of bmi (BMI) heritability (BMI-H) simply by populace features, such as sexual intercourse, get older, time of remark and also average BMI, along with by broad social-environmental components since shown by country-level gdp (GDP) per person as well as GDP growth rate. MethodsTwin scientific studies that will documented BMI-H and ended up released in Uk from Present cards 1990 in order to February The new year after excluding those that have illness, specific occupations or perhaps mixed heritability estimations for country/ethnic teams had been researched throughout PubMed. 33 scientific studies ended up discovered coming from Finland (Several), great britain (Some), the usa (Several), Denmark (Three), The far east (Three), Netherlands (A couple of), South Korea (Two), Sweden (2) and 4 from other nations around the world.

#Screening Library #ERK inhibitor #ISO-1 #Nutlin-3 #Necrosulfonamide #Camptothecin #Salubrinal #SB225002 #Leuprolide #A-485 #Ivosidenib #BMS-1166 #4μ8C #Cyclopamine #Streptozotocin #Prexasertib #Atorvastatin #Picropodophyllin #Rosiglitazone #6-Thio-dG #compound 991 #ASP015K #PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor 2 #SU5416 #ABT-869 #SB497115 #MDL-71782 #PRT062070 #LOXO-195 #LY335979

[choihoalan]

[eggquill07]

Sorafenib from the treatments for rectogenital The problem trachomatis microbe infections: conclusion associated with an era?

As well as tumor-targeting ability ended up being proven on different tumor-bearing mice, with higher awareness and also tumor-to-normal tissues contrast ratio (Ten:One particular). fPI-01 is often a encouraging visual adviser for diagnosing FR-positive malignancies, especially in their own initial phase.Your mixed effect of nonmagnetic and also permanent magnet pollutants on the spin susceptibility of the noncentrosymmetrical superconductor simply by taking into consideration the Cooper integrating style having a two-component purchase parameter consisting of spin-singlet as well as spin-triplet coupling parts is actually #Link# investigated. Pertaining to thoroughly clean superconductor CePt3Si, the particular low-temperature dependence (Big t -> Zero) involving whirl weakness is linear this means that this gap operate offers range nodes, in keeping with our own distance style. We're going to show in the presence of permanent magnet pollutants the actual susceptibility does not go away even during the lack of rewrite orbit coupling as well as in the spot where the power distance 's still limited, plus the reduced power of permanent magnet harmful particles your spin and rewrite vulnerability with no temperature is proportional to impurity focus. (H) 2013 AIP Submitting LLC.The actual incidence of an tracheal bronchus-that is, the congenitally excessive bronchus received from the trachea or perhaps principal bronchi-is 0.1%-2%. Serious hypoxia and atelectasis can develop in these patients together with intubation along with one-lung venting. We all enjoyed a outstanding decrease in peripheral oxygen #Link# saturation (Sp(T-mobile)) and a increase in air passage strain during keeping of the double-lumen endobronchial tv inside a individual together with evident ductus arteriosus along with tracheal bronchus. Alternative from the double-lumen conduit which has a bronchial blocker pipe provided risk-free solitude with the lung intraoperatively. A sort My partner and i tracheal bronchus and also segmental tracheal stenosis were recognized on postoperative three-dimensional (Three dimensional) computed tomographic (CT) pictures. Preoperative examination of torso X-rays, CT images, and preoperative tracheal Animations images ought to preempt these kinds of complications and assist in securing risk-free and ideal one-lung air-flow.15 maritime sponge kinds coming from #Link# Rameswaram, the southern area of Of india ended up researched because of their filamentous fungus symbionts. The results claim that fungus symbionts of maritime sponges are hyperdiverse. Overal like Acremonium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fusarium and also Penicillium ended up frequently separated; zero correct underwater yeast kinds were found. Varieties of have been principal and co-dominant out of all sponges screened. The particular candica isolates made antialgal, anti-fungal, anti-oxidant, prescription antibiotic, antiinsect metabolites. Several infection made acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.An excellent dispersal (SD) tactic has become executed to improve the actual dissolution price involving insoluble drugs simply by bettering their own aqueous solubility. A good insoluble medicine, nimesulide (Nims), had been selected like a product pertaining to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications. It was dispersed in the water-soluble service provider poloxamer 407. Different methods ended up helpful to prepare this kind of distribution, particularly: Solution technique (SM), Shedding method (Millimeter) and also Massaging approach (Kilometers) in numerous drug: carrier rates.

#Sorafenib #Temozolomide #Caramboxin

[oaresearchpaper]

#Microorganisms #Atmosphere #Bioaerosols #Abuja #Nigeria

[innspubnet]

Fungal contamination of markets in Warri Metropolis: A threat to food security and human health | JBES 2020 By INNSPUB

 By: E. M. Ilondu

This study reveals numerous fungal spores encountered in some markets in Warri metropolis. Market environment may serve as reservoir of human and plant pathogens due to wastes and debris dumped there that support the growth and proliferation of fungal spores. When these spores are inhaled by people may lead to different types of respiratory diseases. Infections of spores can also increase chances of mycotoxin contamination of food and other agricultural commodities sold in the market.

 Abstract

There is always population surge towards physical market because it is a major outlet for purchase of food items and other human needs. Biological contamination of air is one of the serious issues of the environment varying among geographic areas and sampling heights. The aeromycology of three major markets in Warri metropolis which include Effurun market, Igbudu market and Main market using open plate method was evaluated. The study was conducted for the period of six (6) months (April to September, 2017) at two heights: human height (1.5m) and building height (3.5m) and three different locations (foodstuffs, clothing and abattoir sections) in each of these markets. Petri dishes containing PDA medium were exposed for 5 mins and incubated in the laboratory for 2–3 days. Developed fungal colonies were counted and sub-cultured to fresh PDA medium for identification by morphological and microscopic examination using standard identification keys. A total of 6145 colonies with 35 species were isolated and identified. Main fungi identified with their percentage frequency of occurrence include Aspergillus niger 699(11.37%), Mucor mucedo 459(7.47%), Penicillium candidum 404(6.57%), P. digitatum 395(6.43%), Monilia sp 324(5.27%) among others. Off these fungi, members of the Deuteromycotina contributed 46.58%, Ascomycotina 38.76% and Zygomycotina 14.66%. The population of fungal colonies varied from month to month as follows: July>August>June>September>May>April. Human height has 4285(60.73%) colonies while building height was 1860(30.27) colonies. Igbudu market, Main market and Effurun market have 2412, 2030 and 1702 fungal colonies respectively. There are strong indications that these market environments are heavily contaminated with airborne fungal spores which may pose a serious threat to food security and human health. Continuous clean-up exercise of these markets is imperative.

Introduction

The air, depending on the constituents of biological or nonbiological particles regulates the quality of the environment (Mahadeo and Kelpit, 2017). Biological contamination of air can be evaluated by an indoor (intramural) or outdoor (extramural) studies. Their composition and concentration vary greatly with respect to geographical location, human activities, natural sources, meteorological factors, sampling heights and techniques among others (Ginn-Gofron and Bosiacka, 2015: Makut et al., 2014: Mahedeo and Kelpit, 2017: Ghosh et al., 2011). 

Atmosphere of market air contains varied fungal spores that are hazardous to human health of which about 80% have been linked with respiratory disorders (Khan and Fatema, 2015; Bhajbhuje and Akare, 2018). Various allergic diseases including Asthma, Aspergilosis, Mycoses, Sinusitis among others have been attributed to inhalation of airborne fungal spores (Ahire and Sangale, 2012; Khan and Fatema, 2015; Hernandez and Martinez, 2018). As opined by Hagale and Patil (2008), airborne fungi have been regarded as indicator of certain level of atmospheric biopollution. Similarly, these fungal spores can settle on surface of food items causing their deterioration thereby reducing the market and nutritive values on one hand and on the other may be toxic to humans when consumed (Okigbo et al., 2008; Atando et al., 2009; Djeri et al., 2010; Fagbohun et al., 2010). On the whole, food security and human health are threatened. 

Markets are the major outlet for purchase or sell of food items, agricultural produce and other human needs. To this effect, there is always influx of people in and out of market environment. This study was conducted with the aim to (i) Isolate and identify fungal species of three market environments in Warri metropolis (ii) Study their occurrence in relation to different locations, meteorological data and sampling heights. It is hoped that the result of this study will sensitize the general public on the impact of fungal spores on their health and environment.

 Discussion

This study has shown that the three market environments in Warri metropolis were contaminated by abundant fungal spores. Major spore types include those of Aspergillus niger, Mucor mucedo, Penicillium candidum, Monilia sp., Alternaria alternate, Aspergillus flavus, P. digitatum and Curvularia pallescens. Most of these fungi have been documented by other researchers in markets (Hogale and Patil, 2008; Ahire and Sangale, 2012; Kakde and Kakde, 2012; Khan and Fatema, 2015) and other environment (Makut et al., 2014; Prasad et al., 2015; Ilondu and Nweke, 2016; Mahadeo and Kalpit, 2017; Bhajbhuje and Akare, 2018; Njokuocha and Aguru, 2007, Ghosh et al., 2011). Aspergillus species were the most abundant in this study. Similar occurrence was recorded by Kakde and Kakde (2012), Khan and Fatema (2015); Ilondu and Nweke (2016), Ilondu (2017). Some of these fungi are known to cause allergic reactions in human, skin infections, food spoilage and diseases of plant in the field. As the market environment get contaminated by these spores, health challenges like Asthma, Aspergillosis, Eczema, Mycoses, Sinusitis among others become eminent. 

Generally, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Curvularia, Penicillium and Cladosporium have the history of being allergenic in nature (Hogale and Patil, 2008; Khan and Fatema, 2015) and have been proven to be biodeteriogens (Reddy, 2018). Mucor, Rhizopus and Absidia cause mucormycosis in man and animals, a species of Cercospora has been a cause of face lesions in man. Candida albican being implicated for various types of candidiasis in man while Geotrichum candidum is known to cause Geotricosis (Sharma, 1989; Hernandez and Martinez, 2018). The involvement of Curvilaria lunatus in human pneumonia has been reported and as opined by Louis et al. (2017), by year 2047, may have been evolved to a phenotype that will make disease management difficult. Botryodiplodia theobromae, Curvularia lunatus, Cercospora, Alternaria cause leafspot disease of many crops (Ilondu, 2013a; 2013b; Metrotra and Agawal, 2004; Shahzady et al., 2017). Accumulation of some of these fungal spores on food has been reported by Okigbo et al. (2008), Ilondu (2017). Species of Aspergillus, Alternaria and Fusarium have been associated with toxin production in stored food (Atanda et al., 2009; Adebayo-Tayo et al., 2009; Djeri et al., 2010; Fagbohun et al., 2010) which may be carcinogenic when consumed. Among all identified spore types, Deuteromycotina was the most abundant group. 

This is in conformity with the reports of Kakde and Kakde (2012), Ahire and Sangale (2012), Mahadeo and Kalpit (2017). Moreso, Ascomycotina and Deuteromycotina have been shown to contain allergic microfungi (Bhajbhuje and Akare, 2018). This investigation also revealed that population of fungal colonies varies from month to month, the highest being recorded in the month of July. High humidity and rainfall with low temperature recorded in this month may have favoured the growth, sporulation and spore discharge into the market atmosphere. Availability of natural sources like dead and decaying market waste may have contributed to inoculum upsurge. The lowest concentration of spores observed in the month of April may be as a result of high temperature that does not favour the growth of fungi in the atmosphere. Similar results with regards to variation in the meteorological data were documented by Ahire and Sangole (2012), Grinn- Gofron and Basiacka (2015). 

Since fungi may react simultaneously to a combination of factors, it may not be easy to separate the influence of individual meteorological factors on the occurrence of these spores (Grinn-Gofron and Basiacka, 2015). The highest number of fungal colonies was recorded in Igbudu market compared to others. It could be due to overcrowding, poor sanitation and other human activities as suggested by Ayanbimpe et al. (2010) that population density affect the quality of environment. More so, lack of basic facilities for waste disposal may favour fungal proliferation. Fungal colonies recorded in building height were less in number compared to human height. Khattab and Estelle (2008) indicated that spore types decreased logarithmically with increase in height from the ground, while more airborne spores at human height may be due to proximity to natural sources at ground level and favourable meteorological conditions which aid release and dispersal of the spores. 

Meanwhile, market wastes have been indicated as one key source of fungal spores (Khan and Fatema, 2015). The slaughter section of the markets harboured highest number of fungal colonies, in comparison with foodstuff and clothing sections. It is possible that vigorous activities including dressing of carcass may have led to spread of mycoflora contaminants into the air (Syed and Sarangi, 2013). Nevertheless, the higher colony count in the foodstuff section must have been contributed by decaying and rottening of vegetables and other food items in that section (Khan and Fatema, 2015; Meraj-ul-Haque and Patil, 2016). Similarly, least number of fungal spores recorded in the clothing sections could be as a result of frequent cleaning and some level of hygienic practices observed there (Khan and Fatema, 2015). Therefore the effect of these fungi on human health and food security cannot be over emphasized. Get full articles via original source Fungal contamination of markets in Warri Metropolis: A threat to food security and human health

Journal Name: Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES

#jbes #open access journals #food security #human health

[hayutaagro]

ORGANIK!! CALL! 0812-2558-1198, AGEN Pupuk Padi Kencana Sikka, DISTRIBUTOR Pupuk Padi Terbaik Sumba Barat Daya, Pupuk Padi Umur 40 Hari Timor Tengah Selatan

klik https://wa.me/6281225581198, AGEN Pupuk Padi Kencana Sikka, DISTRIBUTOR Pupuk Padi Terbaik Sumba Barat Daya, Pupuk Padi Umur 40 Hari Timor Tengah Selatan, Pupuk Padi Kuning Timur Tengah Utara, Pupuk Padi Pertama, Pupuk Padi Bunting, Pupuk Padi Bunting, Pupuk Padi Umur 60 Hari, Pupuk Padi Cair, Pupuk Padi Yang Paling Bagus, Pupuk Pelebat Buah Padi

FLORAONE PUPUK HAYATI Khusus PADI KANDUNGAN : 

- Azospirilum sp  2,90 x 107 CFU ml 

- Rhizobium sp 2,80 x 107 , CFU/ml 

- Aspergillus niger 5,00 x 10° CFU/ml 

- Tricoderma harzianum 5,00 x 106 CFU/ml

- Pseudomonans fluoresenc. 2,65 x 109 CFU/ml 

 PERSYARATAN PEMAKAIAN FLORAONE AGAR MENDAPATKAN HASIL YANG MAKSIMAL : 

 I. MENGOPTIMALKAN pH TANAH/MEDIA TANAM : 6,5-7,2 Untuk menaikan pH dapat dibenkan Dolomit/kalsit (kapur) 2-4 minggu sebelum tan am, dosis: 1,5 - 3 ton / Ha

II. PEMAKAIAN KOMPOS (PUPUK KANDANG) pada waktu pengolahan Iahan, Dosis 2,5-5 ton/Ha

 III. TAHAP-TAHAP PEMAKAIAN FLORAONE : 

1. SEBELUM PEMAKAIAN PRODUK FLORAONE : Campurkan BIOAKTIFATOR kedalam 1 It FLORAONE dan mengocoknya, setelah iarut bisa langsung digunakan atau untuk memperoleh hasil yang maksimal biarkan 3 - 5 hari FLORAONE baru digunakan 

2. PERLAKUAN BIJI/BIBIT SEBELUM TANAM - Merendam Biji, dosis : 15 ml/lt air rendaman, selama 8-12 jam - Menyiram bibit pada persemaian bibit dengan 1-2 ml FLORAONE/It air setiap minggu 

3. PENGOLAHAN LAHAN, siram/semprot lahan 1-2 ml FLORAONE I It air. kebutuhan 1-2 lt FLORAONE-PADI/Ha 

4. SAAT TANAM siram/semprot lahan 1 - 2 ml FLORAONE/lt air, kebutuhan 1-2 lt FLORAONE-PADI/Ha 

5. SETELAH TANAM Semprot lahan 1-2 ml FLORAONE/lt air, 2 minggu sekali sampai pertengahan umur tanam (60 hari)

 6. UNTUK PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT : Kresek (Xanthomonas), Busuk leher (BLAST) Busuk akar, Busuk bergaris dll

- Dosis Pencegahan : 2 ml FloraOne/It air, penyemprotan 1-2 minggu sekali. 

- Dosis Pengobatan : 2 ml FloraOne/lt air, penyemprotan 3 hr berturut-turut

 IV. WAKTU PEMAKAIAN : - Dapat digunakan pada pagi/sore hari tetapi tidak dilakukan menjelang hujan, karena akan tercuci 

 KEGUNAAN : 

- Menyuburkan, memperbaiki struktur dan pH tanah 

- Mempercepat masa panen 

- Mempercepat perkecambahan biji dan pertumbuhan tanaman 

- Mengefisienkan pemupukan dan menekan biaya produksi 

- Melindungi tanaman dari serangan penyakit 

- Mengurangi pemakaian fungisida, pupuk kompos dan pupuk kimia hingga 50 % 

- Meningkatkan sistem perakaran yang besar dan banyak, menambah kemampuan akar mengikat air sehingga tanaman lebih tahan dimusim kemarau yang lama. 

 CATATAN : - Tidak dianjurkan mencampur FLORAONE dengan Fungisida kimia - Takaran : 1 tutup kemasan produk= 10 ml ( 1,5-3 tutup kemasan untuk 1 tangki) 

 ISI : 1 LITER

#PupukPadiFlores timur PupukPadiKencana Sikka PupukPadiTerbaik Sumba Barat Daya PupukPadiUmur40Hari Timor Tengah Selatan PupukPadiKuning Pupu

[jualpupukboosteranggur]

ALAMI! CALL! 0812-2558-1198, HARGA pupuk kulit bawang merah Brebes, AGEN pupuk kedua bawang merah Bogor, pupuk limbah bawang merah Bekasi

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FLORAONE PUPUK HAYATI CAIR 1 LITER BAWANG MERAH (PHC) KANDUNGAN : Azospririlum sp. : 7,3 x 10 Pangkat 8 cfu/ml Rhizobium sp : 3,4 X 10 Pangkat 8 cfu/ml Aspergillus niger : 3,4 x 10 Pangkat 7 cfu/ml Tricoderma harzianum : 1,3 X 10 Pangkat 7 cfu/ml Psueodomonas fluoresenc : 9,3 x 10 Pangkat 8 cfu/ml KEGUNAAN : - Menyuburkan tanah, memperbaiki struktur tanah dan pH tanah - Mempercepat pertumbuhan tunas, daun ranting, cabang baru, pembuahan dan biji. - Meningkatkan sistem perakaran yang banyak dan besar - Meningkatkan produksi - Meningkatkan unsur hara tanah dan mengefisiensikan penyerapan unsur- hara untuk tumbuhan - Melindungi tanaman dari serangan penyakit - Mempertahankan clorofil sehingga meningkatkan proses fotosintesis - Meningkatkan kemampuan mengikat air sehingga tanaman lebih tahan dimusim kemarau yang lama - Menekan biaya produksi Pemupukan - Mengurangi pemakaian fungisida, pupuk kompos dan pupuk kimia hingga 0 -50%

TOKO pupuk cair dari bawang merah Gunungkidul, SUPPLIER pupuk bawang merah di musim kemarau Kulon Progo, pupuk bawang merah di polybag Sleman, pupuk bawang merah dalam pot Cilacap, pupuk bawang merah di musim penghujan, pupuk bawang merah fase vegetatif, pupuk bawang merah fase vegetatif, pupuk fertiphos untuk bawang merah, pupuk fase generatif bawang merah, pupuk generatif bawang merah, pupuk bawang merah hidroponik

#pupukbawangmerahyangbaikGunungkidul #pupukcantikuntukbawangmerah #pupukcairdaribawangmerah #pupukbawangmerahdimusimkemarau #pupukbawangmerahdipolybag

[irispublishersagriculture]

Iris Publishers - World Journal of Agriculture and Soil Science (WJASS)

Isolation, Identification and Characterization of Pectinase Producers from Agro Wastes (Citrus sinensis and Ananas comosus)

Authored by Ebuehi OAT

When fruit is detached from the living plants it cannot repair its cells or defend its tissues against natural deterioration. There are many reasons of fruit destruction, but main cause of fruit spoilage is invasion by microorganisms such as mould, yeast and bacteria. Fruits contain high levels of sugars and nutrients and their low pH make fruits particularly desirable to fungal decay [1]. During postharvest handling, mechanical damage causes the release of enzymes present in the cell tissues. These enzymes break down the cellular material. Pectinases are the first enzymes to be secreted by fungal pathogens when they attack plant cell walls, weaken the plant cell wall and expose other polymers to degradation by hemicellulases and cellulases [2]. Pectinases are one of the most widely distributed enzymes in bacteria, fungi and plants insects, nematodes, plants, and protozoan [3]. Fungi are considered to be prospective enzyme producing sources.

Pectinases breaks down pectin and are of significant importance in the current biotechnological era with their all-embracing applications in fruit juice extraction and its clarification, scouring of cotton, degumming of plant fibers, waste water treatment, vegetable oil extraction, tea and coffee fermentations, bleaching of paper, in poultry feed additives, in alcoholic beverages and food industries [4]. Pectinases constitute approximately 10% of the total enzyme production in the world market and 25% of global sale in the food industry [5].

 In the fruit juice industry, they are used for clarification of fruit juice by reduction in viscosity, increasing of juice yield by enzymatic liquefaction, and maceration of pulps, enhancing pigmentation by extracting more anthocyanin [6]. Microbial pectinases have been widely studied due to the requirement of highly productive strains and the cost-effective production of enzymes. In the present study, the pectinase was purified from a newly isolated Bacillus subtilis strain and this enzyme was characterized Identification and characterization of various pectinase producers have been published. There is paucity of information from the literature on combined action of two fruits and their mode of action. The aim of this study is to isolate and characterize based on primary and secondary screening, pectinase producers and how to optimize them from Agro-wastes, orange and pineapple

Materials and Methods

Reagents

The reagents and chemicals used in the study include: Pectin, K2HPO4, MgSO4.7H2O, NaCl, CaCl2.2H2O, FeCl3.6H2 O, yeast extract, Agar, urea, (NH4)2SO4, MgSO4, FeSO4, and glucose, were all of analytical grade and were purchased from Hi Media and Sigma Chemicals, USA.

Materials

Collection of samples

The fresh oranges were plucked from a tree in Alagomeji, Lagos, Nigeria. The fresh pineapples were gotten from a pineapple plantation in Epe, Lagos. The oranges and pineapples which were intended to be rotten were purchased from Mushin market, Lagos, Nigeria. The rottenness of the oranges and pineapples was obtained by leaving the purchased fruits for 14 days on a flat surface in the laboratory.

Isolation of pectinolytic fungi

Fungi were isolated from the rotten fruits (oranges and pineapples) by using the modified pectin agar medium. In brief, two-fold dilutions of the spoiled samples were plated in pectin agar medium and incubated at room temperature for 6 days. The strains grown in the plate were subcultured into pectin agar medium separately and flooded with 1% cetrimide for primary screening. The pectinolytic fungi produced a clearing zone when exposed to cetrimide [7].

Secondary screening

The fungal strains which showed clearing zones in pectin agar medium were selected for secondary screening by estimating the polygalacturonase (PG) and pectin lyase (PL) production under solid state fermentation by using the modified medium [8].

Isolation of pectinolytic bacteria

The isolates of both the rotten and fresh pineapple were cultured and incubated at 35°C for 48 h. Thereafter, the distinct bacteria colonies were streaked on nutrient agar and incubated at 35 °C for 24 h. When Gram-stained films were examined, the isolates that appeared as Gram-positive rods was identified as Bacillus subtilis based on result from biochemical test as enumerated [9-10]. The Bacillus isolates were maintained in nutrient agar slants at 4°C.

Enzyme assays

Polygalacturonase activity was measured according to the method described by [11-13] One unit of enzyme activity has been defined as the amount of enzyme that releases one μ mol of galacturonic acid /min under the assay conditions [12-13]. Pectin lyase activity was measured by the reaction between unsaturated end products of pectin degradation and thiobarbituric acid. One unit of activity is the amount of enzyme causing a change in absorbance of 0.01 under the conditions of the assay [14].

Effect of inoculum age, inoculum size, and incubation time

Inoculum age was optimized by inoculating the medium (secondary culture) with inocula (primary culture) of varying age, namely 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 h, and assaying the filtered broth for enzyme activity. To study the effect of inoculum size, (103-106CFU/ ml) inoculum was used to inoculate the production medium, and polygalacturonase activity was assayed in the broth. The effect of incubation time was studied by incubating the microorganism in production medium for different time intervals (24, 48, 72 and 96 h) and measuring the enzyme activity.

Effect of temperature and pH

Most favorable production temperature was studied by incubating the production medium at different temperatures (20, 30, 35 and 40 °C). Polygalacturonase activity was assayed by using the standard method [11]. For optimizing the production of pH, the production medium varying pH, namely, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, was used for enzyme production, and activity was measured.

Effect of nitrogen source

The effect of various nitrogen sources (Ca (NO3)2, (NH4)2SO4, (NH4)2NO3, NH4Cl, NaNO3, KNO3, and Urea on the production of enzyme was studied by supplementing 0.1% w/v of these to the production media.

Effect of D-galacturonic acid on polygalacturonase production

To study the effect of D-galacturonic acid on polygalacturonase production, it was added to the culture broth at a final concentration of 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5%w/v under aseptic conditions. The resulting extracellular polygalacturonase activities produced were measured by estimating the reducing groups produced (Figures 1-6).

Discussion

Pectinolytic enzyme can be derived from different sources [15-17]. However, pectinase producing microorganisms have due advantage over other sources because they can be subjected to genetic and environmental manipulations to increase yield [18]. It has been reported that most Bacillus sp, enhances the production of pectinase [19]. This result indicates that orange and pineapple contain appreciable amount of pectin. The pectin was used as inducer for the production of pectinolytic enzymes. In this study, pectinase production by Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger were compared. Our results show that both Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger were able to produce pectinase. The isolates were later designated based on morphology as Bacillus subtilis, and Aspergillus niger are among the most studied pectinolytic fungi (Sukumaran et al., 2005; Favela-Torres et al., 2006). [20] also has reported that Bacillus sp, has produced higher yield of pectinase compared to most other microbes such as Aspergillus.

Temperature is very important factor for microbial growth as well as microbial product formation. The incubation temperature greatly affects the microbial growth rate, enzyme secretion, enzyme inhibition, and protein denaturation. Thermal stability and activity of pectinases are of great significance in biotechnological process. In this study, it was reported that 30 °C was the optimum incubation temperature for fresh and rotten orange and fresh pineapple but 35 °C was observed as the optimum incubation temperature for rotten pineapple. In previous report on A. niger, using orange and pineapple D-galacturonic acid as carbon source exhibited maximum activity at 35 °C which was in accordance to findings by [21].

The initial pH of the fermentation medium plays a vital role in determining the level of metabolite synthesis. The stability of the microbial metabolite is also dependent on the hydrogen ion concentration of the medium [22]. In this study it was found that the optimum pH condition for the production of pectinase is pH 5 for fresh and rotten orange and pineapple respectively. According to Spagna et al., 1996, maximum pectinase activity was under pH 5. The optimum pH from this study is comparable to pectinase of Penicillium varidictum and Penicillium oxalicum [23-25]. [26] reported that optimum pH 5.5 for pectinase activity from thermotolerant Aspergilus sp.

Maximum pectinase activity was observed with 104 CFU/ml and 103 CFU/ml inoculums size for both fresh and rotten oranges and pineapples respectively. The effect of inoculum sizes for the production of pectinase fresh and rotten pineapple respectively. Optimum inoculums density is an important consideration for fermentation process since accumulation of spore can inhibit growth and development of the culture organism [27].

An adequate supply of carbon as energy source is critical for optimum growth of organism and its metabolism. In the present study, supplementing carbon sources increased pectinase production on solid state. According to [28] low enzyme production with other carbon sources might be because of catabolite repression. Glucose is known to repress the transcription of genes encoding enzymes required for the utilization of alternative carbon sources; some of these genes are also repressed by other sugars such as galactose, [29].The effect of D-galacturonic acid with various concentrations (0.3%, 0.6%, 9%, 1.2%, 1.5%) was evaluated in this study and it was observed that there were increase in the pectinase activities with increase in the various concentrations of the D-glucoronic acids as [29] found that pectin and polygalacturonic acid promoted the production of pectic enzyme.

The effect of nitrogen sources was also observed in this study for both rotten and fresh oranges and pineapples. Of the various nitrogen sources used, maximum pectinase activity was observed when medium was supplemented with NH4Cl for the whole samples. Meanwhile, among the tested nitrogen sources, ammonium sulphate (NH4SO4) and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) increased the pectinase productivity on SSF though their effect was not significant. The result is in agreement with [30], who found that ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate were good nitrogen sources for pectic enzyme production from A. niger. Moreover, Sarvamangala et al., (2006) revealed that ammonium sulphate did influence production of pectinase positively in solid-state conditions

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