oxoanion

[oxoanion]

GENERAL CHEM I LECTURE 2: Matter and Measurement, continued

Fundamental Units

Mass: kilogram (kg)

Length: meter (m)

Temperature: Kelvin (K)

Amount of substance: mole (mol)

Time: second (s)

Electric current: ampere (A)

Lumious intensity: candela (cd)

Any other units called derived units

Fundamental Prefixes

If you want to go up from base unit, move decimal point to the left

If you want to go down from base unit, move decimal point to the right

Common prefixes:

Deci-: 0.1, 10-1

Centi-: 0.01, 10-2

Milli-: 0.001, 10-3

Micro-: 0.000001, 10-6

Nano-: 0.000000001, 10-9

Pico-: 0.000000000001, 10-12

Deka-: 10, 101

Hecto-: 100, 102

Kilo-: 1000, 103

Mega-: 1000000, 106

Giga-: 1000000000, 109

Tera-: 1000000000000, 1012

Mass: amount of matter in an object

Weight: measures the force with which gravity pulls on a object

Conversion Factors in Temperatures

C to K = 273.13 + C

C to F = (9/5)(C + 32)

F to C = (5/9)(F - 32)

Density: mass/volume

The density of silver at 25 degrees C is 10.5g/cm3. What is the mass of a cube of silver that measures 0.84 m at each side?

Given: 10.5 gAg/1 cm3

First, convert meters to centimeters. Then, cube the answer, and convert into appropriate factors.

0.84 m = 84 cm

(84 cm)3 = 592704 cm3

592704 cm3 * 10.5 gAg/1 cm3 = 6.2 * 106 gAg

#general chem #general chemistry #general chem notes #general chemistry notes #spring 2015

[oxoanion]

GENERAL CHEM I LECTURE 1: Matter and Measurement

Periodic Table Organization

Columns = groups

18 groups

Compares relative reactivities between elements

Rows = periods

7 periods

Compares electronic configurations between elements

Atomic number: related to the number of subatomic particles in its nucleus (number of protons + neutrons)

Different Kinds of Elements

Main Groups

Groups 1-2 ("S" block) and 13-18 ("P block")

Transition Metals

Groups 3-12

Inner Transition Metals

14 groups between 3 and 4

These are the lanthanides (elements 57-71) and actinides (90-103)

Chemical Categorization of Elements

Alkali metals: Group 1

Extremely reactive

Lithium, sodium, potassium

Alkaline earth metals: Group 2

Not as reactive as alkali metals

Magnesium, beryllium, calcium

Electron-deficient group: Group 13

Elements that tend to be reactive

Typically accept electrons

Pnictides: Group 15

Nitrogen, phosphorus

Calcogens: Group 16

Oxygen, sulfur, selenium

Halogens: Group 17

Colorful, corrosive gases

Fluorine, chlorine, bromine

Noble gases: Group 18

Have little to no reactivity

Neon, helium, krypton, xenon

Metals: left to the zigzag line on the periodic table (except hydrogen)

Nonmetals: right to the zigzag line on the periodic table (including hydrogen)

Metalloids (semimetals): lie along zigzag line (boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic)

Properties of Elements

Intensive properties: independent of sample size

Ex. temperature, melting point

Extensive properties: dependent on sample size

Ex. length, volume

Physical properties: characteristics that do not affect a sample's chemical makeup

Chemical properties: characteristics that involve a change in a sample's chemical makeup

#general chem #general chemistry #general chem notes #general chemistry notes #spring 2015

[oxoanion]

DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCH LECTURE 2: Theories of Human Development

Sigmund Freud

Developed psychosexual theory

Sexual desire driving force behind human development

Driven by three psychic structures:

Id: basis is pleasure principle

Superego: basis of conscience

Ego: basis of reality, mediates between id and superego

Psychosexual stages:

Oral: centered on mouth

Anal: centered on anus

Phallic: centered on genitals

Latency: sexual desires repressed in favor of social and cognitive skill development

Genital: reemergence of sexual desire, directed outside of family

Erik Erikson

Developed psychosocial theory

Focuses on social and cultural environment

Eight stages:

Go through lifespan

Characterized by crisis and resolution

Infancy: trust v. mistrust

Toddlerhood: autonomy v. shame and doubt

Early childhood: initiative v. guilt

Middle childhood: industry v. inferiority

Adolescence: identity v. identity confusion

Early adulthood: intimacy v. isolation

Middle adulthood: generativity v. stagnation

Late adulthood: ego integrity v. despair

Urie Brofenbrenner

Developed ecological theory

Focused on multiple influences that shape behavior

Five levels:

Microsystem: immediate environment

Ex. Family, friends

Mesosystem: interconnections between the microsystems

Ex. child's interactions with friends and family

Exosystem: social institutions

Ex. school, media, religious institutions

Macrosystem: cultural beliefs

Ex. Prevelance of Islam in practicing Middle Eastern countries, starting out sporting events with national anthem in US

Chronosystem: time period

#developmental psych #developmental psychology #developmental psych notes #developmental psychology notes #spring 2015

[oxoanion]

DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCH LECTURE 1: Introduction to Human Development

Introduction to Human Development

Human development: the way people grow and change across the lifespan

Culture: the total patten of a group's customs, beliefs, art and technology

Globalization: connections between different parts of the world

World is getting virtually smaller and smaller, easier to reach people than in the past

Variations Across Countries

Developed countries: most affluent countries in the world 

Make up 17 percent of total world population

Ex. US, Canada, Japan, etc.

Developing countries: less wealth than the developed countries

Make up 83 percent of total world population

Ex. India, China, majority of South America

United States Variation

Two reasons why the US follows a different demographic path:

Total fertility rate is higher than most developed countries

US allows more legal immigration than most developed countries

More Cultural Variation

Variations between developed and developing countries:

Income

Education

Cultural beliefs

Ex. individualism v. collectivism

Variations Within Countries

Majority culture: sets norms and standards

Contexts: settings and circumstances

Ex. rural v. urban living

Socioeconomic status (SES): social class

Educational level

Income level

Occupation status

Gender: expectations of males and females

Ethnicity: cultural origin, traditions, race, religion, language, etc.

Evolutionary Beginnings

Evolutionary theory proposed by Charles Darwin

Natural selection

Young are born with different characteristics

Species change little by little

Humans' evolutionary beginnings shares ancestry with chimpanzees and gorillas

Human evolutionary line split from apes, called hominid line

Hominid line split, resulting in Homo species

Homo species evolved into Homo sapiens

The Origin of Cultures and Civilizations

Upper Paleolithic Period: art, trade and cultural differences begin to appear

Neolithic Period: climate change to allow farming

Development of Civilization: cities, writing, specialized work

Ancient Conceptions of Development

Similarities in Hindu, Ancient Greek and Talmud:

Youth is preparation

Adulthood is for experience

Old age is for wisdom and peace

Differences found in division of lifespans

#developmental psych #developmental psychology #developmental psych notes #developmental psychology notes #spring 2015

[oxoanion]

MICROBIOLOGY LECTURE 2: How Did Microbiology Become a Science?

Discovery of Microbes

‌Understanding of microbes hasn't occurred until recently

Ex. little understanding of malaria--supposedly caused by breathing bad air

Robert Hooke (1665)

First person to observe cells

Fruiting structures of mold (fungi)

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1673)

First person to discover bacteria, called them "animalcules"

Engineered first microscopes--examined blood, semen, plaque from teeth, etc.

Spontaneous Generation v. The Theory of Biogenesis

Little understanding of where animals came from, thought they were spontaneously generated from their habitat

Francesco Redi (1668)

Set up experiment to prove maggots did not come from rotting meat

First experimental demonstration against spontaneous generation against larger organisms

John Needham (1745)

Experiment with open mutton broth, argued that microbes came from the broth

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1765)

Experiment with closed mutton broth--no microbes were present, after several days of sitting

Rudolf Virchow (1858)

Came up with the theory of biogenesis, which dictates life comes from previous life

Loius Pasteur (1861)

Pasteur's experiment:

Nonsterile liquid poured into flask, neck of flask drawn out in flame (swan-neck)

Liquid sterilized by heating, air forced out

When liquid cooled, no microbes were present, nor could they get into flask

Disproved spontaneous generation

Known as the father of bacteriology

Germ Theory of Disease

Diseases are caused by microbes

Agostino Bassi (1835): First practical application of germ theory with silkworm disease

Ignaz Semmelweis (1840s)

German physician

Figured out correlation between infection and maternal deathrate, stated that childbed fever was contagious

Instituted handwashing between patients

Regarded as father of infection control

Louis Pasteur (1865)

Theorized that microbes might cause human disease

Joseph Lister (1867)

Surgeon that first instituted antiseptic spray during surgeries

Robert Koch

First person to associate one specific microbial agents causes one specific disease

1876: Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)

"Little stick" and "coal"

1882: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)

1883: Vibrio cholera (cholera)

Koch's Postulates:

Associate: specific microbe with a specific disease

Isolate: take microbe in pure culture

Inoculate: Place microbe into healthy animal and produce same disease

Re-isolate: Take microbe from second animal, and start with original microbe

Known as father of medical microbiology

Microbial Diversity

Loius Pasteur (1880s)

Discovered that some microbes can live without oxygen

All fermentations are due to activities of specific yeast and bacteria

#micro #microbiology #microbiology notes #spring 2015

[oxoanion]

MICROBIOLOGY LECTURE 1: The Microbial World and You

What is Microbiology?

Biology: Study of life

Micro-: Microscopic

What are Microbes?

Bacteria

Most studied; belong to Domain Bacteria

Archaea

Most recently discovered; belong to Domain Archaea

Fungi

Belong to Kingdom Fungi, Domain Eukarya

Protozoa

Belong to Kingdom Protista, Domain Eukarya

Algae

Belong to Kingdom Plantae, Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Animalia has no microbes

Viruses

Non living

Microbes make up most life on the planet.

Microbes v. Plants and Animals

Microbes perform all required life processes within a single cell and independently of other cells

Have amazing and transformative abilities, define boundaries of life

Have growth potential

Ex. yeast can eat its body weight in 30 minutes, bacteria in 3 minutes

Ex. some bacteria can reproduce every 20 minutes

Microbes do not have enough food to take over the planet; there are also predatory bacteria to limit the number.

Most are not bad, and are actually beneficial and critical to Earth's ecosystems (ex. biogeochemical cycles).

Key roles in our bodies and health--pathogens versus human microbiome

Pathogens: microbes that cause disease

Human microbiome: commensal microbes that inhabit the human body

Influences many aspects of human behavior (ex. anxiety, what you eat, weight loss/gain)

#micro #microbiology #microbiology notes #spring 2015